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"title": "抗战危急时刻,3200余名南侨机工毅然回国,筑起一条“不沉的补给线”",
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"description": "<div><div><div class=\"rich_media_content\" id=\"js_content\"><section wrap=\"wrap\"><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px;\"><span wrap=\"wrap\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px;\"><span wrap=\"wrap\"><br /></span></p><section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>“赤子功勋”—云南昆明西山上矗立着一座9米高的纪念碑,基座上刻着这四个大</span><span>字</span><span>。碑文这样写道:</span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); 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margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aOqyKVicpKZUlw0sevJq9EOWh9MaicJRpqqsuQsxvqribK9kPGvbfekjpA/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">硝烟散尽,功勋长存。他们有一个共同的名字——南洋华侨机工回国服务团</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;\">(简称“南侨机工”)</span></span><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">。今年4月15日,在赴吉隆坡对马来西亚进行国事访问之际,习近平主席在当地媒体发表署名文章指出:</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;\">“80多年前,马来西亚南侨机工在中国人民抗日战争的关键时刻奔赴云南,帮助打通滇缅公路这条生命线。这些佳话至今仍在中马两国人民中广为传颂。”</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78a9rXqcS8xgPqx1K2RWtOn2fs5UicYSrC5SsFgbqgYlOroC6ZG3wicUXow/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78a64OHeMiaFiauAJET2sAHibyVNG64hQKKhwQsJydJ4Wt3l1MZlrVgxpSuQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section><section><section style=\"display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: initial;\"><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><span wrap=\"wrap\">凭借胆魄与技术,在敌机轰炸下持续穿行</span><span><br /></span></span></p></section></section></section></section></section><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px; text-indent: 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">1937年7月7日中国人民抗日战争全面爆发后,中国沿海重要港口基本沦陷,西北公路和滇越铁路先后被切断,滇缅公路成为中国与外部联系的重要国际运输通道。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px; text-indent: 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">滇缅公路全长1146公里,从云南昆明通往缅甸,翻越高黎贡山、云岭等崇山</span></span><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">峻岭,由20万筑路民众在9个月内徒手开凿而成,1938年8月通车后成为“中国抗战的生命线”。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px; text-indent: 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">路修通了,但问题依然严峻:当时中国严重缺乏熟悉汽车驾驶与维修的技术人员。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">危急关头,时任南侨总会主席陈嘉庚1939年2月在《南洋商报》上发出《南洋华侨筹赈祖国难民总会第六号通告》,征募懂驾驶、会修车的华侨青年回国服务,通告结尾写道:“事关祖国复兴大业,逼切注意办理是要。”</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78a2dJXEfKxHQLAOicWaaicWq33PiaYKA3ofez4yZZYhjyd5iaFRg8qo2N79A/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78axDE3GjMCiaVsqgBm7PlxwcblmzRNialldiaXYqToSgibiak1BYz7NlInhUA/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">通告发出后,短短10天便有80人响应,后续报名者不断。他们中有教师、医生、商人、工程师,其中不乏家境殷实者。通告要求年龄在20—40岁之间,但前来报名的人中年纪最大的49岁,最小的仅13岁,他们瞒报、虚报年龄,甚至有人女扮男装,希望回国参与抗战。1939年,先后有9批共3200余名南侨机工回国支援。他们来自今新加坡、马来西亚、印度尼西亚、缅甸、越南、泰国等国,其中至少有5名是女性。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">临行前的合照定格了南侨机工曾经的风华:西装革履,领带整齐,发蜡锃亮。这是一群会吹口琴、能唱英文歌、爱喝咖啡的青年,为了抗战胜利,他们毫不犹豫离开南洋,奔向被战火侵袭的祖国。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aRicx7QXHtMnFnDLia509zsUeDppRnb2ic19WMAXDWdJwJnhmRxuxOTlxw/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aDxDlHFUicibqiaLIaKFldMzoc9UcnVourN1Z9hMuIv5ibp5Wucia39mgAkA/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">在云南,南侨机工经过两个月左右的军事培训后上岗:会驾驶的担任卡车司机,负责运输物资;懂维修的驻扎在沿线主要车站和修理厂,负责车辆维护保障。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">从昆明到缅甸,驾车单程需七八天。南侨机工以方向盘为武器,以货车为掩体,凭借胆魄与技术,在敌机轰炸下持续穿行。他们从缅甸运进武器弹药等军需物资,将中国的桐油、矿产等物资运往海外,为战时中国提供宝贵支援。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">1939年至1942年,经滇缅公路运送的军需物资达50多万吨,还有不计其数的民用物资。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78a3bvYIVdNA37hjdUdNvEGve1Chg6xKcZWaA5RbcibTNWMKqibzVibcNr2w/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aMXSxiax7shgZqHnazyMlv6TmNtez04S6poSnuToFgib8rlIGfqicg639g/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">长期研究南侨机工历史的云南师范大学华文学院教授夏玉清说:</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span wrap=\"wrap\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;\">“1942年滇缅公路被切断后,一部分南侨机工投身中美联合开辟的驼峰航线,承担将各类军用物资转运至中国战场的任务;也有部分留在昆明,在盟军中担任翻译、文员等职务。”</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">抗战期间,海外华侨华人倾尽所能支援中国。一份《世界各地华侨输财助战统计表》显示:1937年至1945年,缅甸华侨华人捐赠飞机19架,南侨总会筹集卡车200辆,南洋地区捐赠御寒衣物逾700万件……在这场世界范围内的“侨心报国”行动中,南侨机工以血肉之躯书写了壮烈、动人的篇章。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aiaTGeG07xbKpia69d1W4IuzGKAytH99MNnDydjgeoOgmzyOCu08bD0wQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aUJ35V5dpkzibUu00nib3r1dt46ZUy6octfmsSudEqiaibQz1VANpmLkXcQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section><section style=\"display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: initial;\"><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><span wrap=\"wrap\">平均每公里就有一名南侨机工为国捐躯</span><span><br /></span></span></p></section></section></section></section><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">“当初从南洋回到云南的时候,已经准备好牺牲了,就没想过要活着回去。”2018年本报记者第一次采访罗开瑚时,这位已经百岁高龄的老人说。当时他身体硬朗,仍保留着当年在南洋喝咖啡、看报纸的习惯。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">1939年7月,年仅21岁的罗开瑚与第八批南侨机工的300多名热血青年一起坐船回国。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">滇缅公路上,处处是生死考验。山道在崇山峻岭间盘桓,驾车稍有不慎便会坠入万丈深渊。行驶在泥泞狭窄、临近悬崖的路段时,副驾驶员甚至需要“悬挂”在车外,充当“人肉导航”。路上蚊虫肆虐、疟疾流行,上千名机工倒在运输途中。敌机轰炸更是家常便饭,车辆一旦中弹,机工几无生还希望。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\">“打摆子</span><span wrap=\"wrap\">(疟疾)</span><span></span><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\">、没有停过的炮火,我的好多战友都牺牲了。”罗开瑚平静的声音中透出岁月抹不去的痛楚。</span></span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">南侨机工不仅是战士,还是工程师。他们凭借智慧应对重重困难:自制防滑三角木、冷却水箱、视线测量杆等工具,以应对滑坡、高温、急弯等恶劣条件。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">南洋华侨机工回国抗日纪念馆讲解员余有兰说:</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span wrap=\"wrap\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;\">“视线测量杆是南侨机工谢川周发明的。卡车视野受限,他就将竹子削成两段小竹竿,插在车灯两侧,作为测距标记,也能在一定程度上保护车头,相当于现在汽车的保险杠。”</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">横跨澜沧江的功果桥是滇缅公路的“咽喉”,曾多次成为敌人重点轰炸的目标。日军炸毁功果桥后,日本电台曾扬言“滇缅公路已断,3个月内无通车希望”。南侨机工廖国雄回忆,为了尽快恢复滇缅公路交通线,南侨机工与当地民众用几百只空油桶扎成浮船,上铺木板,只用10小时就搭起长达300米的浮桥,保证了这条抗日运输大动脉的畅通。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aMm7vOfREQ9JMfot4UE5ZzdDYuAEiaKzHxtLTzh2OcO6jB8ibvQesDQMg/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78a5V53JV2J8ydRXmySoqoFqeUibWfzahdlNqaLl9LW5mKM6icUXGOAaU3Q/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">不久前,南侨机工李月美的孙女杨婷,与一群机工后人重走滇缅公路,缅怀先辈的英勇事迹。杨婷小时候经常听家人讲南侨机工的故事。李月美驾驶技术出众、反应敏捷,是躲避轰炸的好手。日军飞机在天空盘旋时,她和战友配合默契,或用树枝遮挡车子反光的后视镜,或是争分夺秒地将车子开进茂密的树林。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">“奶奶是女扮男装加入南侨机工队伍的。”杨婷说,李月美凭借过人的智慧和毅力顺利通过各项考核,“她长得高大结实,当时报名处的人都没看出破绽。”直到一次意外翻车,李月美被路过的机工发现并送往医院救治,急救过程中她的身份才被识破。“当代花木兰”的故事当时被广泛报道,轰动海内外。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78avvnRuFnZb4s5p36Xc8DUQ2rv6pByMJuJDHXM0zficyNUsRMRvJF9xlQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78a7wziazBn5lrTDSwuC1ZX9DZVlCrZrbC1NaAr36iamWA4Oia8tfb5bXjhQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">像李月美这样的英雄,在南侨机工中还有许多:13岁归国参战的蒋印生,放弃南洋高薪工作的王文松,仅用一周自学驾驶奔赴前线的吴惠民……据不完全统计,3200余名南侨机工中,超过1/3在滇缅公路沿线英勇牺牲。滇缅公路上,平均每公里就有一名南侨机工为国捐躯。</span></span></p><section><section><p style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\" wrap=\"wrap\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: initial;\"><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><span wrap=\"wrap\">硝烟散尽后,他们的名字留在这里</span><span><br /></span></span></p></section></section></section><p style=\"margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p></section></section><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">中缅边境线上,云南德宏畹町,南洋华侨机工回国抗日纪念碑高高耸立。天刚微亮,守碑人叶晓东就骑着电瓶车来到碑下,爬上长长的台阶,擦拭碑面、给花木浇水、打扫地面上的落叶……二十年如一日。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78apZGeB7UlK4LQLbkWPVTwTLz04aCzibZmUbOQeTybTJJkJib1AcicuW89w/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78atBnToLSj27MB3RH3v2sIUMcC8JPa7vFAZGyNahIrh3731Lp39sibQTg/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">纪念碑后方,记述南侨机工回国抗战的浮雕长廊里,雕刻着南侨机工英名录。每每行至此处,叶晓东的目光总会在“陈团圆”这个名字上停留,这是他的生父。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">“父亲的名字在这儿,父亲就在这儿。”第一次在英名录上看到父亲的名字时,叶晓东这样想。作为南侨机工后代,叶晓东一出生便浸染国殇的悲怆。1944年,父亲陈团圆因不愿出卖战友惨遭日军活埋,当时叶晓东仅3个月大。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">2005年,南洋华侨机工回国抗日纪念碑在德宏傣族景颇族自治州瑞丽市畹町镇落成,叶晓东主动担任守碑人,每天为父亲和父亲的战友们清扫擦拭纪念碑、英名录。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">20年来,叶晓东每天风雨无阻地守着碑。有海内外南侨机工后人来寻亲,抚着纪念碑上的名字痛哭,他会陪着一起哭,面对纪念碑深深鞠躬;有游客到此,他会不厌其烦地讲述南侨机工的英勇事迹。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78a9YsQM161PrjZsnUdXhl4iahJZqdCRVfq538dSVgLyGO3Vjib9fx1VhxQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aQQFDbiboANGTWF5rZmZviaxJUyGMGq2c5y6H673DibdFZpGcGpLbFFwgA/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">南侨机工后人陈达娅携手其他机工后代,共同创作并演绎大型交响组歌《南侨颂》。这部作品从国内剧场走向海外舞台,让南侨机工的故事被更多人知晓。不少人不远万里赶来观看演出,很多观众泪洒当场。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">如今,马来西亚、新加坡两国也建有南侨机工纪念碑,马来西亚正推动建设南侨机工纪念公园和南侨机工纪念馆。每年抗战胜利纪念日,马来西亚等地的华侨华人社团都会在纪念碑前举行活动,缅怀南侨机工为抗战作出的伟大贡献。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">2020年,罗开瑚去世;2022年,蒋印生去世。此后,世上再无南侨机工,但他们“舍身而不顾,毁家而不怨”的故事将被永远铭记。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">2018年,“南侨机工历史档案”入选《世界记忆亚太地区名录》。档案真实记录了抗战期间南洋华侨志愿回国抗日的全过程,也镌刻下海外华侨华人反抗暴政、维护人类和平的记忆。2019年,马来西亚二战历史研究会授予南侨机工“亚洲和平奖”。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">罗开瑚生前接受采访时说:</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;\">“国家危难时尽力做贡献,是每一名中国人的责任,无论是生是死。”</span></span></p><p><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">“一边是富有安逸的生活,一边是炮火喧嚣的战场,南侨机工毅然选择后者,这源于中华民族血脉中割不断的联系。他们的壮举既为中华民族抵御外侮、争取民族独立筑起流动的钢铁长城,也为世界和平事业刻下华侨群体的历史印记。为民族独立而抗争、为世界和平而奉献,南侨机工的名字将永远镌刻在中华民族救亡图存的史册与人类反法西斯的共同记忆之中。”夏玉清说,“今天,面对动荡的国际局势,我们纪念南侨机工,不只是回顾历史,更是在传承精神。他们跨越时空的信念提醒我们,和平需要守护,未来需要共建</span></span><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">。”</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px 8px 0px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aEqYVqVY7ICjkTopWeiagqgcRkZGaEete3f1C2IRQ0mXUdA5U806rF1g/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"width: 507px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 0px 8px 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78akHGufmGDU71cFUqQAEwSWa0Rn00CZ5hGZorZkN8fIQPdAdscAcSpXg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"width: 509px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78az8TI1cx0yKxABzrcceYZu0zLZsNTWJnDjUiaf8qTKHMoyia8t7dsxnbA/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"><span><br /></span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"><span><br /></span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\"> 告别南洋</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">词:田汉</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">曲:聂耳</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section></section><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\"> 再会吧,南洋!</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\"> 你海波绿,海云长,</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\"> 你是我们第二的故乡。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\"> 我们民族的血汗,</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\"> 洒遍了这几百个荒凉的岛上。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\"> 再会吧,南洋!</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\"> 你椰子肥,豆蔻香。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\"> 你受着自然丰富的供养,</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\"> 但在帝国主义的剥削下,</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\"> 千百万被压迫者都闹着饥荒!</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\"> 再会吧,南洋!</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\"> 你不见尸横着长白山,</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\"> 血流着黑龙江?</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\"> 这是中华民族的存亡!</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\"> 再会吧,南洋!</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\"> 再会吧,南洋!</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\"> 我们要去争取一线光明的希望!</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">《告别南洋》是田汉、聂耳创作的歌曲,1934年问世,歌曲展现南洋华侨华人的离散经历和对中国的深厚感情。南侨机工回国支援抗战,离别之际经常唱起这首歌。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78auGJZkib5Kfyib8QqfwLAYHuMmBjcbcZpwYDRoFrde8mt6EChqTvBMReA/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78auM7wreyMDWEgO7OvRfPKWgyYHaj3liccrnBRKiasdgeAYhQaEZmgK6icQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><br /></section><section class=\"channels_iframe_wrp custom_select_card_wrp\"></section><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span wrap=\"wrap\"></span><br /></p><p style=\"margin-top: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><span>本文转发自《人民日报》2025</span><span>年7月7日第15版,原标题为《抗战危急时刻,三千二百余名南侨机工毅然回国,筑起一条“不沉的补给线”——“国家危难时尽力做贡献,是每一名中国人的责任”(铭记历史 开创未来)》,欢迎读者转发朋友圈。</span></p></section><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4s6XTkV1zgY7Ndw3fVeyGpxIIj30oUzpUnwIcafcXhx66GztUhxGc2FM8I09uwLbMwUFOQfZVGcg/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section></section></section><section><span><span>END</span></span></section><section><span>作者 | </span><span><span>李茂颖 屈佩</span></span></section><section><span>编辑 | </span><span wrap=\"wrap\">侯露露 屈佩</span></section><section><span><span>校对 | 戈雨</span></span></section><section><span><span><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK6o0DTLAcjHUob1LlCbkiaCGeUicmbUPjIKiciad7l2ytYjz3bGBzNyAUu0aicCb4oWXbicQBJA96lk9Tug/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></span></span></section><section><span><section><h2 src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPQbfYUk2lKRJbtAXIuZ0kjicBeKbKicn7picTvdbH5bfuaoiazGOfbm8kw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558\"><span><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages __bg_gif wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK6M7Nv6wvsPyLPCsN7uraAJ0nGCQhDMIIg0L5icbmcctmcTvsgM0HwBpkXTF9ztE2MsQ8Tso0exnicA/640?wx_fmt=gif\" /></span></h2></section></span></section><section><section><section><section><span><span><br /></span></span></section><section><span><span>“</span><strong><span>在看</span></strong><span>”的永远18岁~</span></span></section></section></section></section></section><p style=\"display: none;\"></p></div>\n \n\n \n <br />\n\n \n <a class=\"media_tool_meta meta_primary\" href=\"http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&mid=2651042336&idx=1&sn=f58a429927516d3d99ec53d27adecdde&chksm=bc193cda2d748911a59772c4a94934a3869ffd79f5ca7dd5141f93f28334ab6fb0fa1cdb8c58&scene=0#rd\" style=\"color: blue;\" target=\"_blank\">文章原文</a>\n <br />\n \n\n \n\n <img alt=\"\" class=\"\" height=\"1px\" src=\"http://www.jintiankansha.me/rss_static/13443/S3rL4p3vpG\" style=\"width: 1px; height: 1px; display: none;\" width=\"1px\" /></div></div>",
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"content": "<div><div><div class=\"rich_media_content\" id=\"js_content\"><section wrap=\"wrap\"><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px;\"><span wrap=\"wrap\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px;\"><span wrap=\"wrap\"><br /></span></p><section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>“赤子功勋”—云南昆明西山上矗立着一座9米高的纪念碑,基座上刻着这四个大</span><span>字</span><span>。碑文这样写道:</span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;\">三千多名热血奔腾的南洋华侨机工……以自己的生命、鲜血和汗水,在华侨爱国史上谱写出可歌</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;\">可泣的壮丽篇章,也在中国人民抗日战争史和世界人民反法西斯战争史上建立了不可磨灭的</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;\">功勋。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>1939年至1942年,抗战危急时刻,在被称为“死亡公路”的滇缅公路上,3200余名南洋归国华侨青年,驾驶卡车穿越枪林弹雨,抢运军需物资、抢修运输车辆,为抗战筑起一条“不沉的补给线”。</span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aOqyKVicpKZUlw0sevJq9EOWh9MaicJRpqqsuQsxvqribK9kPGvbfekjpA/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">硝烟散尽,功勋长存。他们有一个共同的名字——南洋华侨机工回国服务团</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;\">(简称“南侨机工”)</span></span><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">。今年4月15日,在赴吉隆坡对马来西亚进行国事访问之际,习近平主席在当地媒体发表署名文章指出:</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;\">“80多年前,马来西亚南侨机工在中国人民抗日战争的关键时刻奔赴云南,帮助打通滇缅公路这条生命线。这些佳话至今仍在中马两国人民中广为传颂。”</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78a9rXqcS8xgPqx1K2RWtOn2fs5UicYSrC5SsFgbqgYlOroC6ZG3wicUXow/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78a64OHeMiaFiauAJET2sAHibyVNG64hQKKhwQsJydJ4Wt3l1MZlrVgxpSuQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section><section><section style=\"display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: initial;\"><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><span wrap=\"wrap\">凭借胆魄与技术,在敌机轰炸下持续穿行</span><span><br /></span></span></p></section></section></section></section></section><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px; text-indent: 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">1937年7月7日中国人民抗日战争全面爆发后,中国沿海重要港口基本沦陷,西北公路和滇越铁路先后被切断,滇缅公路成为中国与外部联系的重要国际运输通道。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px; text-indent: 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">滇缅公路全长1146公里,从云南昆明通往缅甸,翻越高黎贡山、云岭等崇山</span></span><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">峻岭,由20万筑路民众在9个月内徒手开凿而成,1938年8月通车后成为“中国抗战的生命线”。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px; text-indent: 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">路修通了,但问题依然严峻:当时中国严重缺乏熟悉汽车驾驶与维修的技术人员。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">危急关头,时任南侨总会主席陈嘉庚1939年2月在《南洋商报》上发出《南洋华侨筹赈祖国难民总会第六号通告》,征募懂驾驶、会修车的华侨青年回国服务,通告结尾写道:“事关祖国复兴大业,逼切注意办理是要。”</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78a2dJXEfKxHQLAOicWaaicWq33PiaYKA3ofez4yZZYhjyd5iaFRg8qo2N79A/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78axDE3GjMCiaVsqgBm7PlxwcblmzRNialldiaXYqToSgibiak1BYz7NlInhUA/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">通告发出后,短短10天便有80人响应,后续报名者不断。他们中有教师、医生、商人、工程师,其中不乏家境殷实者。通告要求年龄在20—40岁之间,但前来报名的人中年纪最大的49岁,最小的仅13岁,他们瞒报、虚报年龄,甚至有人女扮男装,希望回国参与抗战。1939年,先后有9批共3200余名南侨机工回国支援。他们来自今新加坡、马来西亚、印度尼西亚、缅甸、越南、泰国等国,其中至少有5名是女性。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">临行前的合照定格了南侨机工曾经的风华:西装革履,领带整齐,发蜡锃亮。这是一群会吹口琴、能唱英文歌、爱喝咖啡的青年,为了抗战胜利,他们毫不犹豫离开南洋,奔向被战火侵袭的祖国。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aRicx7QXHtMnFnDLia509zsUeDppRnb2ic19WMAXDWdJwJnhmRxuxOTlxw/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aDxDlHFUicibqiaLIaKFldMzoc9UcnVourN1Z9hMuIv5ibp5Wucia39mgAkA/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">在云南,南侨机工经过两个月左右的军事培训后上岗:会驾驶的担任卡车司机,负责运输物资;懂维修的驻扎在沿线主要车站和修理厂,负责车辆维护保障。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">从昆明到缅甸,驾车单程需七八天。南侨机工以方向盘为武器,以货车为掩体,凭借胆魄与技术,在敌机轰炸下持续穿行。他们从缅甸运进武器弹药等军需物资,将中国的桐油、矿产等物资运往海外,为战时中国提供宝贵支援。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">1939年至1942年,经滇缅公路运送的军需物资达50多万吨,还有不计其数的民用物资。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78a3bvYIVdNA37hjdUdNvEGve1Chg6xKcZWaA5RbcibTNWMKqibzVibcNr2w/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aMXSxiax7shgZqHnazyMlv6TmNtez04S6poSnuToFgib8rlIGfqicg639g/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">长期研究南侨机工历史的云南师范大学华文学院教授夏玉清说:</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span wrap=\"wrap\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;\">“1942年滇缅公路被切断后,一部分南侨机工投身中美联合开辟的驼峰航线,承担将各类军用物资转运至中国战场的任务;也有部分留在昆明,在盟军中担任翻译、文员等职务。”</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">抗战期间,海外华侨华人倾尽所能支援中国。一份《世界各地华侨输财助战统计表》显示:1937年至1945年,缅甸华侨华人捐赠飞机19架,南侨总会筹集卡车200辆,南洋地区捐赠御寒衣物逾700万件……在这场世界范围内的“侨心报国”行动中,南侨机工以血肉之躯书写了壮烈、动人的篇章。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aiaTGeG07xbKpia69d1W4IuzGKAytH99MNnDydjgeoOgmzyOCu08bD0wQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aUJ35V5dpkzibUu00nib3r1dt46ZUy6octfmsSudEqiaibQz1VANpmLkXcQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section><section style=\"display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: initial;\"><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><span wrap=\"wrap\">平均每公里就有一名南侨机工为国捐躯</span><span><br /></span></span></p></section></section></section></section><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">“当初从南洋回到云南的时候,已经准备好牺牲了,就没想过要活着回去。”2018年本报记者第一次采访罗开瑚时,这位已经百岁高龄的老人说。当时他身体硬朗,仍保留着当年在南洋喝咖啡、看报纸的习惯。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">1939年7月,年仅21岁的罗开瑚与第八批南侨机工的300多名热血青年一起坐船回国。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">滇缅公路上,处处是生死考验。山道在崇山峻岭间盘桓,驾车稍有不慎便会坠入万丈深渊。行驶在泥泞狭窄、临近悬崖的路段时,副驾驶员甚至需要“悬挂”在车外,充当“人肉导航”。路上蚊虫肆虐、疟疾流行,上千名机工倒在运输途中。敌机轰炸更是家常便饭,车辆一旦中弹,机工几无生还希望。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\">“打摆子</span><span wrap=\"wrap\">(疟疾)</span><span></span><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\">、没有停过的炮火,我的好多战友都牺牲了。”罗开瑚平静的声音中透出岁月抹不去的痛楚。</span></span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">南侨机工不仅是战士,还是工程师。他们凭借智慧应对重重困难:自制防滑三角木、冷却水箱、视线测量杆等工具,以应对滑坡、高温、急弯等恶劣条件。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">南洋华侨机工回国抗日纪念馆讲解员余有兰说:</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span wrap=\"wrap\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;\">“视线测量杆是南侨机工谢川周发明的。卡车视野受限,他就将竹子削成两段小竹竿,插在车灯两侧,作为测距标记,也能在一定程度上保护车头,相当于现在汽车的保险杠。”</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">横跨澜沧江的功果桥是滇缅公路的“咽喉”,曾多次成为敌人重点轰炸的目标。日军炸毁功果桥后,日本电台曾扬言“滇缅公路已断,3个月内无通车希望”。南侨机工廖国雄回忆,为了尽快恢复滇缅公路交通线,南侨机工与当地民众用几百只空油桶扎成浮船,上铺木板,只用10小时就搭起长达300米的浮桥,保证了这条抗日运输大动脉的畅通。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aMm7vOfREQ9JMfot4UE5ZzdDYuAEiaKzHxtLTzh2OcO6jB8ibvQesDQMg/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78a5V53JV2J8ydRXmySoqoFqeUibWfzahdlNqaLl9LW5mKM6icUXGOAaU3Q/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">不久前,南侨机工李月美的孙女杨婷,与一群机工后人重走滇缅公路,缅怀先辈的英勇事迹。杨婷小时候经常听家人讲南侨机工的故事。李月美驾驶技术出众、反应敏捷,是躲避轰炸的好手。日军飞机在天空盘旋时,她和战友配合默契,或用树枝遮挡车子反光的后视镜,或是争分夺秒地将车子开进茂密的树林。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">“奶奶是女扮男装加入南侨机工队伍的。”杨婷说,李月美凭借过人的智慧和毅力顺利通过各项考核,“她长得高大结实,当时报名处的人都没看出破绽。”直到一次意外翻车,李月美被路过的机工发现并送往医院救治,急救过程中她的身份才被识破。“当代花木兰”的故事当时被广泛报道,轰动海内外。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78avvnRuFnZb4s5p36Xc8DUQ2rv6pByMJuJDHXM0zficyNUsRMRvJF9xlQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78a7wziazBn5lrTDSwuC1ZX9DZVlCrZrbC1NaAr36iamWA4Oia8tfb5bXjhQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">像李月美这样的英雄,在南侨机工中还有许多:13岁归国参战的蒋印生,放弃南洋高薪工作的王文松,仅用一周自学驾驶奔赴前线的吴惠民……据不完全统计,3200余名南侨机工中,超过1/3在滇缅公路沿线英勇牺牲。滇缅公路上,平均每公里就有一名南侨机工为国捐躯。</span></span></p><section><section><p style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\" wrap=\"wrap\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: initial;\"><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><span wrap=\"wrap\">硝烟散尽后,他们的名字留在这里</span><span><br /></span></span></p></section></section></section><p style=\"margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p></section></section><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">中缅边境线上,云南德宏畹町,南洋华侨机工回国抗日纪念碑高高耸立。天刚微亮,守碑人叶晓东就骑着电瓶车来到碑下,爬上长长的台阶,擦拭碑面、给花木浇水、打扫地面上的落叶……二十年如一日。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78apZGeB7UlK4LQLbkWPVTwTLz04aCzibZmUbOQeTybTJJkJib1AcicuW89w/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78atBnToLSj27MB3RH3v2sIUMcC8JPa7vFAZGyNahIrh3731Lp39sibQTg/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">纪念碑后方,记述南侨机工回国抗战的浮雕长廊里,雕刻着南侨机工英名录。每每行至此处,叶晓东的目光总会在“陈团圆”这个名字上停留,这是他的生父。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">“父亲的名字在这儿,父亲就在这儿。”第一次在英名录上看到父亲的名字时,叶晓东这样想。作为南侨机工后代,叶晓东一出生便浸染国殇的悲怆。1944年,父亲陈团圆因不愿出卖战友惨遭日军活埋,当时叶晓东仅3个月大。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">2005年,南洋华侨机工回国抗日纪念碑在德宏傣族景颇族自治州瑞丽市畹町镇落成,叶晓东主动担任守碑人,每天为父亲和父亲的战友们清扫擦拭纪念碑、英名录。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">20年来,叶晓东每天风雨无阻地守着碑。有海内外南侨机工后人来寻亲,抚着纪念碑上的名字痛哭,他会陪着一起哭,面对纪念碑深深鞠躬;有游客到此,他会不厌其烦地讲述南侨机工的英勇事迹。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78a9YsQM161PrjZsnUdXhl4iahJZqdCRVfq538dSVgLyGO3Vjib9fx1VhxQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aQQFDbiboANGTWF5rZmZviaxJUyGMGq2c5y6H673DibdFZpGcGpLbFFwgA/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">南侨机工后人陈达娅携手其他机工后代,共同创作并演绎大型交响组歌《南侨颂》。这部作品从国内剧场走向海外舞台,让南侨机工的故事被更多人知晓。不少人不远万里赶来观看演出,很多观众泪洒当场。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">如今,马来西亚、新加坡两国也建有南侨机工纪念碑,马来西亚正推动建设南侨机工纪念公园和南侨机工纪念馆。每年抗战胜利纪念日,马来西亚等地的华侨华人社团都会在纪念碑前举行活动,缅怀南侨机工为抗战作出的伟大贡献。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">2020年,罗开瑚去世;2022年,蒋印生去世。此后,世上再无南侨机工,但他们“舍身而不顾,毁家而不怨”的故事将被永远铭记。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">2018年,“南侨机工历史档案”入选《世界记忆亚太地区名录》。档案真实记录了抗战期间南洋华侨志愿回国抗日的全过程,也镌刻下海外华侨华人反抗暴政、维护人类和平的记忆。2019年,马来西亚二战历史研究会授予南侨机工“亚洲和平奖”。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">罗开瑚生前接受采访时说:</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;\">“国家危难时尽力做贡献,是每一名中国人的责任,无论是生是死。”</span></span></p><p><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">“一边是富有安逸的生活,一边是炮火喧嚣的战场,南侨机工毅然选择后者,这源于中华民族血脉中割不断的联系。他们的壮举既为中华民族抵御外侮、争取民族独立筑起流动的钢铁长城,也为世界和平事业刻下华侨群体的历史印记。为民族独立而抗争、为世界和平而奉献,南侨机工的名字将永远镌刻在中华民族救亡图存的史册与人类反法西斯的共同记忆之中。”夏玉清说,“今天,面对动荡的国际局势,我们纪念南侨机工,不只是回顾历史,更是在传承精神。他们跨越时空的信念提醒我们,和平需要守护,未来需要共建</span></span><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">。”</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px 8px 0px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aEqYVqVY7ICjkTopWeiagqgcRkZGaEete3f1C2IRQ0mXUdA5U806rF1g/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"width: 507px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 0px 8px 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78akHGufmGDU71cFUqQAEwSWa0Rn00CZ5hGZorZkN8fIQPdAdscAcSpXg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"width: 509px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78az8TI1cx0yKxABzrcceYZu0zLZsNTWJnDjUiaf8qTKHMoyia8t7dsxnbA/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"><span><br /></span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"><span><br /></span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\"> 告别南洋</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">词:田汉</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">曲:聂耳</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section></section><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\"> 再会吧,南洋!</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\"> 你海波绿,海云长,</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\"> 你是我们第二的故乡。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\"> 我们民族的血汗,</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\"> 洒遍了这几百个荒凉的岛上。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\"> 再会吧,南洋!</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\"> 你椰子肥,豆蔻香。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\"> 你受着自然丰富的供养,</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\"> 但在帝国主义的剥削下,</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\"> 千百万被压迫者都闹着饥荒!</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\"> 再会吧,南洋!</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\"> 你不见尸横着长白山,</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\"> 血流着黑龙江?</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\"> 这是中华民族的存亡!</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\"> 再会吧,南洋!</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\"> 再会吧,南洋!</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\"> 我们要去争取一线光明的希望!</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">《告别南洋》是田汉、聂耳创作的歌曲,1934年问世,歌曲展现南洋华侨华人的离散经历和对中国的深厚感情。南侨机工回国支援抗战,离别之际经常唱起这首歌。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78auGJZkib5Kfyib8QqfwLAYHuMmBjcbcZpwYDRoFrde8mt6EChqTvBMReA/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78auM7wreyMDWEgO7OvRfPKWgyYHaj3liccrnBRKiasdgeAYhQaEZmgK6icQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><br /></section><section class=\"channels_iframe_wrp custom_select_card_wrp\"></section><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span wrap=\"wrap\"></span><br /></p><p style=\"margin-top: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><span>本文转发自《人民日报》2025</span><span>年7月7日第15版,原标题为《抗战危急时刻,三千二百余名南侨机工毅然回国,筑起一条“不沉的补给线”——“国家危难时尽力做贡献,是每一名中国人的责任”(铭记历史 开创未来)》,欢迎读者转发朋友圈。</span></p></section><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4s6XTkV1zgY7Ndw3fVeyGpxIIj30oUzpUnwIcafcXhx66GztUhxGc2FM8I09uwLbMwUFOQfZVGcg/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section></section></section><section><span><span>END</span></span></section><section><span>作者 | </span><span><span>李茂颖 屈佩</span></span></section><section><span>编辑 | </span><span wrap=\"wrap\">侯露露 屈佩</span></section><section><span><span>校对 | 戈雨</span></span></section><section><span><span><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK6o0DTLAcjHUob1LlCbkiaCGeUicmbUPjIKiciad7l2ytYjz3bGBzNyAUu0aicCb4oWXbicQBJA96lk9Tug/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></span></span></section><section><span><section><h2 src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPQbfYUk2lKRJbtAXIuZ0kjicBeKbKicn7picTvdbH5bfuaoiazGOfbm8kw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558\"><span><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages __bg_gif wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK6M7Nv6wvsPyLPCsN7uraAJ0nGCQhDMIIg0L5icbmcctmcTvsgM0HwBpkXTF9ztE2MsQ8Tso0exnicA/640?wx_fmt=gif\" /></span></h2></section></span></section><section><section><section><section><span><span><br /></span></span></section><section><span><span>“</span><strong><span>在看</span></strong><span>”的永远18岁~</span></span></section></section></section></section></section><p style=\"display: none;\"></p></div>\n \n\n \n <br />\n\n \n <a class=\"media_tool_meta meta_primary\" href=\"http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&mid=2651042336&idx=1&sn=f58a429927516d3d99ec53d27adecdde&chksm=bc193cda2d748911a59772c4a94934a3869ffd79f5ca7dd5141f93f28334ab6fb0fa1cdb8c58&scene=0#rd\" style=\"color: blue;\" target=\"_blank\">文章原文</a>\n <br />\n \n\n \n\n <img alt=\"\" class=\"\" height=\"1px\" src=\"http://www.jintiankansha.me/rss_static/13443/S3rL4p3vpG\" style=\"width: 1px; height: 1px; display: none;\" width=\"1px\" /></div></div>",
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"pubDate": "Mon, 07 Jul 2025 21:45:00 +0800",
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"title": "秦始皇求仙问药的“昆仑”在哪里?坐高铁能到吗?",
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"description": "<div><div><div class=\"rich_media_content\" id=\"js_content\"><section style=\"margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 8px; white-space: normal; font-size: 16px; text-align: center; line-height: 1.5em;\"><img class=\"rich_pages js_insertlocalimg wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK6M7Nv6wvsPyLPCsN7uraAJxdXiby5XB2BE6S0ulr9Fs213uZ85nlxAalcgRcLFiaSVdOVlrtCZRibIw/640?wx_fmt=gif\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span><br /></span></section></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em;\"><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78arMKa07vIOSIiarnI78uIxvUmykV7Oib858ialNYfZ8IasSO4UoU9kmYSA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span><br /></span></section></section><p><span><span>本 文 约 5000 字</span></span></p><section><section label=\"Powered by 135editor.com\"><p><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(178, 178, 178); font-size: 12px;\"><span>阅 读 需 要 17 分 钟</span></span><span><span> </span></span></span></p><p><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"><span><span><br /></span></span></span></p></section><section><span><p></p></span></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>前段时间</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,《光明日报》的一篇《实证古代</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“昆仑”的地理位置——青海黄河源发现秦始皇遣使“采药昆仑”石刻》在中国的历史与考古学界掀起了一场惊涛骇浪,一大批历史学者纷纷就这一石刻的篆刻字体、年代、文字内容以及当地自然环境发表了相关评论。众说纷纭中,大家最为关注的莫过于石刻对“昆仑”这一中国古代传奇圣山的地理定位,从先秦到明清,昆仑都</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>堪称</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>神圣之巅</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>”</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,它的存在曾被认为是传说中虚幻之处,也曾在从陕西到新疆之间的山川广域之中辗转腾挪。那么中国古代的</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“昆仑”究竟在何方?</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78auWYnmsvblHQrcqaaGicjbQrH5CzbjaQswQnI9EEQpf9Nn4I7BpDWkDQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78a5jwYJ1xwpMHgTFrKw5X0hg5LmtT1cnvnib4sZtwFW5icYmpibNEdtXESA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section label=\"Powered by 135editor.com\"><section style=\"padding-right: 8px; padding-left: 8px;\"><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><b><span>茫茫山海:昆仑之墟何在?</span></b></font></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>关于</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>昆仑的记载,最早起于先秦时代的典籍中,最初多</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>被称</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>为</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“昆仑之丘”或“昆仑之虚<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(墟)</span>”,代指一片具有浓郁</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>神话</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>色彩的神秘领域,不仅有高耸入云、连绵巍峨的山群,更是有神兽守卫的</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“帝之下都”<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(天神在人间的都邑)</span>。</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>《山海经</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>·海内西经》载:</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“海内昆仑之虚,在西北,帝之下都。昆仑之虚,方八百里,高万仞</span></span></font><font face=\"Calibri\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">…</span></span></font><font face=\"Calibri\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">.. </span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">门有开明兽守之,百神之所在</span></span></font><font face=\"Calibri\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">……</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">河水出东北隅,以行其北,西南又入渤海,又出海外,即西而北,入禹所导积石山。</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">”</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aaY2Z7869V7IsjupiaomQBhOtLJrkTsCUYHxb4nicjiabTGicglGK0okzqA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aVRbe2Cg3nfnqaJxXaQJpjK4lYfeF9PjtJv3nDU5jfsxaRgtkapft3A/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>《尔雅》载:</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“河出昆仑虚,色白”“西北之美者 ,有昆仑虚之璆琳琅玕焉。”</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\"> </span></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>早期昆仑的方位十分模糊,其有效的地理标识仅有</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“西北”“西次三经<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(山海经中西方山脉的第三序列)</span>”,而能够产出“璆琳琅玕”这样的精美玉石,根据</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>《</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>山海经</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>》</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>其他已知山系的推测<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(如西山经中为首的是陕西华山)</span>,只能推断出昆仑位于从关中平原向西向北,包括甘肃、青海与新疆等地在内的广大群山之中</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,但</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>有关</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>真正的昆仑在何处</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>并没有一个确切的方位记载。从此时开始</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>昆仑与黄河<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(古称</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“河水”)</span>源头所在</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>已被</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>深度绑定,从而使后人总将探求</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“昆仑”与追寻“河源”两大地理使命合二为一。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aiccc7ZwGZicBX8CWpvPeBXGQjXDxbxy7rCnxM6OdmUkocWLPYPywNwxA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aqTYfUZ3fWrnT2vjicNCrWFwD64P048usapNFDTqibOwoYFfuSJdkibHiaQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>昆仑之</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>墟</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>的神秘玄幻不仅牵动着历代探险家的探奇之心,更让古往今来的中原帝王心怀向往。据《穆天子传》记述,最早向西抵达昆仑之境的是周穆王,他在西征巡游时得河伯指引,到达从关中宗周西行</span></font><font face=\"Calibri\"><span>8100</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>里的昆仑。</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(穆王)</span>升于昆仑之丘,以观黄帝之宫,而封丰隆之葬,以诏后世”</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>甚至有言,周穆王曾在昆仑山周边的瑶池与西王母相会结下不解之缘。此次周穆王在昆仑山上对黄帝之宫的参拜尽管存在争议,但先秦时期古代中原对于昆仑之域的内心崇拜显然已经贯穿于整个社会文化氛围之中,并为天子诸侯所共知。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section label=\"Powered by 135editor.com\"><section style=\"padding-right: 8px; padding-left: 8px;\"><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><b><span>乾坤大挪移:昆仑空间的斗转星移</span></b></font></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>秦汉时期,随着</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“华夏文化圈”和“大一统”国家的形成,古人开始尝试拨开昆仑这一“上古神山”的神秘面纱,在不断拓展的边疆中追寻它的准确</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>位置</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>向西方探寻昆仑所在的契机来自秦国的西向扩张。战国末年,秦宣太后诱杀义渠王于甘泉宫,<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(秦人)</span>因起兵灭之,始置陇西、北地、上郡焉。秦国三郡的设立标志着中原</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>地区</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>的直接管辖范围深入</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>到</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>黄河上游的宁夏甘肃一线,从而将《山海经》中渺茫的西土逐渐具象化。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aNUCpGq5byykfMZoomBZia5c73jOJ40m8NVqKCACecmesN8du357suVg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78ad2hDOmP3sEsQ8OmTibO8SxhBSk5m9Lg1F1REUVNNkQLliadkOwMicT3Zw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>到公元前</span></font><font face=\"Calibri\"><span>221</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>年,秦始皇横扫六合统一华夏,中国历史上第一个统一的中央集权国家横空出世。与辉煌一统相伴的是秦始皇本人对</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>大秦帝国</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>的独特构想。首先,信奉传统秦国</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>神祇</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>的秦始皇想要通过</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“令祠官所常奉天地名山大川鬼神可得而序也”的方式将整个东方六国的信仰体系</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>融为一体</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,因而在统一之后进行了大规模的天下祭祀巡行,其中第一次巡行路线便是</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>:</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“(秦始皇)二十七年(前</span></span></font><font face=\"Calibri\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">220</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">),始皇巡陇西、北地,出鸡头山,过回中</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">。</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">”</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78ar7ODmehwHQgoYyicia0sZdyiagXxAnBKVwfnR3KwZHbK7LtCv3rTmdJBw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aibXN8fS3TFJ2TxbtNPMV3KuuIbjlm33jStLC2Y6oHoUv6mLUvcSjvpw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>秦始皇将西方疆域山川放在了极为重要的位置,也为当时官方与民间继续向西探求昆仑山川奠定了基础。而秦始皇个人对于长生不老的不懈追求,也为当时官方民间以寻仙问药为由的四方探寻提供了契机,所谓五大夫翳</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“采药昆仑”石刻</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>上</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>的这段史书上并未记载的神奇故事,或许正是在这一实地考察的背景下产生。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78a2xoGXRFUHksibcwUEiap7Ew1fPU4dsH7sRHOMYw6g7UoBicAXGrveVibeA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78ajygbwlAPWYZXldAqwINFFKaxbopZkzqickkVibgBnUqWibEGBfZm0MuRQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>实际文献中对于昆仑的第一次官方认定出现在汉代。《史记</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>•大宛列传》记载:</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“汉使穷河源,河源出于阗,其山多玉石,采来,天子案古图书,名河所出山曰昆仑云。”</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>这里穷</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(黄)</span>河源”的汉使便是张骞及其副使,他在两次出使西域之后断定黄河的起源在于阗<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(今新疆和田县)</span>的山中,认为发源于于阗山中的河水向东汇入盐泽<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(也称蒲昌海,位</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">于今天的新疆罗布泊)</span>后就变成了潜行地下的隐河,随后在南方涌出地面变成黄河的源头。在获得这些关键信息之后,汉武帝依据玉石对比古图书,最终判定于阗的南山<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(今昆仑山西段一部)</span>为昆仑山。这次官方定位</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>基本上是依据</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“河源出昆仑”与“昆仑产美玉”两大特点认定</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>的。</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>今天来看</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>张骞关于</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“黄河潜行”地下的说法有些荒诞,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>但这</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>依旧是第一次</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>有史记载的</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>对昆仑所在地</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>进行实地</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>考察,其定位的昆仑位置与今日昆仑山脉</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>一部分</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>相重叠,同时也交代了黄河在罗布泊之南某地<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(青藏高原之上)</span>涌出地面这一基本事实,为后人进一步发掘昆仑山留下了可供思考的维度。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78at8KuFrp0llMCvNQCBXE2vPRjfpWmYBQY25LNXNcIp7koxBdGEofTJQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78adKGfdInOLSfXnAfQInHOgMy5iaC8JDn2KnSJQ0VUlzuMotj8kqnbSpw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span align=\"\" alt=\"\" border=\"\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" height=\"\" hspace=\"\" ismap=\"ismap\" src=\"\" title=\"\" type=\"block\" usemap=\"\" vspace=\"\" width=\"\"> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>西汉末年以后,随着汉王朝与西羌部落<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(活跃于青海与甘肃交界地带)</span>的持续作战,汉王朝对黄河上游的地理认知也不断深入,东汉经学家马融开始提出</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“昆仑在临羌西”,即昆仑在今天青海省西宁市一带,表明当时汉朝人已经对青藏高原东北隅有了初步的地理认知,但是仍受限于气候环境</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>无法进一步</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>探寻</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>昆仑所在。</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>魏晋以后,河西走廊一带在中原战乱背景下经济文化迅速发展,黄河上游地区相继出现了</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“五凉”政权,对黄河上游与祁连山以南的高原地区认识更为清晰。《晋书·张</span><span>骏</span><span>传》载:</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“酒泉南山,即昆仑之体也。周穆王见西王母,乐而忘归,即谓此山。此山有石室玉堂,珠玑镂饰,焕若神宫。宜立西王母祠,以裨朝廷无疆之福</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">。</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">”</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>这里认为的昆仑山在祁连山之中,将昆仑对中原的距离重新拉近到华夏的边缘地带。唐朝著名的历史地理学著作《括地志》云:</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“昆仑山在肃州酒泉县南八十里</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>。</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>”同样延续了《晋书》的看法。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aoibaPPw9IiccO4korVjpFXzKj9kdT1n8FUkYOygn0V1iaZaiaibE88Nyic9Q/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78a7VYvrIksJnib48ptVUjUEO52m6djF1MKEicmhzScA7CticuruhM2J5Kug/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>在</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>北方政权</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>企图将昆仑山拉近的同时,佛教文化的传入则为昆仑山的位置增加了一条新的赛道。来自中亚西域的僧人力图将佛教与华夏文化融会贯通。前秦高僧释道安,为了更好地将佛教传播给广大中原之人,将印度传说中佛教圣地阿耨</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">nòu</span></span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>达山<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(佛教文献中为印度河与恒河等四大河的发源地)</span>附加了浓郁的中华神话色彩。</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>《</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>水经注</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>》</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>作者郦道元在引据道安《释氏西域记》</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>的</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“阿耨达太山,其上有大渊水,宫殿楼观甚大焉”时解释说:“山即昆仑山也</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>。</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>”再如引《穆天子传》中“天子升于昆仑、观黄帝之宫”时解释:“黄帝宫,即阿耨达宫也。”郦道元对这一说法的认同展现出当时中原社会浓厚的佛教氛围以及西来佛教与华夏传统文化的深度融合,“昆仑”一度同时成为佛教与中国原始道教的圣山福地。而根据后世地理著作考证,阿耨达山的位置大致位于今天青藏高原西部的冈底斯山。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section label=\"Powered by 135editor.com\"><section style=\"padding-right: 8px; padding-left: 8px;\"><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><b><span>观览河源昆仑:大一统帝国的不懈追求</span></b></font></p></section></section></section></section></section><section><span><p></p></span></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>繁盛的唐代</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>为昆仑的</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>进一步</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>具象化提供了契机。</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>贞观九年<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font><font face=\"Calibri\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">635</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span>,唐朝对盘踞在今天青海北部的吐谷浑发起总攻,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>唐军从鄯州<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(今</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">青海西宁)</span>出现</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>分南北两道一路西进,从青海湖一线向黄河上游以轻骑快速深入,创造了中原王朝在青藏高原作战的空前胜利。史载唐朝北路大军</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>:</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“次且末之西,(吐谷浑可汗)伏允走图伦碛(塔克拉玛干大沙漠),将托于阗,万均督锐骑追亡数百里,又破之</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">。</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">”</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>即相当于从青海湖向西贯穿格尔木盆地,翻越阿尔金山进入新疆南部。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aVvBA8h3Y4fj43MsrAIb9QGYfx5w0vHqyhqI0KkYKAjawVibfvIShUWw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78a7ohibK3gQquLdmkRvU23sBwYwIHqqHy8kn6zq2kjw2Qoxr1IFjhHbBw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>而南路大军在侯君集率领下</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>:</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“经途二千余里,行空虚之地。盛夏降霜,山多积雪,转战过星宿川,至于柏海(今青海省鄂陵湖),频与虏遇,皆大克获。北望积石山,观河源之所出焉</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">。</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">”</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>即从青海湖溯黄河源头而上,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>途经</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>两千余里雪山沼泽后抵达黄河源头附近的鄂陵湖。这一次军事远征对青海地区的探索可谓史无前例,中原王朝的军队与随行人员第一次深入青藏高原内部地区,也为</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“河源所出”的昆仑所在提供了珍贵的地理资料。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78alTIuSze1MkKznkB7KHIXWFRqPRtkGvL8ibh61WGV0NT6InibjZVq8toQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aPCXS9WsrBZXwvERu9ytpnErsyLLFLFlicH51vQCuHsxpicd1sxYpOG5w/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>随着唐朝中期与吐蕃在青藏高原之上的长期拉锯战,中原人士</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>对</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>青藏高原的地理环境认知更为清晰。《新唐书</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>•吐蕃传》记载,长庆二年</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font><font face=\"Calibri\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">822</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>五月,唐朝和盟专使、大理寺卿刘元鼎率领使团前往吐蕃,与吐蕃以钵阐布</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>·勃阑伽允丹为首的官员在逻些<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(今西藏拉萨)</span>东郊会盟,这就是历史上著名的长庆会盟<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(前一年双方在长安西郊会盟)</span>。这次会盟是有史料记载以来,中原王朝首次派遣官方使节经过唐蕃古道全程往返青藏高原核心区域。会盟结束回朝</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>的</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>路上</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,盟使刘元鼎在沿途详细记载青藏高原山川地貌,尤其对黄河源头附近进行了详实介绍</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>:</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(刘)元鼎踰湟水,至龙泉谷。西北望杀胡川哥舒翰故壁多在。湟水出濛谷,抵龙泉,与河合。河之上流繇洪济梁,西南行二千里,水益狭,春可涉,秋夏乃胜舟。其南三百里。三山中高而四下,曰紫山,直大羊同国,古所谓昆仑者也,</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">虏</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">曰闷摩黎山,东距长安五千里,河源其间。</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>此处记载从湟水与河水汇合处向上游溯源,在</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>到达</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“洪济梁”<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(唐朝金天军所在,今青海贵德县黄河沿岸)</span>后要再向西南行两千里,这一段的黄河春季可以步行涉水,夏秋可以乘舟,再向南三百里就可以</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>到达</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>古代羊同国故地的紫山,也就是古代昆仑,吐蕃当地人则称为闷摩黎山。而根据后世记载,此处吐蕃境内的闷摩黎山<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(紫山)</span>,据考即今巴颜喀拉山。此次唐朝使者认为的</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“黄河源头”昆仑山基本与我们今天给出的黄河源头相吻合,也将昆仑山的位置基本固定在黄河西南方向的青海一带。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aquHTwvN2ibrddM6IyjwufjvcUiaiaxDP64Qbo0XbyajnIfqSdf1YUUQVQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78apkU1ZnCMftxo6cbxe8f7S2PCRBUjCtCoX2vtBFYLZvBdhIgk6WS1mw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span> </span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"Calibri\"><span>13</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>世纪下半叶,忽必烈建立大元,</span><span>青藏高原第一次正式纳入中原王朝的行政管辖。元世祖忽必烈设置掌管全国佛教事务并统辖吐蕃地区</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(今西藏及青海大部)</span></span><span>军政事务的机构——宣政院。</span><span>庞大的疆域和通畅的道路为内地人员对青藏高原进行全方位考察奠定了基础。</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>当时的忽必烈为了建立汉唐都未能达到的功勋,彰显大元对寰宇一统的历史功绩,于至元二十七年<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font><font face=\"Calibri\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">1290</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>也有说法为十七年<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font><font face=\"Calibri\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">1280</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>派遣女真人都实从甘肃临夏出发穷探黄河之源头,完成</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“古无有也”的历史创举。</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>都实首先在唐人的基础上确认了星宿川为黄河源头所在</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>:</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“有泉百余,泓洳散涣,弗可逼视,方七八十里。履高山下瞰,灿若列星,以故名火敦脑儿,译言‘星宿’也</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">。</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">”</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>即将今天黄河上游星宿海星罗棋布的泉流地带清晰描述为黄河源头。随后又记载</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>:</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 16px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“朵甘思东北有大雪山,名亦耳麻不莫刺,其山最髙,译言腾乞里塔,即昆仑也</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 16px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">。</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 16px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">”</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span><span style=\"font-size: 16px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\"> </span></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>又言黄河先自西向东绕昆仑之南行,随后</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“河水北行,转西流,过昆仑北”。由此可见,元代定义的昆仑并不在黄河源头处,反而是黄河上游一串被黄河绵延环绕的巨大山脉,以今天的地图观之,恰好是三面为黄河所环绕的今阿尼玛卿山山脉,在中国古代典籍中也被称为“大积石山”,与《尚书·禹贡》中“导河积石”的记载不谋而合,而此处昆仑山的译音“腾乞里塔”很可能也与蒙古语中的腾格里词汇同源,有所谓“天山”之义,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>即</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>当地人心目中的</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“神山”。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>所以,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>这次对昆仑位置的界定,是</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>古代历史上第一次具有明确记载的亲身地理科学探索的结论,是一次重要诠释。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78ayRdZcicON6yLQ8weBcz7CwT8pLxV616xb0icwKQic6ib6lcw8T2O5PANdw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aFicGXmLKXEYfiaAMOenpD2gKWuUVssvwLxWrK5J1gCyjVXFFJuia3j6gg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span> </span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>古人对昆仑最为系统性的考察</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>还是在</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>清代</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>。</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>康熙年间,清廷全力平定西北新疆一带的准噶尔部落,当时的青海处于准噶尔、西藏与内地的交通要冲,位于青海境内的和硕特蒙古部落便被视为朝廷重点争取对象。康熙帝借探查河源的机会</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>在当地</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>宣扬朝廷恩威,作为勘察使者的侍卫拉锡与舒兰于康熙四十三年<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font><font face=\"Calibri\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">1704</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span>不辱使命再次来到“星宿海”,得知其周围群山蒙古名为“库尔滚”,认为“即昆仑也”,同时认为从周边“库尔滚”群山中涌出的三条河流<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(包括黄河上的卡日曲与约古宗列曲)</span>即黄河源头所在,这一发现再次佐证了《山海经》中“河出昆仑”的基本猜想,而此处的库尔滚<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(坤)</span>山,即今巴颜喀拉山,这一结果也基本与今日现代地理考察所得出的结论相吻合。</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>现代</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>地理学上的昆仑山脉从帕米尔高原发端,沿着塔里木盆地和青藏高原的交界一路向东,在进入青海之后</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>则沿柴达木盆地南缘向东南延伸,形成巴颜喀拉山脉与阿尼玛卿山等多列山系,而古人对于昆仑位置的探究尽管不尽相同,但终究处在</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“大昆仑”的范畴之中。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aednWPuibems1Sy50ut1JSicNhIov6BJYCibazpwGD9n2GOZNumDdsfia1Q/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aMd1Vgca3I6xFo54NicALoCCicvQKzHh4MgtGW16mJRR7mr0AOwF10UhA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\"> </span></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>纵观古人对昆仑方位的认识,无不与同一时代的疆域广度与社会风貌相联结,昆仑的位置所在不仅是一个神话山脉的位置归属,更是有关华夏龙脉所在的终极探讨,堪舆之书言:</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“万山一贯,起自昆仑。山龙之散见于地,虽有千万之多,而其龙脉之来,皆出于昆仑。”</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>大秦</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>将昆仑视作求仙访药的神仙居所,汉武帝将昆仑视为汉家西域的明证</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>昆仑在</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>大唐</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>与吐蕃的交往中撤下隐藏的迷雾,在</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>元代</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>丈量寰宇的脚步中逐渐明晰,最终在</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>清代</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>的一统功业中找到了真实而确切的归宿。</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>巍峨的昆仑山,承载着华夏民族探寻世界寰宇的无限憧憬,矗立于祖国的茫茫西土,守望庇佑着龙之传人。</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p><span><p><span> </span></p></span><span><p><span><br /></span></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: bold;\">参考文献:</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">1. </span></span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">沈婉婷:《中国古代昆仑观念研究》,山东大学博士论文</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">2.</span></span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">(明)宋濂</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">:《元史》</span></span></font><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\"> </span></span><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">3. </span></span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">中华书局编</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">:《清实录》</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">4.</span></span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">(宋)欧阳修</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">:《新唐书》</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">5.</span></span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">(清)顾祖禹</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">:《读史方舆纪要》</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">*</span>本文系“国家</span></font><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">人文历史”独家稿件,欢迎读者转发朋友圈。</span></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\"><br /></span></p><section><section><section><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4s6XTkV1zgY7Ndw3fVeyGpxIIj30oUzpUnwIcafcXhx66GztUhxGc2FM8I09uwLbMwUFOQfZVGcg/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section></section></section><section><span><span>END</span></span></section><section><span><span>作者 | 王凯迪</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span></span></span></span></section><section><span><span>编辑 | 胡心雅</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span></span></span></span></section><section><span><span>主编 | 周斌</span></span></section><section><span><span>排版 | 曲晨溪(实习)</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span></span></span></span></section><section><span><span>校对 | 火炬 李栋 张斌 古月</span></span></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><span><span><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK6o0DTLAcjHUob1LlCbkiaCGeUicmbUPjIKiciad7l2ytYjz3bGBzNyAUu0aicCb4oWXbicQBJA96lk9Tug/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></span></span></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><strong><span><br /></span></strong></section><section><strong><span>国历好物</span></strong></section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK50l871IgvMuCSibrmOibSxicuB2xBPs1uQ2ZspQytHr1P0K7rUaKzSAg2CRzMr8ibAYhs2mSk7cLvZpQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section><p><span><strong><span><span>进击的士族</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>旁落的皇权</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>跨越五百年的权力对抗史</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>国民历史读物《国家人文历史》专业团队</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>最新力作</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>展现士族潮起潮落的史诗级历史画卷</span></span></strong></span></p><section label=\"edit by 135editor\"><section><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK50l871IgvMuCSibrmOibSxicuassfQWcfhotQqH5lYBRPtichLu7A0vIGovAB5sRkicvnkQnT342127lA/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section><section><section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section></section><section><section><strong><span>点击下方封面,即可购买</span></strong></section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><span><strong><span><span>↓↓↓</span></span></strong></span></p><p><a class=\"weapp_image_link js_weapp_entry\"><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK5sbRbqWpNPCUYibIYbC7RFRAHn32PAWbKDIM6A4MkicYHOWIR0Hy6iamToAdrvvPDeu5T15EKXjC1Fg/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></a><span><br /></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><h2 src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPQbfYUk2lKRJbtAXIuZ0kjicBeKbKicn7picTvdbH5bfuaoiazGOfbm8kw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558\"><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPPS2Tl0L42giakAlUSsWM2hKsLfDwrNFcLNgFaxPhQng3E9mCRE3tkg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558px\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&mid=2651035606&idx=1&sn=95e5b910a9c15c3b861b33b6a6da3866&scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcaIgQkEibvERBOGAaoicFhgsfmibxDTGK2z3uLHbhcvWGEYibV0hom5VW8CA/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></a></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&mid=2651035897&idx=1&sn=befda0705325843f84da3911012cad95&scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcamtwvyMNyxgGfdgqCCu9GkBZl21VfOcYfkJRh5E0ArHl4UUBtbSzwRQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></a></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcaohkRZ9cGSGGPakn9lRTzm4qIA3pNHn3EVXrsicT3De6T2ib5Slw6GsRQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span><span><br /></span></span></section></section></section></h2></section></section></section><section><span><section><h2 src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPQbfYUk2lKRJbtAXIuZ0kjicBeKbKicn7picTvdbH5bfuaoiazGOfbm8kw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558\"><span><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages __bg_gif wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK6M7Nv6wvsPyLPCsN7uraAJ0nGCQhDMIIg0L5icbmcctmcTvsgM0HwBpkXTF9ztE2MsQ8Tso0exnicA/640?wx_fmt=gif\" /></span></h2><section><span><span>“</span><strong><span>在看</span></strong><span>”的永远18岁~</span></span></section></section></span></section><section><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><section><section style=\"padding-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 1em; display: flex;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"></span></section></section></section></span></section><p style=\"display: none;\"></p></div>\n \n\n \n <br />\n\n \n <a class=\"media_tool_meta meta_primary\" href=\"http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&mid=2651042304&idx=1&sn=0b18772f0dfdbf97d7e84a0423b589e9&chksm=bcbccbaf4cba412c27e7f3aa7d82748edc5c7bd897d1e6593c4fcf904250bbcd43127628f52b&scene=0#rd\" style=\"color: blue;\" target=\"_blank\">文章原文</a>\n <br />\n \n\n \n\n <img alt=\"\" class=\"\" height=\"1px\" src=\"http://www.jintiankansha.me/rss_static/13443/qnSrWpgklJ\" style=\"width: 1px; height: 1px; display: none;\" width=\"1px\" /></div></div>",
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"content": "<div><div><div class=\"rich_media_content\" id=\"js_content\"><section style=\"margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 8px; white-space: normal; font-size: 16px; text-align: center; line-height: 1.5em;\"><img class=\"rich_pages js_insertlocalimg wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK6M7Nv6wvsPyLPCsN7uraAJxdXiby5XB2BE6S0ulr9Fs213uZ85nlxAalcgRcLFiaSVdOVlrtCZRibIw/640?wx_fmt=gif\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span><br /></span></section></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em;\"><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78arMKa07vIOSIiarnI78uIxvUmykV7Oib858ialNYfZ8IasSO4UoU9kmYSA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span><br /></span></section></section><p><span><span>本 文 约 5000 字</span></span></p><section><section label=\"Powered by 135editor.com\"><p><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(178, 178, 178); font-size: 12px;\"><span>阅 读 需 要 17 分 钟</span></span><span><span> </span></span></span></p><p><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"><span><span><br /></span></span></span></p></section><section><span><p></p></span></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>前段时间</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,《光明日报》的一篇《实证古代</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“昆仑”的地理位置——青海黄河源发现秦始皇遣使“采药昆仑”石刻》在中国的历史与考古学界掀起了一场惊涛骇浪,一大批历史学者纷纷就这一石刻的篆刻字体、年代、文字内容以及当地自然环境发表了相关评论。众说纷纭中,大家最为关注的莫过于石刻对“昆仑”这一中国古代传奇圣山的地理定位,从先秦到明清,昆仑都</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>堪称</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>神圣之巅</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>”</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,它的存在曾被认为是传说中虚幻之处,也曾在从陕西到新疆之间的山川广域之中辗转腾挪。那么中国古代的</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“昆仑”究竟在何方?</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78auWYnmsvblHQrcqaaGicjbQrH5CzbjaQswQnI9EEQpf9Nn4I7BpDWkDQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78a5jwYJ1xwpMHgTFrKw5X0hg5LmtT1cnvnib4sZtwFW5icYmpibNEdtXESA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section label=\"Powered by 135editor.com\"><section style=\"padding-right: 8px; padding-left: 8px;\"><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><b><span>茫茫山海:昆仑之墟何在?</span></b></font></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>关于</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>昆仑的记载,最早起于先秦时代的典籍中,最初多</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>被称</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>为</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“昆仑之丘”或“昆仑之虚<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(墟)</span>”,代指一片具有浓郁</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>神话</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>色彩的神秘领域,不仅有高耸入云、连绵巍峨的山群,更是有神兽守卫的</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“帝之下都”<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(天神在人间的都邑)</span>。</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>《山海经</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>·海内西经》载:</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“海内昆仑之虚,在西北,帝之下都。昆仑之虚,方八百里,高万仞</span></span></font><font face=\"Calibri\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">…</span></span></font><font face=\"Calibri\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">.. </span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">门有开明兽守之,百神之所在</span></span></font><font face=\"Calibri\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">……</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">河水出东北隅,以行其北,西南又入渤海,又出海外,即西而北,入禹所导积石山。</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">”</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aaY2Z7869V7IsjupiaomQBhOtLJrkTsCUYHxb4nicjiabTGicglGK0okzqA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aVRbe2Cg3nfnqaJxXaQJpjK4lYfeF9PjtJv3nDU5jfsxaRgtkapft3A/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>《尔雅》载:</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“河出昆仑虚,色白”“西北之美者 ,有昆仑虚之璆琳琅玕焉。”</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\"> </span></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>早期昆仑的方位十分模糊,其有效的地理标识仅有</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“西北”“西次三经<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(山海经中西方山脉的第三序列)</span>”,而能够产出“璆琳琅玕”这样的精美玉石,根据</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>《</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>山海经</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>》</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>其他已知山系的推测<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(如西山经中为首的是陕西华山)</span>,只能推断出昆仑位于从关中平原向西向北,包括甘肃、青海与新疆等地在内的广大群山之中</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,但</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>有关</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>真正的昆仑在何处</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>并没有一个确切的方位记载。从此时开始</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>昆仑与黄河<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(古称</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“河水”)</span>源头所在</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>已被</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>深度绑定,从而使后人总将探求</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“昆仑”与追寻“河源”两大地理使命合二为一。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aiccc7ZwGZicBX8CWpvPeBXGQjXDxbxy7rCnxM6OdmUkocWLPYPywNwxA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aqTYfUZ3fWrnT2vjicNCrWFwD64P048usapNFDTqibOwoYFfuSJdkibHiaQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>昆仑之</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>墟</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>的神秘玄幻不仅牵动着历代探险家的探奇之心,更让古往今来的中原帝王心怀向往。据《穆天子传》记述,最早向西抵达昆仑之境的是周穆王,他在西征巡游时得河伯指引,到达从关中宗周西行</span></font><font face=\"Calibri\"><span>8100</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>里的昆仑。</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(穆王)</span>升于昆仑之丘,以观黄帝之宫,而封丰隆之葬,以诏后世”</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>甚至有言,周穆王曾在昆仑山周边的瑶池与西王母相会结下不解之缘。此次周穆王在昆仑山上对黄帝之宫的参拜尽管存在争议,但先秦时期古代中原对于昆仑之域的内心崇拜显然已经贯穿于整个社会文化氛围之中,并为天子诸侯所共知。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section label=\"Powered by 135editor.com\"><section style=\"padding-right: 8px; padding-left: 8px;\"><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><b><span>乾坤大挪移:昆仑空间的斗转星移</span></b></font></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>秦汉时期,随着</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“华夏文化圈”和“大一统”国家的形成,古人开始尝试拨开昆仑这一“上古神山”的神秘面纱,在不断拓展的边疆中追寻它的准确</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>位置</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>向西方探寻昆仑所在的契机来自秦国的西向扩张。战国末年,秦宣太后诱杀义渠王于甘泉宫,<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(秦人)</span>因起兵灭之,始置陇西、北地、上郡焉。秦国三郡的设立标志着中原</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>地区</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>的直接管辖范围深入</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>到</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>黄河上游的宁夏甘肃一线,从而将《山海经》中渺茫的西土逐渐具象化。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aNUCpGq5byykfMZoomBZia5c73jOJ40m8NVqKCACecmesN8du357suVg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78ad2hDOmP3sEsQ8OmTibO8SxhBSk5m9Lg1F1REUVNNkQLliadkOwMicT3Zw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>到公元前</span></font><font face=\"Calibri\"><span>221</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>年,秦始皇横扫六合统一华夏,中国历史上第一个统一的中央集权国家横空出世。与辉煌一统相伴的是秦始皇本人对</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>大秦帝国</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>的独特构想。首先,信奉传统秦国</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>神祇</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>的秦始皇想要通过</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“令祠官所常奉天地名山大川鬼神可得而序也”的方式将整个东方六国的信仰体系</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>融为一体</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,因而在统一之后进行了大规模的天下祭祀巡行,其中第一次巡行路线便是</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>:</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“(秦始皇)二十七年(前</span></span></font><font face=\"Calibri\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">220</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">),始皇巡陇西、北地,出鸡头山,过回中</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">。</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">”</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78ar7ODmehwHQgoYyicia0sZdyiagXxAnBKVwfnR3KwZHbK7LtCv3rTmdJBw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aibXN8fS3TFJ2TxbtNPMV3KuuIbjlm33jStLC2Y6oHoUv6mLUvcSjvpw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>秦始皇将西方疆域山川放在了极为重要的位置,也为当时官方与民间继续向西探求昆仑山川奠定了基础。而秦始皇个人对于长生不老的不懈追求,也为当时官方民间以寻仙问药为由的四方探寻提供了契机,所谓五大夫翳</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“采药昆仑”石刻</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>上</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>的这段史书上并未记载的神奇故事,或许正是在这一实地考察的背景下产生。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78a2xoGXRFUHksibcwUEiap7Ew1fPU4dsH7sRHOMYw6g7UoBicAXGrveVibeA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78ajygbwlAPWYZXldAqwINFFKaxbopZkzqickkVibgBnUqWibEGBfZm0MuRQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>实际文献中对于昆仑的第一次官方认定出现在汉代。《史记</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>•大宛列传》记载:</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“汉使穷河源,河源出于阗,其山多玉石,采来,天子案古图书,名河所出山曰昆仑云。”</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>这里穷</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(黄)</span>河源”的汉使便是张骞及其副使,他在两次出使西域之后断定黄河的起源在于阗<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(今新疆和田县)</span>的山中,认为发源于于阗山中的河水向东汇入盐泽<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(也称蒲昌海,位</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">于今天的新疆罗布泊)</span>后就变成了潜行地下的隐河,随后在南方涌出地面变成黄河的源头。在获得这些关键信息之后,汉武帝依据玉石对比古图书,最终判定于阗的南山<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(今昆仑山西段一部)</span>为昆仑山。这次官方定位</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>基本上是依据</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“河源出昆仑”与“昆仑产美玉”两大特点认定</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>的。</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>今天来看</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>张骞关于</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“黄河潜行”地下的说法有些荒诞,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>但这</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>依旧是第一次</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>有史记载的</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>对昆仑所在地</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>进行实地</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>考察,其定位的昆仑位置与今日昆仑山脉</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>一部分</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>相重叠,同时也交代了黄河在罗布泊之南某地<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(青藏高原之上)</span>涌出地面这一基本事实,为后人进一步发掘昆仑山留下了可供思考的维度。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78at8KuFrp0llMCvNQCBXE2vPRjfpWmYBQY25LNXNcIp7koxBdGEofTJQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78adKGfdInOLSfXnAfQInHOgMy5iaC8JDn2KnSJQ0VUlzuMotj8kqnbSpw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span align=\"\" alt=\"\" border=\"\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" height=\"\" hspace=\"\" ismap=\"ismap\" src=\"\" title=\"\" type=\"block\" usemap=\"\" vspace=\"\" width=\"\"> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>西汉末年以后,随着汉王朝与西羌部落<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(活跃于青海与甘肃交界地带)</span>的持续作战,汉王朝对黄河上游的地理认知也不断深入,东汉经学家马融开始提出</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“昆仑在临羌西”,即昆仑在今天青海省西宁市一带,表明当时汉朝人已经对青藏高原东北隅有了初步的地理认知,但是仍受限于气候环境</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>无法进一步</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>探寻</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>昆仑所在。</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>魏晋以后,河西走廊一带在中原战乱背景下经济文化迅速发展,黄河上游地区相继出现了</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“五凉”政权,对黄河上游与祁连山以南的高原地区认识更为清晰。《晋书·张</span><span>骏</span><span>传》载:</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“酒泉南山,即昆仑之体也。周穆王见西王母,乐而忘归,即谓此山。此山有石室玉堂,珠玑镂饰,焕若神宫。宜立西王母祠,以裨朝廷无疆之福</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">。</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">”</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>这里认为的昆仑山在祁连山之中,将昆仑对中原的距离重新拉近到华夏的边缘地带。唐朝著名的历史地理学著作《括地志》云:</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“昆仑山在肃州酒泉县南八十里</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>。</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>”同样延续了《晋书》的看法。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aoibaPPw9IiccO4korVjpFXzKj9kdT1n8FUkYOygn0V1iaZaiaibE88Nyic9Q/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78a7VYvrIksJnib48ptVUjUEO52m6djF1MKEicmhzScA7CticuruhM2J5Kug/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>在</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>北方政权</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>企图将昆仑山拉近的同时,佛教文化的传入则为昆仑山的位置增加了一条新的赛道。来自中亚西域的僧人力图将佛教与华夏文化融会贯通。前秦高僧释道安,为了更好地将佛教传播给广大中原之人,将印度传说中佛教圣地阿耨</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">nòu</span></span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>达山<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(佛教文献中为印度河与恒河等四大河的发源地)</span>附加了浓郁的中华神话色彩。</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>《</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>水经注</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>》</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>作者郦道元在引据道安《释氏西域记》</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>的</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“阿耨达太山,其上有大渊水,宫殿楼观甚大焉”时解释说:“山即昆仑山也</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>。</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>”再如引《穆天子传》中“天子升于昆仑、观黄帝之宫”时解释:“黄帝宫,即阿耨达宫也。”郦道元对这一说法的认同展现出当时中原社会浓厚的佛教氛围以及西来佛教与华夏传统文化的深度融合,“昆仑”一度同时成为佛教与中国原始道教的圣山福地。而根据后世地理著作考证,阿耨达山的位置大致位于今天青藏高原西部的冈底斯山。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section label=\"Powered by 135editor.com\"><section style=\"padding-right: 8px; padding-left: 8px;\"><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><b><span>观览河源昆仑:大一统帝国的不懈追求</span></b></font></p></section></section></section></section></section><section><span><p></p></span></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>繁盛的唐代</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>为昆仑的</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>进一步</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>具象化提供了契机。</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>贞观九年<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font><font face=\"Calibri\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">635</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span>,唐朝对盘踞在今天青海北部的吐谷浑发起总攻,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>唐军从鄯州<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(今</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">青海西宁)</span>出现</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>分南北两道一路西进,从青海湖一线向黄河上游以轻骑快速深入,创造了中原王朝在青藏高原作战的空前胜利。史载唐朝北路大军</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>:</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“次且末之西,(吐谷浑可汗)伏允走图伦碛(塔克拉玛干大沙漠),将托于阗,万均督锐骑追亡数百里,又破之</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">。</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">”</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>即相当于从青海湖向西贯穿格尔木盆地,翻越阿尔金山进入新疆南部。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aVvBA8h3Y4fj43MsrAIb9QGYfx5w0vHqyhqI0KkYKAjawVibfvIShUWw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78a7ohibK3gQquLdmkRvU23sBwYwIHqqHy8kn6zq2kjw2Qoxr1IFjhHbBw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>而南路大军在侯君集率领下</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>:</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“经途二千余里,行空虚之地。盛夏降霜,山多积雪,转战过星宿川,至于柏海(今青海省鄂陵湖),频与虏遇,皆大克获。北望积石山,观河源之所出焉</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">。</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">”</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>即从青海湖溯黄河源头而上,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>途经</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>两千余里雪山沼泽后抵达黄河源头附近的鄂陵湖。这一次军事远征对青海地区的探索可谓史无前例,中原王朝的军队与随行人员第一次深入青藏高原内部地区,也为</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“河源所出”的昆仑所在提供了珍贵的地理资料。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78alTIuSze1MkKznkB7KHIXWFRqPRtkGvL8ibh61WGV0NT6InibjZVq8toQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aPCXS9WsrBZXwvERu9ytpnErsyLLFLFlicH51vQCuHsxpicd1sxYpOG5w/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>随着唐朝中期与吐蕃在青藏高原之上的长期拉锯战,中原人士</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>对</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>青藏高原的地理环境认知更为清晰。《新唐书</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>•吐蕃传》记载,长庆二年</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font><font face=\"Calibri\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">822</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>五月,唐朝和盟专使、大理寺卿刘元鼎率领使团前往吐蕃,与吐蕃以钵阐布</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>·勃阑伽允丹为首的官员在逻些<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(今西藏拉萨)</span>东郊会盟,这就是历史上著名的长庆会盟<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(前一年双方在长安西郊会盟)</span>。这次会盟是有史料记载以来,中原王朝首次派遣官方使节经过唐蕃古道全程往返青藏高原核心区域。会盟结束回朝</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>的</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>路上</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,盟使刘元鼎在沿途详细记载青藏高原山川地貌,尤其对黄河源头附近进行了详实介绍</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>:</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(刘)元鼎踰湟水,至龙泉谷。西北望杀胡川哥舒翰故壁多在。湟水出濛谷,抵龙泉,与河合。河之上流繇洪济梁,西南行二千里,水益狭,春可涉,秋夏乃胜舟。其南三百里。三山中高而四下,曰紫山,直大羊同国,古所谓昆仑者也,</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">虏</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">曰闷摩黎山,东距长安五千里,河源其间。</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>此处记载从湟水与河水汇合处向上游溯源,在</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>到达</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“洪济梁”<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(唐朝金天军所在,今青海贵德县黄河沿岸)</span>后要再向西南行两千里,这一段的黄河春季可以步行涉水,夏秋可以乘舟,再向南三百里就可以</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>到达</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>古代羊同国故地的紫山,也就是古代昆仑,吐蕃当地人则称为闷摩黎山。而根据后世记载,此处吐蕃境内的闷摩黎山<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(紫山)</span>,据考即今巴颜喀拉山。此次唐朝使者认为的</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“黄河源头”昆仑山基本与我们今天给出的黄河源头相吻合,也将昆仑山的位置基本固定在黄河西南方向的青海一带。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aquHTwvN2ibrddM6IyjwufjvcUiaiaxDP64Qbo0XbyajnIfqSdf1YUUQVQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78apkU1ZnCMftxo6cbxe8f7S2PCRBUjCtCoX2vtBFYLZvBdhIgk6WS1mw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span> </span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"Calibri\"><span>13</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>世纪下半叶,忽必烈建立大元,</span><span>青藏高原第一次正式纳入中原王朝的行政管辖。元世祖忽必烈设置掌管全国佛教事务并统辖吐蕃地区</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(今西藏及青海大部)</span></span><span>军政事务的机构——宣政院。</span><span>庞大的疆域和通畅的道路为内地人员对青藏高原进行全方位考察奠定了基础。</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>当时的忽必烈为了建立汉唐都未能达到的功勋,彰显大元对寰宇一统的历史功绩,于至元二十七年<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font><font face=\"Calibri\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">1290</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>也有说法为十七年<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font><font face=\"Calibri\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">1280</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>派遣女真人都实从甘肃临夏出发穷探黄河之源头,完成</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“古无有也”的历史创举。</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>都实首先在唐人的基础上确认了星宿川为黄河源头所在</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>:</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“有泉百余,泓洳散涣,弗可逼视,方七八十里。履高山下瞰,灿若列星,以故名火敦脑儿,译言‘星宿’也</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">。</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">”</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>即将今天黄河上游星宿海星罗棋布的泉流地带清晰描述为黄河源头。随后又记载</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>:</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 16px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“朵甘思东北有大雪山,名亦耳麻不莫刺,其山最髙,译言腾乞里塔,即昆仑也</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 16px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">。</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 16px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">”</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span><span style=\"font-size: 16px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\"> </span></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>又言黄河先自西向东绕昆仑之南行,随后</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“河水北行,转西流,过昆仑北”。由此可见,元代定义的昆仑并不在黄河源头处,反而是黄河上游一串被黄河绵延环绕的巨大山脉,以今天的地图观之,恰好是三面为黄河所环绕的今阿尼玛卿山山脉,在中国古代典籍中也被称为“大积石山”,与《尚书·禹贡》中“导河积石”的记载不谋而合,而此处昆仑山的译音“腾乞里塔”很可能也与蒙古语中的腾格里词汇同源,有所谓“天山”之义,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>即</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>当地人心目中的</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“神山”。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>所以,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>这次对昆仑位置的界定,是</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>古代历史上第一次具有明确记载的亲身地理科学探索的结论,是一次重要诠释。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78ayRdZcicON6yLQ8weBcz7CwT8pLxV616xb0icwKQic6ib6lcw8T2O5PANdw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aFicGXmLKXEYfiaAMOenpD2gKWuUVssvwLxWrK5J1gCyjVXFFJuia3j6gg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span> </span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>古人对昆仑最为系统性的考察</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>还是在</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>清代</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>。</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>康熙年间,清廷全力平定西北新疆一带的准噶尔部落,当时的青海处于准噶尔、西藏与内地的交通要冲,位于青海境内的和硕特蒙古部落便被视为朝廷重点争取对象。康熙帝借探查河源的机会</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>在当地</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>宣扬朝廷恩威,作为勘察使者的侍卫拉锡与舒兰于康熙四十三年<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font><font face=\"Calibri\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">1704</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span>不辱使命再次来到“星宿海”,得知其周围群山蒙古名为“库尔滚”,认为“即昆仑也”,同时认为从周边“库尔滚”群山中涌出的三条河流<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(包括黄河上的卡日曲与约古宗列曲)</span>即黄河源头所在,这一发现再次佐证了《山海经》中“河出昆仑”的基本猜想,而此处的库尔滚<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(坤)</span>山,即今巴颜喀拉山,这一结果也基本与今日现代地理考察所得出的结论相吻合。</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>现代</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>地理学上的昆仑山脉从帕米尔高原发端,沿着塔里木盆地和青藏高原的交界一路向东,在进入青海之后</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>则沿柴达木盆地南缘向东南延伸,形成巴颜喀拉山脉与阿尼玛卿山等多列山系,而古人对于昆仑位置的探究尽管不尽相同,但终究处在</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“大昆仑”的范畴之中。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aednWPuibems1Sy50ut1JSicNhIov6BJYCibazpwGD9n2GOZNumDdsfia1Q/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aMd1Vgca3I6xFo54NicALoCCicvQKzHh4MgtGW16mJRR7mr0AOwF10UhA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\"> </span></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>纵观古人对昆仑方位的认识,无不与同一时代的疆域广度与社会风貌相联结,昆仑的位置所在不仅是一个神话山脉的位置归属,更是有关华夏龙脉所在的终极探讨,堪舆之书言:</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“万山一贯,起自昆仑。山龙之散见于地,虽有千万之多,而其龙脉之来,皆出于昆仑。”</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>大秦</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>将昆仑视作求仙访药的神仙居所,汉武帝将昆仑视为汉家西域的明证</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>昆仑在</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>大唐</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>与吐蕃的交往中撤下隐藏的迷雾,在</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>元代</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>丈量寰宇的脚步中逐渐明晰,最终在</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>清代</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>的一统功业中找到了真实而确切的归宿。</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>巍峨的昆仑山,承载着华夏民族探寻世界寰宇的无限憧憬,矗立于祖国的茫茫西土,守望庇佑着龙之传人。</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p><span><p><span> </span></p></span><span><p><span><br /></span></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: bold;\">参考文献:</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">1. </span></span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">沈婉婷:《中国古代昆仑观念研究》,山东大学博士论文</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">2.</span></span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">(明)宋濂</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">:《元史》</span></span></font><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\"> </span></span><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">3. </span></span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">中华书局编</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">:《清实录》</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">4.</span></span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">(宋)欧阳修</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">:《新唐书》</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">5.</span></span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">(清)顾祖禹</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">:《读史方舆纪要》</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">*</span>本文系“国家</span></font><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">人文历史”独家稿件,欢迎读者转发朋友圈。</span></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\"><br /></span></p><section><section><section><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4s6XTkV1zgY7Ndw3fVeyGpxIIj30oUzpUnwIcafcXhx66GztUhxGc2FM8I09uwLbMwUFOQfZVGcg/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section></section></section><section><span><span>END</span></span></section><section><span><span>作者 | 王凯迪</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span></span></span></span></section><section><span><span>编辑 | 胡心雅</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span></span></span></span></section><section><span><span>主编 | 周斌</span></span></section><section><span><span>排版 | 曲晨溪(实习)</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span></span></span></span></section><section><span><span>校对 | 火炬 李栋 张斌 古月</span></span></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><span><span><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK6o0DTLAcjHUob1LlCbkiaCGeUicmbUPjIKiciad7l2ytYjz3bGBzNyAUu0aicCb4oWXbicQBJA96lk9Tug/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></span></span></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><strong><span><br /></span></strong></section><section><strong><span>国历好物</span></strong></section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK50l871IgvMuCSibrmOibSxicuB2xBPs1uQ2ZspQytHr1P0K7rUaKzSAg2CRzMr8ibAYhs2mSk7cLvZpQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section><p><span><strong><span><span>进击的士族</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>旁落的皇权</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>跨越五百年的权力对抗史</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>国民历史读物《国家人文历史》专业团队</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>最新力作</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>展现士族潮起潮落的史诗级历史画卷</span></span></strong></span></p><section label=\"edit by 135editor\"><section><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK50l871IgvMuCSibrmOibSxicuassfQWcfhotQqH5lYBRPtichLu7A0vIGovAB5sRkicvnkQnT342127lA/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section><section><section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section></section><section><section><strong><span>点击下方封面,即可购买</span></strong></section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><span><strong><span><span>↓↓↓</span></span></strong></span></p><p><a class=\"weapp_image_link js_weapp_entry\"><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK5sbRbqWpNPCUYibIYbC7RFRAHn32PAWbKDIM6A4MkicYHOWIR0Hy6iamToAdrvvPDeu5T15EKXjC1Fg/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></a><span><br /></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><h2 src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPQbfYUk2lKRJbtAXIuZ0kjicBeKbKicn7picTvdbH5bfuaoiazGOfbm8kw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558\"><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPPS2Tl0L42giakAlUSsWM2hKsLfDwrNFcLNgFaxPhQng3E9mCRE3tkg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558px\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&mid=2651035606&idx=1&sn=95e5b910a9c15c3b861b33b6a6da3866&scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcaIgQkEibvERBOGAaoicFhgsfmibxDTGK2z3uLHbhcvWGEYibV0hom5VW8CA/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></a></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&mid=2651035897&idx=1&sn=befda0705325843f84da3911012cad95&scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcamtwvyMNyxgGfdgqCCu9GkBZl21VfOcYfkJRh5E0ArHl4UUBtbSzwRQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></a></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcaohkRZ9cGSGGPakn9lRTzm4qIA3pNHn3EVXrsicT3De6T2ib5Slw6GsRQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span><span><br /></span></span></section></section></section></h2></section></section></section><section><span><section><h2 src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPQbfYUk2lKRJbtAXIuZ0kjicBeKbKicn7picTvdbH5bfuaoiazGOfbm8kw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558\"><span><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages __bg_gif wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK6M7Nv6wvsPyLPCsN7uraAJ0nGCQhDMIIg0L5icbmcctmcTvsgM0HwBpkXTF9ztE2MsQ8Tso0exnicA/640?wx_fmt=gif\" /></span></h2><section><span><span>“</span><strong><span>在看</span></strong><span>”的永远18岁~</span></span></section></section></span></section><section><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><section><section style=\"padding-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 1em; display: flex;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"></span></section></section></section></span></section><p style=\"display: none;\"></p></div>\n \n\n \n <br />\n\n \n <a class=\"media_tool_meta meta_primary\" href=\"http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&mid=2651042304&idx=1&sn=0b18772f0dfdbf97d7e84a0423b589e9&chksm=bcbccbaf4cba412c27e7f3aa7d82748edc5c7bd897d1e6593c4fcf904250bbcd43127628f52b&scene=0#rd\" style=\"color: blue;\" target=\"_blank\">文章原文</a>\n <br />\n \n\n \n\n <img alt=\"\" class=\"\" height=\"1px\" src=\"http://www.jintiankansha.me/rss_static/13443/qnSrWpgklJ\" style=\"width: 1px; height: 1px; display: none;\" width=\"1px\" /></div></div>",
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"title": "从抱有幻想到全面抗战:七七事变后的关键十日",
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"description": "<div><div><div class=\"rich_media_content\" id=\"js_content\"><section style=\"margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 8px; white-space: normal; font-size: 16px; text-align: center; line-height: 1.5em;\"><img class=\"rich_pages js_insertlocalimg wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK6M7Nv6wvsPyLPCsN7uraAJxdXiby5XB2BE6S0ulr9Fs213uZ85nlxAalcgRcLFiaSVdOVlrtCZRibIw/640?wx_fmt=gif\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em;\"><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiaoKjpsWb740zwjPjPEGZwia4t20I6aPicBxY106GrDKuzcaicK9VNQAKow/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section></section><p><span><span>本 文 约 6000 字</span></span></p><section><section label=\"Powered by 135editor.com\"><p><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(178, 178, 178); font-size: 12px;\"><span>阅 读 需 要 20 分 钟</span></span><span><span> </span></span></span></p></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KwGDVZfkVq56nbYb3pOfJgMRTt8dFDd4kicFKKPh0ibdwXmVthxLUQ7wQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 546px; height: auto !important;\" /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiaBLLfmG8oocXqHZViaK4hM1y6GuRPtGSKCjd95qFLCdDQfdlZkCoicDicA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section label=\"Powered by 135editor.com\"><section style=\"padding-right: 8px; padding-left: 8px;\"><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><b><span>消失的士兵</span></b></font></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><p style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>1937年7月7日夜,北平城雷声阵阵,大雨将至。夜幕下,日本“支那驻屯军”第1联队第3大队少佐大队长一木清直麾下的500余名日本兵携带6门步兵炮,气势汹汹地由丰台大营向卢沟桥进发,事态颇为严重。日军向中方提出交涉时,说明了他们这次行动的理由:有一名参与演习的日本士兵失踪,日方要求进入宛平县城搜索。“失踪”的日本士兵叫志村菊次郎,是一名新来的传令兵。关于他的“失踪”,有观点认为完全是日方的“谎称”,但也有人认为“失踪”的确属实,是偶然事件引发的必然冲突。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>1937年7月7日夜,北平城雷声阵阵,大雨将至。夜幕下,日本“支那驻屯军”第1联队第3大队少佐大队长一木清直麾下的500余名日本兵携带6门步兵炮,气势汹汹地由丰台大营向卢沟桥进发,事态颇为严重。日军向中方提出交涉时,说明了他们这次行动的理由:有一名参与演习的日本士兵失踪,日方要求进入宛平县城搜索。“失踪”的日本士兵叫志村菊次郎,是一名新来的传令兵。关于他的“失踪”,有观点认为完全是日方的“谎称”,但也有人认为“失踪”的确属实,是偶然事件引发的必然冲突。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>日本学界有种观点认为志村菊次郎的确在7月7日夜离队解手,黑暗中因走向与部队相反的方向,故而误了归队的时间,但不久后就找到其所在部队,而此时日军已向中方提出进城搜查的要求。耐人寻味的是,事件并未因志村的归队而平息,作为局中人的志村也跟着部队继续寻找那个“失踪士兵”。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>紧接着,日方收到时任国民革命军第29军副军长、北平市市长秦德纯的回复:</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“卢沟桥是中国领土,日军未经同意在该地演习,已违背国际公法,妨害我国主权,走失士兵我方不能负责,日方更不得进城搜查,致起误会。惟故念两国友谊,可等天亮后,令该地军警代为寻觅,如查有日本士兵,即行送还。”</span></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>按理说,中方的态度已经很配合了,但问题在于日军不完全是为解决问题而来,士兵失踪好像让他们好不容易找到一个理由,一定要好好利用,继续与中方强硬对峙,当时已是7月8日凌晨2时,双方剑拔弩张。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>我们常说“七七事变”,顾名思义地认为中日全面战争爆发于7月7日。实际上冲突爆发的时间是在1937年7月8日凌晨。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>那个深夜,带头挑衅的日军队长一木清直声称部队遭到中国军队射击,并报告给他的上司牟田口廉也。牟田口这个蛮横的皇道派大佐当即给一木下达了“被敌攻击,当然还击”的命令。尽管多年来中日双方在谁开的第一枪问题上争论不休,但牟田口这个命令无异于下令开火,其战争责任不可推卸。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>面对日军咄咄逼人的挑衅,驻守在卢沟桥头的第219团团长吉星文一夜未眠。吉星文是河南扶沟人,因儿时受到族叔吉鸿昌的影响,自幼怀有从戎报国之志向,1922年随吉鸿昌投效西北军。在1933年的长城抗战中,时任国民革命军第29军第37师第109旅第219团营长的吉星文曾带领全营官兵绕袭敌后,击退占领王家村、瓦房村等地的日军,因功被提升为219团团长。1937年的那个雨夜,他将再次走上历史前台。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>7月8日凌晨3时30分左右,吉星文接到了副军长秦德纯发来的指示:</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“保卫领土是军人天职,对外战争是我军人的荣誉,务即晓得谕全团官兵,牺牲奋斗,坚守阵地,即以宛平与卢沟桥为吾军坟墓,一尺一寸国土,不可轻易让人。”</span></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>吉星文接电后当即回复:</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“请长官放心,吾团全体官兵已经做好一切战斗准备,誓与宛平城共存亡,卢沟桥不是吾人之坟墓就是敌人之坟墓。”</span></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>一木清直终于按捺不住,欲强行入城,被吉星文当即拦阻,宛平城外顿时枪声四起。随后日军又炮轰219团第3营<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(营长金振中)</span>指挥部,当场炸死士兵2人,炸伤5人。面对入侵之敌,吉星文团立即奋起还击,全面抗战的第一枪就此打响。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KI2w1hYgogicylLgaCgW2ic4qFxMUpsqiaYExWjSNAG9Y6VppLS45tIdgA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 530px; height: auto !important;\" /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiat1zRaB1FRLzX7eOFuPSRT6heCUfG9FhwEUJqia7K1PRWXLWsBB6Ybtw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>战斗刚开始,日军迅速派兵杀害了我军在桥头堡的执勤官兵,并占领桥头堡。为保卫卢沟桥,吉星文赶赴位于最前线的第3营金振中部,向该部发表了坚定的抗日宣言,并亲自挑选了150名精壮官兵,组成敢死队。敢死队被编成5个组,每人带步枪1支,手榴弹2枚,大刀一把,悄然向桥头堡进攻。队员对地形十分熟悉,加上第29军中向来重视武术训练,他们很快摸上桥头堡,乘拒守的日军还比较少的时机一举将其歼灭,夺回阵地。日军失去桥头堡后以轻重炮向我守军猛烈轰击,由于吉星文团拼死抵抗,首次激烈冲突之后,中日双方进入打打谈谈的阶段。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>或许当时连吉星文、金振中以及驻守桥头的第29军219团的将士们都没想到,7月8日的雨夜,他们坚定的抵抗意志已为中华民族揭开了卫国战争之序章。</span></p><section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 0px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 0px;\"><section style=\"padding-right: 8px; padding-left: 8px;\"><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><b><span>战和之间</span></b></font></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>卢沟桥事变爆发,日本大本营首先吵开了锅,日军高层对战事的主张分为“扩大派”和“不扩大派”,当初作为九一八事变始作俑者之一的石原莞尔此时竟成了“扩大派”的反对者,他甚至提出日军立即停止冲突,让在场“扩大派”军人瞠目结舌。8日的日本内阁会议上,支持所谓事件不扩大,就地解决方针的一派占据优势,但也正是这个信息麻痹了中方领导层。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KUlhiaVQJgZbJW6WPTdlbhFwf0nkMGmzJdy4hCfI3TCdrX4AmFj6NS0w/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 546px; height: auto !important;\" /></span></section><section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiapnIUq18ABt4qGTwDqEyftDWvAo4CNLicUjgmZWWcQrNJlLvfkBEd1JA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>直接当事人,第29军军长宋哲元同样没有意识到事态严重,认为冲突可以靠和谈解决。宋哲元之所以有此自信,主要是在北平,中国军队在人数上占绝对优势。日本驻屯华北的军队主力为混成第4旅,共6000人左右。而驻守冀察平津地区的第29军,连同地方保安部队,总兵力约10万人。事变爆发后,他严令29军坚守卢沟桥,并将事变向南京报告。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>同时,也派北平市市长秦德纯与日军交涉。9日,宋哲元</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>当局与日军达成协议:第一,双方立即停止射击;第二,日军撤退至永定河左岸,中国军队撤至右岸;第三,卢沟桥守备由河北保安队石友三部担任。北平形势看似转危为安,宋哲元也认为在守住大原则的情况下息事宁人是最好的。但就在协议达成的第二天,各方媒体纷纷报道,天津、古北口、榆关等处陆续有日军部队出现,携带有大炮、坦克等向卢沟桥前进。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>卢沟桥事变后日本最激进的主要是关东军,半年多前的绥远抗战让关东军一度吃瘪,终于等来这次“机会”,当然要亲自上阵,把“支那驻屯军”乃至整个日本军部绑上战车。大井村五里店等处被日军占领,平卢路也瘫痪,关东军来者不善。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>果然,到了11日,日军的大炮就对准宛平城一带轰击,造成不少平民伤亡,吉星文将城内居民向城外比较安全的地带疏散,自己也在炮击中负伤。随后,八宝山、长辛店、廊坊、杨村等处也燃起战火。日军的飞机开始在北平上空频频出现,四处侦察。日军这么一打,平津当局在交涉中姿态放得更低了,与之达成协议,即:一、第29军代表声明向日军表示道歉,并惩办此次事变责任者;二、取缔共产党、蓝衣社及其他抗日团体的抗日活动;三、永定河以东不驻中国军队。宋哲元是打算向日军让步妥协了。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>蒋介石的意思再明白不过,他相信日本关东军必会增援日军华北驻屯军,要第29军加紧备战。次日中午,蒋又电话告知秦德纯:“据确息,关东有五列车今日上午十一时到达天津与塘沽之间,请注意。”同时致电宋哲元,要他对卢沟桥的日军就地抵抗。从解密的第一手电文和手令来看,难免会觉得北平当局软弱,而身在南京的最高统帅蒋介石深谋远虑,知道全面抗战关头已来到,一再督促29军抵抗,不要再做和平幻想,着实高瞻远瞩。如此下定论恐怕还太早,翻开蒋介石的私人日记,委员长会亲自告诉你,他的强硬态度并非为了要和日本人大干一场,而是打着另一个算盘。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KHTY58xLRWWwRO47kDeeDunNjoDMHtDWHZYugPgWog4P1ESM2KvQ2zg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 546px; height: auto !important;\" /></span></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiawkCXOwZerkVxbzO2RmSmOFfib9F3AaoQcxrL77gIwnNxdRcJOgQqMibA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 0px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 0px;\"><section style=\"padding-right: 8px; padding-left: 8px;\"><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><b><span>以战止战</span></b></font></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>前文说过,七七事变真正爆发冲突的时间是7月8日凌晨,蒋介石接到消息的时间自然也是8日,但他与宋哲元一样,都没有意识到全面战争会打响。蒋在当天晚上的日记中提出了三个问题:第一,日本人在卢沟桥挑衅,是想达到逼我屈服的目的?第二,或许他们是与宋哲元为难,使华北“独立”?第三,现在是与日本人决战的时候了吗?最后他还是认为“此时倭无与我开战之利”,全面战争不会爆发。</span></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KQib1WOriaF6MqbRT3kERdB7dhZ03X4wlicZZ9rxvsZfkU07Tqje4VFF4Q/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 546px; height: auto !important;\" /></span></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiaEgyic7BibA1CwzyJ1iaJwtx2FN81kJN6r6pQC0RZSpiaRmT6bcAAxZFgGA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>7月9日的日记显示,蒋介石将卢沟桥事变看作一次与日方博弈的机会,之所以要用强硬姿态唬住日军,是想“乘此次冲突之机,对倭可否进一步要求其撤退丰台之倭兵,或取消冀东伪组织”。蒋介石“积极运兵北上备战”“准备动员,不避战争”等计划的动机有两种可能:其一,他意识到卢案可能引发全面战争,真的在积极备战。其二,备战的目的是为了像绥远那样,好好地打一场局部战争,打赢了即以外交手段迫使日本从丰台撤兵,再干掉殷汝耕的冀东伪政权。结合现有史料来看,第二种可能性高于第一种。10日,蒋介石得知日军反攻卢沟桥后,在日记中云:</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“惟我已积极运兵北上备战,或可戢其野心,我军已开始北进,彼或于明日停战乎。”</span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>11日至13日,蒋介石发给北平的电令几乎都是寸土不让,不要做和平幻想,不要避战等等,态度颇为坚决。但在他自己留下的日记中,这一系列动作又显然不是真正在准备全面抗战,而是想以战止战,火中取栗。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>蒋介石将七七事变视为中国在华北问题上重新立于主动地位的机会,对宋哲元保守避战,生怕扩大事态的态度尤其不满。他始终相信日本挑衅的目的在于华北,而不会波及整个中国,日方增兵是为了迫使中方屈服,所以他偏要出兵华北,甚至不惜在华北打场小仗,只要中央军大军一到,日方或许就会停战。这种莫名的自信持续到12日才出现变化。这天,蒋介石接到情报,得知日本内阁宣言决定支持增兵中国,关东军也已抵达天津,他终于意识到卢案引发全面战争的可能性越来越大,做出七七事变“势必扩大,不能避战矣”的推测,但仍坚持“非至万不得已,不宜宣战”。</span></section><section><section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"padding-right: 8px; padding-left: 8px;\"><section style=\"padding-right: 8px; padding-left: 8px;\"><section label=\"Powered by 135editor.com\"><section><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><b><span>箭在弦上</span></b></font></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>7月12日夜到7月13日晨,日本“支那驻屯军”高层与国民政府的领导者蒋介石都彻夜未眠。13日凌晨,日方参谋会议连夜草拟的《七月十三日的中国驻屯军情况判断》出炉,其中有增援部队到达后,“</span><span>必要时一举歼灭第29军</span><span>”</span><span>的计划。蒋介石经过一夜的考虑,也在13日决定:抽调高射炮部队增援,弹药武器立即启程送往华北。外交方面,他已经于两日前与英国大使说明运兵北上的原因是</span><span>“</span><span>日本关东军进入天津、丰台作大规模之战争,故不得不运兵预防</span><span>”</span><span>,打消列强势力的疑虑。接下来就是要发表对日宣言,公开中央军进驻保定的消息。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>事态发展至此,日本与南京的态度都转向强硬,唯有处于风口浪尖的北平当局成了主和派。13日,中日双方在永定门外发生冲突,</span><span>“</span><span>支那驻屯军</span><span>”</span><span>司令香月清司乘机向冀察政务委员会提出七项要求:一、彻底镇压共产党的策动;二、罢免排日要人;三、撤去驻在冀察的排日中央系统各机关;四、撤去冀察排日团体;五、取缔排日言论及宣传机关和学生、民众的排日运动;六、取缔学校、军队的排日教育;七、北平的警备将来由公安部队负责,城内不得驻屯军队。可以说完全是个城下之盟。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>针对事变恶化,第29军高层召集会议,会上主战派与主和派发生争执,最后张自忠等主和派占了上风。平津当局最高负责人宋哲元也是倾向主和的,他在会后的公开谈话中说了一通大道理:</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“此次卢沟桥发生事件,实为东亚之不幸,局部之冲突能随时解决,尚为不幸中之大幸。……余向主和平,爱护人群,决不愿以人类做无益社会之牺牲。合法合理,社会即可平安;能平即和,不平即不能和。希望负责任者以东亚大局为重。若只知个人利益,则国家有兴有亡,兴亡之数,殊非尽为吾人所能意料也。</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">”</span></span></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>对北平当局一系列妥协政策,南京方面大为惊骇,当天军政部长何应钦就给宋哲元发出紧急电报,告知</span><span>“</span><span>津市遍布日军,兄在津万分危险,务祈即刻秘密赴保</span><span>”</span><span>,催促其到保定去作战。同日,宋哲元还收到了蒋介石发来的电文:</span><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">卢案必不能和平解决。无论我方允许其任何条件,而对方的目的,则以冀察为不驻兵区域与区内组织用人皆得其同意,造成第二冀东</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(伪政权)</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">。若不做到此步,则彼必得寸进尺,决无已时。中正已决心运用全力抗战,宁为玉碎,不为瓦全,以保持国家与个人之人格……</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">”</span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>南京方面的态度不仅是催促第29军作战,从13日起,驻扎在陕西、河南、湖北、安徽、江苏等地的部队陆续收到蒋介石下达的正式动员令,命令这些地区的部队向以郑州为中心的陇海、平汉铁路沿线集结。山东省政府主席韩复榘也收到防卫津浦路北线的命令。此外,平汉、陇海、津浦三个铁路局奉命集结军用列车,所有轮船公司也将船舶回航到指定地点待命。局势箭在弦上,不得不发。</span></section><section><section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section><section><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 0px;\"><section style=\"padding-right: 8px; padding-left: 8px;\"><section label=\"Powered by 135editor.com\"><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><b><span>最后关头</span></b></font></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>庐山是民国时期的政治名山,南京酷暑,适合避暑的庐山成了南京国民政府军政要员的</span><span>“</span><span>夏都</span><span>”</span><span>。从1937年6月23日起,中国社会各界的名流巨卿们,相继收到一份特殊的请柬,邀请他们到庐山开会。按照原计划,7月15日起的一个月内,分三期邀请200余人到庐山参加谈话,目的是为了征询各界对内政外交的意见。但因七七事变爆发,1937年的炎夏,齐聚庐山的军政要人、社会名流已没有游览避暑胜地的闲情,空气布满紧张的气氛,大战即将来临!</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>7月15日,也就是中国共产党公布国共合作宣言的这一天,蒋介石接到北平宋哲元的来电,得知宋有想放弃天津的意思,蒋严令制止。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>7月17日,庐山谈话会第二次全体会议现场气氛严肃,主席台两旁</span><span>“</span><span>养天地正气,法古今完人</span><span>”</span><span>的对联格外醒目,所有人的关注点都聚焦在委员长蒋介石身上。一身戎装的他以激扬的言辞发表了头一天起草好的抗战宣言。对于卢沟桥事变,蒋介石表明立场,任何解决都不得侵害中国主权与领土之完整,因为</span><span>“</span><span>北平若可变成沈阳,南京又何尝不可变成北平!所以卢沟桥事变的推演,是关系中国国家整个的问题,此事能否结束,就是最后关头的境界</span><span>”</span><span>。宣言中,他总结了自九一八事变到塘沽协定后的教训,中国已无路可退,言明我们希望和平但不要苟安,我们决不求战但随时准备迎战,</span><span>“</span><span>如果战端一开,那就是地无分南北,年无分老幼,无论何人,皆有守土抗战之责任,皆应抱定牺牲一切之决心。</span><span>”“</span><span>万一真到了无可避免的最后关头,我们当然只有牺牲,只有抗战。</span><span>”</span></section><section><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7DFmzWutWFfaYLG7FOYNj6mN0PDEd3IzuCg9ic1neuqYPU7rz73ADlOrSicaPq3lSF8FTMr0Cl29Bw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiaHcTqNGeibbicrjlHC447lxsl2ZCFibcS9F6NRGcpaccI4o2o6mr8KxLyA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>7月20日,庐山抗战谈话一经公开发表,全国哗然,充满抗日热情的军民士气为之一振,纷纷表示拥护委员长领导抗战。但另一些对抗战前途持悲观态度的人士认为此宣言将使中国大祸临头,“低调俱乐部”的一干文人、政客甚至将蒋介石等力主抗战救亡的论调讥讽为“歇斯底里的风气”。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>从7月7日夜的日本士兵失踪案到7月17日庐山抗战宣言,是中日两国走向全面战争的关键十日。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>抛开自七七以来半个多月的打打停停,北平真正的激战只有4天。从7月25日晚起,大量前来增援的日军对廊坊第38师发起攻击,次日进攻广安门,北平形势急剧恶化。7月27日,蒋介石已经预料到北平凶多吉少,并开始郑重考虑“万一北平被陷,则战</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(宣战)</span></span><span>与和</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(停战)</span></span><span>以及不战不和</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(应战)</span></span><span>,与一面交涉一面抵抗之国策”。这一天夜晚,第29军第132师师长赵登禹也奉命抵达南苑,与副军长佟凌阁部署与制定作战计划。次日早上8时,日军对南苑展开了猛烈进攻,在空中与地面炮火支援的掩护下,日军第20师团高木义人旅团迅速攻至南苑机场。赵登禹闻讯,急忙赶往机场督战。第29军以大刀闻名,但此次面对强敌,仅凭血肉毕竟不能筑成真正御敌的长城,日军猛烈炮火攻势下,第29军伤亡惨重,被迫退入南苑主阵地,赵登禹也接到撤入北平城内的命令。</span></section><section><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7DFmzWutWFfaYLG7FOYNj6RKxGaE4DJM9sfXs8b03ibCA9UaJqO7OPIh17DX5Ffib8QrBJ9j6gwIaA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyia6Jylr84NibictTpGESKbUJXa7udJadDW3epamcJ4ukQ2Ua25SV26AT5w/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>由于汉奸出卖情报,赵登禹撤退的路线被日军获知,“支那驻屯军”步兵旅团第1联队第3大队事先进行埋伏。28日中午12时40分左右,当赵登禹将军的车队途经大红门时,突然遭到日军伏兵的袭击,赵登禹身中数弹,不幸牺牲。同日,第29军副军长佟凌阁将军率200余人撤退至大红门附近,忽然枪声四起,埋伏于此的日军展开攻击,混战中,佟凌阁腿部被日军的机枪射中,血流如注。卫士劝他先撤下火线,利用庄稼地撤出日军包围圈,但佟凌阁心系随行学生的安危,拒绝了这一建议。一场血战下来,佟凌阁身边仅剩数十人,祸不单行,部队刚突围至时村就被日本关东军飞行团的轰炸机发现,遭到猛烈轰炸,正在指挥作战的佟凌阁不幸头部中弹,当场牺牲,甚至没能留下一句遗言。而在其殉国后,报纸误将“佟凌阁”写成了“佟麟阁”,此名一直误传至今。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>南苑失守,赵、佟两位将军殉国,宋哲元撤离北平……一连几天南京接到的都是坏消息,蒋介石闻之焦心如焚。29日,北平沦陷,第29军被迫撤离北平。同一天,天津也被日军占领。消息传来,蒋介石哀叹“可悲孰甚!”平津相继沦陷,举国震动,也使蒋介石意识到抗战之必要,彻底放弃和平幻想,明言:</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">平津既陷,人民荼毒至此,虽欲不战,亦不可得,否则国内必起分崩之祸,与其国内分崩,不如抗倭作战。</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">”</span></span></section><section style=\"padding-right: 8px; padding-left: 8px; margin: 8px 0px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"margin: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7DFmzWutWFfaYLG7FOYNj6plhNJEz7dxAmdv3ZDfHcjEq3Jt1kNSPOiccb4tTJypiapkfk5jm6NoZA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiaoicDjlzBd9e9gvsUhq4fhjtwaljb05sv36Fv62yQx81N4lUNQKKLgmA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>抗战的一天来到了。战火从华北烧到华东,再由华东蔓延华南,中国并未如山杉元所断言的那样,一个月就被征服。北起卢沟桥,南至惠通桥,一寸河山一寸血,抗战从未停止,直至1945年8月15日昭和天皇宣布无条件投降。最后,说说七七事变中几名日方关键人物的结局,罪魁牟田口廉也,二战后以战犯罪名被捕入狱,1948年3月被释放回国,死于1966年;侵略卢沟桥的急先锋一木清直,从侵华战场打到太平洋战场,1942年在瓜岛的泰纳鲁河口之战中,一木清直支队遭美军围困,一木本人于绝望中切腹自杀,该支队全军覆没;</span><span>“</span><span>消失的士兵</span><span>”</span><span>士兵志村菊次郎,七七事变后还是冲锋陷阵的士兵,一直活到1944年,随部在缅甸作战时被中国远征军击毙,这个影响历史的小人物终究还是成为昭和战争的祭品。</span></section><section style=\"padding-right: 8px; padding-left: 8px; margin: 8px 0px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><span><br /></span></section><p><span>本文改编自《国家人文历史》2017年7月上,</span><span><span>原标题为《卢沟晓月,雾掩庐山 走向全面战争的关键十日》,有删节,本文系“国家</span></span><span>人文历史”独家稿件,欢迎读者转发朋友圈。</span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4s6XTkV1zgY7Ndw3fVeyGpxIIj30oUzpUnwIcafcXhx66GztUhxGc2FM8I09uwLbMwUFOQfZVGcg/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1\" /></section></section></section><section><span><span>END</span></span></section><section><span><span>作者 | </span><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><span>周渝</span></span></span></section><section><span><span>编辑 | 胡心雅</span></span></section><section><span><span>主编 | 周斌</span></span></section><section><span><span>排版 | 曲晨溪(实习)</span></span></section><section><span><span>校对 | 戈雨</span></span></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><span><span><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK6o0DTLAcjHUob1LlCbkiaCGeUicmbUPjIKiciad7l2ytYjz3bGBzNyAUu0aicCb4oWXbicQBJA96lk9Tug/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1\" /></span></span></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img __bg_gif\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/jiaTakLJVhFwVb6dkoTQOoKBCsic0GbcibzCntPc8OGgxu6Ha80H4ZPlbfYu2kN3kF9wKm1hicWCdibPPKHMPnib7icLg/640?wx_fmt=gif&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1\" /></section><section><section><p><span><span>推荐</span><span><span> </span></span></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><span>“马甲”一词</span></p><p><span>从冷兵器时代的战马嘶鸣</span></p><p><span>到霓裳羽衣的时尚舞台</span></p><p><span>其含义的沧海桑田</span></p><p><span>恰如一面棱镜</span></p><p><span>折射出华夏服饰文化</span></p><p><span>随社会变迁而流转生辉的壮阔历程</span></p><p><span>本期,就让我们一同走进这幅</span></p><p><span>从金戈铁马到衣冠风流的完整画卷</span></p><section><section><section><p><strong><span><span>点击下方封面,即可购买</span></span></strong></p><section><span><span>↓↓↓</span></span></section><section><a href=\"https://item.jd.com/10104931956869.html?sdx=ehi-lLxFuZiE6JnIaIZUic8oszWVDwwrsmpMs6ZDZduKPe_RLJxa7nTipUDgVGWS#crumb-wrap\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7ibicuQGBVNNvibuQk7IAWBk0vXDIs4Z35GjSIFU5ydu8G6TMsyVdshBwGpezqaTezSfnPaMUkpH9eg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&from=appmsg\" /></span></a></section><section><section><section><h2 src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPQbfYUk2lKRJbtAXIuZ0kjicBeKbKicn7picTvdbH5bfuaoiazGOfbm8kw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558\"><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPPS2Tl0L42giakAlUSsWM2hKsLfDwrNFcLNgFaxPhQng3E9mCRE3tkg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558px\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&mid=2651035606&idx=1&sn=95e5b910a9c15c3b861b33b6a6da3866&scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcaIgQkEibvERBOGAaoicFhgsfmibxDTGK2z3uLHbhcvWGEYibV0hom5VW8CA/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></a></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&mid=2651035897&idx=1&sn=befda0705325843f84da3911012cad95&scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcamtwvyMNyxgGfdgqCCu9GkBZl21VfOcYfkJRh5E0ArHl4UUBtbSzwRQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></a></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcaohkRZ9cGSGGPakn9lRTzm4qIA3pNHn3EVXrsicT3De6T2ib5Slw6GsRQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span><span><br /></span></span></section></section></section></h2></section></section></section><section><span><section><h2 src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPQbfYUk2lKRJbtAXIuZ0kjicBeKbKicn7picTvdbH5bfuaoiazGOfbm8kw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558\"><span><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages __bg_gif wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK6M7Nv6wvsPyLPCsN7uraAJ0nGCQhDMIIg0L5icbmcctmcTvsgM0HwBpkXTF9ztE2MsQ8Tso0exnicA/640?wx_fmt=gif\" /></span></h2></section></span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><span><section><section><span><section><section><span><span>“</span><strong><span>在看</span></strong><span>”的永远18岁~</span></span></section></section></span></section></section></span></section></section><section><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><section><section style=\"padding-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 1em; display: flex;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"></span></section></section></section></span></section><p style=\"display: none;\"></p></div>\n \n\n \n <br />\n\n \n <a class=\"media_tool_meta meta_primary\" href=\"http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&mid=2651042239&idx=1&sn=857c365a789d8b2375a60fed4dbdd882&chksm=bc1f89d75aa276aa86aeae983835408d45f0db5430dbe2d3269bff712391329c6a395e33b1a6&scene=0#rd\" style=\"color: blue;\" target=\"_blank\">文章原文</a>\n <br />\n \n\n \n\n <img alt=\"\" class=\"\" height=\"1px\" src=\"http://www.jintiankansha.me/rss_static/13443/eKdXffpFLM\" style=\"width: 1px; height: 1px; display: none;\" width=\"1px\" /></div></div>",
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"content": "<div><div><div class=\"rich_media_content\" id=\"js_content\"><section style=\"margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 8px; white-space: normal; font-size: 16px; text-align: center; line-height: 1.5em;\"><img class=\"rich_pages js_insertlocalimg wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK6M7Nv6wvsPyLPCsN7uraAJxdXiby5XB2BE6S0ulr9Fs213uZ85nlxAalcgRcLFiaSVdOVlrtCZRibIw/640?wx_fmt=gif\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em;\"><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiaoKjpsWb740zwjPjPEGZwia4t20I6aPicBxY106GrDKuzcaicK9VNQAKow/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section></section><p><span><span>本 文 约 6000 字</span></span></p><section><section label=\"Powered by 135editor.com\"><p><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(178, 178, 178); font-size: 12px;\"><span>阅 读 需 要 20 分 钟</span></span><span><span> </span></span></span></p></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KwGDVZfkVq56nbYb3pOfJgMRTt8dFDd4kicFKKPh0ibdwXmVthxLUQ7wQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 546px; height: auto !important;\" /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiaBLLfmG8oocXqHZViaK4hM1y6GuRPtGSKCjd95qFLCdDQfdlZkCoicDicA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section label=\"Powered by 135editor.com\"><section style=\"padding-right: 8px; padding-left: 8px;\"><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><b><span>消失的士兵</span></b></font></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><p style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>1937年7月7日夜,北平城雷声阵阵,大雨将至。夜幕下,日本“支那驻屯军”第1联队第3大队少佐大队长一木清直麾下的500余名日本兵携带6门步兵炮,气势汹汹地由丰台大营向卢沟桥进发,事态颇为严重。日军向中方提出交涉时,说明了他们这次行动的理由:有一名参与演习的日本士兵失踪,日方要求进入宛平县城搜索。“失踪”的日本士兵叫志村菊次郎,是一名新来的传令兵。关于他的“失踪”,有观点认为完全是日方的“谎称”,但也有人认为“失踪”的确属实,是偶然事件引发的必然冲突。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>1937年7月7日夜,北平城雷声阵阵,大雨将至。夜幕下,日本“支那驻屯军”第1联队第3大队少佐大队长一木清直麾下的500余名日本兵携带6门步兵炮,气势汹汹地由丰台大营向卢沟桥进发,事态颇为严重。日军向中方提出交涉时,说明了他们这次行动的理由:有一名参与演习的日本士兵失踪,日方要求进入宛平县城搜索。“失踪”的日本士兵叫志村菊次郎,是一名新来的传令兵。关于他的“失踪”,有观点认为完全是日方的“谎称”,但也有人认为“失踪”的确属实,是偶然事件引发的必然冲突。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>日本学界有种观点认为志村菊次郎的确在7月7日夜离队解手,黑暗中因走向与部队相反的方向,故而误了归队的时间,但不久后就找到其所在部队,而此时日军已向中方提出进城搜查的要求。耐人寻味的是,事件并未因志村的归队而平息,作为局中人的志村也跟着部队继续寻找那个“失踪士兵”。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>紧接着,日方收到时任国民革命军第29军副军长、北平市市长秦德纯的回复:</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“卢沟桥是中国领土,日军未经同意在该地演习,已违背国际公法,妨害我国主权,走失士兵我方不能负责,日方更不得进城搜查,致起误会。惟故念两国友谊,可等天亮后,令该地军警代为寻觅,如查有日本士兵,即行送还。”</span></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>按理说,中方的态度已经很配合了,但问题在于日军不完全是为解决问题而来,士兵失踪好像让他们好不容易找到一个理由,一定要好好利用,继续与中方强硬对峙,当时已是7月8日凌晨2时,双方剑拔弩张。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>我们常说“七七事变”,顾名思义地认为中日全面战争爆发于7月7日。实际上冲突爆发的时间是在1937年7月8日凌晨。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>那个深夜,带头挑衅的日军队长一木清直声称部队遭到中国军队射击,并报告给他的上司牟田口廉也。牟田口这个蛮横的皇道派大佐当即给一木下达了“被敌攻击,当然还击”的命令。尽管多年来中日双方在谁开的第一枪问题上争论不休,但牟田口这个命令无异于下令开火,其战争责任不可推卸。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>面对日军咄咄逼人的挑衅,驻守在卢沟桥头的第219团团长吉星文一夜未眠。吉星文是河南扶沟人,因儿时受到族叔吉鸿昌的影响,自幼怀有从戎报国之志向,1922年随吉鸿昌投效西北军。在1933年的长城抗战中,时任国民革命军第29军第37师第109旅第219团营长的吉星文曾带领全营官兵绕袭敌后,击退占领王家村、瓦房村等地的日军,因功被提升为219团团长。1937年的那个雨夜,他将再次走上历史前台。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>7月8日凌晨3时30分左右,吉星文接到了副军长秦德纯发来的指示:</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“保卫领土是军人天职,对外战争是我军人的荣誉,务即晓得谕全团官兵,牺牲奋斗,坚守阵地,即以宛平与卢沟桥为吾军坟墓,一尺一寸国土,不可轻易让人。”</span></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>吉星文接电后当即回复:</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“请长官放心,吾团全体官兵已经做好一切战斗准备,誓与宛平城共存亡,卢沟桥不是吾人之坟墓就是敌人之坟墓。”</span></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>一木清直终于按捺不住,欲强行入城,被吉星文当即拦阻,宛平城外顿时枪声四起。随后日军又炮轰219团第3营<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(营长金振中)</span>指挥部,当场炸死士兵2人,炸伤5人。面对入侵之敌,吉星文团立即奋起还击,全面抗战的第一枪就此打响。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KI2w1hYgogicylLgaCgW2ic4qFxMUpsqiaYExWjSNAG9Y6VppLS45tIdgA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 530px; height: auto !important;\" /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiat1zRaB1FRLzX7eOFuPSRT6heCUfG9FhwEUJqia7K1PRWXLWsBB6Ybtw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>战斗刚开始,日军迅速派兵杀害了我军在桥头堡的执勤官兵,并占领桥头堡。为保卫卢沟桥,吉星文赶赴位于最前线的第3营金振中部,向该部发表了坚定的抗日宣言,并亲自挑选了150名精壮官兵,组成敢死队。敢死队被编成5个组,每人带步枪1支,手榴弹2枚,大刀一把,悄然向桥头堡进攻。队员对地形十分熟悉,加上第29军中向来重视武术训练,他们很快摸上桥头堡,乘拒守的日军还比较少的时机一举将其歼灭,夺回阵地。日军失去桥头堡后以轻重炮向我守军猛烈轰击,由于吉星文团拼死抵抗,首次激烈冲突之后,中日双方进入打打谈谈的阶段。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>或许当时连吉星文、金振中以及驻守桥头的第29军219团的将士们都没想到,7月8日的雨夜,他们坚定的抵抗意志已为中华民族揭开了卫国战争之序章。</span></p><section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 0px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 0px;\"><section style=\"padding-right: 8px; padding-left: 8px;\"><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><b><span>战和之间</span></b></font></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>卢沟桥事变爆发,日本大本营首先吵开了锅,日军高层对战事的主张分为“扩大派”和“不扩大派”,当初作为九一八事变始作俑者之一的石原莞尔此时竟成了“扩大派”的反对者,他甚至提出日军立即停止冲突,让在场“扩大派”军人瞠目结舌。8日的日本内阁会议上,支持所谓事件不扩大,就地解决方针的一派占据优势,但也正是这个信息麻痹了中方领导层。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KUlhiaVQJgZbJW6WPTdlbhFwf0nkMGmzJdy4hCfI3TCdrX4AmFj6NS0w/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 546px; height: auto !important;\" /></span></section><section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiapnIUq18ABt4qGTwDqEyftDWvAo4CNLicUjgmZWWcQrNJlLvfkBEd1JA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>直接当事人,第29军军长宋哲元同样没有意识到事态严重,认为冲突可以靠和谈解决。宋哲元之所以有此自信,主要是在北平,中国军队在人数上占绝对优势。日本驻屯华北的军队主力为混成第4旅,共6000人左右。而驻守冀察平津地区的第29军,连同地方保安部队,总兵力约10万人。事变爆发后,他严令29军坚守卢沟桥,并将事变向南京报告。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>同时,也派北平市市长秦德纯与日军交涉。9日,宋哲元</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>当局与日军达成协议:第一,双方立即停止射击;第二,日军撤退至永定河左岸,中国军队撤至右岸;第三,卢沟桥守备由河北保安队石友三部担任。北平形势看似转危为安,宋哲元也认为在守住大原则的情况下息事宁人是最好的。但就在协议达成的第二天,各方媒体纷纷报道,天津、古北口、榆关等处陆续有日军部队出现,携带有大炮、坦克等向卢沟桥前进。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>卢沟桥事变后日本最激进的主要是关东军,半年多前的绥远抗战让关东军一度吃瘪,终于等来这次“机会”,当然要亲自上阵,把“支那驻屯军”乃至整个日本军部绑上战车。大井村五里店等处被日军占领,平卢路也瘫痪,关东军来者不善。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>果然,到了11日,日军的大炮就对准宛平城一带轰击,造成不少平民伤亡,吉星文将城内居民向城外比较安全的地带疏散,自己也在炮击中负伤。随后,八宝山、长辛店、廊坊、杨村等处也燃起战火。日军的飞机开始在北平上空频频出现,四处侦察。日军这么一打,平津当局在交涉中姿态放得更低了,与之达成协议,即:一、第29军代表声明向日军表示道歉,并惩办此次事变责任者;二、取缔共产党、蓝衣社及其他抗日团体的抗日活动;三、永定河以东不驻中国军队。宋哲元是打算向日军让步妥协了。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>蒋介石的意思再明白不过,他相信日本关东军必会增援日军华北驻屯军,要第29军加紧备战。次日中午,蒋又电话告知秦德纯:“据确息,关东有五列车今日上午十一时到达天津与塘沽之间,请注意。”同时致电宋哲元,要他对卢沟桥的日军就地抵抗。从解密的第一手电文和手令来看,难免会觉得北平当局软弱,而身在南京的最高统帅蒋介石深谋远虑,知道全面抗战关头已来到,一再督促29军抵抗,不要再做和平幻想,着实高瞻远瞩。如此下定论恐怕还太早,翻开蒋介石的私人日记,委员长会亲自告诉你,他的强硬态度并非为了要和日本人大干一场,而是打着另一个算盘。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KHTY58xLRWWwRO47kDeeDunNjoDMHtDWHZYugPgWog4P1ESM2KvQ2zg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 546px; height: auto !important;\" /></span></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiawkCXOwZerkVxbzO2RmSmOFfib9F3AaoQcxrL77gIwnNxdRcJOgQqMibA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 0px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 0px;\"><section style=\"padding-right: 8px; padding-left: 8px;\"><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><b><span>以战止战</span></b></font></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>前文说过,七七事变真正爆发冲突的时间是7月8日凌晨,蒋介石接到消息的时间自然也是8日,但他与宋哲元一样,都没有意识到全面战争会打响。蒋在当天晚上的日记中提出了三个问题:第一,日本人在卢沟桥挑衅,是想达到逼我屈服的目的?第二,或许他们是与宋哲元为难,使华北“独立”?第三,现在是与日本人决战的时候了吗?最后他还是认为“此时倭无与我开战之利”,全面战争不会爆发。</span></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KQib1WOriaF6MqbRT3kERdB7dhZ03X4wlicZZ9rxvsZfkU07Tqje4VFF4Q/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 546px; height: auto !important;\" /></span></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiaEgyic7BibA1CwzyJ1iaJwtx2FN81kJN6r6pQC0RZSpiaRmT6bcAAxZFgGA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>7月9日的日记显示,蒋介石将卢沟桥事变看作一次与日方博弈的机会,之所以要用强硬姿态唬住日军,是想“乘此次冲突之机,对倭可否进一步要求其撤退丰台之倭兵,或取消冀东伪组织”。蒋介石“积极运兵北上备战”“准备动员,不避战争”等计划的动机有两种可能:其一,他意识到卢案可能引发全面战争,真的在积极备战。其二,备战的目的是为了像绥远那样,好好地打一场局部战争,打赢了即以外交手段迫使日本从丰台撤兵,再干掉殷汝耕的冀东伪政权。结合现有史料来看,第二种可能性高于第一种。10日,蒋介石得知日军反攻卢沟桥后,在日记中云:</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“惟我已积极运兵北上备战,或可戢其野心,我军已开始北进,彼或于明日停战乎。”</span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>11日至13日,蒋介石发给北平的电令几乎都是寸土不让,不要做和平幻想,不要避战等等,态度颇为坚决。但在他自己留下的日记中,这一系列动作又显然不是真正在准备全面抗战,而是想以战止战,火中取栗。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>蒋介石将七七事变视为中国在华北问题上重新立于主动地位的机会,对宋哲元保守避战,生怕扩大事态的态度尤其不满。他始终相信日本挑衅的目的在于华北,而不会波及整个中国,日方增兵是为了迫使中方屈服,所以他偏要出兵华北,甚至不惜在华北打场小仗,只要中央军大军一到,日方或许就会停战。这种莫名的自信持续到12日才出现变化。这天,蒋介石接到情报,得知日本内阁宣言决定支持增兵中国,关东军也已抵达天津,他终于意识到卢案引发全面战争的可能性越来越大,做出七七事变“势必扩大,不能避战矣”的推测,但仍坚持“非至万不得已,不宜宣战”。</span></section><section><section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"padding-right: 8px; padding-left: 8px;\"><section style=\"padding-right: 8px; padding-left: 8px;\"><section label=\"Powered by 135editor.com\"><section><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><b><span>箭在弦上</span></b></font></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>7月12日夜到7月13日晨,日本“支那驻屯军”高层与国民政府的领导者蒋介石都彻夜未眠。13日凌晨,日方参谋会议连夜草拟的《七月十三日的中国驻屯军情况判断》出炉,其中有增援部队到达后,“</span><span>必要时一举歼灭第29军</span><span>”</span><span>的计划。蒋介石经过一夜的考虑,也在13日决定:抽调高射炮部队增援,弹药武器立即启程送往华北。外交方面,他已经于两日前与英国大使说明运兵北上的原因是</span><span>“</span><span>日本关东军进入天津、丰台作大规模之战争,故不得不运兵预防</span><span>”</span><span>,打消列强势力的疑虑。接下来就是要发表对日宣言,公开中央军进驻保定的消息。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>事态发展至此,日本与南京的态度都转向强硬,唯有处于风口浪尖的北平当局成了主和派。13日,中日双方在永定门外发生冲突,</span><span>“</span><span>支那驻屯军</span><span>”</span><span>司令香月清司乘机向冀察政务委员会提出七项要求:一、彻底镇压共产党的策动;二、罢免排日要人;三、撤去驻在冀察的排日中央系统各机关;四、撤去冀察排日团体;五、取缔排日言论及宣传机关和学生、民众的排日运动;六、取缔学校、军队的排日教育;七、北平的警备将来由公安部队负责,城内不得驻屯军队。可以说完全是个城下之盟。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>针对事变恶化,第29军高层召集会议,会上主战派与主和派发生争执,最后张自忠等主和派占了上风。平津当局最高负责人宋哲元也是倾向主和的,他在会后的公开谈话中说了一通大道理:</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“此次卢沟桥发生事件,实为东亚之不幸,局部之冲突能随时解决,尚为不幸中之大幸。……余向主和平,爱护人群,决不愿以人类做无益社会之牺牲。合法合理,社会即可平安;能平即和,不平即不能和。希望负责任者以东亚大局为重。若只知个人利益,则国家有兴有亡,兴亡之数,殊非尽为吾人所能意料也。</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">”</span></span></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>对北平当局一系列妥协政策,南京方面大为惊骇,当天军政部长何应钦就给宋哲元发出紧急电报,告知</span><span>“</span><span>津市遍布日军,兄在津万分危险,务祈即刻秘密赴保</span><span>”</span><span>,催促其到保定去作战。同日,宋哲元还收到了蒋介石发来的电文:</span><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">卢案必不能和平解决。无论我方允许其任何条件,而对方的目的,则以冀察为不驻兵区域与区内组织用人皆得其同意,造成第二冀东</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(伪政权)</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">。若不做到此步,则彼必得寸进尺,决无已时。中正已决心运用全力抗战,宁为玉碎,不为瓦全,以保持国家与个人之人格……</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">”</span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>南京方面的态度不仅是催促第29军作战,从13日起,驻扎在陕西、河南、湖北、安徽、江苏等地的部队陆续收到蒋介石下达的正式动员令,命令这些地区的部队向以郑州为中心的陇海、平汉铁路沿线集结。山东省政府主席韩复榘也收到防卫津浦路北线的命令。此外,平汉、陇海、津浦三个铁路局奉命集结军用列车,所有轮船公司也将船舶回航到指定地点待命。局势箭在弦上,不得不发。</span></section><section><section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section><section><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 0px;\"><section style=\"padding-right: 8px; padding-left: 8px;\"><section label=\"Powered by 135editor.com\"><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><b><span>最后关头</span></b></font></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>庐山是民国时期的政治名山,南京酷暑,适合避暑的庐山成了南京国民政府军政要员的</span><span>“</span><span>夏都</span><span>”</span><span>。从1937年6月23日起,中国社会各界的名流巨卿们,相继收到一份特殊的请柬,邀请他们到庐山开会。按照原计划,7月15日起的一个月内,分三期邀请200余人到庐山参加谈话,目的是为了征询各界对内政外交的意见。但因七七事变爆发,1937年的炎夏,齐聚庐山的军政要人、社会名流已没有游览避暑胜地的闲情,空气布满紧张的气氛,大战即将来临!</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>7月15日,也就是中国共产党公布国共合作宣言的这一天,蒋介石接到北平宋哲元的来电,得知宋有想放弃天津的意思,蒋严令制止。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>7月17日,庐山谈话会第二次全体会议现场气氛严肃,主席台两旁</span><span>“</span><span>养天地正气,法古今完人</span><span>”</span><span>的对联格外醒目,所有人的关注点都聚焦在委员长蒋介石身上。一身戎装的他以激扬的言辞发表了头一天起草好的抗战宣言。对于卢沟桥事变,蒋介石表明立场,任何解决都不得侵害中国主权与领土之完整,因为</span><span>“</span><span>北平若可变成沈阳,南京又何尝不可变成北平!所以卢沟桥事变的推演,是关系中国国家整个的问题,此事能否结束,就是最后关头的境界</span><span>”</span><span>。宣言中,他总结了自九一八事变到塘沽协定后的教训,中国已无路可退,言明我们希望和平但不要苟安,我们决不求战但随时准备迎战,</span><span>“</span><span>如果战端一开,那就是地无分南北,年无分老幼,无论何人,皆有守土抗战之责任,皆应抱定牺牲一切之决心。</span><span>”“</span><span>万一真到了无可避免的最后关头,我们当然只有牺牲,只有抗战。</span><span>”</span></section><section><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7DFmzWutWFfaYLG7FOYNj6mN0PDEd3IzuCg9ic1neuqYPU7rz73ADlOrSicaPq3lSF8FTMr0Cl29Bw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiaHcTqNGeibbicrjlHC447lxsl2ZCFibcS9F6NRGcpaccI4o2o6mr8KxLyA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>7月20日,庐山抗战谈话一经公开发表,全国哗然,充满抗日热情的军民士气为之一振,纷纷表示拥护委员长领导抗战。但另一些对抗战前途持悲观态度的人士认为此宣言将使中国大祸临头,“低调俱乐部”的一干文人、政客甚至将蒋介石等力主抗战救亡的论调讥讽为“歇斯底里的风气”。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>从7月7日夜的日本士兵失踪案到7月17日庐山抗战宣言,是中日两国走向全面战争的关键十日。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>抛开自七七以来半个多月的打打停停,北平真正的激战只有4天。从7月25日晚起,大量前来增援的日军对廊坊第38师发起攻击,次日进攻广安门,北平形势急剧恶化。7月27日,蒋介石已经预料到北平凶多吉少,并开始郑重考虑“万一北平被陷,则战</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(宣战)</span></span><span>与和</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(停战)</span></span><span>以及不战不和</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(应战)</span></span><span>,与一面交涉一面抵抗之国策”。这一天夜晚,第29军第132师师长赵登禹也奉命抵达南苑,与副军长佟凌阁部署与制定作战计划。次日早上8时,日军对南苑展开了猛烈进攻,在空中与地面炮火支援的掩护下,日军第20师团高木义人旅团迅速攻至南苑机场。赵登禹闻讯,急忙赶往机场督战。第29军以大刀闻名,但此次面对强敌,仅凭血肉毕竟不能筑成真正御敌的长城,日军猛烈炮火攻势下,第29军伤亡惨重,被迫退入南苑主阵地,赵登禹也接到撤入北平城内的命令。</span></section><section><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7DFmzWutWFfaYLG7FOYNj6RKxGaE4DJM9sfXs8b03ibCA9UaJqO7OPIh17DX5Ffib8QrBJ9j6gwIaA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyia6Jylr84NibictTpGESKbUJXa7udJadDW3epamcJ4ukQ2Ua25SV26AT5w/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>由于汉奸出卖情报,赵登禹撤退的路线被日军获知,“支那驻屯军”步兵旅团第1联队第3大队事先进行埋伏。28日中午12时40分左右,当赵登禹将军的车队途经大红门时,突然遭到日军伏兵的袭击,赵登禹身中数弹,不幸牺牲。同日,第29军副军长佟凌阁将军率200余人撤退至大红门附近,忽然枪声四起,埋伏于此的日军展开攻击,混战中,佟凌阁腿部被日军的机枪射中,血流如注。卫士劝他先撤下火线,利用庄稼地撤出日军包围圈,但佟凌阁心系随行学生的安危,拒绝了这一建议。一场血战下来,佟凌阁身边仅剩数十人,祸不单行,部队刚突围至时村就被日本关东军飞行团的轰炸机发现,遭到猛烈轰炸,正在指挥作战的佟凌阁不幸头部中弹,当场牺牲,甚至没能留下一句遗言。而在其殉国后,报纸误将“佟凌阁”写成了“佟麟阁”,此名一直误传至今。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>南苑失守,赵、佟两位将军殉国,宋哲元撤离北平……一连几天南京接到的都是坏消息,蒋介石闻之焦心如焚。29日,北平沦陷,第29军被迫撤离北平。同一天,天津也被日军占领。消息传来,蒋介石哀叹“可悲孰甚!”平津相继沦陷,举国震动,也使蒋介石意识到抗战之必要,彻底放弃和平幻想,明言:</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">平津既陷,人民荼毒至此,虽欲不战,亦不可得,否则国内必起分崩之祸,与其国内分崩,不如抗倭作战。</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">”</span></span></section><section style=\"padding-right: 8px; padding-left: 8px; margin: 8px 0px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"margin: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7DFmzWutWFfaYLG7FOYNj6plhNJEz7dxAmdv3ZDfHcjEq3Jt1kNSPOiccb4tTJypiapkfk5jm6NoZA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiaoicDjlzBd9e9gvsUhq4fhjtwaljb05sv36Fv62yQx81N4lUNQKKLgmA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>抗战的一天来到了。战火从华北烧到华东,再由华东蔓延华南,中国并未如山杉元所断言的那样,一个月就被征服。北起卢沟桥,南至惠通桥,一寸河山一寸血,抗战从未停止,直至1945年8月15日昭和天皇宣布无条件投降。最后,说说七七事变中几名日方关键人物的结局,罪魁牟田口廉也,二战后以战犯罪名被捕入狱,1948年3月被释放回国,死于1966年;侵略卢沟桥的急先锋一木清直,从侵华战场打到太平洋战场,1942年在瓜岛的泰纳鲁河口之战中,一木清直支队遭美军围困,一木本人于绝望中切腹自杀,该支队全军覆没;</span><span>“</span><span>消失的士兵</span><span>”</span><span>士兵志村菊次郎,七七事变后还是冲锋陷阵的士兵,一直活到1944年,随部在缅甸作战时被中国远征军击毙,这个影响历史的小人物终究还是成为昭和战争的祭品。</span></section><section style=\"padding-right: 8px; padding-left: 8px; margin: 8px 0px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><span><br /></span></section><p><span>本文改编自《国家人文历史》2017年7月上,</span><span><span>原标题为《卢沟晓月,雾掩庐山 走向全面战争的关键十日》,有删节,本文系“国家</span></span><span>人文历史”独家稿件,欢迎读者转发朋友圈。</span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4s6XTkV1zgY7Ndw3fVeyGpxIIj30oUzpUnwIcafcXhx66GztUhxGc2FM8I09uwLbMwUFOQfZVGcg/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1\" /></section></section></section><section><span><span>END</span></span></section><section><span><span>作者 | </span><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><span>周渝</span></span></span></section><section><span><span>编辑 | 胡心雅</span></span></section><section><span><span>主编 | 周斌</span></span></section><section><span><span>排版 | 曲晨溪(实习)</span></span></section><section><span><span>校对 | 戈雨</span></span></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><span><span><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK6o0DTLAcjHUob1LlCbkiaCGeUicmbUPjIKiciad7l2ytYjz3bGBzNyAUu0aicCb4oWXbicQBJA96lk9Tug/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1\" /></span></span></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img __bg_gif\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/jiaTakLJVhFwVb6dkoTQOoKBCsic0GbcibzCntPc8OGgxu6Ha80H4ZPlbfYu2kN3kF9wKm1hicWCdibPPKHMPnib7icLg/640?wx_fmt=gif&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1\" /></section><section><section><p><span><span>推荐</span><span><span> </span></span></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><span>“马甲”一词</span></p><p><span>从冷兵器时代的战马嘶鸣</span></p><p><span>到霓裳羽衣的时尚舞台</span></p><p><span>其含义的沧海桑田</span></p><p><span>恰如一面棱镜</span></p><p><span>折射出华夏服饰文化</span></p><p><span>随社会变迁而流转生辉的壮阔历程</span></p><p><span>本期,就让我们一同走进这幅</span></p><p><span>从金戈铁马到衣冠风流的完整画卷</span></p><section><section><section><p><strong><span><span>点击下方封面,即可购买</span></span></strong></p><section><span><span>↓↓↓</span></span></section><section><a href=\"https://item.jd.com/10104931956869.html?sdx=ehi-lLxFuZiE6JnIaIZUic8oszWVDwwrsmpMs6ZDZduKPe_RLJxa7nTipUDgVGWS#crumb-wrap\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7ibicuQGBVNNvibuQk7IAWBk0vXDIs4Z35GjSIFU5ydu8G6TMsyVdshBwGpezqaTezSfnPaMUkpH9eg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&from=appmsg\" /></span></a></section><section><section><section><h2 src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPQbfYUk2lKRJbtAXIuZ0kjicBeKbKicn7picTvdbH5bfuaoiazGOfbm8kw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558\"><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPPS2Tl0L42giakAlUSsWM2hKsLfDwrNFcLNgFaxPhQng3E9mCRE3tkg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558px\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&mid=2651035606&idx=1&sn=95e5b910a9c15c3b861b33b6a6da3866&scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcaIgQkEibvERBOGAaoicFhgsfmibxDTGK2z3uLHbhcvWGEYibV0hom5VW8CA/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></a></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&mid=2651035897&idx=1&sn=befda0705325843f84da3911012cad95&scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcamtwvyMNyxgGfdgqCCu9GkBZl21VfOcYfkJRh5E0ArHl4UUBtbSzwRQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></a></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcaohkRZ9cGSGGPakn9lRTzm4qIA3pNHn3EVXrsicT3De6T2ib5Slw6GsRQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span><span><br /></span></span></section></section></section></h2></section></section></section><section><span><section><h2 src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPQbfYUk2lKRJbtAXIuZ0kjicBeKbKicn7picTvdbH5bfuaoiazGOfbm8kw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558\"><span><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages __bg_gif wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK6M7Nv6wvsPyLPCsN7uraAJ0nGCQhDMIIg0L5icbmcctmcTvsgM0HwBpkXTF9ztE2MsQ8Tso0exnicA/640?wx_fmt=gif\" /></span></h2></section></span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><span><section><section><span><section><section><span><span>“</span><strong><span>在看</span></strong><span>”的永远18岁~</span></span></section></section></span></section></section></span></section></section><section><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><section><section style=\"padding-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 1em; display: flex;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"></span></section></section></section></span></section><p style=\"display: none;\"></p></div>\n \n\n \n <br />\n\n \n <a class=\"media_tool_meta meta_primary\" href=\"http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&mid=2651042239&idx=1&sn=857c365a789d8b2375a60fed4dbdd882&chksm=bc1f89d75aa276aa86aeae983835408d45f0db5430dbe2d3269bff712391329c6a395e33b1a6&scene=0#rd\" style=\"color: blue;\" target=\"_blank\">文章原文</a>\n <br />\n \n\n \n\n <img alt=\"\" class=\"\" height=\"1px\" src=\"http://www.jintiankansha.me/rss_static/13443/eKdXffpFLM\" style=\"width: 1px; height: 1px; display: none;\" width=\"1px\" /></div></div>",
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"title": "在古代,急行军一天一夜能走多少里?",
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"description": "<div><div><div class=\"rich_media_content\" id=\"js_content\"><section style=\"margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 8px; white-space: normal; font-size: 16px; text-align: center; line-height: 1.5em;\"><img class=\"rich_pages js_insertlocalimg wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK6M7Nv6wvsPyLPCsN7uraAJxdXiby5XB2BE6S0ulr9Fs213uZ85nlxAalcgRcLFiaSVdOVlrtCZRibIw/640?wx_fmt=gif\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span><br /></span></section></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em;\"><section style=\"text-align: center;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7DAwFT0hz7ePVL9UCSD5XOUfZBNrYe1UFmWFY3LF2xlWia4lfGyjhpuSz4Ale9rwian0yIGsmclcag/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span><br /></span></section></section><p><span><span>本 文 约 3700 字</span></span></p><section><section label=\"Powered by 135editor.com\"><p><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(178, 178, 178); font-size: 12px;\"><span>阅 读 需 要 12 分 钟</span></span><span><span> </span></span></span></p></section></section><p><span><br /></span></p><section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>嘉靖二十九年</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(1550)</span></span><span>八月,鞑靼部首领俺达汗在久围大同不克之后,移寇东去,自古北口长驱,杀掠怀柔、顺义吏民无算,明军一触即溃,立营于潞河东二十里之孤山</span><span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(今通州东北)</span></span></span><span>、汝口等处,兵锋直指京畿,京师戒严。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>彼时的大明京师,自土木堡之变后久未遭兵祸,嘉靖皇帝急忙下令各镇边军入京畿勤王,此时的明军边帅仇鸾在居庸关暂住听征,当俺达突袭进入京畿后,仇鸾听诏八月十七日</span><span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(戊寅)</span></span></span><span>从居庸关出发,八月十八日</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">己卯)</span></span><span>抵达通州列阵,仅仅一天一夜,急行约莫150里</span><span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(此为明里计数,1明里为180丈,约莫现代560米)</span></span></span><span>,救援速度之快让嘉靖皇帝都感到十分惊喜。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin: 8px 8px 0px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KLuVoiaCVupKuJb8rwLD2D2Oz2J8iaU0ZA7aaXsddgYHRZa9Fkdic2ZoFQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiaslRxbmaOJ1Rjek9DxxbuXQrpria4XWgBRGCUBhRbCbrHWMQBKqsbDEw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>那么,昼夜奔袭150里的急行军,在古代军队中是否很难实现,古代的急行军一天大多能走多少里?</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-top: 0px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><font face=\"宋体\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><b><strong><span>困难重重:被制约的行军速度</span></strong></b></font></b><span><br /></span></font></font></b></p></section></section></section><section style=\"margin-top: 0px;\"><span><p></p></span></section></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“所谓踵军者,去大军百里,期于会地,为三日熟食,前军而行,为战合之表。”</span></span><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\"> ——《尉缭子》</span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>在先秦时期的兵法著作《尉缭子》中,记述了那个时代真实的行军速度,步兵日行仅为30-40里速度。虽然军事科技和道路条件在不断发展,但是自秦汉到明清,关于行军速度这一方面,一直没能取得太大的进步,《尉缭子》中提到的行军速度,也是古代军队普遍的速度,要了解这个问题,首先要从古代行军条件身上说起。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>军队规模、道路系统以及辎重补给,都是决定军队行军速度的重要因素,但这些条件在古代都饱受制约。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KmDsjU5D5IWvuoRTCvl3OGxmheKOBqV0bEKWEkLlECqUgOLzFicKQ55g/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span start=\"start\"><span><br /></span></span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span start=\"start\"><span>在古代,道路条件相对十分恶劣,一支庞大的军队行进时会面临诸多困难。而行军速度的快慢往往取决于其中最慢的部分,</span><span>也就是辎重运输的速度。古代行军辎重的运输一般使用车辆、驮马,位于军队的后方,当辎重部队行进时,道路已然经过大部队踩踏,更加崎岖难行,势必会拖累行军的整体速度。</span></span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span start=\"start\"><span><br /></span></span><span start=\"start\"><span start=\"start\"></span></span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>除此之外,行军路上的各种防护、探查等</span><span><span start=\"start\">必要的安全措施,</span></span><span><span>也会显著延缓军队的行进速度</span></span><span>。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span><span start=\"start\"></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span>在影视剧中,士兵们甲胄齐整地行军是常见的场景,但在古代战场上,这种情况却很少出现。古代的甲胄重量很大,即便是明清时期流行起来的、因较为轻便而被推广的布面甲,也有20多斤的重量</span></span><span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(《明会典》:“造甲,每副重二十四斤至二十五斤……”)</span></span></span><span>,加上其他的武器装备,长途行军对于士兵的体</span><span>力会是一个不小的消耗。因而,古代的士兵并不会穿着盔甲行军,一般行军中,盔甲通常由牲畜或民夫驮着。至于兵士,则需要尽量节省行军中的体力以保证在肉搏战中能拼尽全力。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KoOdeN5JK3FLz9zja0cMASQQS3OI8Fose66lPvBB2q4icdxicBAibMJffQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"width: 537px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiaJ0LmCLjVX1RTQuWNKiao19ReWyhuGGAbU2gtia0TGATJ6ibRJAa3SSHEw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span>古代士兵在行军时不穿盔甲,也是偷袭战术屡屡奏效的重要原因之一。一旦遭遇突袭,未穿甲胄的军队往往会在装备精良的敌军面前遭受单方面的屠杀,结果自然是大败亏输。所以,如何防备敌军的偷袭十分考验古代将领的能力,通过游骑、侦骑等散布四方,从而来侦察敌情是否有埋伏成为防范偷袭的主要手段。</span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span><br /></span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>以明朝为例,明军中的塘报骑兵就是专门执行防范偷袭、探查敌情、汇报信息这类任务的。当军队开拔离开营寨之后,明军塘骑就要外出侦查。塘骑以塘为编制,每个塘有五人,这五个人在侦查时不能离开彼此的视线。同时,每人都要装备信炮,以便遭遇突发事件时给大军报警。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-align: center;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4Kswp3icIdmmeat2bic5aKeAkjc5RfgZbfRVaJTCCU0W2ibZXhSCEfTuorw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 340px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiarNuWXl3AVdrQN9iaVflA8Qg5q9MYCpICnb5jradRIMEuEFMYQE4YZmA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span><br /></span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>明军大军在行军时,不管军队兵分几路,每一路都要设置二十四塘骑兵,这些塘骑每人之间相距一里,广泛散布遥相呼应,最多可散布二十余里,之后游骑再将探查到的情况汇集给大部队,确保前路没有敌军的埋伏。此外,塘骑作为军队的眼睛侦测四方,行军前方的道路情况、水源情况等问题也需要了解清楚,在做到这些后,大部队才可以加速行军。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>游骑的探查措施在行军中尤为必要,在历史上,即便是军事经验丰富的将官也会在这个问题上碰壁。洪武五年</span><span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(1372)</span></span></span><span>,明军名将李文忠率军远征漠北,当李文忠在土剌河一带击败北元将领哈剌章、蛮子后,翻过燕然山一路追击元军至称海。在李文忠携胜而还的路上,李文忠军因为游骑探查工作不到位,夜里走错了路,一度找不到水源,数万百战之师险些尽数陨落草原。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-align: center;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4K4n3aicnFnNicW9FF8TyJyoEuymlPRgSKx96lV9B7AlExV2iaENu5pIUvg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"width: 435px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiayu5sVgDh32pJUWQfH2ngVHBU2TibfwPK6icmic6PibfpugcH2KQ0Ah5b9g/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>游骑、侦骑的探查确保了大军行军路上的安全,也迟滞了大军整体行军的速度。不过事有例外,如果遇上某些特殊情况,轻装上路的军队也可能达到日行百里。一支规模不大的部队舍弃辎重,缩小探查范围,只是为了某个迫切的目标进行急行军,这在古代战争史上也算不上稀奇。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>同光元年</span><span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(923)</span></span></span><span>十月,梁晋争霸进入后期,李存勖自杨刘渡河,进抵郓州,命令李嗣源为前锋,攻破中都,擒获王彦章后。李存勖否决了唐军诸将都认为应先攻占青州、齐州、徐州、兖州等地后窥伺梁军的建议。下令李嗣源丢弃辎重、攻城器械等物资,轻骑奔袭汴州,攻取后梁国都。李嗣源前军倍道兼行,初九日抵达汴州,不到十日内后唐前军纵横数百里疾进,完全打破了梁末帝朱友贞的部署,兵临城下之际,朱友贞自杀,后梁灭亡。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KEYfWPhTmbhwl2suu62gIsppABe00RxYllkicUw9zXFzFV5cjxzHtjcQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiazxXk63ia9gLwbcG6ll9wC2GzweibwAzcvrVqzqHEzT0ibGDXIpyMGbDKg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>李存勖挥斥方遒、李嗣源奔袭灭梁的故事磅礴至今,不过李存勖、李嗣源此举并不冒进,而是审时度势之后的决定。彼时后梁各路大军在外难以支援,后唐军又素来耐苦,李存勖才得以灭梁成功,如果没有训练有素的军队和特殊的战场形势,这样丢弃辎重强行军的战法几乎是自取灭亡。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>总的来说,在种种制约下,古代军队“常行军”的每日不过三十里到四十里左右,而一日行军一百多里,几乎是丢弃物资、轻装简行之后所能达到的行军速度极限。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KEa2GdEKZUngJhf8RToFnDiaH6wjibD0ZWbHZ5HuTEv5SXP7dhiblZF6bw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section><section><p style=\"margin-top: 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-top: 0px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><font face=\"宋体\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><b><strong><span>困难重重:被制约的行军速度</span></strong></b></font></b><span><br /></span></font></font></b></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>《孙子兵法》说:</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“倍道兼行,百里而争利,则擒三将军,劲者先,疲者后,其法十一而至。”</span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>也就是说,每天一百里的强行军,只有体力好的士卒可以跟上,体力差的只能落在后面,高强度的急行军会导致大量的士卒掉队。</span><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KLHLuCptxX2F3uDnsc1Ka8Md4ZgTGmUmq2qoCQbpGDPKYqDVQD518qg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"width: 495px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>在浩繁的史籍资料中,“倍道”一词频频出现,倍道,也就是用加倍的速度行进、兼程赶路的意思。历史上,诸如嘉靖时期仇鸾部众一昼夜的行军速度达到一百五十里的倍道行军并不鲜见,但能在急行军之后,像仇鸾军一样保持战斗力的却不多。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KmPUgibIZ1yAYiaDuAKHwscgMasbXwqt88Bkw3V0YmXlq9eoFCXUpm1Hw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiaXtpUTBFInk9z0AjJ5zy7BM6GN8bP8FficZVuLVkEia2ep5Crfbs7hwdw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><h2 style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></h2><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>《三国志·诸葛亮传》中记载了曹操在当阳时急行军追击刘备的情况:</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“曹操之众,远来疲弊,闻追豫州,轻骑一日一夜行三百馀里,此所谓‘强弩之末,势不能穿鲁缟’者也。故兵法忌之,曰‘必蹶上将军’。”</span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>在此次追击战中,曹操的轻骑兵一天一夜急行300里</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(汉里的距离短于明里,大约相当于后世的120公里)</span></span><span>。对此,诸葛亮曾形容其为“强弩之末,势不能穿鲁缟”,认为这样的军队难以保持强大的战斗力。事实上,曹操军能够达到如此惊人的行军速度,很可能是因为他们派出的是一支舍弃了辎重、一人多马的精锐轻骑兵。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4Kvaw832pVmYsY47fCsIeQUd0hTCyAlE5cT6qgZ0eoZYxzr93YLiaB20w/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiaHOeo5UOdBLwDAUXn0vwpgp3etp7j1iccGhjFyCXQiczv2rTg9omEt1iag/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>而无论什么样的军队,在</span><span>长途奔袭后</span><span>也很难维持后续作战能力。尽管轻骑兵在装备上尽量精简,但仍需配备基本的甲胄、弓箭和武器等。这些装备加上骑士本身的重量,对马匹来说是不小的负担。而在骑兵作战中,马匹的耐力极为有限,其优势主要在于奔跑时的冲击力。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>在当今的马匹耐力赛中,无负重的最优秀赛马在接近一天的奔跑中可以保持每小时近二十公里的速度,但即便如此,一天下来,大量马匹会掉队,只有部分马匹能够完成一百多公里的赛程。在两汉三国时期,如果曹军轻骑兵敢于面对大量骑兵掉队、到达的骑兵马匹无力冲刺、甚至事后大量马匹残废报废等惨重损耗,他们确实可以实现如此高速的急行军,但代价极为惨烈。因此,长途奔袭之后,一方面由于舍弃了补给辎重,另一方面人马困乏,曹军的战斗力急剧下降几乎是必然的。所谓“强弩之末,势不能穿鲁缟”,恐怕并非诸葛亮对曹军的贬低,而是基于实际情况的描述。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4K0oPMBaNaZGjXJ57gJgQglcOLicFPdEuWBTqTEFibFGQX84r5G0cUmhUw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiaOjZzQEDZg2hQkzbZ5xL9G8kOOb3spkl1DCFPHkbQ8GibsMhGTeKZOAA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>《三国志》正史中记载,张飞仅率二十骑兵便敢在长坂桥拦截曹军,曹军之中“敌皆无敢近者”。这一记载或许并非过分夸张。经过高强度行军后,曹军已然疲惫不堪,而张飞则占据有利地形,以逸待劳,体力充沛。尽管张飞身边只有数十骑士,但曹军虽然数量众多,却怯于一战,面对张飞的阻击,只能逡巡不前。</span><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>因此,避免行军后作战,是古代军队的重中之重,即便是以耐力颇佳闻名的唐末五代第一强军“沙陀鸦儿军”也是一样,鸦儿军的最高指挥者李存勖就对此十分重视。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>在梁晋沿黄河对峙的时期,晋王李存勖在训练士卒和行军过程中,为了确保骑兵在作战时具备持续的作战能力,曾下令:“骑兵不见敌,不得骑马。”他严格约束士卒,对违反这一军令的军士,最高可处以斩刑。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KXEsDAwWBIvzOibBXfvfX5ucpslUtMmpKUsLMM0cdpYU0oq8ZER8sZfw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiaR6EGRicsgW92FoqPXDDB5qia7HpapsGZT2lo7GVhYl29ZCeiaOo6auBibA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><h2 style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin: 0px 8px 8px;\"><span><br /></span></h2><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>李存勖并非不想利用马匹提高行军速度,而是为了保证骑兵在作战时能够发挥出足够的冲击力,才不得不做出这样的安排。这种政策虽有不便,但在两害相权之下,只能选择相对更优的方案,这实在是无奈之举。</span></p><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>军队强行军下所产生的巨大损耗,实在需要古代将领慎重考虑。</span><span style=\"font-size: 16px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"></span><span>正所谓</span><span>“军无辎重则亡,无粮食则亡,无委积则亡</span><span>”。</span><span>古代行军</span><span>过</span><span>程中,并非随时随地都要</span><span>讲究“兵贵神速”</span><span>。</span></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: bold;\">参考文献:</span></span></font></b><b><span><p></p></span></b></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">杨生民《中国里的长度演变考》</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">唐玉萍《简论明代庚戌之变》</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">陈寿《三国志》</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">*</span>本文系“国家</span></font><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">人文历史”独家稿件,欢迎读者转发朋友圈。</span></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><span><br /></span></p><section><section><section><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4s6XTkV1zgY7Ndw3fVeyGpxIIj30oUzpUnwIcafcXhx66GztUhxGc2FM8I09uwLbMwUFOQfZVGcg/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section></section></section><section><span><span>END</span></span></section><section><span><span>作者 | </span><span>湘桥蓬蒿人</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span></span></span></span></section><section><span><span>编辑 | 胡心雅</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span></span></span></span></section><section><span><span>主编 | 周斌</span></span></section><section><span><span>排版 | 徐沁(实习)</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span></span></span></span></section><section><span><span>校对 | 火炬 李栋 古月</span></span></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><span><span><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK6o0DTLAcjHUob1LlCbkiaCGeUicmbUPjIKiciad7l2ytYjz3bGBzNyAUu0aicCb4oWXbicQBJA96lk9Tug/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></span></span></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><strong><span><br /></span></strong></section><section><strong><span>国历好物</span></strong></section><p><span><strong><span><span>进击的士族</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>旁落的皇权</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>跨越五百年的权力对抗史</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>国民历史读物《国家人文历史》专业团队</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>最新力作</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>展现士族潮起潮落的史诗级历史画卷</span></span></strong></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><p><span><br /></span></p><section label=\"edit by 135editor\"><section><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK50l871IgvMuCSibrmOibSxicuassfQWcfhotQqH5lYBRPtichLu7A0vIGovAB5sRkicvnkQnT342127lA/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section><section><section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section></section><section><section><strong><span>点击下方封面,即可购买</span></strong></section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><span><strong><span><span>↓↓↓</span></span></strong></span></p><p><a class=\"weapp_image_link js_weapp_entry\"><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK5sbRbqWpNPCUYibIYbC7RFRAHn32PAWbKDIM6A4MkicYHOWIR0Hy6iamToAdrvvPDeu5T15EKXjC1Fg/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></a><span><br /></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><h2 src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPQbfYUk2lKRJbtAXIuZ0kjicBeKbKicn7picTvdbH5bfuaoiazGOfbm8kw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558\"><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPPS2Tl0L42giakAlUSsWM2hKsLfDwrNFcLNgFaxPhQng3E9mCRE3tkg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558px\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&mid=2651035606&idx=1&sn=95e5b910a9c15c3b861b33b6a6da3866&scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcaIgQkEibvERBOGAaoicFhgsfmibxDTGK2z3uLHbhcvWGEYibV0hom5VW8CA/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></a></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&mid=2651035897&idx=1&sn=befda0705325843f84da3911012cad95&scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcamtwvyMNyxgGfdgqCCu9GkBZl21VfOcYfkJRh5E0ArHl4UUBtbSzwRQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></a></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcaohkRZ9cGSGGPakn9lRTzm4qIA3pNHn3EVXrsicT3De6T2ib5Slw6GsRQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span><span><br /></span></span></section></section></section></h2></section></section></section><section><span><section><h2 src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPQbfYUk2lKRJbtAXIuZ0kjicBeKbKicn7picTvdbH5bfuaoiazGOfbm8kw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558\"><span><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages __bg_gif wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK6M7Nv6wvsPyLPCsN7uraAJ0nGCQhDMIIg0L5icbmcctmcTvsgM0HwBpkXTF9ztE2MsQ8Tso0exnicA/640?wx_fmt=gif\" /></span></h2><section><span><span><br /></span></span></section><section><span><span>“</span><strong><span>在看</span></strong><span>”的永远18岁~</span></span></section></section></span></section><section><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><section><section style=\"padding-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 1em; display: flex;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"></span></section></section></section></span></section><p style=\"display: none;\"></p></div>\n \n\n \n <br />\n\n \n <a class=\"media_tool_meta meta_primary\" href=\"http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&mid=2651042227&idx=1&sn=78539ef43c196895172924630d17f28f&chksm=bcf2be601a1f46f2652e834f93b73f1797bfe57fd69f0406238feaa3ec1ec7be4f10333d86ea&scene=0#rd\" style=\"color: blue;\" target=\"_blank\">文章原文</a>\n <br />\n \n\n \n\n <img alt=\"\" class=\"\" height=\"1px\" src=\"http://www.jintiankansha.me/rss_static/101343/khhr4Bd7yN\" style=\"width: 1px; height: 1px; display: none;\" width=\"1px\" /></div></div>",
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"content": "<div><div><div class=\"rich_media_content\" id=\"js_content\"><section style=\"margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 8px; white-space: normal; font-size: 16px; text-align: center; line-height: 1.5em;\"><img class=\"rich_pages js_insertlocalimg wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK6M7Nv6wvsPyLPCsN7uraAJxdXiby5XB2BE6S0ulr9Fs213uZ85nlxAalcgRcLFiaSVdOVlrtCZRibIw/640?wx_fmt=gif\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span><br /></span></section></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em;\"><section style=\"text-align: center;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7DAwFT0hz7ePVL9UCSD5XOUfZBNrYe1UFmWFY3LF2xlWia4lfGyjhpuSz4Ale9rwian0yIGsmclcag/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span><br /></span></section></section><p><span><span>本 文 约 3700 字</span></span></p><section><section label=\"Powered by 135editor.com\"><p><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(178, 178, 178); font-size: 12px;\"><span>阅 读 需 要 12 分 钟</span></span><span><span> </span></span></span></p></section></section><p><span><br /></span></p><section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>嘉靖二十九年</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(1550)</span></span><span>八月,鞑靼部首领俺达汗在久围大同不克之后,移寇东去,自古北口长驱,杀掠怀柔、顺义吏民无算,明军一触即溃,立营于潞河东二十里之孤山</span><span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(今通州东北)</span></span></span><span>、汝口等处,兵锋直指京畿,京师戒严。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>彼时的大明京师,自土木堡之变后久未遭兵祸,嘉靖皇帝急忙下令各镇边军入京畿勤王,此时的明军边帅仇鸾在居庸关暂住听征,当俺达突袭进入京畿后,仇鸾听诏八月十七日</span><span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(戊寅)</span></span></span><span>从居庸关出发,八月十八日</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">己卯)</span></span><span>抵达通州列阵,仅仅一天一夜,急行约莫150里</span><span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(此为明里计数,1明里为180丈,约莫现代560米)</span></span></span><span>,救援速度之快让嘉靖皇帝都感到十分惊喜。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin: 8px 8px 0px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KLuVoiaCVupKuJb8rwLD2D2Oz2J8iaU0ZA7aaXsddgYHRZa9Fkdic2ZoFQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiaslRxbmaOJ1Rjek9DxxbuXQrpria4XWgBRGCUBhRbCbrHWMQBKqsbDEw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>那么,昼夜奔袭150里的急行军,在古代军队中是否很难实现,古代的急行军一天大多能走多少里?</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-top: 0px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><font face=\"宋体\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><b><strong><span>困难重重:被制约的行军速度</span></strong></b></font></b><span><br /></span></font></font></b></p></section></section></section><section style=\"margin-top: 0px;\"><span><p></p></span></section></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“所谓踵军者,去大军百里,期于会地,为三日熟食,前军而行,为战合之表。”</span></span><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\"> ——《尉缭子》</span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>在先秦时期的兵法著作《尉缭子》中,记述了那个时代真实的行军速度,步兵日行仅为30-40里速度。虽然军事科技和道路条件在不断发展,但是自秦汉到明清,关于行军速度这一方面,一直没能取得太大的进步,《尉缭子》中提到的行军速度,也是古代军队普遍的速度,要了解这个问题,首先要从古代行军条件身上说起。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>军队规模、道路系统以及辎重补给,都是决定军队行军速度的重要因素,但这些条件在古代都饱受制约。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KmDsjU5D5IWvuoRTCvl3OGxmheKOBqV0bEKWEkLlECqUgOLzFicKQ55g/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span start=\"start\"><span><br /></span></span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span start=\"start\"><span>在古代,道路条件相对十分恶劣,一支庞大的军队行进时会面临诸多困难。而行军速度的快慢往往取决于其中最慢的部分,</span><span>也就是辎重运输的速度。古代行军辎重的运输一般使用车辆、驮马,位于军队的后方,当辎重部队行进时,道路已然经过大部队踩踏,更加崎岖难行,势必会拖累行军的整体速度。</span></span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span start=\"start\"><span><br /></span></span><span start=\"start\"><span start=\"start\"></span></span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>除此之外,行军路上的各种防护、探查等</span><span><span start=\"start\">必要的安全措施,</span></span><span><span>也会显著延缓军队的行进速度</span></span><span>。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span><span start=\"start\"></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span>在影视剧中,士兵们甲胄齐整地行军是常见的场景,但在古代战场上,这种情况却很少出现。古代的甲胄重量很大,即便是明清时期流行起来的、因较为轻便而被推广的布面甲,也有20多斤的重量</span></span><span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(《明会典》:“造甲,每副重二十四斤至二十五斤……”)</span></span></span><span>,加上其他的武器装备,长途行军对于士兵的体</span><span>力会是一个不小的消耗。因而,古代的士兵并不会穿着盔甲行军,一般行军中,盔甲通常由牲畜或民夫驮着。至于兵士,则需要尽量节省行军中的体力以保证在肉搏战中能拼尽全力。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KoOdeN5JK3FLz9zja0cMASQQS3OI8Fose66lPvBB2q4icdxicBAibMJffQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"width: 537px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiaJ0LmCLjVX1RTQuWNKiao19ReWyhuGGAbU2gtia0TGATJ6ibRJAa3SSHEw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span>古代士兵在行军时不穿盔甲,也是偷袭战术屡屡奏效的重要原因之一。一旦遭遇突袭,未穿甲胄的军队往往会在装备精良的敌军面前遭受单方面的屠杀,结果自然是大败亏输。所以,如何防备敌军的偷袭十分考验古代将领的能力,通过游骑、侦骑等散布四方,从而来侦察敌情是否有埋伏成为防范偷袭的主要手段。</span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span><br /></span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>以明朝为例,明军中的塘报骑兵就是专门执行防范偷袭、探查敌情、汇报信息这类任务的。当军队开拔离开营寨之后,明军塘骑就要外出侦查。塘骑以塘为编制,每个塘有五人,这五个人在侦查时不能离开彼此的视线。同时,每人都要装备信炮,以便遭遇突发事件时给大军报警。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-align: center;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4Kswp3icIdmmeat2bic5aKeAkjc5RfgZbfRVaJTCCU0W2ibZXhSCEfTuorw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 340px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiarNuWXl3AVdrQN9iaVflA8Qg5q9MYCpICnb5jradRIMEuEFMYQE4YZmA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span><br /></span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>明军大军在行军时,不管军队兵分几路,每一路都要设置二十四塘骑兵,这些塘骑每人之间相距一里,广泛散布遥相呼应,最多可散布二十余里,之后游骑再将探查到的情况汇集给大部队,确保前路没有敌军的埋伏。此外,塘骑作为军队的眼睛侦测四方,行军前方的道路情况、水源情况等问题也需要了解清楚,在做到这些后,大部队才可以加速行军。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>游骑的探查措施在行军中尤为必要,在历史上,即便是军事经验丰富的将官也会在这个问题上碰壁。洪武五年</span><span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(1372)</span></span></span><span>,明军名将李文忠率军远征漠北,当李文忠在土剌河一带击败北元将领哈剌章、蛮子后,翻过燕然山一路追击元军至称海。在李文忠携胜而还的路上,李文忠军因为游骑探查工作不到位,夜里走错了路,一度找不到水源,数万百战之师险些尽数陨落草原。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-align: center;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4K4n3aicnFnNicW9FF8TyJyoEuymlPRgSKx96lV9B7AlExV2iaENu5pIUvg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"width: 435px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiayu5sVgDh32pJUWQfH2ngVHBU2TibfwPK6icmic6PibfpugcH2KQ0Ah5b9g/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>游骑、侦骑的探查确保了大军行军路上的安全,也迟滞了大军整体行军的速度。不过事有例外,如果遇上某些特殊情况,轻装上路的军队也可能达到日行百里。一支规模不大的部队舍弃辎重,缩小探查范围,只是为了某个迫切的目标进行急行军,这在古代战争史上也算不上稀奇。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>同光元年</span><span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(923)</span></span></span><span>十月,梁晋争霸进入后期,李存勖自杨刘渡河,进抵郓州,命令李嗣源为前锋,攻破中都,擒获王彦章后。李存勖否决了唐军诸将都认为应先攻占青州、齐州、徐州、兖州等地后窥伺梁军的建议。下令李嗣源丢弃辎重、攻城器械等物资,轻骑奔袭汴州,攻取后梁国都。李嗣源前军倍道兼行,初九日抵达汴州,不到十日内后唐前军纵横数百里疾进,完全打破了梁末帝朱友贞的部署,兵临城下之际,朱友贞自杀,后梁灭亡。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KEYfWPhTmbhwl2suu62gIsppABe00RxYllkicUw9zXFzFV5cjxzHtjcQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiazxXk63ia9gLwbcG6ll9wC2GzweibwAzcvrVqzqHEzT0ibGDXIpyMGbDKg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>李存勖挥斥方遒、李嗣源奔袭灭梁的故事磅礴至今,不过李存勖、李嗣源此举并不冒进,而是审时度势之后的决定。彼时后梁各路大军在外难以支援,后唐军又素来耐苦,李存勖才得以灭梁成功,如果没有训练有素的军队和特殊的战场形势,这样丢弃辎重强行军的战法几乎是自取灭亡。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>总的来说,在种种制约下,古代军队“常行军”的每日不过三十里到四十里左右,而一日行军一百多里,几乎是丢弃物资、轻装简行之后所能达到的行军速度极限。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KEa2GdEKZUngJhf8RToFnDiaH6wjibD0ZWbHZ5HuTEv5SXP7dhiblZF6bw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section><section><p style=\"margin-top: 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-top: 0px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><font face=\"宋体\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><b><strong><span>困难重重:被制约的行军速度</span></strong></b></font></b><span><br /></span></font></font></b></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>《孙子兵法》说:</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“倍道兼行,百里而争利,则擒三将军,劲者先,疲者后,其法十一而至。”</span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>也就是说,每天一百里的强行军,只有体力好的士卒可以跟上,体力差的只能落在后面,高强度的急行军会导致大量的士卒掉队。</span><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KLHLuCptxX2F3uDnsc1Ka8Md4ZgTGmUmq2qoCQbpGDPKYqDVQD518qg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"width: 495px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>在浩繁的史籍资料中,“倍道”一词频频出现,倍道,也就是用加倍的速度行进、兼程赶路的意思。历史上,诸如嘉靖时期仇鸾部众一昼夜的行军速度达到一百五十里的倍道行军并不鲜见,但能在急行军之后,像仇鸾军一样保持战斗力的却不多。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KmPUgibIZ1yAYiaDuAKHwscgMasbXwqt88Bkw3V0YmXlq9eoFCXUpm1Hw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiaXtpUTBFInk9z0AjJ5zy7BM6GN8bP8FficZVuLVkEia2ep5Crfbs7hwdw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><h2 style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></h2><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>《三国志·诸葛亮传》中记载了曹操在当阳时急行军追击刘备的情况:</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“曹操之众,远来疲弊,闻追豫州,轻骑一日一夜行三百馀里,此所谓‘强弩之末,势不能穿鲁缟’者也。故兵法忌之,曰‘必蹶上将军’。”</span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>在此次追击战中,曹操的轻骑兵一天一夜急行300里</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(汉里的距离短于明里,大约相当于后世的120公里)</span></span><span>。对此,诸葛亮曾形容其为“强弩之末,势不能穿鲁缟”,认为这样的军队难以保持强大的战斗力。事实上,曹操军能够达到如此惊人的行军速度,很可能是因为他们派出的是一支舍弃了辎重、一人多马的精锐轻骑兵。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4Kvaw832pVmYsY47fCsIeQUd0hTCyAlE5cT6qgZ0eoZYxzr93YLiaB20w/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiaHOeo5UOdBLwDAUXn0vwpgp3etp7j1iccGhjFyCXQiczv2rTg9omEt1iag/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>而无论什么样的军队,在</span><span>长途奔袭后</span><span>也很难维持后续作战能力。尽管轻骑兵在装备上尽量精简,但仍需配备基本的甲胄、弓箭和武器等。这些装备加上骑士本身的重量,对马匹来说是不小的负担。而在骑兵作战中,马匹的耐力极为有限,其优势主要在于奔跑时的冲击力。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>在当今的马匹耐力赛中,无负重的最优秀赛马在接近一天的奔跑中可以保持每小时近二十公里的速度,但即便如此,一天下来,大量马匹会掉队,只有部分马匹能够完成一百多公里的赛程。在两汉三国时期,如果曹军轻骑兵敢于面对大量骑兵掉队、到达的骑兵马匹无力冲刺、甚至事后大量马匹残废报废等惨重损耗,他们确实可以实现如此高速的急行军,但代价极为惨烈。因此,长途奔袭之后,一方面由于舍弃了补给辎重,另一方面人马困乏,曹军的战斗力急剧下降几乎是必然的。所谓“强弩之末,势不能穿鲁缟”,恐怕并非诸葛亮对曹军的贬低,而是基于实际情况的描述。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4K0oPMBaNaZGjXJ57gJgQglcOLicFPdEuWBTqTEFibFGQX84r5G0cUmhUw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiaOjZzQEDZg2hQkzbZ5xL9G8kOOb3spkl1DCFPHkbQ8GibsMhGTeKZOAA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>《三国志》正史中记载,张飞仅率二十骑兵便敢在长坂桥拦截曹军,曹军之中“敌皆无敢近者”。这一记载或许并非过分夸张。经过高强度行军后,曹军已然疲惫不堪,而张飞则占据有利地形,以逸待劳,体力充沛。尽管张飞身边只有数十骑士,但曹军虽然数量众多,却怯于一战,面对张飞的阻击,只能逡巡不前。</span><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>因此,避免行军后作战,是古代军队的重中之重,即便是以耐力颇佳闻名的唐末五代第一强军“沙陀鸦儿军”也是一样,鸦儿军的最高指挥者李存勖就对此十分重视。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>在梁晋沿黄河对峙的时期,晋王李存勖在训练士卒和行军过程中,为了确保骑兵在作战时具备持续的作战能力,曾下令:“骑兵不见敌,不得骑马。”他严格约束士卒,对违反这一军令的军士,最高可处以斩刑。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KXEsDAwWBIvzOibBXfvfX5ucpslUtMmpKUsLMM0cdpYU0oq8ZER8sZfw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiaR6EGRicsgW92FoqPXDDB5qia7HpapsGZT2lo7GVhYl29ZCeiaOo6auBibA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><h2 style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin: 0px 8px 8px;\"><span><br /></span></h2><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>李存勖并非不想利用马匹提高行军速度,而是为了保证骑兵在作战时能够发挥出足够的冲击力,才不得不做出这样的安排。这种政策虽有不便,但在两害相权之下,只能选择相对更优的方案,这实在是无奈之举。</span></p><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>军队强行军下所产生的巨大损耗,实在需要古代将领慎重考虑。</span><span style=\"font-size: 16px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"></span><span>正所谓</span><span>“军无辎重则亡,无粮食则亡,无委积则亡</span><span>”。</span><span>古代行军</span><span>过</span><span>程中,并非随时随地都要</span><span>讲究“兵贵神速”</span><span>。</span></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: bold;\">参考文献:</span></span></font></b><b><span><p></p></span></b></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">杨生民《中国里的长度演变考》</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">唐玉萍《简论明代庚戌之变》</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">陈寿《三国志》</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">*</span>本文系“国家</span></font><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">人文历史”独家稿件,欢迎读者转发朋友圈。</span></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><span><br /></span></p><section><section><section><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4s6XTkV1zgY7Ndw3fVeyGpxIIj30oUzpUnwIcafcXhx66GztUhxGc2FM8I09uwLbMwUFOQfZVGcg/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section></section></section><section><span><span>END</span></span></section><section><span><span>作者 | </span><span>湘桥蓬蒿人</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span></span></span></span></section><section><span><span>编辑 | 胡心雅</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span></span></span></span></section><section><span><span>主编 | 周斌</span></span></section><section><span><span>排版 | 徐沁(实习)</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span></span></span></span></section><section><span><span>校对 | 火炬 李栋 古月</span></span></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><span><span><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK6o0DTLAcjHUob1LlCbkiaCGeUicmbUPjIKiciad7l2ytYjz3bGBzNyAUu0aicCb4oWXbicQBJA96lk9Tug/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></span></span></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><strong><span><br /></span></strong></section><section><strong><span>国历好物</span></strong></section><p><span><strong><span><span>进击的士族</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>旁落的皇权</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>跨越五百年的权力对抗史</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>国民历史读物《国家人文历史》专业团队</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>最新力作</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>展现士族潮起潮落的史诗级历史画卷</span></span></strong></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><p><span><br /></span></p><section label=\"edit by 135editor\"><section><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK50l871IgvMuCSibrmOibSxicuassfQWcfhotQqH5lYBRPtichLu7A0vIGovAB5sRkicvnkQnT342127lA/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section><section><section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section></section><section><section><strong><span>点击下方封面,即可购买</span></strong></section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><span><strong><span><span>↓↓↓</span></span></strong></span></p><p><a class=\"weapp_image_link js_weapp_entry\"><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK5sbRbqWpNPCUYibIYbC7RFRAHn32PAWbKDIM6A4MkicYHOWIR0Hy6iamToAdrvvPDeu5T15EKXjC1Fg/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></a><span><br /></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><h2 src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPQbfYUk2lKRJbtAXIuZ0kjicBeKbKicn7picTvdbH5bfuaoiazGOfbm8kw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558\"><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPPS2Tl0L42giakAlUSsWM2hKsLfDwrNFcLNgFaxPhQng3E9mCRE3tkg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558px\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&mid=2651035606&idx=1&sn=95e5b910a9c15c3b861b33b6a6da3866&scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcaIgQkEibvERBOGAaoicFhgsfmibxDTGK2z3uLHbhcvWGEYibV0hom5VW8CA/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></a></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&mid=2651035897&idx=1&sn=befda0705325843f84da3911012cad95&scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcamtwvyMNyxgGfdgqCCu9GkBZl21VfOcYfkJRh5E0ArHl4UUBtbSzwRQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></a></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcaohkRZ9cGSGGPakn9lRTzm4qIA3pNHn3EVXrsicT3De6T2ib5Slw6GsRQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span><span><br /></span></span></section></section></section></h2></section></section></section><section><span><section><h2 src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPQbfYUk2lKRJbtAXIuZ0kjicBeKbKicn7picTvdbH5bfuaoiazGOfbm8kw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558\"><span><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages __bg_gif wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK6M7Nv6wvsPyLPCsN7uraAJ0nGCQhDMIIg0L5icbmcctmcTvsgM0HwBpkXTF9ztE2MsQ8Tso0exnicA/640?wx_fmt=gif\" /></span></h2><section><span><span><br /></span></span></section><section><span><span>“</span><strong><span>在看</span></strong><span>”的永远18岁~</span></span></section></section></span></section><section><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><section><section style=\"padding-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 1em; display: flex;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"></span></section></section></section></span></section><p style=\"display: none;\"></p></div>\n \n\n \n <br />\n\n \n <a class=\"media_tool_meta meta_primary\" href=\"http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&mid=2651042227&idx=1&sn=78539ef43c196895172924630d17f28f&chksm=bcf2be601a1f46f2652e834f93b73f1797bfe57fd69f0406238feaa3ec1ec7be4f10333d86ea&scene=0#rd\" style=\"color: blue;\" target=\"_blank\">文章原文</a>\n <br />\n \n\n \n\n <img alt=\"\" class=\"\" height=\"1px\" src=\"http://www.jintiankansha.me/rss_static/101343/khhr4Bd7yN\" style=\"width: 1px; height: 1px; display: none;\" width=\"1px\" /></div></div>",
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"title": "为什么是“福如东海”“喝西北风”“指南”“败北”?",
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"description": "<div><div><div class=\"rich_media_content\" id=\"js_content\"><section style=\"margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 8px; white-space: normal; font-size: 16px; text-align: center; line-height: 1.5em;\"><img class=\"rich_pages js_insertlocalimg wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK6M7Nv6wvsPyLPCsN7uraAJxdXiby5XB2BE6S0ulr9Fs213uZ85nlxAalcgRcLFiaSVdOVlrtCZRibIw/640?wx_fmt=gif\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span><br /></span></section></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KTrc6aSILibzFyVReW04jlwFXPibEyyYef4crFVHJrngep9lAVTOO77uw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span><br /></span></section></section><p><span><span>本 文 约 3000 字</span></span></p><section><section label=\"Powered by 135editor.com\"><p><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(178, 178, 178); font-size: 12px;\"><span>阅 读 需 要 10 分 钟</span></span><span><span> </span></span></span></p></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"黑体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>首先,大家来阅读</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>一下</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>这首古诗:</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">南巷有贵人,高盖驷马车。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">我问何所苦,四十垂白须。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">答云君不知</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">,位重多忧虞。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">北里有寒士,瓮牖绳为枢。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">出扶桑枣杖,入卧蜗牛庐。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">散贱无忧患,心安体亦舒。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">东邻有富翁,藏货遍五都。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">东京收粟帛,西市鬻金珠。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">朝营暮计算,昼夜不安居。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">西舍有贫者,匹妇配匹夫。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">布裙行赁舂,裋褐坐佣书。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">以此求口食,一饱欣有馀。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">……</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: right;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">——白居易《效陶潜体诗(其十五)》</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCpLTxjyRhMqPJrp3OSNib2LKQAWibL3LMrXIE8DiaGBHXiabwUqRL8dLNCg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>我们知道,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>东、南、西、北是四个最基本的地理方位词,古时我们的祖先根据太阳确定四方,日出之向为东,日落之向为西,阳光正射之向为南,背阳之向为北。但从词源上说,这四个字与其古字本义都没有直接的关系,是后来假借为四方之名,用来表示方位的概念。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCfak0CIp8Rbgzu6QnZvImsfpLMLHmCyFJj0RMNQWHI4utHG55hwz7Hg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 260px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KA5LiaayS2oFnGM5BibJRCYLYHsp2dCLgq4icJBcnnpCrUmcAcL09AQhLg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>语言是社会的折射。从这首诗中我们不难看出</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“东”“南”常与富贵相伴,而“西”“北”又与贫寒相随。这一首诗用了四个方位词充分展现出人们的传统文化观念。就像国人常说 “福如东海,寿比南山”,而不说“西海”“北山”;说“喝西北风”而不说“喝东南风”,这其中都</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>潜藏</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>着深刻的社会文化心理。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><span>东、南为尊</span></font></b></p><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><span>西、北为卑</span></font></b></p></section></section></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><b><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></b><b><span><p></p></span></b></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>古往今来,在我们的文化观念中,方位总是和尊卑等级联系在一起。东西相对时,往往以东为尊,以西为卑。东方是太阳升起的方向,而太阳给人们带来光明、温暖和希望,因此在古人眼里,东方就意味着光明和新生</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>所以在传统风俗中以东为大,以东为尊。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCNkf0pjd2j6iaHIOTY4s18DI7WnzDYesgcPYepTeOHdYBc4m2V1MZ6SQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KiaeE3Uen066oT1WvOfkbwplZPaiaK4FoGhdQoRTotJLcw8aF0v2dYsVQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>古人将司春之神称为</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“东后”“东君”,就是因为春从东来,由东生。古代在五侯之上的皇帝及皇太子的居室要讲究“东位”,如“东内”是唐大明宫的别称,“东宫”则是太子的代称</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCOSZ5A1cspmiaCTIhjMsr8QkcbJ0e78DgV2ictYoTibaGM7J4kMla7G7tQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 262px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KiakmIdvv4iaBlGeicHqd9Z8RmiaHFKUS3jp5XOVXqjXubTg9V9YgksAwPw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">《旧唐书</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">·地理志一》:“东内曰大明宫,……高宗以后,天子常居东内</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">。</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">”</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">《诗</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">·卫风·硕人》:“东宫之妹,邢侯之姨。”孔颖达疏:“太子居东宫,因以东宫表太子。” </span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>古代皇宫和官舍在</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“东堂”,王侯显贵者要住“东第”,帝王行封禅事昭告天下太平谓“东对”,贵族子弟学校称“东横”,科举考试及第为“东堂桂”。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>这些词语十分直观地展现了东方的尊贵,可以说是当时人们社会理想的外化表现。《史记</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>·司马相如列传》中也有:“位为通侯,居列东第</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>。</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>”后来,“东第”便泛指富贵人家的住宅。这种尊东的观念一直影响至今,在农村父母子女同住时,父母必须居住在东边的房间,长幼尊卑划分得十分清楚。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCedpyZd7lydRbJhALwtpYsPvks5H9vBvAD2X4zMD5J2OuEQfxmsXdsA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4K6sKHXuQnpYSprhnLzQWBubOiboRKA36lAqUJpO9dr3iaTJpF6B5Lgu3Q/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>与</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“东”相对的“西”</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>是太阳下山的地方,因此,它象征着黑暗、死亡,常常让人感到恐怖和不祥。《论衡</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>·四讳》</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>中有</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>:</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“俗有大讳四,一曰讳西益宅。西益宅之不祥,不祥必有死亡,相惧以此,故世莫敢西益宅。”</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>古人将西方与不祥、死亡联系在一起,今天我们把</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“死亡”称为“上西天”“驾鹤西去”,就是这种传统观念的反映。</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>纵观古代文学作品,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“西”也常被借用到古诗中,烘托悲痛、伤感的情绪。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCPcOcvhKFK4d5jRLUlGDhDseSIlXpWCcETzCuykiaAqBj35e5wZ5Qf5A/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>另外,古人还认为东属阳,西属阴,如此,东西方位还常与男女两性联系在一起。《古乐府</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>·日出东南隅行》:“东方千馀骑,夫骑居上头。”诗中女子罗敷自述其夫居官高贵,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>以</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“东方千骑”,形容夫婿的显赫。后</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>便</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>以</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“东方骑”指女子</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>找到一个极好的夫</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>婿。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4Kjf0QG4fXNicbVibA02eL7p54ibyObIwiaGkyCIwPe69rSTtV1OZAVx2Btw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KtTWBdAIewXnkzEdoMstjwlP7AtJZHDqoAkvxaUQibkbndr4Ek8n5zpA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>文学作品中,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>女子所在的方位</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>也</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>常常写在西边。</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>如</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>南朝梁武帝《拟明月照高楼》:</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“君如东扶景,妾似西柳烟。”</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>还有</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“西厢”“西楼”都指女子的住所。这</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>些都是</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>西阴东阳文化内涵的反映。当然,一定程度上也是男尊女卑思想观念的体现。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>当南北相对时</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>南往往处于尊位。由于我国位于北半球,阳光是从南面照射过来的,人类都有喜暖恶寒的倾向,因此卑阴而尊阳。有诗云:</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>南枝向暖北枝寒,一种春风有两般。</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>”人的荣华富贵与草木的繁荣茂盛相似,所以“南”又有富贵的象征意义。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>再说北方,学者吕洪年认为,由于太阳一天的运行经过东、南、西三方,北方是太阳不到之处,所以,在四方位空间观念最初形成之际,北方就被认为是阴间地狱所在的方位。古代埋葬死人时大都埋在居住区的北面,而且有的还讲究要朝北。《礼记</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>·檀弓下》记载:</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“葬于北方,北首,三代之达礼也,之幽之故也。”</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>历史上有名的墓葬场就位于洛阳城北面的北邙山上。</span></font></p><section><span> </span></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KqaqsxvLFgOdPzR7zGibhia4vgM1ats4TRicsK1wsTJA6BtaGI6Bt1uuDQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4Kax4kdvia29wyqZRacakOAf4SnNnkh9Iqh27Cqj7OicUKRLoTap5iaKdcg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section><span><br /></span></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>这也就很好地回答了文章开头提出的问题,因为东南为尊,因此常常象征着权力、光明、富贵和繁荣;西北为卑,则代表着贫瘠、寒微和穷困潦倒。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><span>我是谁,我在哪儿?</span></font></b></p></section></section></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><b><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></b><b><span><p></p></span></b></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>中国向来讲究礼仪</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>和秩序</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>古代封建社会中人与人之间的</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>高低尊卑泾渭分明,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>尊卑</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>在</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>座次</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>上也</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>有着鲜明的体现,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>而</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“东西南北”已经被人们赋予了尊卑</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>隐喻</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>,那么就有了以方位</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>安排座位</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>来区别尊卑。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>在</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>古代文献典籍</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>中</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>,以</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>方位体现尊卑观念的记载随处可见。</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>例如</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>《周礼</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>·曲礼上》有:</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“主人就东阶,客就西阶;主人坐东面西,客人坐西面东。”</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>所以,当家里来客人时,主人一般是将宾客安排在西边,面向东,而自己坐在东边,面向西,以此来表达对宾客的尊敬。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KkZuOzusREJmMiaWKuPWKVJVvrEzezU5RuG9EKicibT2CTLSwiaTh846yOA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KP1JGfbib1B1bPjerUibR6TQCbHg632hDD9OzCNylLHwK1qtTMl2xXnIw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>古代中国常将老师称作</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“西席”“西宾”,就是这个道理。我们自古就有尊师重道的传统,因此一定会把老师安排在西边的座位。</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>东汉时期,汉明帝刘庄为太子刘炟<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(后为汉章帝)</span>聘请经学大师桓荣为太傅。据《后汉书</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>·桓荣传》记载,明帝亲临太学听桓荣讲经时,为表尊师之礼,特设坐席于讲堂西侧<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: #888888;\">(面朝东方)</span>,自居东面听讲。唐代以后,“西席”逐渐脱离具体场景,成为对私塾先生、</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>教师</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>的泛称。如《红楼梦》第二回</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>有</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(贾雨村)</span>做了林如海的西宾”,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>这里</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“西宾”即“西席”的同义表达。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>当然,如果有不喜欢、瞧</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>不起的人来赴宴,也可以反其道而行之把他安排在东边就座。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4Kz40WAJE8fJjbY7dwiaQhloZZLvmEutc7dgjE0FfSO9jCc2qlnmkMKuQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 270px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KFxHEXMZuaiball9wZtSTT2lo1xT9KqqbFcMdR3Crx9SsjNY7WBNDjdA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>《史记</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>·项羽本纪》中记载:</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“项王、项伯东向坐,亚父南向坐,沛公北向坐,张良西向侍。”</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>这就是那场著名的</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“鸿门宴”上的座次安排。项羽设鸿门宴欲杀刘邦,将对方视为自己的囊中之物,并不把对方作为尊客嘉宾看待,因此在席位的安排上,把己方放在尊位,对方则在卑位。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KfzM4jUzK4ibIjfluAJAaiaXN4Ky3ZfMicBoibics9hal19m8eEQVSRKwCqg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4Kp4hlWrV0m1NNZbd7kE2JhxRX5X7IibRWlV3AXPwboAWufzxFnz8oFCQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>这里值得一提的是,很多人会将</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“尊者东面,卑者西面”与现在人们请客吃饭时说的“做东”联系在一起。但</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>实际上,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“做东”一词与方位尊卑关系不大。“做东”是“做东道主”的简称。而“东道主”一词源于中国古代的一个著名历史事件。</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>《左传</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>·僖公三十年》</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>记载,春</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>秋时期,晋国联合秦国围攻郑国<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(今河南境内)</span>。郑国弱小,危在旦夕。郑国大夫烛之武夜见秦穆公,以利害关系游说秦国退兵。烛之武对秦穆公说:</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“若舍郑以为东道主,行李之往来,共其乏困,君亦无所害。”</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>意思是说如果秦国放过郑国,让郑国作为秦国东方道路上的主人<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(东道主)</span>,秦国的使者途经郑国时,郑国可提供物资补给,这对秦国有利无害。最终秦穆公被说服,撤兵并与郑国结盟。后来</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“东道主”逐渐开始泛指接待宾客的主人。 </span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KLftcY6jwbIICwuNvALgucU9mrzKEojka0NZYiaB5BY8YNkwVz9TX4Pg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 310px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KwpfDGUgTcicibAo1R3F9IHeVFnIAlvoicYNX17dVQUgx9yLddnOwNIBsg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>出于维护礼制秩序的需要,古代的人们十分重视自己在四方之中的</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“位置”,古时的“南面”<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(面朝南边)</span>“北面”<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(面向北边)</span>还有着特殊的意义。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>古代以坐北朝南为尊位,故天子、诸侯见群臣,或卿大夫见僚属,皆南面而坐,如《易经</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>·说卦》</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>说</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>圣人南面而听天下</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>”,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>《庄子</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>·盗跖》</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>也</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>以</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>南面称孤</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>”</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>指代君主权威</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>。</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>后来</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“南面”</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>便</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>引申为泛指帝王的统治</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>。</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>中国古代的宫殿、都城、住宅也多以坐北朝南为正向,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>南方成为权力</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>和正统的</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>象征</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>而臣子见天子或下属见诸侯、大夫则相反。</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>古代臣子面北朝拜君主,《史记</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>·郦生陆贾列传》载</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>君王宜郊迎,北面称臣</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>”</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>,强化</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>了</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>北方作为臣服方位的象征。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><span>人生指南:</span></font></b></p><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><span>犹豫,就会败北</span></font></b></p></section></section></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><b><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></b><b><span><p></p></span></b></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4Kj6ekibGHsz4HibsqUibSKQIiaRkFccH7icnhEeGawiaeg2I8BSXtGCppibzlw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>前文已述,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>在古代中国,南方被尊为至高无上的方位</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>在古代方位系统中,常以南作为基准。不过说到</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“指南”一词,我们就不得不提我国古代四大发明之一的指南针了。早在战国时期,我们聪明的祖先就制造出了初代指南针——司南。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KqBkQBfr4m0yzTFO2JukzLx85XrPhqXDLrInSSj4fhKNJFUJNTBLuLw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4Kh0ictrZ40QL7210hJIE1GGjBzMlWJ2Q5mgeXudyOxlDeUxVVmyMwk0w/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>东汉学者王充在《论衡》中记载:</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“司南之杓,投之于地,其柢指南。”</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>因此</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“指南”成为约定俗成的说法。</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>同时,从实用</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>和习惯</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>角度出发,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“指南”相较于“指北”更易被理解和记忆</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>。</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>古代海图多采用</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>上南下北</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>”</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>布局,以南方为正向基准更直观,如《郑和航海图》</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>就是</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>以指南定位为主导。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span></span><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>而</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“败北”一词则要从“</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>北</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>”的</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>甲骨文</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>说起。甲骨文中的</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“北”,就好像两个人背靠背站立着,而金文、小篆将“北”会意为二人相背,认为“北”是“背”的古字。许慎在《说文解字》解释道:“北,苝也。从二人相背。”段玉裁注:“军奔曰北,其引申之义也。”</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KLiaIEuWsdyPYico6DYia77g3crRCKtaTAeh256xUrKloJFL4LI5CZpAzw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>古代战争以战车和方阵为主,士兵转身逃跑会将后背暴露给敌人,是很危险的状态。因此</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“北”<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(背对敌人)</span>成为战败的象征。《史记·项羽本纪》中有“身七十余战,所当者破,未尝败北”。《韩非子·五蠹》说“仲尼赏而鲁民易降北”,这里的“降北”即为投降败逃之义。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>所以</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“败北”一词和方向本身关系不大。战败的关键动作是“转身背敌”,而非逃向南方或北方。即使败军向南跑,依然称为“败北”。古代汉语中,“北”已固定为“败逃”的专称,如“追亡逐北”<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(追赶败逃的敌人)</span>、“北军”<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(溃败的军队)</span>。</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KLA6icrk1xoncDZT9CiaNMIxUiclsJjO19xunAIKwWEbGMOlcsPQsK3uRQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 249px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KqL1zv0FCVrkYLich8ccVWicFKzTrPp2AckQic1O4UHxvIBll9iaarhx6yw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>中华</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>民族文化历史悠久,所以汉语中大部分的词语,都</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>与</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>历史文化</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>有着密不可分的联系</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>。</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>中国传统文化中</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>方位</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>”</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>不仅是地理概念,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>还</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>被赋予</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>了</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>多重意义</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>展现了我们的思想、观念、礼俗和情感,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>使汉语方位词承载了远超空间指示</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>功能</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>的丰富内涵</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>成为</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>打开传统文化的一把钥匙。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><b><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">参考文献:</span></span></font></b><b><span><p></p></span></b></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">[1]</span></span><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">段玉裁:《说文解字注》,上海</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">:上海古籍出版社,1981.</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">[2]</span></span><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">许慎</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">:《说文解字》,北京:中华书局,1963.</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">[3]</span></span><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">吴佳娣</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">.浅谈自然方位词的文化内涵[J].现代语文(语言研究版),2008,(02):28-29.</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">[4]</span></span><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">纪国泰</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">.试论《辞源》“西席”释义的引文不当[J].时代文学(理论学术版),2007,(05):43-44.</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">[5]</span></span><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">贾吉峰</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">.汉语空间方位词“东、西、南、北”浅论[J].现代语文(学术综合版),2012,(12):147-149.</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">[6]</span></span><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">程雅</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">.“败北”史料考源及意义流变[J].汉字文化,2024,(13):126-128.</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">[7]</span></span><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">靳雅姝</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">.“东西南北”与方位文化[D].延边大学,2003.</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">*</span>本文系“国家</span></font><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">人文历史”独家稿件,欢迎读者转发朋友圈。</span></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><span><br /></span></p><section><section><section><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4s6XTkV1zgY7Ndw3fVeyGpxIIj30oUzpUnwIcafcXhx66GztUhxGc2FM8I09uwLbMwUFOQfZVGcg/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section></section></section><section><span><span>END</span></span></section><section><span><span>作者 | 西洲</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span></span></span></span></section><section><span><span>编辑 | 胡心雅</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span></span></span></span></section><section><span><span>主编 | 周斌</span></span></section><section><span><span>排版 | 曲晨溪(实习)</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span></span></span></span></section><section><span><span>校对 | 火炬 李栋 古月</span></span></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><span><span><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK6o0DTLAcjHUob1LlCbkiaCGeUicmbUPjIKiciad7l2ytYjz3bGBzNyAUu0aicCb4oWXbicQBJA96lk9Tug/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></span></span></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><strong><span><br /></span></strong></section><section><strong><span>国历好物</span></strong></section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK50l871IgvMuCSibrmOibSxicuB2xBPs1uQ2ZspQytHr1P0K7rUaKzSAg2CRzMr8ibAYhs2mSk7cLvZpQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section><p><span><strong><span><span>进击的士族</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>旁落的皇权</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>跨越五百年的权力对抗史</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>国民历史读物《国家人文历史》专业团队</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>最新力作</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>展现士族潮起潮落的史诗级历史画卷</span></span></strong></span></p><section label=\"edit by 135editor\"><section><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK50l871IgvMuCSibrmOibSxicuassfQWcfhotQqH5lYBRPtichLu7A0vIGovAB5sRkicvnkQnT342127lA/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section><section><section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section></section><section><section><strong><span>点击下方封面,即可购买</span></strong></section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><span><strong><span><span>↓↓↓</span></span></strong></span></p><p><a class=\"weapp_image_link js_weapp_entry\"><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK5sbRbqWpNPCUYibIYbC7RFRAHn32PAWbKDIM6A4MkicYHOWIR0Hy6iamToAdrvvPDeu5T15EKXjC1Fg/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></a><span><br /></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><h2 src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPQbfYUk2lKRJbtAXIuZ0kjicBeKbKicn7picTvdbH5bfuaoiazGOfbm8kw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558\"><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPPS2Tl0L42giakAlUSsWM2hKsLfDwrNFcLNgFaxPhQng3E9mCRE3tkg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558px\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&mid=2651035606&idx=1&sn=95e5b910a9c15c3b861b33b6a6da3866&scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcaIgQkEibvERBOGAaoicFhgsfmibxDTGK2z3uLHbhcvWGEYibV0hom5VW8CA/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></a></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&mid=2651035897&idx=1&sn=befda0705325843f84da3911012cad95&scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcamtwvyMNyxgGfdgqCCu9GkBZl21VfOcYfkJRh5E0ArHl4UUBtbSzwRQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></a></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcaohkRZ9cGSGGPakn9lRTzm4qIA3pNHn3EVXrsicT3De6T2ib5Slw6GsRQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span><span><br /></span></span></section></section></section></h2></section></section></section><section><span><section><h2 src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPQbfYUk2lKRJbtAXIuZ0kjicBeKbKicn7picTvdbH5bfuaoiazGOfbm8kw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558\"><span><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages __bg_gif wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK6M7Nv6wvsPyLPCsN7uraAJ0nGCQhDMIIg0L5icbmcctmcTvsgM0HwBpkXTF9ztE2MsQ8Tso0exnicA/640?wx_fmt=gif\" /></span></h2><section><span><span>“</span><strong><span>在看</span></strong><span>”的永远18岁~</span></span></section></section></span></section><section><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><section><section style=\"padding-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 1em; display: flex;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"></span></section></section></section></span></section><p style=\"display: none;\"></p></div>\n \n\n \n <br />\n\n \n <a class=\"media_tool_meta meta_primary\" href=\"http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&mid=2651042201&idx=1&sn=8b950724324b357bec10b2210270f792&chksm=bcfce3f66dd7bcf08b00e80a35e5ac0a7f6e7761f626da76c82bc9908dc92f86c8f64719306b&scene=0#rd\" style=\"color: blue;\" target=\"_blank\">文章原文</a>\n <br />\n \n\n \n\n <img alt=\"\" class=\"\" height=\"1px\" src=\"http://www.jintiankansha.me/rss_static/13443/uaCWDOAccG\" style=\"width: 1px; height: 1px; display: none;\" width=\"1px\" /></div></div>",
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"content": "<div><div><div class=\"rich_media_content\" id=\"js_content\"><section style=\"margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 8px; white-space: normal; font-size: 16px; text-align: center; line-height: 1.5em;\"><img class=\"rich_pages js_insertlocalimg wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK6M7Nv6wvsPyLPCsN7uraAJxdXiby5XB2BE6S0ulr9Fs213uZ85nlxAalcgRcLFiaSVdOVlrtCZRibIw/640?wx_fmt=gif\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span><br /></span></section></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KTrc6aSILibzFyVReW04jlwFXPibEyyYef4crFVHJrngep9lAVTOO77uw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span><br /></span></section></section><p><span><span>本 文 约 3000 字</span></span></p><section><section label=\"Powered by 135editor.com\"><p><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(178, 178, 178); font-size: 12px;\"><span>阅 读 需 要 10 分 钟</span></span><span><span> </span></span></span></p></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"黑体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>首先,大家来阅读</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>一下</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>这首古诗:</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">南巷有贵人,高盖驷马车。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">我问何所苦,四十垂白须。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">答云君不知</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">,位重多忧虞。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">北里有寒士,瓮牖绳为枢。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">出扶桑枣杖,入卧蜗牛庐。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">散贱无忧患,心安体亦舒。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">东邻有富翁,藏货遍五都。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">东京收粟帛,西市鬻金珠。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">朝营暮计算,昼夜不安居。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">西舍有贫者,匹妇配匹夫。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">布裙行赁舂,裋褐坐佣书。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">以此求口食,一饱欣有馀。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">……</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: right;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">——白居易《效陶潜体诗(其十五)》</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCpLTxjyRhMqPJrp3OSNib2LKQAWibL3LMrXIE8DiaGBHXiabwUqRL8dLNCg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>我们知道,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>东、南、西、北是四个最基本的地理方位词,古时我们的祖先根据太阳确定四方,日出之向为东,日落之向为西,阳光正射之向为南,背阳之向为北。但从词源上说,这四个字与其古字本义都没有直接的关系,是后来假借为四方之名,用来表示方位的概念。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCfak0CIp8Rbgzu6QnZvImsfpLMLHmCyFJj0RMNQWHI4utHG55hwz7Hg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 260px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KA5LiaayS2oFnGM5BibJRCYLYHsp2dCLgq4icJBcnnpCrUmcAcL09AQhLg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>语言是社会的折射。从这首诗中我们不难看出</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“东”“南”常与富贵相伴,而“西”“北”又与贫寒相随。这一首诗用了四个方位词充分展现出人们的传统文化观念。就像国人常说 “福如东海,寿比南山”,而不说“西海”“北山”;说“喝西北风”而不说“喝东南风”,这其中都</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>潜藏</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>着深刻的社会文化心理。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><span>东、南为尊</span></font></b></p><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><span>西、北为卑</span></font></b></p></section></section></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><b><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></b><b><span><p></p></span></b></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>古往今来,在我们的文化观念中,方位总是和尊卑等级联系在一起。东西相对时,往往以东为尊,以西为卑。东方是太阳升起的方向,而太阳给人们带来光明、温暖和希望,因此在古人眼里,东方就意味着光明和新生</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>所以在传统风俗中以东为大,以东为尊。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCNkf0pjd2j6iaHIOTY4s18DI7WnzDYesgcPYepTeOHdYBc4m2V1MZ6SQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KiaeE3Uen066oT1WvOfkbwplZPaiaK4FoGhdQoRTotJLcw8aF0v2dYsVQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>古人将司春之神称为</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“东后”“东君”,就是因为春从东来,由东生。古代在五侯之上的皇帝及皇太子的居室要讲究“东位”,如“东内”是唐大明宫的别称,“东宫”则是太子的代称</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCOSZ5A1cspmiaCTIhjMsr8QkcbJ0e78DgV2ictYoTibaGM7J4kMla7G7tQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 262px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KiakmIdvv4iaBlGeicHqd9Z8RmiaHFKUS3jp5XOVXqjXubTg9V9YgksAwPw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">《旧唐书</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">·地理志一》:“东内曰大明宫,……高宗以后,天子常居东内</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">。</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">”</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">《诗</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">·卫风·硕人》:“东宫之妹,邢侯之姨。”孔颖达疏:“太子居东宫,因以东宫表太子。” </span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>古代皇宫和官舍在</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“东堂”,王侯显贵者要住“东第”,帝王行封禅事昭告天下太平谓“东对”,贵族子弟学校称“东横”,科举考试及第为“东堂桂”。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>这些词语十分直观地展现了东方的尊贵,可以说是当时人们社会理想的外化表现。《史记</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>·司马相如列传》中也有:“位为通侯,居列东第</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>。</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>”后来,“东第”便泛指富贵人家的住宅。这种尊东的观念一直影响至今,在农村父母子女同住时,父母必须居住在东边的房间,长幼尊卑划分得十分清楚。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCedpyZd7lydRbJhALwtpYsPvks5H9vBvAD2X4zMD5J2OuEQfxmsXdsA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4K6sKHXuQnpYSprhnLzQWBubOiboRKA36lAqUJpO9dr3iaTJpF6B5Lgu3Q/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>与</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“东”相对的“西”</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>是太阳下山的地方,因此,它象征着黑暗、死亡,常常让人感到恐怖和不祥。《论衡</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>·四讳》</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>中有</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>:</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“俗有大讳四,一曰讳西益宅。西益宅之不祥,不祥必有死亡,相惧以此,故世莫敢西益宅。”</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>古人将西方与不祥、死亡联系在一起,今天我们把</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“死亡”称为“上西天”“驾鹤西去”,就是这种传统观念的反映。</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>纵观古代文学作品,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“西”也常被借用到古诗中,烘托悲痛、伤感的情绪。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCPcOcvhKFK4d5jRLUlGDhDseSIlXpWCcETzCuykiaAqBj35e5wZ5Qf5A/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>另外,古人还认为东属阳,西属阴,如此,东西方位还常与男女两性联系在一起。《古乐府</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>·日出东南隅行》:“东方千馀骑,夫骑居上头。”诗中女子罗敷自述其夫居官高贵,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>以</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“东方千骑”,形容夫婿的显赫。后</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>便</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>以</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“东方骑”指女子</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>找到一个极好的夫</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>婿。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4Kjf0QG4fXNicbVibA02eL7p54ibyObIwiaGkyCIwPe69rSTtV1OZAVx2Btw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KtTWBdAIewXnkzEdoMstjwlP7AtJZHDqoAkvxaUQibkbndr4Ek8n5zpA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>文学作品中,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>女子所在的方位</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>也</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>常常写在西边。</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>如</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>南朝梁武帝《拟明月照高楼》:</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“君如东扶景,妾似西柳烟。”</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>还有</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“西厢”“西楼”都指女子的住所。这</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>些都是</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>西阴东阳文化内涵的反映。当然,一定程度上也是男尊女卑思想观念的体现。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>当南北相对时</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>南往往处于尊位。由于我国位于北半球,阳光是从南面照射过来的,人类都有喜暖恶寒的倾向,因此卑阴而尊阳。有诗云:</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>南枝向暖北枝寒,一种春风有两般。</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>”人的荣华富贵与草木的繁荣茂盛相似,所以“南”又有富贵的象征意义。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>再说北方,学者吕洪年认为,由于太阳一天的运行经过东、南、西三方,北方是太阳不到之处,所以,在四方位空间观念最初形成之际,北方就被认为是阴间地狱所在的方位。古代埋葬死人时大都埋在居住区的北面,而且有的还讲究要朝北。《礼记</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>·檀弓下》记载:</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“葬于北方,北首,三代之达礼也,之幽之故也。”</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>历史上有名的墓葬场就位于洛阳城北面的北邙山上。</span></font></p><section><span> </span></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KqaqsxvLFgOdPzR7zGibhia4vgM1ats4TRicsK1wsTJA6BtaGI6Bt1uuDQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4Kax4kdvia29wyqZRacakOAf4SnNnkh9Iqh27Cqj7OicUKRLoTap5iaKdcg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section><span><br /></span></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>这也就很好地回答了文章开头提出的问题,因为东南为尊,因此常常象征着权力、光明、富贵和繁荣;西北为卑,则代表着贫瘠、寒微和穷困潦倒。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><span>我是谁,我在哪儿?</span></font></b></p></section></section></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><b><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></b><b><span><p></p></span></b></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>中国向来讲究礼仪</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>和秩序</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>古代封建社会中人与人之间的</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>高低尊卑泾渭分明,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>尊卑</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>在</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>座次</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>上也</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>有着鲜明的体现,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>而</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“东西南北”已经被人们赋予了尊卑</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>隐喻</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>,那么就有了以方位</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>安排座位</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>来区别尊卑。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>在</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>古代文献典籍</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>中</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>,以</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>方位体现尊卑观念的记载随处可见。</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>例如</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>《周礼</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>·曲礼上》有:</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“主人就东阶,客就西阶;主人坐东面西,客人坐西面东。”</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>所以,当家里来客人时,主人一般是将宾客安排在西边,面向东,而自己坐在东边,面向西,以此来表达对宾客的尊敬。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KkZuOzusREJmMiaWKuPWKVJVvrEzezU5RuG9EKicibT2CTLSwiaTh846yOA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KP1JGfbib1B1bPjerUibR6TQCbHg632hDD9OzCNylLHwK1qtTMl2xXnIw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>古代中国常将老师称作</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“西席”“西宾”,就是这个道理。我们自古就有尊师重道的传统,因此一定会把老师安排在西边的座位。</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>东汉时期,汉明帝刘庄为太子刘炟<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(后为汉章帝)</span>聘请经学大师桓荣为太傅。据《后汉书</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>·桓荣传》记载,明帝亲临太学听桓荣讲经时,为表尊师之礼,特设坐席于讲堂西侧<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: #888888;\">(面朝东方)</span>,自居东面听讲。唐代以后,“西席”逐渐脱离具体场景,成为对私塾先生、</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>教师</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>的泛称。如《红楼梦》第二回</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>有</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(贾雨村)</span>做了林如海的西宾”,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>这里</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“西宾”即“西席”的同义表达。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>当然,如果有不喜欢、瞧</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>不起的人来赴宴,也可以反其道而行之把他安排在东边就座。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4Kz40WAJE8fJjbY7dwiaQhloZZLvmEutc7dgjE0FfSO9jCc2qlnmkMKuQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 270px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KFxHEXMZuaiball9wZtSTT2lo1xT9KqqbFcMdR3Crx9SsjNY7WBNDjdA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>《史记</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>·项羽本纪》中记载:</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“项王、项伯东向坐,亚父南向坐,沛公北向坐,张良西向侍。”</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>这就是那场著名的</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“鸿门宴”上的座次安排。项羽设鸿门宴欲杀刘邦,将对方视为自己的囊中之物,并不把对方作为尊客嘉宾看待,因此在席位的安排上,把己方放在尊位,对方则在卑位。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KfzM4jUzK4ibIjfluAJAaiaXN4Ky3ZfMicBoibics9hal19m8eEQVSRKwCqg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4Kp4hlWrV0m1NNZbd7kE2JhxRX5X7IibRWlV3AXPwboAWufzxFnz8oFCQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>这里值得一提的是,很多人会将</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“尊者东面,卑者西面”与现在人们请客吃饭时说的“做东”联系在一起。但</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>实际上,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“做东”一词与方位尊卑关系不大。“做东”是“做东道主”的简称。而“东道主”一词源于中国古代的一个著名历史事件。</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>《左传</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>·僖公三十年》</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>记载,春</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>秋时期,晋国联合秦国围攻郑国<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(今河南境内)</span>。郑国弱小,危在旦夕。郑国大夫烛之武夜见秦穆公,以利害关系游说秦国退兵。烛之武对秦穆公说:</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“若舍郑以为东道主,行李之往来,共其乏困,君亦无所害。”</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>意思是说如果秦国放过郑国,让郑国作为秦国东方道路上的主人<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(东道主)</span>,秦国的使者途经郑国时,郑国可提供物资补给,这对秦国有利无害。最终秦穆公被说服,撤兵并与郑国结盟。后来</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“东道主”逐渐开始泛指接待宾客的主人。 </span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KLftcY6jwbIICwuNvALgucU9mrzKEojka0NZYiaB5BY8YNkwVz9TX4Pg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 310px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KwpfDGUgTcicibAo1R3F9IHeVFnIAlvoicYNX17dVQUgx9yLddnOwNIBsg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>出于维护礼制秩序的需要,古代的人们十分重视自己在四方之中的</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“位置”,古时的“南面”<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(面朝南边)</span>“北面”<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(面向北边)</span>还有着特殊的意义。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>古代以坐北朝南为尊位,故天子、诸侯见群臣,或卿大夫见僚属,皆南面而坐,如《易经</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>·说卦》</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>说</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>圣人南面而听天下</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>”,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>《庄子</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>·盗跖》</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>也</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>以</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>南面称孤</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>”</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>指代君主权威</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>。</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>后来</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“南面”</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>便</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>引申为泛指帝王的统治</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>。</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>中国古代的宫殿、都城、住宅也多以坐北朝南为正向,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>南方成为权力</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>和正统的</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>象征</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>而臣子见天子或下属见诸侯、大夫则相反。</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>古代臣子面北朝拜君主,《史记</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>·郦生陆贾列传》载</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>君王宜郊迎,北面称臣</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>”</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>,强化</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>了</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>北方作为臣服方位的象征。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><span>人生指南:</span></font></b></p><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><span>犹豫,就会败北</span></font></b></p></section></section></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><b><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></b><b><span><p></p></span></b></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4Kj6ekibGHsz4HibsqUibSKQIiaRkFccH7icnhEeGawiaeg2I8BSXtGCppibzlw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>前文已述,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>在古代中国,南方被尊为至高无上的方位</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>在古代方位系统中,常以南作为基准。不过说到</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“指南”一词,我们就不得不提我国古代四大发明之一的指南针了。早在战国时期,我们聪明的祖先就制造出了初代指南针——司南。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KqBkQBfr4m0yzTFO2JukzLx85XrPhqXDLrInSSj4fhKNJFUJNTBLuLw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4Kh0ictrZ40QL7210hJIE1GGjBzMlWJ2Q5mgeXudyOxlDeUxVVmyMwk0w/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>东汉学者王充在《论衡》中记载:</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“司南之杓,投之于地,其柢指南。”</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>因此</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“指南”成为约定俗成的说法。</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>同时,从实用</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>和习惯</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>角度出发,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“指南”相较于“指北”更易被理解和记忆</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>。</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>古代海图多采用</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>上南下北</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>”</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>布局,以南方为正向基准更直观,如《郑和航海图》</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>就是</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>以指南定位为主导。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span></span><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>而</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“败北”一词则要从“</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>北</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>”的</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>甲骨文</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>说起。甲骨文中的</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“北”,就好像两个人背靠背站立着,而金文、小篆将“北”会意为二人相背,认为“北”是“背”的古字。许慎在《说文解字》解释道:“北,苝也。从二人相背。”段玉裁注:“军奔曰北,其引申之义也。”</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KLiaIEuWsdyPYico6DYia77g3crRCKtaTAeh256xUrKloJFL4LI5CZpAzw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>古代战争以战车和方阵为主,士兵转身逃跑会将后背暴露给敌人,是很危险的状态。因此</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“北”<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(背对敌人)</span>成为战败的象征。《史记·项羽本纪》中有“身七十余战,所当者破,未尝败北”。《韩非子·五蠹》说“仲尼赏而鲁民易降北”,这里的“降北”即为投降败逃之义。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>所以</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“败北”一词和方向本身关系不大。战败的关键动作是“转身背敌”,而非逃向南方或北方。即使败军向南跑,依然称为“败北”。古代汉语中,“北”已固定为“败逃”的专称,如“追亡逐北”<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(追赶败逃的敌人)</span>、“北军”<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(溃败的军队)</span>。</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KLA6icrk1xoncDZT9CiaNMIxUiclsJjO19xunAIKwWEbGMOlcsPQsK3uRQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 249px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KqL1zv0FCVrkYLich8ccVWicFKzTrPp2AckQic1O4UHxvIBll9iaarhx6yw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>中华</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>民族文化历史悠久,所以汉语中大部分的词语,都</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>与</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>历史文化</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>有着密不可分的联系</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>。</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>中国传统文化中</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>方位</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>”</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>不仅是地理概念,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>还</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>被赋予</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>了</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>多重意义</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>展现了我们的思想、观念、礼俗和情感,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>使汉语方位词承载了远超空间指示</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>功能</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>的丰富内涵</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>成为</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>打开传统文化的一把钥匙。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><b><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">参考文献:</span></span></font></b><b><span><p></p></span></b></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">[1]</span></span><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">段玉裁:《说文解字注》,上海</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">:上海古籍出版社,1981.</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">[2]</span></span><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">许慎</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">:《说文解字》,北京:中华书局,1963.</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">[3]</span></span><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">吴佳娣</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">.浅谈自然方位词的文化内涵[J].现代语文(语言研究版),2008,(02):28-29.</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">[4]</span></span><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">纪国泰</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">.试论《辞源》“西席”释义的引文不当[J].时代文学(理论学术版),2007,(05):43-44.</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">[5]</span></span><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">贾吉峰</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">.汉语空间方位词“东、西、南、北”浅论[J].现代语文(学术综合版),2012,(12):147-149.</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">[6]</span></span><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">程雅</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">.“败北”史料考源及意义流变[J].汉字文化,2024,(13):126-128.</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">[7]</span></span><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">靳雅姝</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">.“东西南北”与方位文化[D].延边大学,2003.</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">*</span>本文系“国家</span></font><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">人文历史”独家稿件,欢迎读者转发朋友圈。</span></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><span><br /></span></p><section><section><section><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4s6XTkV1zgY7Ndw3fVeyGpxIIj30oUzpUnwIcafcXhx66GztUhxGc2FM8I09uwLbMwUFOQfZVGcg/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section></section></section><section><span><span>END</span></span></section><section><span><span>作者 | 西洲</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span></span></span></span></section><section><span><span>编辑 | 胡心雅</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span></span></span></span></section><section><span><span>主编 | 周斌</span></span></section><section><span><span>排版 | 曲晨溪(实习)</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span></span></span></span></section><section><span><span>校对 | 火炬 李栋 古月</span></span></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><span><span><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK6o0DTLAcjHUob1LlCbkiaCGeUicmbUPjIKiciad7l2ytYjz3bGBzNyAUu0aicCb4oWXbicQBJA96lk9Tug/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></span></span></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><strong><span><br /></span></strong></section><section><strong><span>国历好物</span></strong></section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK50l871IgvMuCSibrmOibSxicuB2xBPs1uQ2ZspQytHr1P0K7rUaKzSAg2CRzMr8ibAYhs2mSk7cLvZpQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section><p><span><strong><span><span>进击的士族</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>旁落的皇权</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>跨越五百年的权力对抗史</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>国民历史读物《国家人文历史》专业团队</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>最新力作</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>展现士族潮起潮落的史诗级历史画卷</span></span></strong></span></p><section label=\"edit by 135editor\"><section><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK50l871IgvMuCSibrmOibSxicuassfQWcfhotQqH5lYBRPtichLu7A0vIGovAB5sRkicvnkQnT342127lA/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section><section><section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section></section><section><section><strong><span>点击下方封面,即可购买</span></strong></section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><span><strong><span><span>↓↓↓</span></span></strong></span></p><p><a class=\"weapp_image_link js_weapp_entry\"><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK5sbRbqWpNPCUYibIYbC7RFRAHn32PAWbKDIM6A4MkicYHOWIR0Hy6iamToAdrvvPDeu5T15EKXjC1Fg/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></a><span><br /></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><h2 src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPQbfYUk2lKRJbtAXIuZ0kjicBeKbKicn7picTvdbH5bfuaoiazGOfbm8kw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558\"><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPPS2Tl0L42giakAlUSsWM2hKsLfDwrNFcLNgFaxPhQng3E9mCRE3tkg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558px\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&mid=2651035606&idx=1&sn=95e5b910a9c15c3b861b33b6a6da3866&scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcaIgQkEibvERBOGAaoicFhgsfmibxDTGK2z3uLHbhcvWGEYibV0hom5VW8CA/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></a></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&mid=2651035897&idx=1&sn=befda0705325843f84da3911012cad95&scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcamtwvyMNyxgGfdgqCCu9GkBZl21VfOcYfkJRh5E0ArHl4UUBtbSzwRQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></a></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcaohkRZ9cGSGGPakn9lRTzm4qIA3pNHn3EVXrsicT3De6T2ib5Slw6GsRQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span><span><br /></span></span></section></section></section></h2></section></section></section><section><span><section><h2 src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPQbfYUk2lKRJbtAXIuZ0kjicBeKbKicn7picTvdbH5bfuaoiazGOfbm8kw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558\"><span><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages __bg_gif wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK6M7Nv6wvsPyLPCsN7uraAJ0nGCQhDMIIg0L5icbmcctmcTvsgM0HwBpkXTF9ztE2MsQ8Tso0exnicA/640?wx_fmt=gif\" /></span></h2><section><span><span>“</span><strong><span>在看</span></strong><span>”的永远18岁~</span></span></section></section></span></section><section><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><section><section style=\"padding-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 1em; display: flex;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"></span></section></section></section></span></section><p style=\"display: none;\"></p></div>\n \n\n \n <br />\n\n \n <a class=\"media_tool_meta meta_primary\" href=\"http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&mid=2651042201&idx=1&sn=8b950724324b357bec10b2210270f792&chksm=bcfce3f66dd7bcf08b00e80a35e5ac0a7f6e7761f626da76c82bc9908dc92f86c8f64719306b&scene=0#rd\" style=\"color: blue;\" target=\"_blank\">文章原文</a>\n <br />\n \n\n \n\n <img alt=\"\" class=\"\" height=\"1px\" src=\"http://www.jintiankansha.me/rss_static/13443/uaCWDOAccG\" style=\"width: 1px; height: 1px; display: none;\" width=\"1px\" /></div></div>",
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"title": "从皮甲到铁铠:蒙古战马的防护升级与骑兵巅峰",
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"description": "<div><div><div class=\"rich_media_content\" id=\"js_content\"><section style=\"margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 8px; white-space: normal; font-size: 16px; text-align: center; line-height: 1.5em;\"><img class=\"rich_pages js_insertlocalimg wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK6M7Nv6wvsPyLPCsN7uraAJxdXiby5XB2BE6S0ulr9Fs213uZ85nlxAalcgRcLFiaSVdOVlrtCZRibIw/640?wx_fmt=gif\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span><br /></span></section></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em;\"><section style=\"text-align: center;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KjFKTleVzHq5flE9NTUofI4xyKRgaVousvEPwXczHlZoZ7fpDcjPwZw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"width: 577px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span><br /></span></section></section><p><span><span>本 文 约 5200 字</span></span></p><section><section label=\"Powered by 135editor.com\"><p><span align=\"\" alt=\"\" border=\"\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" height=\"\" hspace=\"\" ismap=\"ismap\" src=\"\" title=\"\" type=\"block\" usemap=\"\" vspace=\"\" width=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(178, 178, 178); font-size: 12px;\"><span>阅 读 需 要 15 分 钟</span></span><span><span> </span></span></span></p></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>《元史</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>·太祖本纪》里称赞:</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“帝(成吉思汗)深沉有大略,用兵如神。”</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>在成吉思汗重创金朝之后,他的战略重心开始转移,史诗一般的西征即将开始。</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p><span><p></p></span></p><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>遭遇罗斯</span></font></span><span><br /></span></font></b></p></section></section></section><section><span><p></p></span></section></section><p><span><p><span> </span></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span>1219</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>年春,成吉思汗召开“忽里勒台</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(宗王与大臣会议)</span></span><span>”,决意发动西征。在蒙古大军的强大攻势下,貌似强大的花剌子模不堪一击,仅仅一年多时间里,富庶的河中</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(阿姆河与锡尔河之间)</span></span><span>地区沦陷,摩诃末算端被迫逃亡。成吉思汗派大将哲别和速不台追击摩诃末,于是蒙古大军更进一步进入波斯等西亚地区,甚至越过高加索山脉来到欧洲。</span></font><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span>1222</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>年冬,蒙古军在钦察草原驻冬。这里有水草丰美的牧场,蒙古士兵夸赞说,他们的战马在这里如同在故乡斡难河畔和怯绿连河畔一样自由自在。被夺去领地的钦察酋长向基辅逃去,向罗斯各公国求援。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KZ470dj8YybltCiclU7W9icYI7glruRY2Q5v5YNdZibJnJ9Pv9mPZbhNkA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4Kd7sjjo5T0IN7h11ygaQiblGU8MKEiaTRhC2LuyNjthkqEF871XlkCCdg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>罗斯人起而迎战,并组织了一支按中世纪标准显得非常庞大的军队</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>——可能多达</span></font><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span>10</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>万之众。各罗斯公国的军队构成大同小异,由王公的亲兵队和城市千人队</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(步兵)</span></span><span>组成。罗斯王公军队的核心,毫无疑问是他们的亲兵</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">boyar</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>——通常是骑兵。其兵器和战马通常由王公提供。为了战争的需要,王公往往饲养大量马群,并设置马厩长一职,由他们负责管理战马。罗斯的亲兵是王公们的常备军。他们与当时以坚韧著称的蒙古军队相比亦毫不逊色,绝不是可以轻视的对手。而且,由于与强悍的突厥部落</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(波洛伏齐人)</span></span><span>多次交锋,罗斯人对付游牧骑兵有相当丰富的经验。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>与其他游牧骑兵一样,蒙古军队非常擅长诱敌深入的战术。一支部队在发动一场令人畏惧的攻击之后,分散并逃跑,以诱使敌人穷追不舍。敌人骑兵奋勇追击逃跑的蒙古军队,以为自己马上就要胜利了。在后方看不到的地方,蒙古弓箭手设下埋伏。敌人骑兵来到这些人面前时,便被箭雨驱散,其中许多人被击中倒下马来。这时,敌军陷入混乱并遭受严重伤亡,对发动突袭的重骑兵已毫无抵御之力。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KFA6fSvvCEhv6CgtBXANVecbBicCW4npSRI9xq3xsZcRFsNo3lbFEfCQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4K2fGeusVz2nBOUyyz28yuNOHrqI7Onnnk3PgFXtZE0q86MC3RXEGBbw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>当时的蒙古军队更胜一筹的是,将这样一个战术动作变成了具有战略意义的机动。在第聂伯河畔,蒙古骑射手在河东岸向罗斯人射箭。罗斯军队一部悍然渡过第聂伯河,与蒙古军接战,轻易击溃佯败的蒙古前锋军,更俘杀受伤落马的蒙古军将领。这次小胜使得罗斯人更加轻视陌生的对手,在他们看来,蒙古人比波洛伏齐人更为不堪,随即全军渡过第聂伯河,寻求与蒙古军队决战。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>蒙古军示敌以弱,全军东撤。罗斯军队及钦察盟军不分昼夜地追赶蒙古军,</span></font><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span>1223</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>年</span></font><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span>5</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>月,终于在流入亚速海的卡尔卡</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">Kalka</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>河附近“赶上”了蒙古人。在这里,哲别和速不台已经选好对蒙古军最有利的地形。卡尔卡河周围是一片平坦广阔的草原,蒙古军队可以无阻碍地行动。而河流本身虽然相当狭窄,甚至不及当时弓箭的射程,故而并不是一个不可逾越的障碍,但是足以减缓罗斯骑兵的前进速度,并妨碍任何撤退行动。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>为了不让敌人在长途急行军后有片刻的喘息,同时也是担心蒙古军可能再一次逃跑,信心百倍的罗斯王公们整顿了战斗队列,渡过卡尔卡河,随即遭到以逸待劳的蒙古军的迎头痛击。罗斯与钦察的骑兵被击溃。而步兵肩并肩,排成人墙阵形紧密地站在一起,他们不知道将面临怎样的对手,只有下决心保持战斗队形不被打乱。可是蒙古骑兵在斯拉夫人武器的射程之外停了下来,在那里向罗斯步兵队列万箭齐发。罗斯士兵只能眼睁睁地看着周围的同伴纷纷倒在血泊之中,却无法有效反击蒙古军队。</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>罗斯士兵没有人能用剑与蒙古兵短兵相接,没有人能将长矛投向他们,或拿着棍棒追击他们,最后只能全军覆没。蒙古人随即渡过卡尔卡河,将残余的罗斯军队歼灭。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>多达</span></font><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span>8</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>至</span></font><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span>10</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>万的罗斯军队就这样全军覆没。《诺夫哥罗德编年史》记述:</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“无数的人被杀死了,哀号悲泣之声遍及城乡各处。”</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>蒙古人的第一次西征也就此接近尾声。实际上,哲别、速不台军对高加索地区及罗斯的进攻只是一次战略武力侦察,他们的作战经验,以及在战斗中对蒙古人原本并不熟悉的欧洲军队的了解,对于蒙古人未来的大规模西征无疑是有用处的。可以说,正是这次西征开启了一张大幕,敲响了下一次大规模西征的开场锣鼓。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KhZ4Mg3tPKP0icAyEqANnLibKZEaEfLyicI5nryLw8c6H3thyZicgGwjZvg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 357px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KsQdsN58kXahBUNibp0MFeIY1ZVRy1tkp4bNCEJGtmDYpQOnlUlRCLsw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><span><font face=\"宋体\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>西征巅峰</span></font><span><br /></span></font></span></font></b></p></section></section></section><section><span><p></p></span></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span>1236</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>—</span></font><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span>1241</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>年的第二次西征是著名的蒙古三次西征中的第二次,也是规模最大的一次。相比成吉思汗时代,这一时期的蒙古骑兵装备有了一些变化。意大利传教士约翰·柏朗嘉宾</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">Jean de Plan Carpin</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>在这次西征后出使蒙古草原,甚至参加了元定宗贵由</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(成吉思汗之孙</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span></span><span>的登基典礼。由于这个有利条件,他为后人留下了当时蒙古军队装备的珍贵记载。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>从柏朗嘉宾的记述看,蒙古骑兵的战马,不一定披甲。这可能是出于战术和经济两方面的原因。在战术上,游牧轻骑兵以机动性见长,战士自身都可能不披甲,马匹自然也是轻装上阵。而从经济上看,蒙古骑士往往人有数马,战马体躯较大,马甲所需要的原料也多、制作数量过多的马甲并不合算。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KrUHkxjHRwq5NpAZWlqJnAUmbI5IpuR2OaPgmcdVibzUwFOe8dnWQW3w/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KjS7XicE2nOTXCWBbPrRicnWd8kv7G2sZx0Eg3qxWJc50hGq3A4WFibX0A/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>当时蒙古军</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“披挂马甲的战马,马腿同样也要保护起来” “甚至包括马甲都是用皮革作成的”。柏朗嘉宾注意到,“马甲是由五片皮革做成的:战马两侧各有一块、从尾至头一段,绑在马鞍上或马鞍后面的背部,或者是绑于马颈上;他们把另一片皮革置放在马的臀部,恰恰位于前两片系结的地方,并且在皮革片上挖一个洞以使马尾露出;他们把最后一片置于马匹的胸膛之前,一直让它垂到膝盖,至少要垂到大腿根。他们在马的前额部前放置一铁片,并且与披到马颈两侧的皮革片系结在一起。”值得注意的是,柏朗嘉宾还提道,一些蒙古军还装备了铁制的札甲,“既可以作为他们的马甲,也可以作为人的甲胄,他们将它擦得精光锃亮,甚至可以从中照镜子”。一些蒙古骑士及其战马装备了铁甲。这显然是从华北与河中地区获得铁原料与熟练工匠的结果。宋人在《黑鞑事略》里就说,蒙古灭花剌子模,“始有物产,始有工匠,始有器械”,到灭金</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">1234</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>以后,更是“百工之事,于是大备”了。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KxJUzWC7EXxpOoN3C5GsoekEXbpNqLNP3b7MTHjPd7Qv322nZOJLb9g/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KA2NmibpEemgt8kauxRRxhhcGpJYYZVEh5kwzIACuibHXicdgDoq95sqicQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>也正是因为这个原因,参加第二次西征的蒙古军队可能达到了自身的巅峰。他们轻而易举地横扫罗斯</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(而且是在冬季</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span></span><span>。</span></font><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span>1241</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>年初,西征的统帅,成吉思汗的孙子拔都已开始攻略波兰和匈牙利。在利格尼茨战役中,西里西亚大公亨利二世以条顿骑士为主力迎战蒙古军。这些骑着高头大马的欧洲骑士以其惯用的“楔形队形”出战,像一把坚不可摧的剑刃直插蒙古军阵地,却遭到骑射手张弓齐射。这些骑士身着锁子甲,马匹也穿着马衣,虽然防护性较好,但同时也带来机动性下降的问题,导致骑士的薄弱部位——战马四肢容易遭到攻击而使得马匹倒下。骑士在战斗中一旦其马匹被击倒或者从马上落下地来,自己就难以爬起,只能任人宰割。趁此机会,蒙古重骑兵攻击了混乱中的骑士们,杀死剩下骑士中的大多数。最后,连倒霉的亨利也丢了性命。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KkbG1icJHkIrIaNRvpP1KaFqYnUk8ykViaAvg7wSIFUeZyaC1jSuW8X0Q/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4Kh0LEdueGsS6LYfpicR5YGuWL8gUcWiaC7mMngXXibChuzQzdFpzAXW8eg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>接下来轮到匈牙利。蒙古军于</span></font><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span>1241</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>年</span></font><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span>3</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>月</span></font><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span>12</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>日攻破喀尔巴阡山关隘,沿蒂萨河上游河谷挺进。一些史料声称,匈牙利王国“因他们人多势大和甲兵强盛,目空一切,因此他们听见拔都临近的消息时,也用</span></font><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span>40</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>万个以善战闻名、视逃跑可耻的骑兵,出发去迎击他”。尽管扩张,但匈牙利军队毫无疑问地在数量上占有优势。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>而蒙古军再一次在一个具有战略意义的规模上实施了屡试不爽的战术诡计。蒙古大军沿着来路退回,看样子似乎要向东方草原撤去。匈牙利人立即断定,蒙古人是被自己的兵力优势吓住了。于是,他们纷纷要求追击他们以为正在逃窜的蒙古人。匈牙利人转忧为喜,从担心蒙古人袭击的情绪,变成了跃跃欲试,要分享战利品和荣耀。在这样的压力与诱惑面前,匈牙利国王终于命令其军队追击蒙古人。结果,蒙古人用箭雨和重骑兵的攻击摧毁了匈牙利人的阵势。匈牙利骑兵仓皇逃跑;他们当中的许多人扔掉武器和盔甲,以使马跑得更快。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>但这是一个陷阱。就像柏朗嘉宾所说的,当蒙古人</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“偶然遇到敌人战斗得很好时,鞑靼人就放开一条路,让他们逃走;然后当敌人开始逃走并且互相分离时,就立即各个击破,这样,敌人在逃走时被屠杀的人,远比在交战中被杀的人多得多”。从心理学分析,在可以逃命的判断下,求生欲使其原本高涨的士气一泻千里,战斗意志将大大减弱,战斗力也因此大为削弱。蒙古骑兵正是抓住了大多数人对危险状况正常反应的心理,在最大程度减少自己伤亡的前提下,大量杀伤歼灭敌军。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>于是,蒙古轻骑兵在两侧追击匈牙利人,像击中无奈的猎物一样将其击落马下,匈牙利人尸横遍野。起码有</span></font><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span>7</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>万人死在战场上或西逃的路上。而拔都的部下在打扫战场时,甚至缴获了匈牙利国王的印玺。当时德意志巴伐利亚的一个编年史家写道:“匈牙利在建国</span></font><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span>350</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>年以后被鞑靼人消灭了。”蒙古大军横扫波兰与匈牙利,只用了三个月的时间,这在古代战争历史上,堪称“闪电战”。</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><span><font face=\"宋体\"><font face=\"宋体\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>遇到对手</span></font></font><span><br /></span></font></span></font></b></p></section></section></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>有一种说法,如果拔都麾下的西征军不是因为在</span></font><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span>1242</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>年初得知窝阔台大汗的死讯而东还,或许维也纳这座“音乐之都”在美妙的圆舞曲尚未诞生之前,便在蒙古铁骑之下沦为历史的陈迹了。但历史终究不容假设,蒙古骑兵再也不曾对欧洲发起过如此规模的攻势。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KPtyOsG4bN7Zv4QVOGK9mSYuIyKa3iak1fk9kDkRYw5ASEaHpZqiaJfdg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4K8QszVKGH3msCCkCbkDJ8UW3JCzCK9TC0vGFLhAiczhgkm1lhEvTOPlQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>究其原因,有内外两方面。从内部来说,距离铁木真称</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“成吉思汗”不过</span></font><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span>60</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>年,在蒙哥汗去世后,蒙古帝国就逐渐分裂为东欧的钦察汗国</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(即金帐汗国)</span></span><span>、中亚的窝阔台汗国、察合台汗国、波斯</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(今伊朗)</span></span><span>的伊利汗国</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(旧译伊儿汗国)</span></span><span>以及作为这四大汗国宗主的元朝。其中钦察汗国更是与伊利汗国反目成仇,兵戎相见。“黄金家族”的分裂与内战,无疑削弱了蒙古骑兵继续发动对外征服战争的能力。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>从外部来讲,蒙古骑兵在战场上遇到的顽强抵抗也是一个重要原因。比如蒙古第三次西征尾声遇到的埃及马穆鲁克战士,绝对称得上是很强的对手。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KjJfuAmyLlbreyIQtWCJcnMWJuUBvZnW6FHO7MmA8YIZDt4hveC1VRw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KYI8iaDGNK1micjeQ8f6vj2HmkJyIwzyGj3iczFWYxiacR1tAibNnJISKEBQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>1260</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>年夏天,蒙古军的先锋抵达加沙地带,距离非洲只有一步之遥。马穆鲁克王朝无法对蒙古人的威胁视而不见,奋起迎战。后世波斯史学家认为马穆鲁克军队人数为</span></font><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span>1.2</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>万人,这个数字虽然不太可靠但并非毫无根据,因为阿育布王朝末期的埃及总共也只拥有</span></font><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span>1</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>—</span></font><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span>1.2</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>万骑兵,考虑到当时的埃及进行了全国动员,马穆鲁克军队人数至多也可能只有此数。由于这次西征的统帅旭烈兀</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(伊利汗国的建立者)</span></span><span>已率主力东归,只给留守叙利亚的怯的不花留下了不超过</span></font><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span>1.2</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>万人的部队。应该说这是一个失策,虽然叙利亚并没有适合放牧马匹的草场,但作为阿拉伯世界最为富庶的肥沃新月地带,这里完全可以负担更多蒙古军队的给养。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>但这样一来,两军变得兵力相当,胜负对双方而言就显得相对公平。在艾因贾鲁特,也就是距约旦河左岸的贝桑西北</span></font><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span>15</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>千米处,蒙古军与马穆鲁克军相遇了。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>相比蒙古西征时遇到的其他对手,马穆鲁克骑兵的战术反而是更</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“蒙古式”的。在作战时,马穆鲁克骑兵通常先采取守势,他们排成整齐的队形,用强弓一起齐射打击进攻的敌军;等到敌人阵形散乱以后,马穆鲁克骑兵才开始后发制人,发动攻击。身穿锁子甲的马穆鲁克骑兵会以严整的队形冲向敌阵,接近敌人时他们会先再施放一拨弓箭,然后冲入敌阵,用长矛或马刀与敌人格斗。大马士革弯刀是天下闻名的中世纪三大名刀之一。马穆鲁克骑兵的刀法极其出色,据说他们可以在策马疾驰时劈中悬挂在空中的一颗蜜枣。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>除了个体防护和武艺方面的优势,马穆鲁克骑兵还有另外的优势。他们的坐骑要比蒙古人的好:阿拉伯马是世界上最好的马种,身高腿长,冲刺速度极其惊人,耐力也不错。作为农业社会的埃及</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(尼罗河三角洲)</span></span><span>与叙利亚地区缺乏牧场,迫使马穆鲁克王朝不得不采用耗费高昂的饲料</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(大麦或者三叶草)</span></span><span>喂养马匹,这就限制了骑兵的规模。但每一位参战的马穆鲁克士兵在行军时至少都可以得到一头骆驼,这就在行程不远的本土作战时抵消了蒙古人的机动性优势。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KxpKibb1lkMN0rz53iaoEcuUUwMurGial2CYZenWElUnvG7zHaUxMnLQHA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 457px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KJ7nd4199j4KrOWTnM1cQNibo9BYnWX7yQQFlvxeTZxKxWy5Fela70KA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>在艾因贾鲁特之战中,马穆鲁克人甚至以其人之道还治其人之身,设下诱敌之计。悍勇的怯的不花果然中计,他</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“像火海般地前进,对自己的力量和兵力充满了信心”,身先士卒发起进攻。当蒙古军队进入埋伏地点时,马穆鲁克人从埋伏处三方面杀将出来,向蒙古军猛扑过来。以骑射见长的蒙古骑兵其实不擅长近距离格斗,他们在与经过严格训练的马穆鲁克骑兵较量刀法时占不到任何便宜。双方从清晨肉搏厮杀到中午,蒙古军队最后抵抗不住而崩溃,残部向北溃逃。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>这场战役标志着蒙古人发起第三次西征以来一路高歌猛进的势头遭到遏制。由出生中亚与高加索奴隶组成的马穆鲁克军队清楚地表明,不可一世的蒙古骑兵事实上是可以被打败的。更具历史意义的是,艾因贾鲁特之战的胜利并不是偶然。之后的马穆鲁克人又几次击退了伊利汗国蒙古人的进攻。尤其是</span></font><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span>1303</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>年在大马士革附近的苏法尔草原之战中,面对正处于鼎盛时期的伊利汗国大军,马穆鲁克人俘虏蒙古士兵</span></font><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span>1</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>万余人,缴获战马达</span></font><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span>2</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>万匹,给蒙古军以毁灭性打击。从此之后,波斯的蒙古人对马穆鲁克人就再也无能为力了。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>蒙古人已经将冷兵器时代的骑兵推上巅峰,随着“火器时代”的来临,火器克制了骑兵的机动性——也让甲胄与马铠变得无用,游牧民族的骑兵在之后的历史里再也没有取得过如此之大的成就。</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p><span><p><span> </span></p></span></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">本文改编自《国家人文历史》2025</span><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">年7月上,原标题为《从皮甲到铁铠 蒙古战马的防护升级与骑兵巅峰》,有删节,本文系“国家</span><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">人文历史”独家稿件,欢迎读者转发朋友圈。</span></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><span><br /></span></p><section><section><section><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4s6XTkV1zgY7Ndw3fVeyGpxIIj30oUzpUnwIcafcXhx66GztUhxGc2FM8I09uwLbMwUFOQfZVGcg/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section></section></section><section><span><span>END</span></span></section><section><span><span>作者 | </span><span>郭晔旻</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span></span></span></span></section><section><span><span>编辑 | 胡心雅</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span></span></span></span></section><section><span><span>主编 | 周斌</span></span></section><section><span><span>排版 | 徐沁(实习)</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span></span></span></span></section><section><span><span>校对 | 张斌 彦文</span></span></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><span><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK6o0DTLAcjHUob1LlCbkiaCGeUicmbUPjIKiciad7l2ytYjz3bGBzNyAUu0aicCb4oWXbicQBJA96lk9Tug/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></span></span></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img __bg_gif\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/jiaTakLJVhFwVb6dkoTQOoKBCsic0GbcibzCntPc8OGgxu6Ha80H4ZPlbfYu2kN3kF9wKm1hicWCdibPPKHMPnib7icLg/640?wx_fmt=gif\" /></section><section><section><p><span><span>推荐</span><span><span> </span></span></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><span>“马甲”一词</span></p><p><span>从冷兵器时代的战马嘶鸣</span></p><p><span>到霓裳羽衣的时尚舞台</span></p><p><span>其含义的沧海桑田</span></p><p><span>恰如一面棱镜</span></p><p><span>折射出华夏服饰文化</span></p><p><span>随社会变迁而流转生辉的壮阔历程</span></p><p><span>本期,就让我们一同走进这幅</span></p><p><span>从金戈铁马到衣冠风流的完整画卷</span></p><p><strong><span><span>点击下方封面,即可购买</span></span></strong></p><section><span><span>↓↓↓</span></span></section><section><a href=\"https://item.jd.com/10104931956869.html?sdx=ehi-lLxFuZiE6JnIaIZUic8oszWVDwwrsmpMs6ZDZduKPe_RLJxa7nTipUDgVGWS#crumb-wrap\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7ibicuQGBVNNvibuQk7IAWBk0vXDIs4Z35GjSIFU5ydu8G6TMsyVdshBwGpezqaTezSfnPaMUkpH9eg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&from=appmsg\" /></span></a></section><section><section><section><h2 src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPQbfYUk2lKRJbtAXIuZ0kjicBeKbKicn7picTvdbH5bfuaoiazGOfbm8kw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558\"><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPPS2Tl0L42giakAlUSsWM2hKsLfDwrNFcLNgFaxPhQng3E9mCRE3tkg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558px\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&mid=2651035606&idx=1&sn=95e5b910a9c15c3b861b33b6a6da3866&scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcaIgQkEibvERBOGAaoicFhgsfmibxDTGK2z3uLHbhcvWGEYibV0hom5VW8CA/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></a></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&mid=2651035897&idx=1&sn=befda0705325843f84da3911012cad95&scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcamtwvyMNyxgGfdgqCCu9GkBZl21VfOcYfkJRh5E0ArHl4UUBtbSzwRQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></a></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcaohkRZ9cGSGGPakn9lRTzm4qIA3pNHn3EVXrsicT3De6T2ib5Slw6GsRQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span><span><br /></span></span></section></section></section></h2></section></section></section><section><span><section><h2 src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPQbfYUk2lKRJbtAXIuZ0kjicBeKbKicn7picTvdbH5bfuaoiazGOfbm8kw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558\"><span><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages __bg_gif wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK6M7Nv6wvsPyLPCsN7uraAJ0nGCQhDMIIg0L5icbmcctmcTvsgM0HwBpkXTF9ztE2MsQ8Tso0exnicA/640?wx_fmt=gif\" /></span></h2><section><span><span>“</span><strong><span>在看</span></strong><span>”的永远18岁~</span></span></section></section></span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><section><section style=\"padding-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 1em; display: flex;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"></span></section></section></section></span></section><p style=\"display: none;\"></p></div>\n \n\n \n <br />\n\n \n <a class=\"media_tool_meta meta_primary\" href=\"http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&mid=2651042173&idx=1&sn=27f5a01e9ddd69c0ba0d562971231990&chksm=bc3c9cb99d0ecb58c81348536c5c7f33443c5624892dfe566035581bc58c6f07f5139fd9609f&scene=0#rd\" style=\"color: blue;\" target=\"_blank\">文章原文</a>\n <br />\n \n\n \n\n <img alt=\"\" class=\"\" height=\"1px\" src=\"http://www.jintiankansha.me/rss_static/13443/1ugTXIJkLV\" style=\"width: 1px; height: 1px; display: none;\" width=\"1px\" /></div></div>",
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"content": "<div><div><div class=\"rich_media_content\" id=\"js_content\"><section style=\"margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 8px; white-space: normal; font-size: 16px; text-align: center; line-height: 1.5em;\"><img class=\"rich_pages js_insertlocalimg wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK6M7Nv6wvsPyLPCsN7uraAJxdXiby5XB2BE6S0ulr9Fs213uZ85nlxAalcgRcLFiaSVdOVlrtCZRibIw/640?wx_fmt=gif\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span><br /></span></section></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em;\"><section style=\"text-align: center;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KjFKTleVzHq5flE9NTUofI4xyKRgaVousvEPwXczHlZoZ7fpDcjPwZw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"width: 577px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span><br /></span></section></section><p><span><span>本 文 约 5200 字</span></span></p><section><section label=\"Powered by 135editor.com\"><p><span align=\"\" alt=\"\" border=\"\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" height=\"\" hspace=\"\" ismap=\"ismap\" src=\"\" title=\"\" type=\"block\" usemap=\"\" vspace=\"\" width=\"\"><span style=\"color: rgb(178, 178, 178); font-size: 12px;\"><span>阅 读 需 要 15 分 钟</span></span><span><span> </span></span></span></p></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>《元史</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>·太祖本纪》里称赞:</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“帝(成吉思汗)深沉有大略,用兵如神。”</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>在成吉思汗重创金朝之后,他的战略重心开始转移,史诗一般的西征即将开始。</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p><span><p></p></span></p><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>遭遇罗斯</span></font></span><span><br /></span></font></b></p></section></section></section><section><span><p></p></span></section></section><p><span><p><span> </span></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span>1219</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>年春,成吉思汗召开“忽里勒台</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(宗王与大臣会议)</span></span><span>”,决意发动西征。在蒙古大军的强大攻势下,貌似强大的花剌子模不堪一击,仅仅一年多时间里,富庶的河中</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(阿姆河与锡尔河之间)</span></span><span>地区沦陷,摩诃末算端被迫逃亡。成吉思汗派大将哲别和速不台追击摩诃末,于是蒙古大军更进一步进入波斯等西亚地区,甚至越过高加索山脉来到欧洲。</span></font><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span>1222</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>年冬,蒙古军在钦察草原驻冬。这里有水草丰美的牧场,蒙古士兵夸赞说,他们的战马在这里如同在故乡斡难河畔和怯绿连河畔一样自由自在。被夺去领地的钦察酋长向基辅逃去,向罗斯各公国求援。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KZ470dj8YybltCiclU7W9icYI7glruRY2Q5v5YNdZibJnJ9Pv9mPZbhNkA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4Kd7sjjo5T0IN7h11ygaQiblGU8MKEiaTRhC2LuyNjthkqEF871XlkCCdg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>罗斯人起而迎战,并组织了一支按中世纪标准显得非常庞大的军队</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>——可能多达</span></font><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span>10</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>万之众。各罗斯公国的军队构成大同小异,由王公的亲兵队和城市千人队</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(步兵)</span></span><span>组成。罗斯王公军队的核心,毫无疑问是他们的亲兵</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">boyar</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>——通常是骑兵。其兵器和战马通常由王公提供。为了战争的需要,王公往往饲养大量马群,并设置马厩长一职,由他们负责管理战马。罗斯的亲兵是王公们的常备军。他们与当时以坚韧著称的蒙古军队相比亦毫不逊色,绝不是可以轻视的对手。而且,由于与强悍的突厥部落</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(波洛伏齐人)</span></span><span>多次交锋,罗斯人对付游牧骑兵有相当丰富的经验。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>与其他游牧骑兵一样,蒙古军队非常擅长诱敌深入的战术。一支部队在发动一场令人畏惧的攻击之后,分散并逃跑,以诱使敌人穷追不舍。敌人骑兵奋勇追击逃跑的蒙古军队,以为自己马上就要胜利了。在后方看不到的地方,蒙古弓箭手设下埋伏。敌人骑兵来到这些人面前时,便被箭雨驱散,其中许多人被击中倒下马来。这时,敌军陷入混乱并遭受严重伤亡,对发动突袭的重骑兵已毫无抵御之力。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KFA6fSvvCEhv6CgtBXANVecbBicCW4npSRI9xq3xsZcRFsNo3lbFEfCQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4K2fGeusVz2nBOUyyz28yuNOHrqI7Onnnk3PgFXtZE0q86MC3RXEGBbw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>当时的蒙古军队更胜一筹的是,将这样一个战术动作变成了具有战略意义的机动。在第聂伯河畔,蒙古骑射手在河东岸向罗斯人射箭。罗斯军队一部悍然渡过第聂伯河,与蒙古军接战,轻易击溃佯败的蒙古前锋军,更俘杀受伤落马的蒙古军将领。这次小胜使得罗斯人更加轻视陌生的对手,在他们看来,蒙古人比波洛伏齐人更为不堪,随即全军渡过第聂伯河,寻求与蒙古军队决战。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>蒙古军示敌以弱,全军东撤。罗斯军队及钦察盟军不分昼夜地追赶蒙古军,</span></font><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span>1223</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>年</span></font><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span>5</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>月,终于在流入亚速海的卡尔卡</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">Kalka</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>河附近“赶上”了蒙古人。在这里,哲别和速不台已经选好对蒙古军最有利的地形。卡尔卡河周围是一片平坦广阔的草原,蒙古军队可以无阻碍地行动。而河流本身虽然相当狭窄,甚至不及当时弓箭的射程,故而并不是一个不可逾越的障碍,但是足以减缓罗斯骑兵的前进速度,并妨碍任何撤退行动。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>为了不让敌人在长途急行军后有片刻的喘息,同时也是担心蒙古军可能再一次逃跑,信心百倍的罗斯王公们整顿了战斗队列,渡过卡尔卡河,随即遭到以逸待劳的蒙古军的迎头痛击。罗斯与钦察的骑兵被击溃。而步兵肩并肩,排成人墙阵形紧密地站在一起,他们不知道将面临怎样的对手,只有下决心保持战斗队形不被打乱。可是蒙古骑兵在斯拉夫人武器的射程之外停了下来,在那里向罗斯步兵队列万箭齐发。罗斯士兵只能眼睁睁地看着周围的同伴纷纷倒在血泊之中,却无法有效反击蒙古军队。</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>罗斯士兵没有人能用剑与蒙古兵短兵相接,没有人能将长矛投向他们,或拿着棍棒追击他们,最后只能全军覆没。蒙古人随即渡过卡尔卡河,将残余的罗斯军队歼灭。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>多达</span></font><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span>8</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>至</span></font><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span>10</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>万的罗斯军队就这样全军覆没。《诺夫哥罗德编年史》记述:</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“无数的人被杀死了,哀号悲泣之声遍及城乡各处。”</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>蒙古人的第一次西征也就此接近尾声。实际上,哲别、速不台军对高加索地区及罗斯的进攻只是一次战略武力侦察,他们的作战经验,以及在战斗中对蒙古人原本并不熟悉的欧洲军队的了解,对于蒙古人未来的大规模西征无疑是有用处的。可以说,正是这次西征开启了一张大幕,敲响了下一次大规模西征的开场锣鼓。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KhZ4Mg3tPKP0icAyEqANnLibKZEaEfLyicI5nryLw8c6H3thyZicgGwjZvg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 357px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KsQdsN58kXahBUNibp0MFeIY1ZVRy1tkp4bNCEJGtmDYpQOnlUlRCLsw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><span><font face=\"宋体\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>西征巅峰</span></font><span><br /></span></font></span></font></b></p></section></section></section><section><span><p></p></span></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span>1236</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>—</span></font><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span>1241</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>年的第二次西征是著名的蒙古三次西征中的第二次,也是规模最大的一次。相比成吉思汗时代,这一时期的蒙古骑兵装备有了一些变化。意大利传教士约翰·柏朗嘉宾</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">Jean de Plan Carpin</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>在这次西征后出使蒙古草原,甚至参加了元定宗贵由</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(成吉思汗之孙</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span></span><span>的登基典礼。由于这个有利条件,他为后人留下了当时蒙古军队装备的珍贵记载。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>从柏朗嘉宾的记述看,蒙古骑兵的战马,不一定披甲。这可能是出于战术和经济两方面的原因。在战术上,游牧轻骑兵以机动性见长,战士自身都可能不披甲,马匹自然也是轻装上阵。而从经济上看,蒙古骑士往往人有数马,战马体躯较大,马甲所需要的原料也多、制作数量过多的马甲并不合算。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KrUHkxjHRwq5NpAZWlqJnAUmbI5IpuR2OaPgmcdVibzUwFOe8dnWQW3w/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KjS7XicE2nOTXCWBbPrRicnWd8kv7G2sZx0Eg3qxWJc50hGq3A4WFibX0A/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>当时蒙古军</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“披挂马甲的战马,马腿同样也要保护起来” “甚至包括马甲都是用皮革作成的”。柏朗嘉宾注意到,“马甲是由五片皮革做成的:战马两侧各有一块、从尾至头一段,绑在马鞍上或马鞍后面的背部,或者是绑于马颈上;他们把另一片皮革置放在马的臀部,恰恰位于前两片系结的地方,并且在皮革片上挖一个洞以使马尾露出;他们把最后一片置于马匹的胸膛之前,一直让它垂到膝盖,至少要垂到大腿根。他们在马的前额部前放置一铁片,并且与披到马颈两侧的皮革片系结在一起。”值得注意的是,柏朗嘉宾还提道,一些蒙古军还装备了铁制的札甲,“既可以作为他们的马甲,也可以作为人的甲胄,他们将它擦得精光锃亮,甚至可以从中照镜子”。一些蒙古骑士及其战马装备了铁甲。这显然是从华北与河中地区获得铁原料与熟练工匠的结果。宋人在《黑鞑事略》里就说,蒙古灭花剌子模,“始有物产,始有工匠,始有器械”,到灭金</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">1234</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>以后,更是“百工之事,于是大备”了。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KxJUzWC7EXxpOoN3C5GsoekEXbpNqLNP3b7MTHjPd7Qv322nZOJLb9g/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KA2NmibpEemgt8kauxRRxhhcGpJYYZVEh5kwzIACuibHXicdgDoq95sqicQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>也正是因为这个原因,参加第二次西征的蒙古军队可能达到了自身的巅峰。他们轻而易举地横扫罗斯</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(而且是在冬季</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span></span><span>。</span></font><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span>1241</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>年初,西征的统帅,成吉思汗的孙子拔都已开始攻略波兰和匈牙利。在利格尼茨战役中,西里西亚大公亨利二世以条顿骑士为主力迎战蒙古军。这些骑着高头大马的欧洲骑士以其惯用的“楔形队形”出战,像一把坚不可摧的剑刃直插蒙古军阵地,却遭到骑射手张弓齐射。这些骑士身着锁子甲,马匹也穿着马衣,虽然防护性较好,但同时也带来机动性下降的问题,导致骑士的薄弱部位——战马四肢容易遭到攻击而使得马匹倒下。骑士在战斗中一旦其马匹被击倒或者从马上落下地来,自己就难以爬起,只能任人宰割。趁此机会,蒙古重骑兵攻击了混乱中的骑士们,杀死剩下骑士中的大多数。最后,连倒霉的亨利也丢了性命。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KkbG1icJHkIrIaNRvpP1KaFqYnUk8ykViaAvg7wSIFUeZyaC1jSuW8X0Q/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4Kh0LEdueGsS6LYfpicR5YGuWL8gUcWiaC7mMngXXibChuzQzdFpzAXW8eg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>接下来轮到匈牙利。蒙古军于</span></font><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span>1241</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>年</span></font><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span>3</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>月</span></font><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span>12</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>日攻破喀尔巴阡山关隘,沿蒂萨河上游河谷挺进。一些史料声称,匈牙利王国“因他们人多势大和甲兵强盛,目空一切,因此他们听见拔都临近的消息时,也用</span></font><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span>40</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>万个以善战闻名、视逃跑可耻的骑兵,出发去迎击他”。尽管扩张,但匈牙利军队毫无疑问地在数量上占有优势。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>而蒙古军再一次在一个具有战略意义的规模上实施了屡试不爽的战术诡计。蒙古大军沿着来路退回,看样子似乎要向东方草原撤去。匈牙利人立即断定,蒙古人是被自己的兵力优势吓住了。于是,他们纷纷要求追击他们以为正在逃窜的蒙古人。匈牙利人转忧为喜,从担心蒙古人袭击的情绪,变成了跃跃欲试,要分享战利品和荣耀。在这样的压力与诱惑面前,匈牙利国王终于命令其军队追击蒙古人。结果,蒙古人用箭雨和重骑兵的攻击摧毁了匈牙利人的阵势。匈牙利骑兵仓皇逃跑;他们当中的许多人扔掉武器和盔甲,以使马跑得更快。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>但这是一个陷阱。就像柏朗嘉宾所说的,当蒙古人</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“偶然遇到敌人战斗得很好时,鞑靼人就放开一条路,让他们逃走;然后当敌人开始逃走并且互相分离时,就立即各个击破,这样,敌人在逃走时被屠杀的人,远比在交战中被杀的人多得多”。从心理学分析,在可以逃命的判断下,求生欲使其原本高涨的士气一泻千里,战斗意志将大大减弱,战斗力也因此大为削弱。蒙古骑兵正是抓住了大多数人对危险状况正常反应的心理,在最大程度减少自己伤亡的前提下,大量杀伤歼灭敌军。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>于是,蒙古轻骑兵在两侧追击匈牙利人,像击中无奈的猎物一样将其击落马下,匈牙利人尸横遍野。起码有</span></font><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span>7</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>万人死在战场上或西逃的路上。而拔都的部下在打扫战场时,甚至缴获了匈牙利国王的印玺。当时德意志巴伐利亚的一个编年史家写道:“匈牙利在建国</span></font><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span>350</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>年以后被鞑靼人消灭了。”蒙古大军横扫波兰与匈牙利,只用了三个月的时间,这在古代战争历史上,堪称“闪电战”。</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><span><font face=\"宋体\"><font face=\"宋体\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>遇到对手</span></font></font><span><br /></span></font></span></font></b></p></section></section></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>有一种说法,如果拔都麾下的西征军不是因为在</span></font><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span>1242</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>年初得知窝阔台大汗的死讯而东还,或许维也纳这座“音乐之都”在美妙的圆舞曲尚未诞生之前,便在蒙古铁骑之下沦为历史的陈迹了。但历史终究不容假设,蒙古骑兵再也不曾对欧洲发起过如此规模的攻势。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KPtyOsG4bN7Zv4QVOGK9mSYuIyKa3iak1fk9kDkRYw5ASEaHpZqiaJfdg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4K8QszVKGH3msCCkCbkDJ8UW3JCzCK9TC0vGFLhAiczhgkm1lhEvTOPlQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>究其原因,有内外两方面。从内部来说,距离铁木真称</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“成吉思汗”不过</span></font><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span>60</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>年,在蒙哥汗去世后,蒙古帝国就逐渐分裂为东欧的钦察汗国</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(即金帐汗国)</span></span><span>、中亚的窝阔台汗国、察合台汗国、波斯</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(今伊朗)</span></span><span>的伊利汗国</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(旧译伊儿汗国)</span></span><span>以及作为这四大汗国宗主的元朝。其中钦察汗国更是与伊利汗国反目成仇,兵戎相见。“黄金家族”的分裂与内战,无疑削弱了蒙古骑兵继续发动对外征服战争的能力。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>从外部来讲,蒙古骑兵在战场上遇到的顽强抵抗也是一个重要原因。比如蒙古第三次西征尾声遇到的埃及马穆鲁克战士,绝对称得上是很强的对手。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KjJfuAmyLlbreyIQtWCJcnMWJuUBvZnW6FHO7MmA8YIZDt4hveC1VRw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KYI8iaDGNK1micjeQ8f6vj2HmkJyIwzyGj3iczFWYxiacR1tAibNnJISKEBQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>1260</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>年夏天,蒙古军的先锋抵达加沙地带,距离非洲只有一步之遥。马穆鲁克王朝无法对蒙古人的威胁视而不见,奋起迎战。后世波斯史学家认为马穆鲁克军队人数为</span></font><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span>1.2</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>万人,这个数字虽然不太可靠但并非毫无根据,因为阿育布王朝末期的埃及总共也只拥有</span></font><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span>1</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>—</span></font><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span>1.2</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>万骑兵,考虑到当时的埃及进行了全国动员,马穆鲁克军队人数至多也可能只有此数。由于这次西征的统帅旭烈兀</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(伊利汗国的建立者)</span></span><span>已率主力东归,只给留守叙利亚的怯的不花留下了不超过</span></font><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span>1.2</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>万人的部队。应该说这是一个失策,虽然叙利亚并没有适合放牧马匹的草场,但作为阿拉伯世界最为富庶的肥沃新月地带,这里完全可以负担更多蒙古军队的给养。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>但这样一来,两军变得兵力相当,胜负对双方而言就显得相对公平。在艾因贾鲁特,也就是距约旦河左岸的贝桑西北</span></font><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span>15</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>千米处,蒙古军与马穆鲁克军相遇了。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>相比蒙古西征时遇到的其他对手,马穆鲁克骑兵的战术反而是更</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“蒙古式”的。在作战时,马穆鲁克骑兵通常先采取守势,他们排成整齐的队形,用强弓一起齐射打击进攻的敌军;等到敌人阵形散乱以后,马穆鲁克骑兵才开始后发制人,发动攻击。身穿锁子甲的马穆鲁克骑兵会以严整的队形冲向敌阵,接近敌人时他们会先再施放一拨弓箭,然后冲入敌阵,用长矛或马刀与敌人格斗。大马士革弯刀是天下闻名的中世纪三大名刀之一。马穆鲁克骑兵的刀法极其出色,据说他们可以在策马疾驰时劈中悬挂在空中的一颗蜜枣。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>除了个体防护和武艺方面的优势,马穆鲁克骑兵还有另外的优势。他们的坐骑要比蒙古人的好:阿拉伯马是世界上最好的马种,身高腿长,冲刺速度极其惊人,耐力也不错。作为农业社会的埃及</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(尼罗河三角洲)</span></span><span>与叙利亚地区缺乏牧场,迫使马穆鲁克王朝不得不采用耗费高昂的饲料</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(大麦或者三叶草)</span></span><span>喂养马匹,这就限制了骑兵的规模。但每一位参战的马穆鲁克士兵在行军时至少都可以得到一头骆驼,这就在行程不远的本土作战时抵消了蒙古人的机动性优势。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KxpKibb1lkMN0rz53iaoEcuUUwMurGial2CYZenWElUnvG7zHaUxMnLQHA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 457px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KJ7nd4199j4KrOWTnM1cQNibo9BYnWX7yQQFlvxeTZxKxWy5Fela70KA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>在艾因贾鲁特之战中,马穆鲁克人甚至以其人之道还治其人之身,设下诱敌之计。悍勇的怯的不花果然中计,他</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“像火海般地前进,对自己的力量和兵力充满了信心”,身先士卒发起进攻。当蒙古军队进入埋伏地点时,马穆鲁克人从埋伏处三方面杀将出来,向蒙古军猛扑过来。以骑射见长的蒙古骑兵其实不擅长近距离格斗,他们在与经过严格训练的马穆鲁克骑兵较量刀法时占不到任何便宜。双方从清晨肉搏厮杀到中午,蒙古军队最后抵抗不住而崩溃,残部向北溃逃。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>这场战役标志着蒙古人发起第三次西征以来一路高歌猛进的势头遭到遏制。由出生中亚与高加索奴隶组成的马穆鲁克军队清楚地表明,不可一世的蒙古骑兵事实上是可以被打败的。更具历史意义的是,艾因贾鲁特之战的胜利并不是偶然。之后的马穆鲁克人又几次击退了伊利汗国蒙古人的进攻。尤其是</span></font><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span>1303</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>年在大马士革附近的苏法尔草原之战中,面对正处于鼎盛时期的伊利汗国大军,马穆鲁克人俘虏蒙古士兵</span></font><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span>1</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>万余人,缴获战马达</span></font><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span>2</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>万匹,给蒙古军以毁灭性打击。从此之后,波斯的蒙古人对马穆鲁克人就再也无能为力了。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>蒙古人已经将冷兵器时代的骑兵推上巅峰,随着“火器时代”的来临,火器克制了骑兵的机动性——也让甲胄与马铠变得无用,游牧民族的骑兵在之后的历史里再也没有取得过如此之大的成就。</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p><span><p><span> </span></p></span></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">本文改编自《国家人文历史》2025</span><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">年7月上,原标题为《从皮甲到铁铠 蒙古战马的防护升级与骑兵巅峰》,有删节,本文系“国家</span><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">人文历史”独家稿件,欢迎读者转发朋友圈。</span></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><span><br /></span></p><section><section><section><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4s6XTkV1zgY7Ndw3fVeyGpxIIj30oUzpUnwIcafcXhx66GztUhxGc2FM8I09uwLbMwUFOQfZVGcg/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section></section></section><section><span><span>END</span></span></section><section><span><span>作者 | </span><span>郭晔旻</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span></span></span></span></section><section><span><span>编辑 | 胡心雅</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span></span></span></span></section><section><span><span>主编 | 周斌</span></span></section><section><span><span>排版 | 徐沁(实习)</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span></span></span></span></section><section><span><span>校对 | 张斌 彦文</span></span></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><span><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK6o0DTLAcjHUob1LlCbkiaCGeUicmbUPjIKiciad7l2ytYjz3bGBzNyAUu0aicCb4oWXbicQBJA96lk9Tug/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></span></span></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img __bg_gif\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/jiaTakLJVhFwVb6dkoTQOoKBCsic0GbcibzCntPc8OGgxu6Ha80H4ZPlbfYu2kN3kF9wKm1hicWCdibPPKHMPnib7icLg/640?wx_fmt=gif\" /></section><section><section><p><span><span>推荐</span><span><span> </span></span></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><span>“马甲”一词</span></p><p><span>从冷兵器时代的战马嘶鸣</span></p><p><span>到霓裳羽衣的时尚舞台</span></p><p><span>其含义的沧海桑田</span></p><p><span>恰如一面棱镜</span></p><p><span>折射出华夏服饰文化</span></p><p><span>随社会变迁而流转生辉的壮阔历程</span></p><p><span>本期,就让我们一同走进这幅</span></p><p><span>从金戈铁马到衣冠风流的完整画卷</span></p><p><strong><span><span>点击下方封面,即可购买</span></span></strong></p><section><span><span>↓↓↓</span></span></section><section><a href=\"https://item.jd.com/10104931956869.html?sdx=ehi-lLxFuZiE6JnIaIZUic8oszWVDwwrsmpMs6ZDZduKPe_RLJxa7nTipUDgVGWS#crumb-wrap\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7ibicuQGBVNNvibuQk7IAWBk0vXDIs4Z35GjSIFU5ydu8G6TMsyVdshBwGpezqaTezSfnPaMUkpH9eg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&from=appmsg\" /></span></a></section><section><section><section><h2 src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPQbfYUk2lKRJbtAXIuZ0kjicBeKbKicn7picTvdbH5bfuaoiazGOfbm8kw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558\"><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPPS2Tl0L42giakAlUSsWM2hKsLfDwrNFcLNgFaxPhQng3E9mCRE3tkg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558px\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&mid=2651035606&idx=1&sn=95e5b910a9c15c3b861b33b6a6da3866&scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcaIgQkEibvERBOGAaoicFhgsfmibxDTGK2z3uLHbhcvWGEYibV0hom5VW8CA/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></a></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&mid=2651035897&idx=1&sn=befda0705325843f84da3911012cad95&scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcamtwvyMNyxgGfdgqCCu9GkBZl21VfOcYfkJRh5E0ArHl4UUBtbSzwRQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></a></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcaohkRZ9cGSGGPakn9lRTzm4qIA3pNHn3EVXrsicT3De6T2ib5Slw6GsRQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span><span><br /></span></span></section></section></section></h2></section></section></section><section><span><section><h2 src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPQbfYUk2lKRJbtAXIuZ0kjicBeKbKicn7picTvdbH5bfuaoiazGOfbm8kw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558\"><span><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages __bg_gif wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK6M7Nv6wvsPyLPCsN7uraAJ0nGCQhDMIIg0L5icbmcctmcTvsgM0HwBpkXTF9ztE2MsQ8Tso0exnicA/640?wx_fmt=gif\" /></span></h2><section><span><span>“</span><strong><span>在看</span></strong><span>”的永远18岁~</span></span></section></section></span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><section><section style=\"padding-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 1em; display: flex;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"></span></section></section></section></span></section><p style=\"display: none;\"></p></div>\n \n\n \n <br />\n\n \n <a class=\"media_tool_meta meta_primary\" href=\"http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&mid=2651042173&idx=1&sn=27f5a01e9ddd69c0ba0d562971231990&chksm=bc3c9cb99d0ecb58c81348536c5c7f33443c5624892dfe566035581bc58c6f07f5139fd9609f&scene=0#rd\" style=\"color: blue;\" target=\"_blank\">文章原文</a>\n <br />\n \n\n \n\n <img alt=\"\" class=\"\" height=\"1px\" src=\"http://www.jintiankansha.me/rss_static/13443/1ugTXIJkLV\" style=\"width: 1px; height: 1px; display: none;\" width=\"1px\" /></div></div>",
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"title": "那些草根英雄为啥发迹前总在偷鸡摸狗?就不能当个“良民”吗?",
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"description": "<div><div><div class=\"rich_media_content\" id=\"js_content\"><section style=\"margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 8px; white-space: normal; font-size: 16px; text-align: center; line-height: 1.5em;\"><img class=\"rich_pages js_insertlocalimg wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK6M7Nv6wvsPyLPCsN7uraAJxdXiby5XB2BE6S0ulr9Fs213uZ85nlxAalcgRcLFiaSVdOVlrtCZRibIw/640?wx_fmt=gif\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span><br /></span></section></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em;\"><section style=\"text-align: center;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KUSicA9WJQDIkZicvDfagJeBLic6M17vDAHK6hutdHyc1oYCmVQYTOwujQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span><br /></span></section></section><p><span><span>本 文 约 4100 字</span></span></p><section><section label=\"Powered by 135editor.com\"><p><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(178, 178, 178); font-size: 12px;\"><span>阅 读 需 要 13 分 钟</span></span><span><span> </span></span></span></p></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>先来看一组人物卡片。</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><section style=\"text-align: center;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KIjTtddUmZjNic1XViaCFMib1RTSxDu0DmULB1iahP8aXt86Bc0ichlhIe0A/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 331px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4K9eD4iazAkP7yicNbQTgfjrdo5tccdNkyyHFotiagHmsxKAKW0eA3nZl1Q/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 330px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KS4I0ejhBP4EYHMwuWvzoKQsCXPbGyiaxSOzQOYyoM3uIkJxyOFiayaBQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 331px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4Kb7iarDLJxrWI4Lr1m08ibPSZO0FngicMkWdun0BM7eUVMfcF19LBTDNwg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><span><br /></span></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>这对吗?这不对吧!谁家君主发迹前是小混混啊?诶,还真别说,这种情况在历史上并不少见,并且被后世改编成了各种传奇故事。为什么这些</span></font><span>“草根英雄”发迹前总是“偷鸡摸狗”的不安分的人?做个良民不好吗?</span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>在后世,人们又为什么</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>对这些故事津津乐道</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>?</span></font></p><p><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>每日一问,今天喝酒付钱了吗?</span><span><br /></span></font></font></b></p></section></section></section><section><span><p></p></span></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>为什么不做良民?这是一个很现实的问题,因为在乱世,良民限制在既定规则中,很难成就大事,甚至都很难活命。埋头种田无法养活自己,为了搏一条出路,这些</span></font><span>“草根英雄”们选择脱离原本的生产模式,成为人们眼中不安定分子。也正是这份不安分,才使他们最终成就大业。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4Kic3bWFKIlUtcbAvpomtYH9ib2bQTlt6XLyMB0ialF9RGOjyjqAKFkOO2A/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 552px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section><span><p></p></span></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KD17wFgmTPb8PTtYfibV5u6lSibAia0IF10CuvMCoHml1BPgLuJs0UTxyA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>在关于刘邦和钱镠的史料记载中,都明晃晃写着</span></font><span>“无赖”两个大字。许慎《说文解字》对“赖”的解释是“赢也”,也就是利益,“无赖”专指没有收入,与今天的意思稍有不同。对于刘邦发迹前的事迹,《史记·高祖本纪》中有较为具体的记载:</span><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"楷体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(刘邦)仁而爱人,喜施,意豁如也。常有大度,不事家人生产作业。及壮,试为吏,为泗水亭长,廷中吏无所不狎侮。好酒及色。常从王媪、武负贳酒,醉卧,武负、王媪见其上常有龙,怪之。高祖每酤留饮,酒雠数倍。及见怪,岁竟,此两家常折券弃责。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>所谓</span></font><span>“不事家人生产作业”,就是游手好闲的无赖。这一点在《高祖本纪》后文中被再一次提到:</span><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"楷体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">高祖奉玉卮,起为太上皇寿,曰:</span></span></font><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“始大人常以臣无赖,不能治产业,不如仲力。今某之业所就孰与仲多?”</span></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>因为</span></font><span>“无赖”,年轻时的刘邦并不受家人待见</span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>。直到秦始皇二十四年</span></font><font face=\"宋体\" style=\"line-height: 1.75em;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(前</span></span></font><span style=\"line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">223</span></span><font face=\"宋体\" style=\"line-height: 1.75em;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,已</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>是而立之年的刘邦通过试补当上了泗水亭长。有了稳定的工作,并不意味着刘邦就此安定下来。在官署中,他常常欺侮同僚,即使关系好的同僚也时常受他调笑。《樊郦滕灌</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>列传</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>》中就记载了刘邦的</span></font><span>“黑历史”:</span><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"楷体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">高祖戏而伤婴,人有告高祖。高祖时为亭长,重坐伤人,告故不伤婴,婴证之。后狱覆,婴坐高祖系岁余,掠笞数百,终以是脱高祖。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>刘邦与夏侯婴是同僚,开玩笑伤了夏侯婴,被别人告上官衙。刘邦为自己申辩,加上夏侯婴为他作证,此事才算揭过。后来此案重审,连累夏侯婴坐牢挨板子,刘邦则成功脱罪。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4K3zo4iaIQpoxoPTic3pdl8IFUajjQKn9w9rLesLsIs0hkZxEvlh3b1ISg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KaT4jSp2SRU335aBSTCj4iaibhMBmeADH2iaQZRPicic5Ym2Kl9AZMibn21ww/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>参加工作后的刘邦仍然很穷,常常付不起酒钱,在哪里醉倒就在哪里躺平,席地而睡。但奇异的是,据说他睡着后身上有龙影,并且只要他在酒家,店中客人就会激增数倍。为了留住这尊</span></font><span>“财神”,店家“常折券弃责”,将他的债务作废。这类神异记载在许多开国皇帝身上都有,后文中我们还会提到。</span><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>尽管此时的刘邦已经显露出过人之处,但要说他日后会成为天下之主,恐怕没有多少人会相信。从一介无赖到开国之君,刘邦走的无疑是一条</span></font><span>“逆袭之路”。</span><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>无独有偶,在一千年后的晚唐也出了一位逆袭强者</span></font><span>——吴越王钱镠。没听说过?但你一定听说过“陌上花开,可缓缓归矣”,正是这位仁兄写给夫人的情话。今天江浙一带的钱氏族人,包括</span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>钱学森、钱锺书、钱穆等名人在内</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,相当一部分都是钱镠的后代。在他的治理下,尽管周边战火绵延,而吴越国</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(今江浙一带)</span></span><span>物阜民丰,一派欣欣向荣之景。</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&mid=2651022915&idx=1&sn=e64c25c52712fc09769062dedf4f2873&scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KgaXesJ7k5TDg2lsAIwQVFXdFmmlY8QOiaj0YFMWoOqRIDZ9fpqGjrCQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></span></a></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KqaPTETqGOuDj5WVch5ibzeUS4wuoCGMib58gECjpUyA7030YkLx6HiaZg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>但当我们将时间线往前拉四十年,根本没有什么吴越王,只有一个无赖</span></font><span>——年轻时的钱镠可不是普通的小混混,而是名副其实的“法外狂徒”。</span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>每日一问,今天找到贵人了吗?</span><span><br /></span></font></font></b></p></section></section></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>钱镠,唐末杭州临安人,</span></font><span>“少拳勇,喜任侠,以解仇报怨为事”。结合钱镠所处的时代来看,这是一句褒贬兼具的评价。所谓“侠以武犯禁”,侠客不事生产,不能直接为社会创造价值;且不受土地束缚,是社会不安定分子。因此,侠客在古代——尤其是在太平年景,未见得是褒义词。但钱镠生在五代十国,社会本就不安定,这种任侠品质反而成为钱镠所向披靡的利器。</span><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>钱镠家中世代务农,一般来说,他会像自己的祖辈一样,勤勤恳恳地种一辈子地。但成年后的钱镠</span></font><span>“无赖,不喜事生业”“以犯盐为盗”,做起了私盐贩子。</span><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>贩卖私盐犯法吗?在晚唐,这个问题要视情况而论。晚唐民生凋敝,国库空虚,盐法混乱,李巽整顿盐法后虽然有所改善,但朝廷对于盐利的控制力不及以往。为了恢复经济,盐铁专卖的限制被放宽,民间也可以合法经营盐业。但根据史料推断,钱镠应当没有营业执照,属于非法贩盐。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4K8wpMyicAGYNMKdayFqJAdAf5UhLiayqclS9fbtVIyBqxoicwJwsmZKa0w/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 282px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4K7zUMUCOrI8NsV4CP3jD4YBamXbjQkQO8kvs8zlNUA96TACSCJKkroQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>做生意时不安分,不做生意时也没消停。县录事钟起有几个儿子,全跟着钱镠饮酒赌博,让老父亲头疼不已。直到一件奇事之后,钟起对钱镠的印象才大为改观。</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>那时,从豫章郡</span></font><span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(今江西南昌一带)</span></span></font></span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>来了一个术士,声称临安有</span></font><span>“王气”出现。钟起听说后,置酒宴请周围的豪杰,让术士躲在暗处辨认。术士一个一个看过去,连连摇头:我要找的是贵人,这些人都不够“贵”。</span><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>几天后,术士拜访钟起家,突然脱口而出一句:等等,贵人留步!</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KA0NZXKPbOg8OEaDRN6hvtQicLRmWuV4K4OSmLzPDcH9WuhhVwQsu1tw/640?wx_fmt=gif&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KUiaTD7Iq2nC8mib0VcxoP3CSnuzRsHeZtbKfvMNzeeHsMEQL0EZ9Laicw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>来人正是钱镠。钱镠来钟起家寻人,迎面撞上钟起,毫不犹豫掉头就走。术士一见大惊:</span></font><span>“此真贵人也!”自此,钱镠在钟家,从“无赖”摇身一变成为“贵人”。钟起对他礼遇有加,并出资供他和儿子们交游。后来的钱镠果然战功赫赫,受封镇海、镇东军节度使,最终成为一方霸主。</span><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>此事见载于正史,显然,所谓</span></font><span>“王气”是古代构建统治合法性的常用手段。钱镠身上的奇事还有不少,比如《吴越备史》中记载钱镠出生时相貌奇特</span><span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(据说奇丑无比)</span></span></font></span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,且满室红光,如同大火燃起。钱父以此为凶兆,要将钱镠投入井中,被钱镠的祖母救下,钱镠因此有小名</span></font><span>“婆留”。还有,根据《新五代史》的记载,钱镠年少时就已经展现出将才,能指挥一群孩子“作战”,且“号令颇有法”。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KibhsexibZFO72gpFmtYaymaSCu7GkGy2NXZVfIEmmYpCq6PO2iaiaQZicOA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KdibrcqvF8EicpOXia7aiaKOJF3QpFYK5F9I10mibVc4ALDdccwMjrgBkiarQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 563px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>这些正史奇闻为后人演绎提供了素材。在《三言二拍》等话本小说中,钱镠的经历变得更加神异,如出生之前有大蜥蜴蜿蜒于屋上,</span></font><span>“头垂及地,约长丈余,两目熠熠有光”。蜥蜴在古代是祥瑞之兆,和上文提到的红光、王气一样,都暗示钱镠身负气运,将成大业。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KLZnrucCYZo6fQU3VNvicRPk81icA0t8OAicOdwH3RlkO8Ts6MNzcVtqfg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KUiaTD7Iq2nC8mib0VcxoP3CSnuzRsHeZtbKfvMNzeeHsMEQL0EZ9Laicw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>这种将历史人物神化的故事,在传奇、志怪、话本小说中屡见不鲜,再如《喻世明言</span></font><span>·史弘肇龙虎君臣会》以五代时期史弘肇、郭威的故事为底本,多次提到史弘肇化为雪白异兽,而郭威更是命格贵重,以至于“</span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>除非天子可安排,以下诸侯压不得</span></font><span>”。后来,史弘肇果然成为后汉名将,而郭威称帝,建立后周。但在发迹前,两人同样是不事生产的“无赖”。</span><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>《喻世明言》将两人塑造为</span></font><span>“日逐趁赌,偷鸡盗狗”的恶徒,扰得四方邻里鸡犬不宁。但结合正史来看,这段故事应该是杜撰。毕竟郭威与史弘肇的家乡相隔几百里,若要联手为害一方,那这“一方”的范围未免也太大了。我们先来看看正史怎么说。</span><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>《旧五代史》记载郭威少时</span></font><span>“形神魁壮”“爱兵好勇,不事田产”,史弘肇“游侠无行,拳勇健步”。《新五代史》中记载郭威出身官宦世家,心气高,“好使酒”,醉酒时曾当街杀人。根据这些史料来看,这两人——尤其是郭威,年少时的确不是省油的灯,但也不至于像《喻世明言》所说的那样油滑猥琐。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KOEBS1ySxENYPUkuhzL2RTfXWUSic0G1p1F0gg0NPrY35Obdnpxfib0FA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KnspLDLcGqlibd8jskiaFezeeM6YmXhgCoficYulsBfq5V6OpKUfzk8sFw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 562px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>这些故事被收录于《三言二拍》中,可见在当时已经流传甚广,受到市场欢迎。为什么在历史上,这些</span></font><span>“草根英雄”发迹前总在偷鸡摸狗?大众又为什么对这些故事感兴趣,甚至不惜丑化、矮化这些草根英雄?</span><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>这些人物</span></font><span>——或者更准确地说,记载这些人物的正史与戏说之间,存在什么样的共性?</span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>每日一问,今天逆袭成功了吗?</span><span><br /></span></font></font></b></p></section></section></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>要弄清楚人们为什么喜欢这样的故事,首先要确定一件事:故事的听众是谁?</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>先说正史,史书的听众不仅在当下,更在后世。史书的作用在于</span></font><span>“鉴于往事,有资于治道”,记载本朝</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(或前朝)</span></span><span>丰功伟绩,并为后人治国理政留下参考</span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>。换言之,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>史书之所以记载这些人物,并非因为他们曾是草根英雄,而是因为他们对历史产生过重大影响。因此,正史对于这些草根英雄的发家史常常语焉不详,而将重点放在其后来的崛起与政治作为。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KC0XYv9iapvOIkH4j7o6qn9hNWpeCvcv2WcYbiaoHra24Uju6wMTdHylQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4K5lwqk1k1KOevlJs9umSz6nmsZPYtemRLxHLEckkM2adpQXiaRJ0YPWg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 523px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section><span><br /></span></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>因此,相比于民间故事,正史记载虽然具有一定的权威性和可信度,但因其受到政治规约,不得不采用曲笔。《史记》虽然不是官修史书,但司马迁的书写也带有一定政治性。值得注意的是,《史记》中关于刘邦早年的记载尽管只有寥寥数语,却有不少自相矛盾之处。例如,既然刘邦</span></font><span>“仁而爱人”,又为何总是欺侮同僚?既然已经穷到要赊账买酒,又为何要当“喜施”的“散财童子”?再看全文,一句褒义的“仁而爱人”与贬义的“好酒及色”放在一起也相当别扭。这些矛盾反映出人性的复杂与多面,也与史家曲笔有关。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KXELD0dCxETLSAAywIriaR7hp6moL2msicBTdkfLibdTImYODTHuHK6mZw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 358px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4Kb3W2tj5KnqCJyT4t56QurAqfUZOSjTb5VhKgJ4blLmP4up3tYHhu2Q/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 562px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>在民间文学中,这种矛盾被进一步放大。话本小说的听众以平民百姓为主,古代百姓虽然大字不识一个,但爱听八卦</span></font><span>——尤其是历史名人的八卦,有时比家长里短更吸引人。为了迎合听众,说书人常常以某一历史名人为原型,将各种民间传说套在其身上,增强说书效果。像上文中提到的钱镠、郭威与史弘肇,他们的形象经过后世不断加工后,都成为这样的加工型人物。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KtGh1JKLMJgjKyN3ydAgx900gAJRVaReUyorZYw9ooN8tlf00p8BlBQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4K8D99icibChb8qHrFamGhKib2OZeW2aJ3ZnkgcjUotn0iaxoGI6Dea7dztA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>在说书人的二次塑造下,这些草根英雄从冷峻的史料中走出来,成为性格特点丰富、行为逻辑完整的</span></font><span>“活人”,而并非单一的“好人”或“坏人”。他们在发迹前的“偷鸡摸狗”行为,体现了人性中的弱点和不足;而在发迹后的成就大业,则展现了人性中的智慧、勇气和担当。无论是复杂多面的人物形象,还是主人公的平民出身,都更贴近百姓的生活,能够让听众从中看到自己的影子,产生共鸣。</span><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>严格来说,其实只有钱镠出身贫寒,刘邦和郭威都不算是真正的平民,毕竟祖上阔过,文化底蕴尚存。但在老百姓眼里,只要境遇和自己相似,那就是跟自己一样的人。在阶级相对固化的古代,这种草根英雄成功的案例少之又少,大部分底层百姓难以翻身,只能将虚无缥缈的希望寄托于历史人物身上,凭借这些故事做一场爽感</span></font><span>“逆袭梦”。</span><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>从文学传播的角度来看,这类</span></font><span>“小混混”发迹的故事情节曲折,跌宕起伏,充满了戏剧性和悬念,很受大众青睐。在当代“逆袭文学”“龙傲天文学”身上,我们仍然能看到这些故事的影子。可见无论古今,人们总是能与最平凡、最朴素的情感产生共鸣。</span><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"text-indent: 21.0000pt;\"><span><p><span> </span></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: bold;\">参考文献:</span></span></font></b><b><span><p></p></span></b></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">[宋]薛居正,《旧五代史》,中华书局点校版</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">[宋]欧阳修,《新五代史》,中华书局点校版</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">*</span>本文系“国家</span></font><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">人文历史”独家稿件,欢迎读者转发朋友圈。</span></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><span><br /></span></p><section><section><section><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4s6XTkV1zgY7Ndw3fVeyGpxIIj30oUzpUnwIcafcXhx66GztUhxGc2FM8I09uwLbMwUFOQfZVGcg/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section></section></section><section><span><span>END</span></span></section><section><span><span>作者 | 思归乐</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span></span></span></span></section><section><span><span>编辑 | 胡心雅</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span></span></span></span></section><section><span><span>主编 | 周斌</span></span></section><section><span><span>排版 | 徐沁(实习)</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span></span></span></span></section><section><span><span>校对 | 火炬 张斌</span></span></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><span><span><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK6o0DTLAcjHUob1LlCbkiaCGeUicmbUPjIKiciad7l2ytYjz3bGBzNyAUu0aicCb4oWXbicQBJA96lk9Tug/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></span></span></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><strong><span><br /></span></strong></section><section><strong><span>国历好物</span></strong></section><p><span><strong><span><span>进击的士族</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>旁落的皇权</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>跨越五百年的权力对抗史</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>国民历史读物《国家人文历史》专业团队</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>最新力作</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>展现士族潮起潮落的史诗级历史画卷</span></span></strong></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><p><span><br /></span></p><section label=\"edit by 135editor\"><section><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK50l871IgvMuCSibrmOibSxicuassfQWcfhotQqH5lYBRPtichLu7A0vIGovAB5sRkicvnkQnT342127lA/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section><section><section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section></section><section><section><strong><span>点击下方封面,即可购买</span></strong></section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><span><strong><span><span>↓↓↓</span></span></strong></span></p><p><a class=\"weapp_image_link js_weapp_entry\"><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK5sbRbqWpNPCUYibIYbC7RFRAHn32PAWbKDIM6A4MkicYHOWIR0Hy6iamToAdrvvPDeu5T15EKXjC1Fg/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></a><span><br /></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><h2 src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPQbfYUk2lKRJbtAXIuZ0kjicBeKbKicn7picTvdbH5bfuaoiazGOfbm8kw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558\"><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPPS2Tl0L42giakAlUSsWM2hKsLfDwrNFcLNgFaxPhQng3E9mCRE3tkg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558px\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&mid=2651035606&idx=1&sn=95e5b910a9c15c3b861b33b6a6da3866&scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcaIgQkEibvERBOGAaoicFhgsfmibxDTGK2z3uLHbhcvWGEYibV0hom5VW8CA/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></a></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&mid=2651035897&idx=1&sn=befda0705325843f84da3911012cad95&scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcamtwvyMNyxgGfdgqCCu9GkBZl21VfOcYfkJRh5E0ArHl4UUBtbSzwRQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></a></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcaohkRZ9cGSGGPakn9lRTzm4qIA3pNHn3EVXrsicT3De6T2ib5Slw6GsRQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span><span><br /></span></span></section></section></section></h2></section></section></section><section><span><section><h2 src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPQbfYUk2lKRJbtAXIuZ0kjicBeKbKicn7picTvdbH5bfuaoiazGOfbm8kw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558\"><span><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages __bg_gif wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK6M7Nv6wvsPyLPCsN7uraAJ0nGCQhDMIIg0L5icbmcctmcTvsgM0HwBpkXTF9ztE2MsQ8Tso0exnicA/640?wx_fmt=gif\" /></span></h2></section></span></section><section><section><section><section><span><span>“</span><strong><span>在看</span></strong><span>”的永远18岁~</span></span></section></section></section></section><section><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><section><section style=\"padding-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 1em; display: flex;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"></span></section></section></section></span></section><p style=\"display: none;\"></p></div>\n \n\n \n <br />\n\n \n <a class=\"media_tool_meta meta_primary\" href=\"http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&mid=2651042116&idx=1&sn=5633a4b121b285dc87db450480698394&chksm=bc9dfe2ce8e2ae17749d2178c164eccf2227d3b849da2f43c48245b33fa403ceb096e4b9a837&scene=0#rd\" style=\"color: blue;\" target=\"_blank\">文章原文</a>\n <br />\n \n\n \n\n <img alt=\"\" class=\"\" height=\"1px\" src=\"http://www.jintiankansha.me/rss_static/13443/Q0RLZ3pwuf\" style=\"width: 1px; height: 1px; display: none;\" width=\"1px\" /></div></div>",
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"content": "<div><div><div class=\"rich_media_content\" id=\"js_content\"><section style=\"margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 8px; white-space: normal; font-size: 16px; text-align: center; line-height: 1.5em;\"><img class=\"rich_pages js_insertlocalimg wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK6M7Nv6wvsPyLPCsN7uraAJxdXiby5XB2BE6S0ulr9Fs213uZ85nlxAalcgRcLFiaSVdOVlrtCZRibIw/640?wx_fmt=gif\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span><br /></span></section></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em;\"><section style=\"text-align: center;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KUSicA9WJQDIkZicvDfagJeBLic6M17vDAHK6hutdHyc1oYCmVQYTOwujQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span><br /></span></section></section><p><span><span>本 文 约 4100 字</span></span></p><section><section label=\"Powered by 135editor.com\"><p><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(178, 178, 178); font-size: 12px;\"><span>阅 读 需 要 13 分 钟</span></span><span><span> </span></span></span></p></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>先来看一组人物卡片。</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><section style=\"text-align: center;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KIjTtddUmZjNic1XViaCFMib1RTSxDu0DmULB1iahP8aXt86Bc0ichlhIe0A/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 331px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4K9eD4iazAkP7yicNbQTgfjrdo5tccdNkyyHFotiagHmsxKAKW0eA3nZl1Q/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 330px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KS4I0ejhBP4EYHMwuWvzoKQsCXPbGyiaxSOzQOYyoM3uIkJxyOFiayaBQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 331px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4Kb7iarDLJxrWI4Lr1m08ibPSZO0FngicMkWdun0BM7eUVMfcF19LBTDNwg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><span><br /></span></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>这对吗?这不对吧!谁家君主发迹前是小混混啊?诶,还真别说,这种情况在历史上并不少见,并且被后世改编成了各种传奇故事。为什么这些</span></font><span>“草根英雄”发迹前总是“偷鸡摸狗”的不安分的人?做个良民不好吗?</span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>在后世,人们又为什么</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>对这些故事津津乐道</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>?</span></font></p><p><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>每日一问,今天喝酒付钱了吗?</span><span><br /></span></font></font></b></p></section></section></section><section><span><p></p></span></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>为什么不做良民?这是一个很现实的问题,因为在乱世,良民限制在既定规则中,很难成就大事,甚至都很难活命。埋头种田无法养活自己,为了搏一条出路,这些</span></font><span>“草根英雄”们选择脱离原本的生产模式,成为人们眼中不安定分子。也正是这份不安分,才使他们最终成就大业。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4Kic3bWFKIlUtcbAvpomtYH9ib2bQTlt6XLyMB0ialF9RGOjyjqAKFkOO2A/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 552px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section><span><p></p></span></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KD17wFgmTPb8PTtYfibV5u6lSibAia0IF10CuvMCoHml1BPgLuJs0UTxyA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>在关于刘邦和钱镠的史料记载中,都明晃晃写着</span></font><span>“无赖”两个大字。许慎《说文解字》对“赖”的解释是“赢也”,也就是利益,“无赖”专指没有收入,与今天的意思稍有不同。对于刘邦发迹前的事迹,《史记·高祖本纪》中有较为具体的记载:</span><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"楷体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(刘邦)仁而爱人,喜施,意豁如也。常有大度,不事家人生产作业。及壮,试为吏,为泗水亭长,廷中吏无所不狎侮。好酒及色。常从王媪、武负贳酒,醉卧,武负、王媪见其上常有龙,怪之。高祖每酤留饮,酒雠数倍。及见怪,岁竟,此两家常折券弃责。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>所谓</span></font><span>“不事家人生产作业”,就是游手好闲的无赖。这一点在《高祖本纪》后文中被再一次提到:</span><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"楷体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">高祖奉玉卮,起为太上皇寿,曰:</span></span></font><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“始大人常以臣无赖,不能治产业,不如仲力。今某之业所就孰与仲多?”</span></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>因为</span></font><span>“无赖”,年轻时的刘邦并不受家人待见</span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>。直到秦始皇二十四年</span></font><font face=\"宋体\" style=\"line-height: 1.75em;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(前</span></span></font><span style=\"line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">223</span></span><font face=\"宋体\" style=\"line-height: 1.75em;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,已</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>是而立之年的刘邦通过试补当上了泗水亭长。有了稳定的工作,并不意味着刘邦就此安定下来。在官署中,他常常欺侮同僚,即使关系好的同僚也时常受他调笑。《樊郦滕灌</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>列传</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>》中就记载了刘邦的</span></font><span>“黑历史”:</span><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"楷体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">高祖戏而伤婴,人有告高祖。高祖时为亭长,重坐伤人,告故不伤婴,婴证之。后狱覆,婴坐高祖系岁余,掠笞数百,终以是脱高祖。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>刘邦与夏侯婴是同僚,开玩笑伤了夏侯婴,被别人告上官衙。刘邦为自己申辩,加上夏侯婴为他作证,此事才算揭过。后来此案重审,连累夏侯婴坐牢挨板子,刘邦则成功脱罪。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4K3zo4iaIQpoxoPTic3pdl8IFUajjQKn9w9rLesLsIs0hkZxEvlh3b1ISg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KaT4jSp2SRU335aBSTCj4iaibhMBmeADH2iaQZRPicic5Ym2Kl9AZMibn21ww/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>参加工作后的刘邦仍然很穷,常常付不起酒钱,在哪里醉倒就在哪里躺平,席地而睡。但奇异的是,据说他睡着后身上有龙影,并且只要他在酒家,店中客人就会激增数倍。为了留住这尊</span></font><span>“财神”,店家“常折券弃责”,将他的债务作废。这类神异记载在许多开国皇帝身上都有,后文中我们还会提到。</span><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>尽管此时的刘邦已经显露出过人之处,但要说他日后会成为天下之主,恐怕没有多少人会相信。从一介无赖到开国之君,刘邦走的无疑是一条</span></font><span>“逆袭之路”。</span><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>无独有偶,在一千年后的晚唐也出了一位逆袭强者</span></font><span>——吴越王钱镠。没听说过?但你一定听说过“陌上花开,可缓缓归矣”,正是这位仁兄写给夫人的情话。今天江浙一带的钱氏族人,包括</span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>钱学森、钱锺书、钱穆等名人在内</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,相当一部分都是钱镠的后代。在他的治理下,尽管周边战火绵延,而吴越国</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(今江浙一带)</span></span><span>物阜民丰,一派欣欣向荣之景。</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&mid=2651022915&idx=1&sn=e64c25c52712fc09769062dedf4f2873&scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KgaXesJ7k5TDg2lsAIwQVFXdFmmlY8QOiaj0YFMWoOqRIDZ9fpqGjrCQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></span></a></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KqaPTETqGOuDj5WVch5ibzeUS4wuoCGMib58gECjpUyA7030YkLx6HiaZg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>但当我们将时间线往前拉四十年,根本没有什么吴越王,只有一个无赖</span></font><span>——年轻时的钱镠可不是普通的小混混,而是名副其实的“法外狂徒”。</span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>每日一问,今天找到贵人了吗?</span><span><br /></span></font></font></b></p></section></section></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>钱镠,唐末杭州临安人,</span></font><span>“少拳勇,喜任侠,以解仇报怨为事”。结合钱镠所处的时代来看,这是一句褒贬兼具的评价。所谓“侠以武犯禁”,侠客不事生产,不能直接为社会创造价值;且不受土地束缚,是社会不安定分子。因此,侠客在古代——尤其是在太平年景,未见得是褒义词。但钱镠生在五代十国,社会本就不安定,这种任侠品质反而成为钱镠所向披靡的利器。</span><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>钱镠家中世代务农,一般来说,他会像自己的祖辈一样,勤勤恳恳地种一辈子地。但成年后的钱镠</span></font><span>“无赖,不喜事生业”“以犯盐为盗”,做起了私盐贩子。</span><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>贩卖私盐犯法吗?在晚唐,这个问题要视情况而论。晚唐民生凋敝,国库空虚,盐法混乱,李巽整顿盐法后虽然有所改善,但朝廷对于盐利的控制力不及以往。为了恢复经济,盐铁专卖的限制被放宽,民间也可以合法经营盐业。但根据史料推断,钱镠应当没有营业执照,属于非法贩盐。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4K8wpMyicAGYNMKdayFqJAdAf5UhLiayqclS9fbtVIyBqxoicwJwsmZKa0w/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 282px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4K7zUMUCOrI8NsV4CP3jD4YBamXbjQkQO8kvs8zlNUA96TACSCJKkroQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>做生意时不安分,不做生意时也没消停。县录事钟起有几个儿子,全跟着钱镠饮酒赌博,让老父亲头疼不已。直到一件奇事之后,钟起对钱镠的印象才大为改观。</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>那时,从豫章郡</span></font><span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(今江西南昌一带)</span></span></font></span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>来了一个术士,声称临安有</span></font><span>“王气”出现。钟起听说后,置酒宴请周围的豪杰,让术士躲在暗处辨认。术士一个一个看过去,连连摇头:我要找的是贵人,这些人都不够“贵”。</span><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>几天后,术士拜访钟起家,突然脱口而出一句:等等,贵人留步!</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KA0NZXKPbOg8OEaDRN6hvtQicLRmWuV4K4OSmLzPDcH9WuhhVwQsu1tw/640?wx_fmt=gif&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KUiaTD7Iq2nC8mib0VcxoP3CSnuzRsHeZtbKfvMNzeeHsMEQL0EZ9Laicw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>来人正是钱镠。钱镠来钟起家寻人,迎面撞上钟起,毫不犹豫掉头就走。术士一见大惊:</span></font><span>“此真贵人也!”自此,钱镠在钟家,从“无赖”摇身一变成为“贵人”。钟起对他礼遇有加,并出资供他和儿子们交游。后来的钱镠果然战功赫赫,受封镇海、镇东军节度使,最终成为一方霸主。</span><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>此事见载于正史,显然,所谓</span></font><span>“王气”是古代构建统治合法性的常用手段。钱镠身上的奇事还有不少,比如《吴越备史》中记载钱镠出生时相貌奇特</span><span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(据说奇丑无比)</span></span></font></span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,且满室红光,如同大火燃起。钱父以此为凶兆,要将钱镠投入井中,被钱镠的祖母救下,钱镠因此有小名</span></font><span>“婆留”。还有,根据《新五代史》的记载,钱镠年少时就已经展现出将才,能指挥一群孩子“作战”,且“号令颇有法”。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KibhsexibZFO72gpFmtYaymaSCu7GkGy2NXZVfIEmmYpCq6PO2iaiaQZicOA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KdibrcqvF8EicpOXia7aiaKOJF3QpFYK5F9I10mibVc4ALDdccwMjrgBkiarQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 563px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>这些正史奇闻为后人演绎提供了素材。在《三言二拍》等话本小说中,钱镠的经历变得更加神异,如出生之前有大蜥蜴蜿蜒于屋上,</span></font><span>“头垂及地,约长丈余,两目熠熠有光”。蜥蜴在古代是祥瑞之兆,和上文提到的红光、王气一样,都暗示钱镠身负气运,将成大业。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KLZnrucCYZo6fQU3VNvicRPk81icA0t8OAicOdwH3RlkO8Ts6MNzcVtqfg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KUiaTD7Iq2nC8mib0VcxoP3CSnuzRsHeZtbKfvMNzeeHsMEQL0EZ9Laicw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>这种将历史人物神化的故事,在传奇、志怪、话本小说中屡见不鲜,再如《喻世明言</span></font><span>·史弘肇龙虎君臣会》以五代时期史弘肇、郭威的故事为底本,多次提到史弘肇化为雪白异兽,而郭威更是命格贵重,以至于“</span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>除非天子可安排,以下诸侯压不得</span></font><span>”。后来,史弘肇果然成为后汉名将,而郭威称帝,建立后周。但在发迹前,两人同样是不事生产的“无赖”。</span><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>《喻世明言》将两人塑造为</span></font><span>“日逐趁赌,偷鸡盗狗”的恶徒,扰得四方邻里鸡犬不宁。但结合正史来看,这段故事应该是杜撰。毕竟郭威与史弘肇的家乡相隔几百里,若要联手为害一方,那这“一方”的范围未免也太大了。我们先来看看正史怎么说。</span><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>《旧五代史》记载郭威少时</span></font><span>“形神魁壮”“爱兵好勇,不事田产”,史弘肇“游侠无行,拳勇健步”。《新五代史》中记载郭威出身官宦世家,心气高,“好使酒”,醉酒时曾当街杀人。根据这些史料来看,这两人——尤其是郭威,年少时的确不是省油的灯,但也不至于像《喻世明言》所说的那样油滑猥琐。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KOEBS1ySxENYPUkuhzL2RTfXWUSic0G1p1F0gg0NPrY35Obdnpxfib0FA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KnspLDLcGqlibd8jskiaFezeeM6YmXhgCoficYulsBfq5V6OpKUfzk8sFw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 562px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>这些故事被收录于《三言二拍》中,可见在当时已经流传甚广,受到市场欢迎。为什么在历史上,这些</span></font><span>“草根英雄”发迹前总在偷鸡摸狗?大众又为什么对这些故事感兴趣,甚至不惜丑化、矮化这些草根英雄?</span><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>这些人物</span></font><span>——或者更准确地说,记载这些人物的正史与戏说之间,存在什么样的共性?</span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>每日一问,今天逆袭成功了吗?</span><span><br /></span></font></font></b></p></section></section></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>要弄清楚人们为什么喜欢这样的故事,首先要确定一件事:故事的听众是谁?</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>先说正史,史书的听众不仅在当下,更在后世。史书的作用在于</span></font><span>“鉴于往事,有资于治道”,记载本朝</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(或前朝)</span></span><span>丰功伟绩,并为后人治国理政留下参考</span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>。换言之,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>史书之所以记载这些人物,并非因为他们曾是草根英雄,而是因为他们对历史产生过重大影响。因此,正史对于这些草根英雄的发家史常常语焉不详,而将重点放在其后来的崛起与政治作为。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KC0XYv9iapvOIkH4j7o6qn9hNWpeCvcv2WcYbiaoHra24Uju6wMTdHylQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4K5lwqk1k1KOevlJs9umSz6nmsZPYtemRLxHLEckkM2adpQXiaRJ0YPWg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 523px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section><span><br /></span></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>因此,相比于民间故事,正史记载虽然具有一定的权威性和可信度,但因其受到政治规约,不得不采用曲笔。《史记》虽然不是官修史书,但司马迁的书写也带有一定政治性。值得注意的是,《史记》中关于刘邦早年的记载尽管只有寥寥数语,却有不少自相矛盾之处。例如,既然刘邦</span></font><span>“仁而爱人”,又为何总是欺侮同僚?既然已经穷到要赊账买酒,又为何要当“喜施”的“散财童子”?再看全文,一句褒义的“仁而爱人”与贬义的“好酒及色”放在一起也相当别扭。这些矛盾反映出人性的复杂与多面,也与史家曲笔有关。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KXELD0dCxETLSAAywIriaR7hp6moL2msicBTdkfLibdTImYODTHuHK6mZw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 358px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4Kb3W2tj5KnqCJyT4t56QurAqfUZOSjTb5VhKgJ4blLmP4up3tYHhu2Q/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 562px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>在民间文学中,这种矛盾被进一步放大。话本小说的听众以平民百姓为主,古代百姓虽然大字不识一个,但爱听八卦</span></font><span>——尤其是历史名人的八卦,有时比家长里短更吸引人。为了迎合听众,说书人常常以某一历史名人为原型,将各种民间传说套在其身上,增强说书效果。像上文中提到的钱镠、郭威与史弘肇,他们的形象经过后世不断加工后,都成为这样的加工型人物。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KtGh1JKLMJgjKyN3ydAgx900gAJRVaReUyorZYw9ooN8tlf00p8BlBQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4K8D99icibChb8qHrFamGhKib2OZeW2aJ3ZnkgcjUotn0iaxoGI6Dea7dztA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>在说书人的二次塑造下,这些草根英雄从冷峻的史料中走出来,成为性格特点丰富、行为逻辑完整的</span></font><span>“活人”,而并非单一的“好人”或“坏人”。他们在发迹前的“偷鸡摸狗”行为,体现了人性中的弱点和不足;而在发迹后的成就大业,则展现了人性中的智慧、勇气和担当。无论是复杂多面的人物形象,还是主人公的平民出身,都更贴近百姓的生活,能够让听众从中看到自己的影子,产生共鸣。</span><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>严格来说,其实只有钱镠出身贫寒,刘邦和郭威都不算是真正的平民,毕竟祖上阔过,文化底蕴尚存。但在老百姓眼里,只要境遇和自己相似,那就是跟自己一样的人。在阶级相对固化的古代,这种草根英雄成功的案例少之又少,大部分底层百姓难以翻身,只能将虚无缥缈的希望寄托于历史人物身上,凭借这些故事做一场爽感</span></font><span>“逆袭梦”。</span><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>从文学传播的角度来看,这类</span></font><span>“小混混”发迹的故事情节曲折,跌宕起伏,充满了戏剧性和悬念,很受大众青睐。在当代“逆袭文学”“龙傲天文学”身上,我们仍然能看到这些故事的影子。可见无论古今,人们总是能与最平凡、最朴素的情感产生共鸣。</span><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"text-indent: 21.0000pt;\"><span><p><span> </span></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: bold;\">参考文献:</span></span></font></b><b><span><p></p></span></b></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">[宋]薛居正,《旧五代史》,中华书局点校版</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">[宋]欧阳修,《新五代史》,中华书局点校版</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">*</span>本文系“国家</span></font><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">人文历史”独家稿件,欢迎读者转发朋友圈。</span></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><span><br /></span></p><section><section><section><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4s6XTkV1zgY7Ndw3fVeyGpxIIj30oUzpUnwIcafcXhx66GztUhxGc2FM8I09uwLbMwUFOQfZVGcg/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section></section></section><section><span><span>END</span></span></section><section><span><span>作者 | 思归乐</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span></span></span></span></section><section><span><span>编辑 | 胡心雅</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span></span></span></span></section><section><span><span>主编 | 周斌</span></span></section><section><span><span>排版 | 徐沁(实习)</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span></span></span></span></section><section><span><span>校对 | 火炬 张斌</span></span></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><span><span><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK6o0DTLAcjHUob1LlCbkiaCGeUicmbUPjIKiciad7l2ytYjz3bGBzNyAUu0aicCb4oWXbicQBJA96lk9Tug/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></span></span></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><strong><span><br /></span></strong></section><section><strong><span>国历好物</span></strong></section><p><span><strong><span><span>进击的士族</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>旁落的皇权</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>跨越五百年的权力对抗史</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>国民历史读物《国家人文历史》专业团队</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>最新力作</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>展现士族潮起潮落的史诗级历史画卷</span></span></strong></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><p><span><br /></span></p><section label=\"edit by 135editor\"><section><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK50l871IgvMuCSibrmOibSxicuassfQWcfhotQqH5lYBRPtichLu7A0vIGovAB5sRkicvnkQnT342127lA/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section><section><section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section></section><section><section><strong><span>点击下方封面,即可购买</span></strong></section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><span><strong><span><span>↓↓↓</span></span></strong></span></p><p><a class=\"weapp_image_link js_weapp_entry\"><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK5sbRbqWpNPCUYibIYbC7RFRAHn32PAWbKDIM6A4MkicYHOWIR0Hy6iamToAdrvvPDeu5T15EKXjC1Fg/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></a><span><br /></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><h2 src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPQbfYUk2lKRJbtAXIuZ0kjicBeKbKicn7picTvdbH5bfuaoiazGOfbm8kw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558\"><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPPS2Tl0L42giakAlUSsWM2hKsLfDwrNFcLNgFaxPhQng3E9mCRE3tkg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558px\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&mid=2651035606&idx=1&sn=95e5b910a9c15c3b861b33b6a6da3866&scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcaIgQkEibvERBOGAaoicFhgsfmibxDTGK2z3uLHbhcvWGEYibV0hom5VW8CA/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></a></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&mid=2651035897&idx=1&sn=befda0705325843f84da3911012cad95&scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcamtwvyMNyxgGfdgqCCu9GkBZl21VfOcYfkJRh5E0ArHl4UUBtbSzwRQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></a></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcaohkRZ9cGSGGPakn9lRTzm4qIA3pNHn3EVXrsicT3De6T2ib5Slw6GsRQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span><span><br /></span></span></section></section></section></h2></section></section></section><section><span><section><h2 src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPQbfYUk2lKRJbtAXIuZ0kjicBeKbKicn7picTvdbH5bfuaoiazGOfbm8kw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558\"><span><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages __bg_gif wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK6M7Nv6wvsPyLPCsN7uraAJ0nGCQhDMIIg0L5icbmcctmcTvsgM0HwBpkXTF9ztE2MsQ8Tso0exnicA/640?wx_fmt=gif\" /></span></h2></section></span></section><section><section><section><section><span><span>“</span><strong><span>在看</span></strong><span>”的永远18岁~</span></span></section></section></section></section><section><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><section><section style=\"padding-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 1em; display: flex;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"></span></section></section></section></span></section><p style=\"display: none;\"></p></div>\n \n\n \n <br />\n\n \n <a class=\"media_tool_meta meta_primary\" href=\"http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&mid=2651042116&idx=1&sn=5633a4b121b285dc87db450480698394&chksm=bc9dfe2ce8e2ae17749d2178c164eccf2227d3b849da2f43c48245b33fa403ceb096e4b9a837&scene=0#rd\" style=\"color: blue;\" target=\"_blank\">文章原文</a>\n <br />\n \n\n \n\n <img alt=\"\" class=\"\" height=\"1px\" src=\"http://www.jintiankansha.me/rss_static/13443/Q0RLZ3pwuf\" style=\"width: 1px; height: 1px; display: none;\" width=\"1px\" /></div></div>",
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"title": "怼商鞅嘲李广,给曹操差评……洪迈:在“毒舌”赛道我已经没有对手了!",
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"description": "<div><div><div class=\"rich_media_content\" id=\"js_content\"><section style=\"margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 8px; white-space: normal; font-size: 16px; text-align: center; line-height: 1.5em;\"><img class=\"rich_pages js_insertlocalimg wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK6M7Nv6wvsPyLPCsN7uraAJxdXiby5XB2BE6S0ulr9Fs213uZ85nlxAalcgRcLFiaSVdOVlrtCZRibIw/640?wx_fmt=gif\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span><br /></span></section></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCjic5cB17fxbeX8MhdZaH9rAsv7RdI3b6DK97uS0mr4fTSXPKGd2XIZg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span><br /></span></section></section><p><span><span>本 文 约 3000 字</span></span></p><section><section label=\"Powered by 135editor.com\"><p><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(178, 178, 178); font-size: 12px;\"><span>阅 读 需 要 10 分 钟</span></span><span><span> </span></span></span></p></section></section><p><b><span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></span></b></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>如果</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>古代</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>有微博,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>南宋的</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>洪迈绝对是那个每天发十几条、粉丝百万、动不动就上热搜的毒舌博主。他的日常就是:早上怼商鞅,中午嘲李广,下午给曹操差评,晚上还要科普宋朝冷知识。关键是</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>吐</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>槽都有理有据,引经据典,让你想反驳都找不到理由。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCic3ibZ210tS1MPIcEVZrue86IHHoDjkoDVzsH6VVFQPCRbeMvv27d56A/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCDR0ZRtAc4xvk3h2uIicB8MAbleuFsrWBspjJhPL17ANNibn6NEnO3MicA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\"> </span></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>这位</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>洪迈</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>可不同于那些科举屡屡不中的悲催文人,他</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>是正经八百的南宋绍兴二十四年</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">1154</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>进士</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>。</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>其父洪皓曾以礼部尚书</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>的</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>身份出使金国,被扣留十五载而不屈,时人誉为</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>宋之苏武</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>”;</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>两位兄长更是了得:大哥洪适当过宰相,二哥洪遵官至右丞相。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCtdoeqNyPG9XuEEBeNDcVicCVd3Ueujq5lFeC1h8xSdOk45wkZshgBLg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbC3gZWgCOUe7P1iagFZkx9s9UkicxBY0052G7VAZmF7ha12ibxQg7bbCD8Q/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"等线\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>相较之下,洪迈的仕途虽官至翰林学士、端明殿学士,却也只能算是</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>稍逊风骚</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>”</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>。但</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>他</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>另辟蹊径,靠</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>笔杆子</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>”</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>为后世称道!</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>而</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>真正让他出圈的,是他那部</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>被誉为</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“南宋笔记小说之冠”的《容斋随笔》</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>。</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCkbiaicPhv5QVugL4ngic9c61NHLcahg1ibfk1QhF11v57IJJibAMY1tMtvQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCc9nyVticSBaynl0RXAQyGic5PtzQCEotOXl5bDYQfSj8eCSia5lPvPAqw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"Kaiti SC Regular\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“意之所之,随即记录”</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>所以叫随笔。洪迈在浙东当官时疯狂收集天下奇书,花了</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>20多年整理,全书50万字,1220条笔记涵盖古人历史、文化、生活的方方面面,堪称行走的百科全书。问世后大受好评,历代重刻不断。《四库全书总目》评价</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>:</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">南宋说部当以此为首</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">……其考据精确,议论高简,读书者必当取资焉。</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">”</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>开国领袖毛泽东一生</span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>也曾</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>反复研读《容斋随笔》,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>甚至在</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>床头放了整整</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>37年</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>。</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>到底是什么样的内容,让这位</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>毒舌博主</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>”</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>的影响力延续了</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>800多年呢?</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCVFYNncibyIT57T87q4HykVJGfAfibcof0xKCibxdU5k7pBJZKyAYS6hfA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 388px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCfezbTPpbcuztjsNSFPiaywjDbfu0vjYlb2g8gshQHwvK5ktMf1R8OrA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><span>考据狂魔在线打假</span></font></b></p></section></section></section><section><b><span><p></p></span></b></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>洪迈的第一个身份是“</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>考据狂魔”。这位严谨博主对历史谣言零容忍,看到不靠谱的记载就浑身难受,必须发条“微博”澄清一下。</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbC8BZibJ3dGcV8kjZt493nXvZmYWKF9wdLb80s3bsic53z0gu1G7rKsibEg/640?wx_fmt=gif&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>比如商鞅“</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>徙木立信”,洪迈考据竟是山寨吴起创意。</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>商鞅在秦国变法时,担心百姓不信新法,于是徙木立信,从此新法畅行无阻。只是这波操作在洪迈看来却十分眼熟,没错,这完全是来自吴起的创意!原来,吴起在魏国西河当官时就玩过这招:某天夜里在南门外立了根表柱,宣布谁放倒柱子就给长大夫的官职。民众都当是玩笑,偏有个实诚人真去试了,结果吴起二话不说直接兑现承诺。可惜吴起的故事没火起来,倒让商鞅这个盗版故事被很多人误认为</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>是</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>原创</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>还</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>青史留名了</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>。</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCibuIGFRgfor9hJoBhcfdFOtQ9pvebaQvreEemvYj8galTkJ8he8x4oA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 377px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCibEaDNxKwUIu7heF8HzAhdEYdIdcIIIQsdhcb5nqn3kzsOaMxlP7PBw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p><span><font face=\"等线\"><span><br /></span></font></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>再比如,关于李白之死,民间传说都是“</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>李白醉后捞月而死”,颇具浪漫主义气质。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>洪迈</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>则</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>用文献资料狠狠戳破</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>了</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>这一美好幻想:</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“予按李阳冰作《太白草堂集序》云:‘阳冰试弦歌于当涂,公疾亟,草稿万卷,手集未修,枕上授简,俾为序。’又李华作《太白墓志》亦云:‘赋临终歌而卒。’乃知俗传良不足信。”</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>翻译成白话就是:你们都瞎说!根据李白族叔李阳冰和好友李华的记载,李白是病死的,死前还在修订诗集。所以说,道听途说,还不如两篇能够互相印证的文献来</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>得</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>靠谱。此外,他还不忘补刀说:那些编故事的,把李白写得跟神仙似的,就跟谣传杜甫喝白酒吃牛肉胀死一样滑稽可笑。怎么你们吃瓜群众是在场呢还是咋滴?</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCUBmg15W2XRkPd2PGic1Vks34u2zmthatHDx4r0HrYBD9UFL4EqHYhyQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCRfNY5ZqlSyq3cLjRZhIx2Nav8fXvP88UfdJv35db3Cb5JFCj35wnRw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>洪迈还考据了“</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>绿竹青青”跨越千年的植物学冤案,堪称最早的“学术打假”案例。</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>《诗经》里有“</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>绿竹猗猗”的名句,明明是夸君子如修竹般挺拔的风度</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>结果汉代学者脑袋一拍,硬是把</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“绿竹”说成是野草!他们信誓旦旦:“北方哪有竹子?‘绿竹’必是王刍、萹竹!”对此</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>洪迈相当不满,随即甩出两份材料:</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">《汉书》明确记载名将寇恂用“</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">淇园之竹”造箭百万,总不能是</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">用</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">野草当箭使吧?</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">《诗经</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">·卫风》里姑娘拿竹竿在淇水钓鱼的场景,难不成</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">是在</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">把野草</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">当</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">甩竿?</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>最损的是洪迈反问:“</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>野草配得上‘猗猗’的挺拔吗?”这波打脸,直接把汉代学者的“植物学水平”钉在了竹子上。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCyzoEXZwH730Dnw5FEYpCvfVHVH7SQ1SeclEfeBmZF2eRD2RnwKYuXg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 244px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbC8PBL2CW2VlQG9YLKlLSSAnCYonrKokVHvoD1hia1ysfzbpwbD5jCnhg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><span>毒舌评论家上线</span></font></b></p></section></section></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>如果说考据只是洪迈的副业,那吐槽绝对是他的主业。比如,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>他吐槽李广:</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">李广这个人啊,历经文帝、景帝、武帝三朝都没升官,从军四十年,五征匈奴,打了一辈子仗,未录尺寸之功,可真够背的。你看他带兵,迷路了害怕被史家编排,最后自杀了。真是性格决定命运啊!”</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCMcUb806icBNowZTcypfTibfickF8GEdxNp6hLzalY4RcOuaQFr2BCI9Nw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 247px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCKhjZUbtpFHaCAoTEodFSS51ibMRIgVPzq6lfYV5OWIxic352MlreytSw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span> </span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>当然,洪迈尖锐地指出,问题所在,主要还是汉文帝“</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>失材”:之前就有才华不比贾谊差的贾山上书建言,献上治乱之道,照样没捞到一官半职。所以“李广难封”并非实力不够,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>而</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>是领导的锅</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>——</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>就差直接说皇帝</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>实在没眼光</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>了。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCRQVADAIGEtrbq7FZapiaPBicyyKcgZNbRQXOIibxHqzn8nQexSWOsKyMQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCkiboZKyMNP8SdLMRb0AWf3icIMCBXXjdEdic1ISdqN0Cd0eb2HKibEtMIg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>《容斋随笔》里还记载了一个细思极恐的巧合:每当匈奴人来朝贡,汉朝皇帝就要准备后事</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>……</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>汉宣帝黄龙元年</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">前</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">49</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>正月,匈</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>奴人欢天喜地来朝拜,结果当年十二月,宣帝就驾崩了;汉元帝竟宁元年</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">前</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">33</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>正月,匈奴人又来了,五月份元帝就跟着去了;最惨的是汉哀帝,大臣扬雄还劝他说让匈奴人来,结果正月匈奴人刚到,六月哀帝就领了盒饭。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCic8aRHGg15fts9DePflSzTHDzFJRrw4uOHDwORbptvIjCyHmDceDNFg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 232px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCqaiarY3jWP4gNDX0wtaosDZMBrWIGAzomUicrO4R15miciaaoKL4vqz6Ew/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>事情吊诡到洪迈都不知道如何吐槽:“</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>事之偶然符合,有如此者。”这么惊人的巧合也是没谁了。这哪是来朝贡,分明是死神来了。建议大汉应该立个新规:匈奴使者来朝,先给皇帝买好保险!</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>最狠</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>的</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>还是他透过现象看本质</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>——</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>吐槽曹操成也德行,败也德行。洪迈在《容斋随笔》</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>说:</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>当年曹操起于兖州这四战之地,却能以弱胜强、一统中原,关键不在险要而在</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“德”。</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>后来</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“挟天子以令诸侯”强化政治合法性,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>明显</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>德行有亏,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>全靠</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>战略</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>才能</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>逆袭。</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>等到</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>赤壁之战</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>表面输给东南风,实则</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>终于</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>是败在人品余额不足!</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>这</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>波春秋笔法,完成了对曹操的</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“双杀”。果然靠缺德赚来的地盘,最后都变成人品利息还回去了吧。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbC6QMiboa7O8t1hLzIfX6c3HBdmoTPxdH6VJdaBcHHMlXEtw2bic3NM4IA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 248px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbC6wiaDsHpzegIgxppiajibOIYHLv1foXvjkl0YQ1iccNFu4kicoCIAxibswtQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>洪迈在书里还顺便吐槽了下司马迁数学不好。在《容斋随笔》里发现了一个惊天大</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>bug</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>”</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>:按照《史记》的算法,周武王之前的十五代帝王,个个都是超级寿星!平均每位活到</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>100多岁,在位七八十年——这哪是帝王世系表,分明是修仙渡劫记录册啊!</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>说明尽信书不如无书,就算是太史公写的历史,也不可尽信啊。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCkVDPEIArktEoWy84ZakUAJicjXMftbdYNymkxnjoUj06TibcplBFtCAA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><span>资深生活博主</span></p></section></section></section><section><b><span><p></p></span></b></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>不要以为洪迈只会怼人,他还是个资深生活博主,专门科普宋朝冷知识。《容斋随笔》就像一扇通往南宋的任意门</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>通过这位宋代士大夫的“</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>微博”合集,市井百态、朝堂风云、诗词典故、民生疾苦,都被记录下来。八百年时光流转,这些文字依然鲜活如初,仿佛能听见作者在纸页那头的谈笑风生。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCxC4b2ibqOTlGCS1tVZZdeCtnRUlagZR549Tw6cEafrq1dunR24exxMQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCcicUjDjsK1RBJDCxOBQKZGqDdfUa3mHJrpw8fRlUvxibwUJKHITWcnNQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>比如打喷嚏说“</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>有人说我”,这个梗竟已经有了两千多年的历史。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>现代人打完喷嚏总爱说“</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>谁在念叨我”,没想到这个习惯比《诗经》还古老!洪迈在《容斋随笔》里挖出猛料:东汉郑玄注解《诗经》时就提到,当时人打喷嚏就说“有人说我”,还特别注明这是上古流传下来的说法。看来这个梗从西周玩到南宋,当时就已经非常流行了。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCB5vInD9P8VnXc05Ta31FfXfvRoT9sGdoK2jaaGaOZvQwgCF86lPteg/640?wx_fmt=gif&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbC73Ahkn2HWfF4SNhoHXjxvmN29ENY333AFu59pypfl0IibHdpNa6Sj9g/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>还有现在总有人争论繁体简体,洪迈要是看到准得笑出声。</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>因为</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>南宋人写字早就把“</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>禮”简成“礼”,“處”缩成“处”,“與”减作“与”了。不过写奏折时还得乖乖用繁体——像极了我们现在正式文件不敢用网络梗、二次元缩写的样子!最绝的是洪迈考据出,这些“简体字”其实都是《说文解字》里的正牌古字。所以啊,文字简化这事,老祖宗八百年前就玩过了。</span></font></p><section><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&mid=2651024992&idx=1&sn=ce312dedb768a6fcab7cac3a46f21b01&scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbC7A4qdPYfLkHCEwphIc05dibYJiaDZykicsUgCnHeyg746282piaVVkqTkQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></span></a></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbC9l4NeiaR1pZD0krg1VszVjMh5TXc4nj2BTX5iakfMy2RFuVlnBueqLSQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><h1 style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></h1><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>洪迈在《容斋随笔》中</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>还</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>记载了唐代选官的奇葩标准,简直是一场古代版的“</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>偶像练习生”:第一看身材相貌是否伟岸英俊,第二考口才是否雄辩滔滔,第三验书法是否遒劲美观,第四测判状文辞是否条理通畅。通过者美其名曰“入等”,落选者则被无情地贴上“蓝缕”<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(破烂货)</span>标签,而通过三项考试就能获得“拔萃”称号。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>令人痛心的是,到了宋朝,就只剩下看身材样貌这一条标准了,其他三项统统作废。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCbwJcZR5DQ2hHkaCFicXoibyAq3NrGD701szv81CdaYS9jJWfB0AL4JSA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"width: 559px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCKmB2gSS0nvNPhXATF8q9yibvsv1icKbufOdiasIiaxzPiag2R8wF2fvSibqw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><span>影响千年的智慧</span></p></section></section></section><section><b><span><p></p></span></b></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>洪迈的“</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>毒舌”</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>为什么能流传千年?因为他的吐槽不是为骂而骂,背后都是真知灼见。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>他怼李白捞月传说,是在反对神化历史人物;他嘲李广不得志,是在强调性格对命运的影响;他给曹操差评,是</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>说</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>权贵失德的后果。就连他记录的市井生活,都是珍贵的社会史料。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCSvrUric70THymXaODNYUlyv5K8I9KhukGnELyZM9O2zXFJ6APzWic9Dw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCgN9vMyMjQanNZS2XUSxJQJQicvQWINk0VMqT0TeJGJzPlamhicbeszGw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>在那个没有互联网的年代,洪迈用笔创造了属于自己的“</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>热搜榜”,用证据说话,用智慧吐槽,让历史在笑声中显露出真实面目。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: bold;\">参考文献:</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">洪迈. 容斋随笔[M]. 南宋.</span></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">*</span>本文系“国家</span></font><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">人文历史”独家稿件,欢迎读者转发朋友圈。</span></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><span><br /></span></p><section><section><section><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4s6XTkV1zgY7Ndw3fVeyGpxIIj30oUzpUnwIcafcXhx66GztUhxGc2FM8I09uwLbMwUFOQfZVGcg/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section></section></section><section><span><span>END</span></span></section><section><span><span>作者 | 林生</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span></span></span></span></section><section><span><span>编辑 | 胡心雅</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span></span></span></span></section><section><span><span>主编 | 周斌</span></span></section><section><span><span>排版 | 曲晨溪(实习)</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span></span></span></span></section><section><span><span>校对 | 火炬 李栋 张斌</span></span></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><span><span><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK6o0DTLAcjHUob1LlCbkiaCGeUicmbUPjIKiciad7l2ytYjz3bGBzNyAUu0aicCb4oWXbicQBJA96lk9Tug/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></span></span></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><strong><span><br /></span></strong></section><section><strong><span>国历好物</span></strong></section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK50l871IgvMuCSibrmOibSxicuB2xBPs1uQ2ZspQytHr1P0K7rUaKzSAg2CRzMr8ibAYhs2mSk7cLvZpQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section><p><span><strong><span><span>进击的士族</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>旁落的皇权</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>跨越五百年的权力对抗史</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>国民历史读物《国家人文历史》专业团队</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>最新力作</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>展现士族潮起潮落的史诗级历史画卷</span></span></strong></span></p><section label=\"edit by 135editor\"><section><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK50l871IgvMuCSibrmOibSxicuassfQWcfhotQqH5lYBRPtichLu7A0vIGovAB5sRkicvnkQnT342127lA/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section><section><section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section></section><section><section><strong><span>点击下方封面,即可购买</span></strong></section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><span><strong><span><span>↓↓↓</span></span></strong></span></p><p><a class=\"weapp_image_link js_weapp_entry\"><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK5sbRbqWpNPCUYibIYbC7RFRAHn32PAWbKDIM6A4MkicYHOWIR0Hy6iamToAdrvvPDeu5T15EKXjC1Fg/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></a><span><br /></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><h2 src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPQbfYUk2lKRJbtAXIuZ0kjicBeKbKicn7picTvdbH5bfuaoiazGOfbm8kw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558\"><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPPS2Tl0L42giakAlUSsWM2hKsLfDwrNFcLNgFaxPhQng3E9mCRE3tkg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558px\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&mid=2651035606&idx=1&sn=95e5b910a9c15c3b861b33b6a6da3866&scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcaIgQkEibvERBOGAaoicFhgsfmibxDTGK2z3uLHbhcvWGEYibV0hom5VW8CA/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></a></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&mid=2651035897&idx=1&sn=befda0705325843f84da3911012cad95&scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcamtwvyMNyxgGfdgqCCu9GkBZl21VfOcYfkJRh5E0ArHl4UUBtbSzwRQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></a></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcaohkRZ9cGSGGPakn9lRTzm4qIA3pNHn3EVXrsicT3De6T2ib5Slw6GsRQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span><span><br /></span></span></section></section></section></h2></section></section></section><section><span><section><h2 src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPQbfYUk2lKRJbtAXIuZ0kjicBeKbKicn7picTvdbH5bfuaoiazGOfbm8kw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558\"><span><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages __bg_gif wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK6M7Nv6wvsPyLPCsN7uraAJ0nGCQhDMIIg0L5icbmcctmcTvsgM0HwBpkXTF9ztE2MsQ8Tso0exnicA/640?wx_fmt=gif\" /></span></h2><section><span><span>“</span><strong><span>在看</span></strong><span>”的永远18岁~</span></span></section></section></span></section><section><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><section><section style=\"padding-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 1em; display: flex;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"></span></section></section></section></span></section><p style=\"display: none;\"></p></div>\n \n\n \n <br />\n\n \n <a class=\"media_tool_meta meta_primary\" href=\"http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&mid=2651042069&idx=1&sn=91d6a9e605c215ec5b47a2d2b15a7e4d&chksm=bc79e3a3e42685f161c40518a162f51d555b9620e56af17c859c71fd865cb64e45d5c7a3462e&scene=0#rd\" style=\"color: blue;\" target=\"_blank\">文章原文</a>\n <br />\n \n\n \n\n <img alt=\"\" class=\"\" height=\"1px\" src=\"http://www.jintiankansha.me/rss_static/13443/OnjcumFejq\" style=\"width: 1px; height: 1px; display: none;\" width=\"1px\" /></div></div>",
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"content": "<div><div><div class=\"rich_media_content\" id=\"js_content\"><section style=\"margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 8px; white-space: normal; font-size: 16px; text-align: center; line-height: 1.5em;\"><img class=\"rich_pages js_insertlocalimg wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK6M7Nv6wvsPyLPCsN7uraAJxdXiby5XB2BE6S0ulr9Fs213uZ85nlxAalcgRcLFiaSVdOVlrtCZRibIw/640?wx_fmt=gif\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span><br /></span></section></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCjic5cB17fxbeX8MhdZaH9rAsv7RdI3b6DK97uS0mr4fTSXPKGd2XIZg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span><br /></span></section></section><p><span><span>本 文 约 3000 字</span></span></p><section><section label=\"Powered by 135editor.com\"><p><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(178, 178, 178); font-size: 12px;\"><span>阅 读 需 要 10 分 钟</span></span><span><span> </span></span></span></p></section></section><p><b><span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></span></b></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>如果</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>古代</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>有微博,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>南宋的</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>洪迈绝对是那个每天发十几条、粉丝百万、动不动就上热搜的毒舌博主。他的日常就是:早上怼商鞅,中午嘲李广,下午给曹操差评,晚上还要科普宋朝冷知识。关键是</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>吐</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>槽都有理有据,引经据典,让你想反驳都找不到理由。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCic3ibZ210tS1MPIcEVZrue86IHHoDjkoDVzsH6VVFQPCRbeMvv27d56A/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCDR0ZRtAc4xvk3h2uIicB8MAbleuFsrWBspjJhPL17ANNibn6NEnO3MicA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\"> </span></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>这位</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>洪迈</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>可不同于那些科举屡屡不中的悲催文人,他</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>是正经八百的南宋绍兴二十四年</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">1154</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>进士</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>。</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>其父洪皓曾以礼部尚书</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>的</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>身份出使金国,被扣留十五载而不屈,时人誉为</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>宋之苏武</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>”;</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>两位兄长更是了得:大哥洪适当过宰相,二哥洪遵官至右丞相。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCtdoeqNyPG9XuEEBeNDcVicCVd3Ueujq5lFeC1h8xSdOk45wkZshgBLg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbC3gZWgCOUe7P1iagFZkx9s9UkicxBY0052G7VAZmF7ha12ibxQg7bbCD8Q/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"等线\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>相较之下,洪迈的仕途虽官至翰林学士、端明殿学士,却也只能算是</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>稍逊风骚</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>”</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>。但</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>他</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>另辟蹊径,靠</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>笔杆子</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>”</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>为后世称道!</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>而</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>真正让他出圈的,是他那部</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>被誉为</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“南宋笔记小说之冠”的《容斋随笔》</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>。</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCkbiaicPhv5QVugL4ngic9c61NHLcahg1ibfk1QhF11v57IJJibAMY1tMtvQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCc9nyVticSBaynl0RXAQyGic5PtzQCEotOXl5bDYQfSj8eCSia5lPvPAqw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"Kaiti SC Regular\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“意之所之,随即记录”</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>所以叫随笔。洪迈在浙东当官时疯狂收集天下奇书,花了</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>20多年整理,全书50万字,1220条笔记涵盖古人历史、文化、生活的方方面面,堪称行走的百科全书。问世后大受好评,历代重刻不断。《四库全书总目》评价</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>:</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">南宋说部当以此为首</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">……其考据精确,议论高简,读书者必当取资焉。</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">”</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>开国领袖毛泽东一生</span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>也曾</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>反复研读《容斋随笔》,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>甚至在</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>床头放了整整</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>37年</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>。</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>到底是什么样的内容,让这位</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>毒舌博主</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>”</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>的影响力延续了</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>800多年呢?</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCVFYNncibyIT57T87q4HykVJGfAfibcof0xKCibxdU5k7pBJZKyAYS6hfA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 388px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCfezbTPpbcuztjsNSFPiaywjDbfu0vjYlb2g8gshQHwvK5ktMf1R8OrA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><span>考据狂魔在线打假</span></font></b></p></section></section></section><section><b><span><p></p></span></b></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>洪迈的第一个身份是“</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>考据狂魔”。这位严谨博主对历史谣言零容忍,看到不靠谱的记载就浑身难受,必须发条“微博”澄清一下。</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbC8BZibJ3dGcV8kjZt493nXvZmYWKF9wdLb80s3bsic53z0gu1G7rKsibEg/640?wx_fmt=gif&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>比如商鞅“</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>徙木立信”,洪迈考据竟是山寨吴起创意。</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>商鞅在秦国变法时,担心百姓不信新法,于是徙木立信,从此新法畅行无阻。只是这波操作在洪迈看来却十分眼熟,没错,这完全是来自吴起的创意!原来,吴起在魏国西河当官时就玩过这招:某天夜里在南门外立了根表柱,宣布谁放倒柱子就给长大夫的官职。民众都当是玩笑,偏有个实诚人真去试了,结果吴起二话不说直接兑现承诺。可惜吴起的故事没火起来,倒让商鞅这个盗版故事被很多人误认为</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>是</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>原创</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>还</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>青史留名了</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>。</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCibuIGFRgfor9hJoBhcfdFOtQ9pvebaQvreEemvYj8galTkJ8he8x4oA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 377px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCibEaDNxKwUIu7heF8HzAhdEYdIdcIIIQsdhcb5nqn3kzsOaMxlP7PBw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p><span><font face=\"等线\"><span><br /></span></font></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>再比如,关于李白之死,民间传说都是“</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>李白醉后捞月而死”,颇具浪漫主义气质。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>洪迈</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>则</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>用文献资料狠狠戳破</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>了</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>这一美好幻想:</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“予按李阳冰作《太白草堂集序》云:‘阳冰试弦歌于当涂,公疾亟,草稿万卷,手集未修,枕上授简,俾为序。’又李华作《太白墓志》亦云:‘赋临终歌而卒。’乃知俗传良不足信。”</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>翻译成白话就是:你们都瞎说!根据李白族叔李阳冰和好友李华的记载,李白是病死的,死前还在修订诗集。所以说,道听途说,还不如两篇能够互相印证的文献来</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>得</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>靠谱。此外,他还不忘补刀说:那些编故事的,把李白写得跟神仙似的,就跟谣传杜甫喝白酒吃牛肉胀死一样滑稽可笑。怎么你们吃瓜群众是在场呢还是咋滴?</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCUBmg15W2XRkPd2PGic1Vks34u2zmthatHDx4r0HrYBD9UFL4EqHYhyQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCRfNY5ZqlSyq3cLjRZhIx2Nav8fXvP88UfdJv35db3Cb5JFCj35wnRw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>洪迈还考据了“</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>绿竹青青”跨越千年的植物学冤案,堪称最早的“学术打假”案例。</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>《诗经》里有“</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>绿竹猗猗”的名句,明明是夸君子如修竹般挺拔的风度</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>结果汉代学者脑袋一拍,硬是把</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“绿竹”说成是野草!他们信誓旦旦:“北方哪有竹子?‘绿竹’必是王刍、萹竹!”对此</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>洪迈相当不满,随即甩出两份材料:</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">《汉书》明确记载名将寇恂用“</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">淇园之竹”造箭百万,总不能是</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">用</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">野草当箭使吧?</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">《诗经</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">·卫风》里姑娘拿竹竿在淇水钓鱼的场景,难不成</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">是在</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">把野草</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">当</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">甩竿?</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>最损的是洪迈反问:“</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>野草配得上‘猗猗’的挺拔吗?”这波打脸,直接把汉代学者的“植物学水平”钉在了竹子上。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCyzoEXZwH730Dnw5FEYpCvfVHVH7SQ1SeclEfeBmZF2eRD2RnwKYuXg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 244px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbC8PBL2CW2VlQG9YLKlLSSAnCYonrKokVHvoD1hia1ysfzbpwbD5jCnhg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><span>毒舌评论家上线</span></font></b></p></section></section></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>如果说考据只是洪迈的副业,那吐槽绝对是他的主业。比如,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>他吐槽李广:</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">李广这个人啊,历经文帝、景帝、武帝三朝都没升官,从军四十年,五征匈奴,打了一辈子仗,未录尺寸之功,可真够背的。你看他带兵,迷路了害怕被史家编排,最后自杀了。真是性格决定命运啊!”</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCMcUb806icBNowZTcypfTibfickF8GEdxNp6hLzalY4RcOuaQFr2BCI9Nw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 247px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCKhjZUbtpFHaCAoTEodFSS51ibMRIgVPzq6lfYV5OWIxic352MlreytSw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span> </span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>当然,洪迈尖锐地指出,问题所在,主要还是汉文帝“</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>失材”:之前就有才华不比贾谊差的贾山上书建言,献上治乱之道,照样没捞到一官半职。所以“李广难封”并非实力不够,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>而</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>是领导的锅</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>——</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>就差直接说皇帝</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>实在没眼光</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>了。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCRQVADAIGEtrbq7FZapiaPBicyyKcgZNbRQXOIibxHqzn8nQexSWOsKyMQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCkiboZKyMNP8SdLMRb0AWf3icIMCBXXjdEdic1ISdqN0Cd0eb2HKibEtMIg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>《容斋随笔》里还记载了一个细思极恐的巧合:每当匈奴人来朝贡,汉朝皇帝就要准备后事</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>……</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>汉宣帝黄龙元年</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">前</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">49</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>正月,匈</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>奴人欢天喜地来朝拜,结果当年十二月,宣帝就驾崩了;汉元帝竟宁元年</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">前</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">33</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>正月,匈奴人又来了,五月份元帝就跟着去了;最惨的是汉哀帝,大臣扬雄还劝他说让匈奴人来,结果正月匈奴人刚到,六月哀帝就领了盒饭。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCic8aRHGg15fts9DePflSzTHDzFJRrw4uOHDwORbptvIjCyHmDceDNFg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 232px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCqaiarY3jWP4gNDX0wtaosDZMBrWIGAzomUicrO4R15miciaaoKL4vqz6Ew/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>事情吊诡到洪迈都不知道如何吐槽:“</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>事之偶然符合,有如此者。”这么惊人的巧合也是没谁了。这哪是来朝贡,分明是死神来了。建议大汉应该立个新规:匈奴使者来朝,先给皇帝买好保险!</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>最狠</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>的</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>还是他透过现象看本质</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>——</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>吐槽曹操成也德行,败也德行。洪迈在《容斋随笔》</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>说:</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>当年曹操起于兖州这四战之地,却能以弱胜强、一统中原,关键不在险要而在</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“德”。</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>后来</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“挟天子以令诸侯”强化政治合法性,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>明显</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>德行有亏,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>全靠</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>战略</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>才能</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>逆袭。</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>等到</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>赤壁之战</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>表面输给东南风,实则</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>终于</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>是败在人品余额不足!</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>这</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>波春秋笔法,完成了对曹操的</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“双杀”。果然靠缺德赚来的地盘,最后都变成人品利息还回去了吧。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbC6QMiboa7O8t1hLzIfX6c3HBdmoTPxdH6VJdaBcHHMlXEtw2bic3NM4IA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 248px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbC6wiaDsHpzegIgxppiajibOIYHLv1foXvjkl0YQ1iccNFu4kicoCIAxibswtQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>洪迈在书里还顺便吐槽了下司马迁数学不好。在《容斋随笔》里发现了一个惊天大</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>bug</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>”</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>:按照《史记》的算法,周武王之前的十五代帝王,个个都是超级寿星!平均每位活到</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>100多岁,在位七八十年——这哪是帝王世系表,分明是修仙渡劫记录册啊!</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>说明尽信书不如无书,就算是太史公写的历史,也不可尽信啊。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCkVDPEIArktEoWy84ZakUAJicjXMftbdYNymkxnjoUj06TibcplBFtCAA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><span>资深生活博主</span></p></section></section></section><section><b><span><p></p></span></b></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>不要以为洪迈只会怼人,他还是个资深生活博主,专门科普宋朝冷知识。《容斋随笔》就像一扇通往南宋的任意门</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>通过这位宋代士大夫的“</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>微博”合集,市井百态、朝堂风云、诗词典故、民生疾苦,都被记录下来。八百年时光流转,这些文字依然鲜活如初,仿佛能听见作者在纸页那头的谈笑风生。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCxC4b2ibqOTlGCS1tVZZdeCtnRUlagZR549Tw6cEafrq1dunR24exxMQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCcicUjDjsK1RBJDCxOBQKZGqDdfUa3mHJrpw8fRlUvxibwUJKHITWcnNQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>比如打喷嚏说“</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>有人说我”,这个梗竟已经有了两千多年的历史。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>现代人打完喷嚏总爱说“</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>谁在念叨我”,没想到这个习惯比《诗经》还古老!洪迈在《容斋随笔》里挖出猛料:东汉郑玄注解《诗经》时就提到,当时人打喷嚏就说“有人说我”,还特别注明这是上古流传下来的说法。看来这个梗从西周玩到南宋,当时就已经非常流行了。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCB5vInD9P8VnXc05Ta31FfXfvRoT9sGdoK2jaaGaOZvQwgCF86lPteg/640?wx_fmt=gif&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbC73Ahkn2HWfF4SNhoHXjxvmN29ENY333AFu59pypfl0IibHdpNa6Sj9g/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>还有现在总有人争论繁体简体,洪迈要是看到准得笑出声。</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>因为</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>南宋人写字早就把“</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>禮”简成“礼”,“處”缩成“处”,“與”减作“与”了。不过写奏折时还得乖乖用繁体——像极了我们现在正式文件不敢用网络梗、二次元缩写的样子!最绝的是洪迈考据出,这些“简体字”其实都是《说文解字》里的正牌古字。所以啊,文字简化这事,老祖宗八百年前就玩过了。</span></font></p><section><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&mid=2651024992&idx=1&sn=ce312dedb768a6fcab7cac3a46f21b01&scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbC7A4qdPYfLkHCEwphIc05dibYJiaDZykicsUgCnHeyg746282piaVVkqTkQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></span></a></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbC9l4NeiaR1pZD0krg1VszVjMh5TXc4nj2BTX5iakfMy2RFuVlnBueqLSQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><h1 style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></h1><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>洪迈在《容斋随笔》中</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>还</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>记载了唐代选官的奇葩标准,简直是一场古代版的“</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>偶像练习生”:第一看身材相貌是否伟岸英俊,第二考口才是否雄辩滔滔,第三验书法是否遒劲美观,第四测判状文辞是否条理通畅。通过者美其名曰“入等”,落选者则被无情地贴上“蓝缕”<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(破烂货)</span>标签,而通过三项考试就能获得“拔萃”称号。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>令人痛心的是,到了宋朝,就只剩下看身材样貌这一条标准了,其他三项统统作废。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCbwJcZR5DQ2hHkaCFicXoibyAq3NrGD701szv81CdaYS9jJWfB0AL4JSA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"width: 559px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCKmB2gSS0nvNPhXATF8q9yibvsv1icKbufOdiasIiaxzPiag2R8wF2fvSibqw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><span>影响千年的智慧</span></p></section></section></section><section><b><span><p></p></span></b></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>洪迈的“</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>毒舌”</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>为什么能流传千年?因为他的吐槽不是为骂而骂,背后都是真知灼见。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>他怼李白捞月传说,是在反对神化历史人物;他嘲李广不得志,是在强调性格对命运的影响;他给曹操差评,是</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>说</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>权贵失德的后果。就连他记录的市井生活,都是珍贵的社会史料。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCSvrUric70THymXaODNYUlyv5K8I9KhukGnELyZM9O2zXFJ6APzWic9Dw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCgN9vMyMjQanNZS2XUSxJQJQicvQWINk0VMqT0TeJGJzPlamhicbeszGw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>在那个没有互联网的年代,洪迈用笔创造了属于自己的“</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>热搜榜”,用证据说话,用智慧吐槽,让历史在笑声中显露出真实面目。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: bold;\">参考文献:</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">洪迈. 容斋随笔[M]. 南宋.</span></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">*</span>本文系“国家</span></font><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">人文历史”独家稿件,欢迎读者转发朋友圈。</span></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><span><br /></span></p><section><section><section><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4s6XTkV1zgY7Ndw3fVeyGpxIIj30oUzpUnwIcafcXhx66GztUhxGc2FM8I09uwLbMwUFOQfZVGcg/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section></section></section><section><span><span>END</span></span></section><section><span><span>作者 | 林生</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span></span></span></span></section><section><span><span>编辑 | 胡心雅</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span></span></span></span></section><section><span><span>主编 | 周斌</span></span></section><section><span><span>排版 | 曲晨溪(实习)</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span></span></span></span></section><section><span><span>校对 | 火炬 李栋 张斌</span></span></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><span><span><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK6o0DTLAcjHUob1LlCbkiaCGeUicmbUPjIKiciad7l2ytYjz3bGBzNyAUu0aicCb4oWXbicQBJA96lk9Tug/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></span></span></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><strong><span><br /></span></strong></section><section><strong><span>国历好物</span></strong></section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK50l871IgvMuCSibrmOibSxicuB2xBPs1uQ2ZspQytHr1P0K7rUaKzSAg2CRzMr8ibAYhs2mSk7cLvZpQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section><p><span><strong><span><span>进击的士族</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>旁落的皇权</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>跨越五百年的权力对抗史</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>国民历史读物《国家人文历史》专业团队</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>最新力作</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>展现士族潮起潮落的史诗级历史画卷</span></span></strong></span></p><section label=\"edit by 135editor\"><section><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK50l871IgvMuCSibrmOibSxicuassfQWcfhotQqH5lYBRPtichLu7A0vIGovAB5sRkicvnkQnT342127lA/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section><section><section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section></section><section><section><strong><span>点击下方封面,即可购买</span></strong></section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><span><strong><span><span>↓↓↓</span></span></strong></span></p><p><a class=\"weapp_image_link js_weapp_entry\"><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK5sbRbqWpNPCUYibIYbC7RFRAHn32PAWbKDIM6A4MkicYHOWIR0Hy6iamToAdrvvPDeu5T15EKXjC1Fg/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></a><span><br /></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><h2 src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPQbfYUk2lKRJbtAXIuZ0kjicBeKbKicn7picTvdbH5bfuaoiazGOfbm8kw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558\"><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPPS2Tl0L42giakAlUSsWM2hKsLfDwrNFcLNgFaxPhQng3E9mCRE3tkg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558px\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&mid=2651035606&idx=1&sn=95e5b910a9c15c3b861b33b6a6da3866&scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcaIgQkEibvERBOGAaoicFhgsfmibxDTGK2z3uLHbhcvWGEYibV0hom5VW8CA/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></a></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&mid=2651035897&idx=1&sn=befda0705325843f84da3911012cad95&scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcamtwvyMNyxgGfdgqCCu9GkBZl21VfOcYfkJRh5E0ArHl4UUBtbSzwRQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></a></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcaohkRZ9cGSGGPakn9lRTzm4qIA3pNHn3EVXrsicT3De6T2ib5Slw6GsRQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span><span><br /></span></span></section></section></section></h2></section></section></section><section><span><section><h2 src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPQbfYUk2lKRJbtAXIuZ0kjicBeKbKicn7picTvdbH5bfuaoiazGOfbm8kw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558\"><span><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages __bg_gif wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK6M7Nv6wvsPyLPCsN7uraAJ0nGCQhDMIIg0L5icbmcctmcTvsgM0HwBpkXTF9ztE2MsQ8Tso0exnicA/640?wx_fmt=gif\" /></span></h2><section><span><span>“</span><strong><span>在看</span></strong><span>”的永远18岁~</span></span></section></section></span></section><section><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><section><section style=\"padding-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 1em; display: flex;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"></span></section></section></section></span></section><p style=\"display: none;\"></p></div>\n \n\n \n <br />\n\n \n <a class=\"media_tool_meta meta_primary\" href=\"http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&mid=2651042069&idx=1&sn=91d6a9e605c215ec5b47a2d2b15a7e4d&chksm=bc79e3a3e42685f161c40518a162f51d555b9620e56af17c859c71fd865cb64e45d5c7a3462e&scene=0#rd\" style=\"color: blue;\" target=\"_blank\">文章原文</a>\n <br />\n \n\n \n\n <img alt=\"\" class=\"\" height=\"1px\" src=\"http://www.jintiankansha.me/rss_static/13443/OnjcumFejq\" style=\"width: 1px; height: 1px; display: none;\" width=\"1px\" /></div></div>",
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"title": "真正的“误闯天家”:她贵为皇后,一朝离失,让四朝天子找了50年",
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"description": "<div><div><div class=\"rich_media_content\" id=\"js_content\"><section style=\"margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 8px; white-space: normal; font-size: 16px; text-align: center; line-height: 1.5em;\"><img class=\"rich_pages js_insertlocalimg wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK6M7Nv6wvsPyLPCsN7uraAJxdXiby5XB2BE6S0ulr9Fs213uZ85nlxAalcgRcLFiaSVdOVlrtCZRibIw/640?wx_fmt=gif\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span><br /></span></section></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em;\"><section style=\"text-align: center;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCuAelzYeeJRUciccV6MXemibQlbsJhOINBlfP46toxZMQbLUJWP73eY5Q/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span><br /></span></section></section><p><span><span>本 文 约 4300 字</span></span></p><section><section label=\"Powered by 135editor.com\"><p><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(178, 178, 178); font-size: 12px;\"><span>阅 读 需 要 14 分 钟</span></span><span><span> </span></span></span></p></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>安史之乱中,杨贵妃死于马嵬坡,为</span></font><span>“此恨绵绵无绝期”的长恨歌画上了句号。实际上,在这场让唐朝由盛转衰的战乱中,被迫离散</span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>甚至死亡的皇家妃嫔并不只有杨贵妃一人,今天故事所说的主人公,就是在安史之乱中被弃宫外,再无行踪的睿真皇后。</span></font></p><p><font face=\"宋体\"></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7D1VibTzqvcUNiaqhTEAVHOhiawx6W6K7SqsgmPWzpYosiaeAsiaNVDOUHnOnxnqeRQAu5hTD6d7rxrWQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 340px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">睿真皇后沈珍珠影视形象。来源/影视剧《大唐荣耀》</span></span></font></font></p><p><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>出身名门旧族,一朝选进天家</span></font><span><br /></span></font></b></p></section></section></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>睿真皇后出身吴</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>兴沈氏,民间相传其名为沈珍珠</span><span>,</span><span>以下为了叙事方便称其为“沈珍珠”。</span><span>吴兴沈氏为东汉海昏</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>侯</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>沈戎之后,沈氏的先祖是南梁安陆太守沈勰,他带领族人归附北周,周武帝宇文邕娶其女为皇后,册拜沈勰为尚书左仆射,从沈勰起,沈氏历经隋唐,世代为官,是当时的名门望族。入唐之后,沈氏势力衰落,沈珍珠的父亲沈易直曾任秘书监,沈</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>氏的地位已大不如前,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>但</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>恰恰是这样</span></font><span>“</span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>名门旧族</span></font><span>”</span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>的出身,促成了沈珍珠入选进宫的重要条件。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7D1VibTzqvcUNiaqhTEAVHOhSFxhv5VmribCeJ3NoiaQq0UxBmtUWkxw9fT1bOPvicaoKYJYInXt2A0dw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">剧中时人对沈易直的评价。来源/影视剧《大唐荣耀》截图</span></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>《唐会要》记载</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>:</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“</span></span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">正观十三年二月二十五日,尚书八座议曰,谨按王者正位,作为人极,朝有公卿之列,室有嫔御之亭。内政修而家理,外教和而国安。爰自周代,洎乎汉室,名号损益,特或不同。然皆寤寐贤才,博采淑令,非唯德洽宫壶,抑亦庆流邦国,近伐以降。情溺私宠,掖庭之选,有乖故宝。故微贱之族,礼训蔑闻。或刑戮之家,怨气充积。而滥吹名级,入侍宫围。即事而言,窍未为得,臣等伏请自今已后,后宫及东宫内职员有阙者,皆选有才行充者。若内无其人,则旁求于外。采择良家,以礼聘纳。</span></span></font><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">”</span></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>也就是说,在</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>贞观十三年</span></font><span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font></span><span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">639</span></span></span><span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span></span></font></span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,尚书上奏,认为近世</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(指隋朝及唐初)</span></span><span>以来,</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(君主)</span></span><span>沉溺于个人宠爱,后宫</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(掖庭)</span></span><span>的选拔</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>已严重</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>违背过去的准则。</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>很多</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>出身低微贫贱、不懂礼仪教养的女子获得名位品级十分不妥。因而建议后宫以及东宫内的女官职位如有空缺,都应选拔有德行、有才能的人来充任。如果宫内没有合适人选,则应向宫外寻求,从良家中挑选,以礼聘纳。沈氏家族</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>就这样</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>完美地符合了采选良家子的标准</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>。</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>开元末年,沈珍珠以良家子身份被选入</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>宫中,当时</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>的</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>东宫皇太子李亨,将她赐给当时的皇长孙李俶</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(后改为李豫)</span></span><span>,天宝元年</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">742)</span></span><span>,沈珍珠生下皇长曾孙</span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>李适</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7D1VibTzqvcUNiaqhTEAVHOhOfmI1mKfqLh8niaeFFJ1JnN4xL6tCbbQBT2TYLGiaaqicmyI01HLeXzTA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 513px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">唐鎏金伎乐纹八棱银杯。来源/陕西历史博物馆</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>看到这里,你是不是觉得沈珍珠将会在丈夫继位后凭借生育长子的功劳得到尊崇的位分和令人羡慕的</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>荣宠</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>?事实上,沈珍珠虽然养育长子,但她始终不受李豫重视。当安史之乱的叛军逼近长安时,唐玄宗携一众皇室出逃,李亨、李豫和李适均在其中,沈珍珠</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>却</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>落入叛军之手,被囚禁于洛阳</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>。</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>直到一年后,李豫收复东都洛阳,才在东都掖庭中找到她。李豫找到沈珍珠后并未将她带走,反而因</span></font><span>“未暇迎归长安”,将她继续留在洛阳</span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>。</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>不久</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>史思明再次攻陷洛阳,等到再收复洛阳之时,沈珍珠已彻底失去音信,</span></font><span>“莫测存亡”。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>丈夫登基,寻踪未果</span><span><br /></span></font></font></b></p></section></section></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>李</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>豫即位后</span></font><span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font></span><span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">唐代宗</span></span></font></span><span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span></span></font></span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,曾下</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>令寻找沈珍珠的下落,但</span></font><span>“十余年寂无所闻</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(《旧唐书》)</span></span><span>”</span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>。而《资治通鉴》中则记载,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>永泰元年</span></font><span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font></span><span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">765</span></span></span><span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span></span></font></span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,曾有寿州崇善寺的尼姑广澄诈称自己是沈珍珠,但经查验后发现她是从前少阳院</span></font><span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font></span><span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">唐大明宫内皇太子居所</span></span></font></span><span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span></span></font></span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>的乳母,代宗便将其鞭杀。按唐律,假扮贵族确实是重罪,代宗将其鞭杀似乎也无可厚非。但也有人认为,代宗如此严厉地处死冒认者,反而可能使真正知晓沈珍珠踪迹的人不敢贸然提供线索,最终使得在代宗在位之年,难寻沈珍珠的下落。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7D1VibTzqvcUNiaqhTEAVHOhk2FOL6heprWUIT0wBNPSQAHBhqvwkbLdtIBkmN16oNbu0eqic2icosDA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 372px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">唐,青釉凤头龙柄壶。来源/故宫博物院</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>这件冒认皇后案,虽然在《资治通鉴》中的记载只有寥寥数语,但细看却又能发现不少疑点。冒认的尼姑</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>来自</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>寿州,也就是今天的安徽省寿县,离长安和洛阳千里之遥,如果说代宗对寻找沈珍珠并不重视,大可</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>只</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>在两京之地</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>简单找</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>找,何必要千里迢迢寻到安徽?可要说代宗真的对沈氏珍重非常,为何最初逃亡之时不带上她,找到她后又仅是草草将其安排在洛阳并不带走,寻到冒认者也不做长远打算</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(比如利用冒认者线索深挖或谨慎甄别)</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>只是将冒认者直接处死?</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7D1VibTzqvcUNiaqhTEAVHOhyKVxBribckB0tnfibgUgIVFx03Ppp7yu3dib1aqRdiaZKzEsTZHVrbW4pQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">唐玉人。来源/陕西历史博物馆</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>这或许与代宗的帝王心态有关。一方面,代宗寻找沈珍珠,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>是为了</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>沈珍珠之子李适。李适作为代宗的长子,在代宗即位后成为平定安史之乱的重要功臣,宝应元年</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">762)</span></span><span>四月,代宗即位,五月</span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>便</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>委任李适为天下兵马元帅,改封鲁王,肩负起与安史叛军最后决战的使命,宝应二年</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">763)</span></span><span>,安史之乱平定,李适因功拜为尚书令,实封食邑二千户,和平叛名将郭子仪、李光弼等八人一起被赐铁券、图形凌烟阁。广德二年</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(764)</span></span><span>正月,李适以长子身份被立为皇太子,并于二月举行册礼。李适</span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>成为</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>储君后,寻找沈珍珠的行为不仅增添了寻找</span></font><span>“国母”的政治意味,也成为维系</span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>代总</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>和</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>太子之间父子</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>亲情的纽带,因此代宗必须尽力寻找沈珍珠。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK7D1VibTzqvcUNiaqhTEAVHOhqrPjiby5QHabfFqxRxnHYO2vAomia7lc0vicrJY9hDbXa80spibQ0gkSmQ/640?wx_fmt=gif&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">唐代宗</span></span></font><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">在寻找沈珍珠的路上。来源/影视剧《大唐荣耀2》</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>另一方面,代宗本人或许对沈珍珠的感情较为淡薄</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>。</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>史书中对李豫和沈珍珠的感情并未有太多着墨,相比之下,代宗的独孤贵妃</span></font><span>“以美丽入宫,嬖幸专房,故长秋虚位,诸姬罕所进御”,显然更得代宗喜爱,甚至于在其去世后,代宗追谥其为贞懿皇后,殡于内殿,将其灵柩停于内殿三年不忍下葬。对比代宗</span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>对待</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>沈氏与独孤,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>应该</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>可以看出他对沈珍珠</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>并没有太多宠爱</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>这也就</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>直接影响了代宗寻找沈氏下落</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>时</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>的</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>态度</span></font><span>——为了</span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>储君,他不得不表现出积极</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>寻找</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>的姿态</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>但</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>出于个人情感,他或许并不希望真的找到沈氏</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>甚至可能为了宠妃的利益而刻意回避此事。这种矛盾的帝王心态,或许能</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>为</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>代宗在尼姑假冒沈氏一案中采取如此轻率的处理方式</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>找到一个解释</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>亲子继位,寻母一生</span><span><br /></span></font></font></b></p></section></section></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>代宗死后,德宗李适即位。作为沈珍珠的亲子,李适对母亲的感情显然要比父亲对妻子的感情更为真挚。德宗初即位,便</span></font><span>“遥尊圣母沈氏为皇太后,陈礼于含元殿庭,如正至之仪”,正式册立沈珍珠为皇太后,并“以睦王述为奉迎皇太后使,工部尚书乔琳副之,候太后问至,升平公主宜备起居”为寻回母亲做了充分且正式的准备</span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>。</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>与此同时,德宗</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>还</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>命沈氏族人四人为判官,派使多人分行天下,四处寻访。大臣们</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>都</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>为德宗的寻母之举感动,在</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>册封</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>沈氏为皇太后的典礼上,</span></font><span>“帝再拜,歔唏不自胜,左右皆泣下”,还有臣子 “为奉迎皇太后使沈判官至”写了一首诗:</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">长乐宫人扫落花,</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">君王正候五云车。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">万方臣妾同瞻望,</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">疑在曾城阿母家。</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font align=\"\" alt=\"\" border=\"\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" face=\"宋体\" height=\"\" hspace=\"\" ismap=\"ismap\" src=\"\" title=\"\" type=\"block\" usemap=\"\" vspace=\"\" width=\"\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>在</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>德宗寻母的过程中,也遇到了有人冒充沈珍珠的事件。建中二年</span></font><span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font></span><span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">781</span></span></span><span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span></span></font></span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,曾侍奉过沈珍珠的一个女官</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>李真一</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>在洛阳遇到了一个女子,这个女子常与人讲述皇宫内廷中的故事,李真一认为这个女子的年龄和相貌与太后有些相似,就猜想她</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>可能</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>是沈太后,于是向负责寻访的使者详细描述了她的情况。德宗听后十分惊喜,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>立刻</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>派人前往查证,此时距离沈珍珠失踪已过去二十多年,当年认识沈太后的旧宫人</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>和</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>老臣都已不在世,没有人能确切辨认出太后,只记得太后曾在德宗幼时削</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>饭食</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>喂他,不小心伤了左手手指,而这位女子也曾因切瓜伤过手指,阴差阳错之下,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>即便</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>这女子百般否认,众人</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>还是坚持认定</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>她就是沈太后,并将她迎入上阳宫居住。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>德宗</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>随后</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>调派了一百多名宫女,带着皇帝的车驾、服饰和用品到上阳宫前去侍奉这名女子,左右的人用各种方法诱导劝说她,这名女子才</span></font><span>“</span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>承认</span></font><span>”</span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>自己是太后。查验的人快马加鞭入宫禀报此事,德宗大喜,登上正殿接受朝贺,并下诏让有关部门起草迎接太后正式回宫的礼仪。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7D1VibTzqvcUNiaqhTEAVHOhDsUgUhWCI4aflp1fdia9oT6kzAypjy0GyHicPOwRvbM04Nnzyl8IT08Q/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"width: 539px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: left;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">唐德宗画像。来源/</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">中国历代名人画像谱</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>但</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>实际上,这名女子并非沈珍珠,她通晓宫中之事,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>只</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>因为她是高力士的养女。此时,高氏女子的弟弟正在长安,他听说了姐姐在洛阳冒认沈太后的事情,担心事发后会获罪,就向朝廷说明了此事,高氏女发现纸包不住火,声称自己是被人强迫冒充的,并非出于本意。真相大白之后,朝中有人向德宗进言,认为德宗应该效仿先帝代宗,将高氏女处死,但德宗却担心若将高氏女重罚,之后人们不敢再报告关于太后的消息,所以并没有向相关人员问罪,并说:</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“吾宁受百欺,庶几得之</span></span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">。</span></span></font><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">”</span></span><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(我宁愿遭受一百次欺骗,只希望能有一次找到真的母亲)</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>战国时期,燕昭王</span></font><span>“千金买马骨”,以此彰显其求贤若渴的决心;同样,唐德宗不惜屡次上当,只为寻回母亲沈氏,足见其一片孝心。然而,唐德宗终其一生也未能再见到母亲。德宗驾崩后,顺宗李诵继位,但很快去世。其子李纯继位,是为唐宪宗。</span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>在这期间</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,寻找沈珍珠的行动一直在持续,直到永贞元年</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">805)</span></span><span>,礼仪使上奏唐宪宗请求停止寻找沈太后,宪宗下诏批准。</span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>同年</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>十一月</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>朝廷正式册封并追谥沈氏为睿真皇后,并奉迎其神主牌位祔祭于代宗皇帝的宗庙之中。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>自此,历经四朝天子的</span></font><span>“寻珠”活动,最终结束。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>红妆与武装</span></font></font></b></p><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>战乱中沈氏兄妹的镜像命运</span><span><br /></span></font></font></b></p></section></section></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>在翻阅史书上关于沈氏记载之时,有一个人的经历,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>或许能与</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>沈氏的生存提供另一种叙述,这个人是沈珍珠的哥哥沈震。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>沈震有名流传至今,不仅因为他是睿真皇后之兄,更与他协助颜真卿抵御安禄山叛军有关。唐代令狐亘所撰《光禄大夫太子太师上柱国鲁郡开国公颜真卿墓志铭》载,唐玄宗天宝十四年</span></font><span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font></span><span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">755</span></span></span><span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span></span></font></span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>年末</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,沈震为颜</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>真卿的判官,他与盐山尉穆宁、武邑尉李铣、清河主簿张澹、清池尉贾戢,各抒</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>其</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>能,协助颜真卿守平原郡,抵御安禄山的叛乱,直到至德元年</span></font><span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font></span><span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">756</span></span></span><span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span></span></font></span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>冬十月,颜真卿不敌尹子奇与史思明的围攻,不得不弃守平原郡,渡河南去,沈震一直在颜真卿左右协助。至德二年</span></font><span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font></span><span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">757</span></span></span><span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span></span></font></span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>四月,颜真卿到达凤翔拜见唐肃宗,据学者推断,沈震有可能同颜真卿一同前往凤翔,此后</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>辅佐</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>肃宗左右。唐代宗大历八年</span></font><span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font></span><span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">773</span></span></span><span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span></span></font></span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,颜真卿应姻亲沈氏后人沈怡之请撰写《吴兴沈氏述祖德记》,其中提及</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>:</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“过江二十叶孙御史中丞震,移牒郡国,请其封葺</span></span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">。</span></span></font><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">”</span></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7D1VibTzqvcUNiaqhTEAVHOh6bVialyMKZUZUOq6Iz6IuA0jBBG8zr2ZpicXp16FcvE5BY5Je3cMHA0Q/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 445px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">沈震在战场上厮杀的情景模拟。该图系AI生成。</span></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>说明</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>此时的沈震已为御史中丞</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>。</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>据学者考证,沈震生前,除了御史中丞、秘书少监外还担任过左谏议大夫,唐德宗即位后,追赠秘书少监沈震为太尉,可见沈震颇得三朝皇帝器重。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>沈氏兄妹的命运,恰似一个耐人寻味的镜像</span></font><span>——</span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>倘若沈珍珠生为男儿,或许她的人生轨迹会与兄长沈震重叠</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>。</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>但身为女子的她,一生</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>困于性别与婚姻的桎梏,因与</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>丈夫</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>感情疏淡而被遗落长安,最终生死成谜。史书留给她的,唯有一个真伪难辨的</span></font><span>“</span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>珍珠</span></font><span>”</span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>俗名,以及后世对</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>她下落</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>的</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>不断猜测</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7D1VibTzqvcUNiaqhTEAVHOhyWZNsQCDg2QQDBZaAdibkce14GCGtibmwBvpRDMk3OPsuA6Izz63oSvg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 422px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>虽然</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>不知在平乱的间隙,沈震是否会惦记着妹妹的安危,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>但</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>沈珍珠在离散的路上,一定会思念自己曾与亲人共度的时光。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: bold;\">参考文献:</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">《旧唐书》,北京:中华书局,</span></span></font><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">1975年。</span></span><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">《全唐文》,北京:中华书局,</span></span></font><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">1983年。</span></span><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">《资治通鉴》,北京:中华书局,</span></span></font><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">2011年。</span></span><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">周扬波:《从士族到绅族</span></span></font><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">——唐以后吴兴沈氏的宗族变迁》,杭州:浙江大学出版社,2009年。</span></span><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">*</span>本文系“国家</span></font><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">人文历史”独家稿件,欢迎读者转发朋友圈。</span></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><span><br /></span></p><section><section><section><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4s6XTkV1zgY7Ndw3fVeyGpxIIj30oUzpUnwIcafcXhx66GztUhxGc2FM8I09uwLbMwUFOQfZVGcg/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section></section></section><section><span><span>END</span></span></section><section><span><span>作者 | 文青</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span></span></span></span></section><section><span><span>编辑 | 胡心雅</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span></span></span></span></section><section><span><span>主编 | 周斌</span></span></section><section><span><span>排版 | 徐沁(实习)</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span></span></span></span></section><section><span><span>校对 | 李栋</span></span></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><span><span><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK6o0DTLAcjHUob1LlCbkiaCGeUicmbUPjIKiciad7l2ytYjz3bGBzNyAUu0aicCb4oWXbicQBJA96lk9Tug/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></span></span></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><strong><span><br /></span></strong></section><section><strong><span>国历好物</span></strong></section><p><span><strong><span><span>进击的士族</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>旁落的皇权</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>跨越五百年的权力对抗史</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>国民历史读物《国家人文历史》专业团队</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>最新力作</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>展现士族潮起潮落的史诗级历史画卷</span></span></strong></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><p><span><br /></span></p><section label=\"edit by 135editor\"><section><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK50l871IgvMuCSibrmOibSxicuassfQWcfhotQqH5lYBRPtichLu7A0vIGovAB5sRkicvnkQnT342127lA/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section><section><section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section></section><section><section><strong><span>点击下方封面,即可购买</span></strong></section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><span><strong><span><span>↓↓↓</span></span></strong></span></p><p><a class=\"weapp_image_link js_weapp_entry\"><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK5sbRbqWpNPCUYibIYbC7RFRAHn32PAWbKDIM6A4MkicYHOWIR0Hy6iamToAdrvvPDeu5T15EKXjC1Fg/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></a><span><br /></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><h2 src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPQbfYUk2lKRJbtAXIuZ0kjicBeKbKicn7picTvdbH5bfuaoiazGOfbm8kw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558\"><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPPS2Tl0L42giakAlUSsWM2hKsLfDwrNFcLNgFaxPhQng3E9mCRE3tkg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558px\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&mid=2651035606&idx=1&sn=95e5b910a9c15c3b861b33b6a6da3866&scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcaIgQkEibvERBOGAaoicFhgsfmibxDTGK2z3uLHbhcvWGEYibV0hom5VW8CA/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></a></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&mid=2651035897&idx=1&sn=befda0705325843f84da3911012cad95&scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcamtwvyMNyxgGfdgqCCu9GkBZl21VfOcYfkJRh5E0ArHl4UUBtbSzwRQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></a></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcaohkRZ9cGSGGPakn9lRTzm4qIA3pNHn3EVXrsicT3De6T2ib5Slw6GsRQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span><span><br /></span></span></section></section></section></h2></section></section></section><section><span><section><h2 src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPQbfYUk2lKRJbtAXIuZ0kjicBeKbKicn7picTvdbH5bfuaoiazGOfbm8kw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558\"><span><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages __bg_gif wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK6M7Nv6wvsPyLPCsN7uraAJ0nGCQhDMIIg0L5icbmcctmcTvsgM0HwBpkXTF9ztE2MsQ8Tso0exnicA/640?wx_fmt=gif\" /></span></h2></section></span></section><section><section><section><section><span><span>“</span><strong><span>在看</span></strong><span>”的永远18岁~</span></span></section></section></section></section><section><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><section><section style=\"padding-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 1em; display: flex;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"></span></section></section></section></span></section><p style=\"display: none;\"></p></div>\n \n\n \n <br />\n\n \n <a class=\"media_tool_meta meta_primary\" href=\"http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&mid=2651042024&idx=1&sn=83df9255d0e3860eb701e5f6eb8d730c&chksm=bc93ff8b63f702dd7a3426852fbfe4d5b0646faefed3dca30bb7ccc1e844779c186a5f24fb8a&scene=0#rd\" style=\"color: blue;\" target=\"_blank\">文章原文</a>\n <br />\n \n\n \n\n <img alt=\"\" class=\"\" height=\"1px\" src=\"http://www.jintiankansha.me/rss_static/13443/L4AI2zGyjU\" style=\"width: 1px; height: 1px; display: none;\" width=\"1px\" /></div></div>",
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"content": "<div><div><div class=\"rich_media_content\" id=\"js_content\"><section style=\"margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 8px; white-space: normal; font-size: 16px; text-align: center; line-height: 1.5em;\"><img class=\"rich_pages js_insertlocalimg wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK6M7Nv6wvsPyLPCsN7uraAJxdXiby5XB2BE6S0ulr9Fs213uZ85nlxAalcgRcLFiaSVdOVlrtCZRibIw/640?wx_fmt=gif\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span><br /></span></section></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em;\"><section style=\"text-align: center;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCuAelzYeeJRUciccV6MXemibQlbsJhOINBlfP46toxZMQbLUJWP73eY5Q/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span><br /></span></section></section><p><span><span>本 文 约 4300 字</span></span></p><section><section label=\"Powered by 135editor.com\"><p><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(178, 178, 178); font-size: 12px;\"><span>阅 读 需 要 14 分 钟</span></span><span><span> </span></span></span></p></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>安史之乱中,杨贵妃死于马嵬坡,为</span></font><span>“此恨绵绵无绝期”的长恨歌画上了句号。实际上,在这场让唐朝由盛转衰的战乱中,被迫离散</span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>甚至死亡的皇家妃嫔并不只有杨贵妃一人,今天故事所说的主人公,就是在安史之乱中被弃宫外,再无行踪的睿真皇后。</span></font></p><p><font face=\"宋体\"></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7D1VibTzqvcUNiaqhTEAVHOhiawx6W6K7SqsgmPWzpYosiaeAsiaNVDOUHnOnxnqeRQAu5hTD6d7rxrWQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 340px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">睿真皇后沈珍珠影视形象。来源/影视剧《大唐荣耀》</span></span></font></font></p><p><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>出身名门旧族,一朝选进天家</span></font><span><br /></span></font></b></p></section></section></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>睿真皇后出身吴</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>兴沈氏,民间相传其名为沈珍珠</span><span>,</span><span>以下为了叙事方便称其为“沈珍珠”。</span><span>吴兴沈氏为东汉海昏</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>侯</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>沈戎之后,沈氏的先祖是南梁安陆太守沈勰,他带领族人归附北周,周武帝宇文邕娶其女为皇后,册拜沈勰为尚书左仆射,从沈勰起,沈氏历经隋唐,世代为官,是当时的名门望族。入唐之后,沈氏势力衰落,沈珍珠的父亲沈易直曾任秘书监,沈</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>氏的地位已大不如前,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>但</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>恰恰是这样</span></font><span>“</span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>名门旧族</span></font><span>”</span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>的出身,促成了沈珍珠入选进宫的重要条件。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7D1VibTzqvcUNiaqhTEAVHOhSFxhv5VmribCeJ3NoiaQq0UxBmtUWkxw9fT1bOPvicaoKYJYInXt2A0dw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">剧中时人对沈易直的评价。来源/影视剧《大唐荣耀》截图</span></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>《唐会要》记载</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>:</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“</span></span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">正观十三年二月二十五日,尚书八座议曰,谨按王者正位,作为人极,朝有公卿之列,室有嫔御之亭。内政修而家理,外教和而国安。爰自周代,洎乎汉室,名号损益,特或不同。然皆寤寐贤才,博采淑令,非唯德洽宫壶,抑亦庆流邦国,近伐以降。情溺私宠,掖庭之选,有乖故宝。故微贱之族,礼训蔑闻。或刑戮之家,怨气充积。而滥吹名级,入侍宫围。即事而言,窍未为得,臣等伏请自今已后,后宫及东宫内职员有阙者,皆选有才行充者。若内无其人,则旁求于外。采择良家,以礼聘纳。</span></span></font><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">”</span></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>也就是说,在</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>贞观十三年</span></font><span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font></span><span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">639</span></span></span><span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span></span></font></span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,尚书上奏,认为近世</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(指隋朝及唐初)</span></span><span>以来,</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(君主)</span></span><span>沉溺于个人宠爱,后宫</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(掖庭)</span></span><span>的选拔</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>已严重</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>违背过去的准则。</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>很多</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>出身低微贫贱、不懂礼仪教养的女子获得名位品级十分不妥。因而建议后宫以及东宫内的女官职位如有空缺,都应选拔有德行、有才能的人来充任。如果宫内没有合适人选,则应向宫外寻求,从良家中挑选,以礼聘纳。沈氏家族</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>就这样</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>完美地符合了采选良家子的标准</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>。</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>开元末年,沈珍珠以良家子身份被选入</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>宫中,当时</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>的</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>东宫皇太子李亨,将她赐给当时的皇长孙李俶</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(后改为李豫)</span></span><span>,天宝元年</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">742)</span></span><span>,沈珍珠生下皇长曾孙</span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>李适</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7D1VibTzqvcUNiaqhTEAVHOhOfmI1mKfqLh8niaeFFJ1JnN4xL6tCbbQBT2TYLGiaaqicmyI01HLeXzTA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 513px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">唐鎏金伎乐纹八棱银杯。来源/陕西历史博物馆</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>看到这里,你是不是觉得沈珍珠将会在丈夫继位后凭借生育长子的功劳得到尊崇的位分和令人羡慕的</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>荣宠</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>?事实上,沈珍珠虽然养育长子,但她始终不受李豫重视。当安史之乱的叛军逼近长安时,唐玄宗携一众皇室出逃,李亨、李豫和李适均在其中,沈珍珠</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>却</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>落入叛军之手,被囚禁于洛阳</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>。</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>直到一年后,李豫收复东都洛阳,才在东都掖庭中找到她。李豫找到沈珍珠后并未将她带走,反而因</span></font><span>“未暇迎归长安”,将她继续留在洛阳</span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>。</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>不久</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>史思明再次攻陷洛阳,等到再收复洛阳之时,沈珍珠已彻底失去音信,</span></font><span>“莫测存亡”。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>丈夫登基,寻踪未果</span><span><br /></span></font></font></b></p></section></section></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>李</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>豫即位后</span></font><span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font></span><span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">唐代宗</span></span></font></span><span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span></span></font></span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,曾下</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>令寻找沈珍珠的下落,但</span></font><span>“十余年寂无所闻</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(《旧唐书》)</span></span><span>”</span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>。而《资治通鉴》中则记载,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>永泰元年</span></font><span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font></span><span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">765</span></span></span><span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span></span></font></span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,曾有寿州崇善寺的尼姑广澄诈称自己是沈珍珠,但经查验后发现她是从前少阳院</span></font><span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font></span><span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">唐大明宫内皇太子居所</span></span></font></span><span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span></span></font></span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>的乳母,代宗便将其鞭杀。按唐律,假扮贵族确实是重罪,代宗将其鞭杀似乎也无可厚非。但也有人认为,代宗如此严厉地处死冒认者,反而可能使真正知晓沈珍珠踪迹的人不敢贸然提供线索,最终使得在代宗在位之年,难寻沈珍珠的下落。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7D1VibTzqvcUNiaqhTEAVHOhk2FOL6heprWUIT0wBNPSQAHBhqvwkbLdtIBkmN16oNbu0eqic2icosDA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 372px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">唐,青釉凤头龙柄壶。来源/故宫博物院</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>这件冒认皇后案,虽然在《资治通鉴》中的记载只有寥寥数语,但细看却又能发现不少疑点。冒认的尼姑</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>来自</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>寿州,也就是今天的安徽省寿县,离长安和洛阳千里之遥,如果说代宗对寻找沈珍珠并不重视,大可</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>只</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>在两京之地</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>简单找</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>找,何必要千里迢迢寻到安徽?可要说代宗真的对沈氏珍重非常,为何最初逃亡之时不带上她,找到她后又仅是草草将其安排在洛阳并不带走,寻到冒认者也不做长远打算</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(比如利用冒认者线索深挖或谨慎甄别)</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>只是将冒认者直接处死?</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7D1VibTzqvcUNiaqhTEAVHOhyKVxBribckB0tnfibgUgIVFx03Ppp7yu3dib1aqRdiaZKzEsTZHVrbW4pQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">唐玉人。来源/陕西历史博物馆</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>这或许与代宗的帝王心态有关。一方面,代宗寻找沈珍珠,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>是为了</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>沈珍珠之子李适。李适作为代宗的长子,在代宗即位后成为平定安史之乱的重要功臣,宝应元年</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">762)</span></span><span>四月,代宗即位,五月</span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>便</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>委任李适为天下兵马元帅,改封鲁王,肩负起与安史叛军最后决战的使命,宝应二年</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">763)</span></span><span>,安史之乱平定,李适因功拜为尚书令,实封食邑二千户,和平叛名将郭子仪、李光弼等八人一起被赐铁券、图形凌烟阁。广德二年</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(764)</span></span><span>正月,李适以长子身份被立为皇太子,并于二月举行册礼。李适</span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>成为</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>储君后,寻找沈珍珠的行为不仅增添了寻找</span></font><span>“国母”的政治意味,也成为维系</span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>代总</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>和</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>太子之间父子</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>亲情的纽带,因此代宗必须尽力寻找沈珍珠。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK7D1VibTzqvcUNiaqhTEAVHOhqrPjiby5QHabfFqxRxnHYO2vAomia7lc0vicrJY9hDbXa80spibQ0gkSmQ/640?wx_fmt=gif&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">唐代宗</span></span></font><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">在寻找沈珍珠的路上。来源/影视剧《大唐荣耀2》</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>另一方面,代宗本人或许对沈珍珠的感情较为淡薄</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>。</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>史书中对李豫和沈珍珠的感情并未有太多着墨,相比之下,代宗的独孤贵妃</span></font><span>“以美丽入宫,嬖幸专房,故长秋虚位,诸姬罕所进御”,显然更得代宗喜爱,甚至于在其去世后,代宗追谥其为贞懿皇后,殡于内殿,将其灵柩停于内殿三年不忍下葬。对比代宗</span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>对待</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>沈氏与独孤,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>应该</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>可以看出他对沈珍珠</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>并没有太多宠爱</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>这也就</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>直接影响了代宗寻找沈氏下落</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>时</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>的</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>态度</span></font><span>——为了</span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>储君,他不得不表现出积极</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>寻找</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>的姿态</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>但</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>出于个人情感,他或许并不希望真的找到沈氏</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>甚至可能为了宠妃的利益而刻意回避此事。这种矛盾的帝王心态,或许能</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>为</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>代宗在尼姑假冒沈氏一案中采取如此轻率的处理方式</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>找到一个解释</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>亲子继位,寻母一生</span><span><br /></span></font></font></b></p></section></section></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>代宗死后,德宗李适即位。作为沈珍珠的亲子,李适对母亲的感情显然要比父亲对妻子的感情更为真挚。德宗初即位,便</span></font><span>“遥尊圣母沈氏为皇太后,陈礼于含元殿庭,如正至之仪”,正式册立沈珍珠为皇太后,并“以睦王述为奉迎皇太后使,工部尚书乔琳副之,候太后问至,升平公主宜备起居”为寻回母亲做了充分且正式的准备</span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>。</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>与此同时,德宗</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>还</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>命沈氏族人四人为判官,派使多人分行天下,四处寻访。大臣们</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>都</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>为德宗的寻母之举感动,在</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>册封</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>沈氏为皇太后的典礼上,</span></font><span>“帝再拜,歔唏不自胜,左右皆泣下”,还有臣子 “为奉迎皇太后使沈判官至”写了一首诗:</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">长乐宫人扫落花,</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">君王正候五云车。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">万方臣妾同瞻望,</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">疑在曾城阿母家。</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font align=\"\" alt=\"\" border=\"\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" face=\"宋体\" height=\"\" hspace=\"\" ismap=\"ismap\" src=\"\" title=\"\" type=\"block\" usemap=\"\" vspace=\"\" width=\"\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>在</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>德宗寻母的过程中,也遇到了有人冒充沈珍珠的事件。建中二年</span></font><span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font></span><span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">781</span></span></span><span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span></span></font></span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,曾侍奉过沈珍珠的一个女官</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>李真一</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>在洛阳遇到了一个女子,这个女子常与人讲述皇宫内廷中的故事,李真一认为这个女子的年龄和相貌与太后有些相似,就猜想她</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>可能</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>是沈太后,于是向负责寻访的使者详细描述了她的情况。德宗听后十分惊喜,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>立刻</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>派人前往查证,此时距离沈珍珠失踪已过去二十多年,当年认识沈太后的旧宫人</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>和</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>老臣都已不在世,没有人能确切辨认出太后,只记得太后曾在德宗幼时削</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>饭食</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>喂他,不小心伤了左手手指,而这位女子也曾因切瓜伤过手指,阴差阳错之下,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>即便</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>这女子百般否认,众人</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>还是坚持认定</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>她就是沈太后,并将她迎入上阳宫居住。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>德宗</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>随后</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>调派了一百多名宫女,带着皇帝的车驾、服饰和用品到上阳宫前去侍奉这名女子,左右的人用各种方法诱导劝说她,这名女子才</span></font><span>“</span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>承认</span></font><span>”</span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>自己是太后。查验的人快马加鞭入宫禀报此事,德宗大喜,登上正殿接受朝贺,并下诏让有关部门起草迎接太后正式回宫的礼仪。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7D1VibTzqvcUNiaqhTEAVHOhDsUgUhWCI4aflp1fdia9oT6kzAypjy0GyHicPOwRvbM04Nnzyl8IT08Q/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"width: 539px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: left;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">唐德宗画像。来源/</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">中国历代名人画像谱</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>但</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>实际上,这名女子并非沈珍珠,她通晓宫中之事,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>只</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>因为她是高力士的养女。此时,高氏女子的弟弟正在长安,他听说了姐姐在洛阳冒认沈太后的事情,担心事发后会获罪,就向朝廷说明了此事,高氏女发现纸包不住火,声称自己是被人强迫冒充的,并非出于本意。真相大白之后,朝中有人向德宗进言,认为德宗应该效仿先帝代宗,将高氏女处死,但德宗却担心若将高氏女重罚,之后人们不敢再报告关于太后的消息,所以并没有向相关人员问罪,并说:</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“吾宁受百欺,庶几得之</span></span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">。</span></span></font><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">”</span></span><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(我宁愿遭受一百次欺骗,只希望能有一次找到真的母亲)</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>战国时期,燕昭王</span></font><span>“千金买马骨”,以此彰显其求贤若渴的决心;同样,唐德宗不惜屡次上当,只为寻回母亲沈氏,足见其一片孝心。然而,唐德宗终其一生也未能再见到母亲。德宗驾崩后,顺宗李诵继位,但很快去世。其子李纯继位,是为唐宪宗。</span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>在这期间</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,寻找沈珍珠的行动一直在持续,直到永贞元年</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">805)</span></span><span>,礼仪使上奏唐宪宗请求停止寻找沈太后,宪宗下诏批准。</span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>同年</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>十一月</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>朝廷正式册封并追谥沈氏为睿真皇后,并奉迎其神主牌位祔祭于代宗皇帝的宗庙之中。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>自此,历经四朝天子的</span></font><span>“寻珠”活动,最终结束。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>红妆与武装</span></font></font></b></p><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>战乱中沈氏兄妹的镜像命运</span><span><br /></span></font></font></b></p></section></section></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>在翻阅史书上关于沈氏记载之时,有一个人的经历,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>或许能与</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>沈氏的生存提供另一种叙述,这个人是沈珍珠的哥哥沈震。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>沈震有名流传至今,不仅因为他是睿真皇后之兄,更与他协助颜真卿抵御安禄山叛军有关。唐代令狐亘所撰《光禄大夫太子太师上柱国鲁郡开国公颜真卿墓志铭》载,唐玄宗天宝十四年</span></font><span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font></span><span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">755</span></span></span><span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span></span></font></span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>年末</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,沈震为颜</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>真卿的判官,他与盐山尉穆宁、武邑尉李铣、清河主簿张澹、清池尉贾戢,各抒</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>其</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>能,协助颜真卿守平原郡,抵御安禄山的叛乱,直到至德元年</span></font><span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font></span><span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">756</span></span></span><span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span></span></font></span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>冬十月,颜真卿不敌尹子奇与史思明的围攻,不得不弃守平原郡,渡河南去,沈震一直在颜真卿左右协助。至德二年</span></font><span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font></span><span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">757</span></span></span><span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span></span></font></span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>四月,颜真卿到达凤翔拜见唐肃宗,据学者推断,沈震有可能同颜真卿一同前往凤翔,此后</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>辅佐</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>肃宗左右。唐代宗大历八年</span></font><span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font></span><span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">773</span></span></span><span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span></span></font></span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,颜真卿应姻亲沈氏后人沈怡之请撰写《吴兴沈氏述祖德记》,其中提及</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>:</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“过江二十叶孙御史中丞震,移牒郡国,请其封葺</span></span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">。</span></span></font><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">”</span></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7D1VibTzqvcUNiaqhTEAVHOh6bVialyMKZUZUOq6Iz6IuA0jBBG8zr2ZpicXp16FcvE5BY5Je3cMHA0Q/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 445px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">沈震在战场上厮杀的情景模拟。该图系AI生成。</span></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>说明</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>此时的沈震已为御史中丞</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>。</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>据学者考证,沈震生前,除了御史中丞、秘书少监外还担任过左谏议大夫,唐德宗即位后,追赠秘书少监沈震为太尉,可见沈震颇得三朝皇帝器重。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>沈氏兄妹的命运,恰似一个耐人寻味的镜像</span></font><span>——</span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>倘若沈珍珠生为男儿,或许她的人生轨迹会与兄长沈震重叠</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>。</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>但身为女子的她,一生</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>困于性别与婚姻的桎梏,因与</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>丈夫</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>感情疏淡而被遗落长安,最终生死成谜。史书留给她的,唯有一个真伪难辨的</span></font><span>“</span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>珍珠</span></font><span>”</span><font face=\"宋体\"><span>俗名,以及后世对</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>她下落</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>的</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>不断猜测</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7D1VibTzqvcUNiaqhTEAVHOhyWZNsQCDg2QQDBZaAdibkce14GCGtibmwBvpRDMk3OPsuA6Izz63oSvg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 422px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>虽然</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>不知在平乱的间隙,沈震是否会惦记着妹妹的安危,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>但</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>沈珍珠在离散的路上,一定会思念自己曾与亲人共度的时光。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: bold;\">参考文献:</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">《旧唐书》,北京:中华书局,</span></span></font><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">1975年。</span></span><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">《全唐文》,北京:中华书局,</span></span></font><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">1983年。</span></span><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">《资治通鉴》,北京:中华书局,</span></span></font><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">2011年。</span></span><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">周扬波:《从士族到绅族</span></span></font><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">——唐以后吴兴沈氏的宗族变迁》,杭州:浙江大学出版社,2009年。</span></span><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">*</span>本文系“国家</span></font><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">人文历史”独家稿件,欢迎读者转发朋友圈。</span></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><span><br /></span></p><section><section><section><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4s6XTkV1zgY7Ndw3fVeyGpxIIj30oUzpUnwIcafcXhx66GztUhxGc2FM8I09uwLbMwUFOQfZVGcg/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section></section></section><section><span><span>END</span></span></section><section><span><span>作者 | 文青</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span></span></span></span></section><section><span><span>编辑 | 胡心雅</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span></span></span></span></section><section><span><span>主编 | 周斌</span></span></section><section><span><span>排版 | 徐沁(实习)</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span></span></span></span></section><section><span><span>校对 | 李栋</span></span></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><span><span><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK6o0DTLAcjHUob1LlCbkiaCGeUicmbUPjIKiciad7l2ytYjz3bGBzNyAUu0aicCb4oWXbicQBJA96lk9Tug/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></span></span></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><strong><span><br /></span></strong></section><section><strong><span>国历好物</span></strong></section><p><span><strong><span><span>进击的士族</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>旁落的皇权</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>跨越五百年的权力对抗史</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>国民历史读物《国家人文历史》专业团队</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>最新力作</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>展现士族潮起潮落的史诗级历史画卷</span></span></strong></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><p><span><br /></span></p><section label=\"edit by 135editor\"><section><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK50l871IgvMuCSibrmOibSxicuassfQWcfhotQqH5lYBRPtichLu7A0vIGovAB5sRkicvnkQnT342127lA/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section><section><section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section></section><section><section><strong><span>点击下方封面,即可购买</span></strong></section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><span><strong><span><span>↓↓↓</span></span></strong></span></p><p><a class=\"weapp_image_link js_weapp_entry\"><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK5sbRbqWpNPCUYibIYbC7RFRAHn32PAWbKDIM6A4MkicYHOWIR0Hy6iamToAdrvvPDeu5T15EKXjC1Fg/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></a><span><br /></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><h2 src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPQbfYUk2lKRJbtAXIuZ0kjicBeKbKicn7picTvdbH5bfuaoiazGOfbm8kw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558\"><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPPS2Tl0L42giakAlUSsWM2hKsLfDwrNFcLNgFaxPhQng3E9mCRE3tkg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558px\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&mid=2651035606&idx=1&sn=95e5b910a9c15c3b861b33b6a6da3866&scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcaIgQkEibvERBOGAaoicFhgsfmibxDTGK2z3uLHbhcvWGEYibV0hom5VW8CA/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></a></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&mid=2651035897&idx=1&sn=befda0705325843f84da3911012cad95&scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcamtwvyMNyxgGfdgqCCu9GkBZl21VfOcYfkJRh5E0ArHl4UUBtbSzwRQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></a></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcaohkRZ9cGSGGPakn9lRTzm4qIA3pNHn3EVXrsicT3De6T2ib5Slw6GsRQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span><span><br /></span></span></section></section></section></h2></section></section></section><section><span><section><h2 src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPQbfYUk2lKRJbtAXIuZ0kjicBeKbKicn7picTvdbH5bfuaoiazGOfbm8kw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558\"><span><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages __bg_gif wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK6M7Nv6wvsPyLPCsN7uraAJ0nGCQhDMIIg0L5icbmcctmcTvsgM0HwBpkXTF9ztE2MsQ8Tso0exnicA/640?wx_fmt=gif\" /></span></h2></section></span></section><section><section><section><section><span><span>“</span><strong><span>在看</span></strong><span>”的永远18岁~</span></span></section></section></section></section><section><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><section><section style=\"padding-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 1em; display: flex;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"></span></section></section></section></span></section><p style=\"display: none;\"></p></div>\n \n\n \n <br />\n\n \n <a class=\"media_tool_meta meta_primary\" href=\"http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&mid=2651042024&idx=1&sn=83df9255d0e3860eb701e5f6eb8d730c&chksm=bc93ff8b63f702dd7a3426852fbfe4d5b0646faefed3dca30bb7ccc1e844779c186a5f24fb8a&scene=0#rd\" style=\"color: blue;\" target=\"_blank\">文章原文</a>\n <br />\n \n\n \n\n <img alt=\"\" class=\"\" height=\"1px\" src=\"http://www.jintiankansha.me/rss_static/13443/L4AI2zGyjU\" style=\"width: 1px; height: 1px; display: none;\" width=\"1px\" /></div></div>",
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"title": "多尔衮死后家族势力一夜崩塌,真的是因为他没有儿子吗?",
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"description": "<div><div><div class=\"rich_media_content\" id=\"js_content\"><section style=\"margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 8px; white-space: normal; font-size: 16px; text-align: center; line-height: 1.5em;\"><img class=\"rich_pages js_insertlocalimg wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK6M7Nv6wvsPyLPCsN7uraAJxdXiby5XB2BE6S0ulr9Fs213uZ85nlxAalcgRcLFiaSVdOVlrtCZRibIw/640?wx_fmt=gif\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span><br /></span></section></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7D1VibTzqvcUNiaqhTEAVHOhgtlC44NZVSyz0tY39CzKELspLsvNu2VzCy0dsK4tFmW7fZo6JNvMsg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span><br /></span></section></section><p><span><span>本 文 约 3800 字</span></span></p><section><section label=\"Powered by 135editor.com\"><p><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(178, 178, 178); font-size: 12px;\"><span>阅 读 需 要 13 分 钟</span></span><span><span> </span></span></span></p></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>顺治七年</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">1650</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span>,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>多尔衮死</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>于</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>关外</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>的喀喇</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">kā lā</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>城,享年</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>39岁。多</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>尔衮死前一个多月,“有事不乐”,在寒冬十一月跑到冰天雪地的塞外打猎,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>结果</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>死在打猎的路上,他的去世十分突然,无人预料。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK7D1VibTzqvcUNiaqhTEAVHOhT3swKicLjvyHc15zTROMia6mzjo7IXcEU7u14UicqUL3sVhRZfnq8mBLg/640?wx_fmt=gif&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7D1VibTzqvcUNiaqhTEAVHOhw09WSmELRmQAQTI7icCHC7EQ2OpKySHgFcm1kh8dcV7fibfgTX9sxeLw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>此时的多尔</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>衮权倾朝野,几乎到了与顺治帝分庭抗礼的程度。顺治四年<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">1647)</span>“以后凡行礼处,跪拜永远停止”,多尔衮已不再向顺治帝行礼。顺治五年<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(1648)</span>末,多尔衮又向前进了一步,由“皇叔父摄政王”变成了“皇父摄政王”,其后多尔衮“所用仪仗、音乐及卫从之人,俱僭拟至尊”,不仅实权在握,而且在礼仪排场上也开始向皇帝看齐。凡一切政务,多尔衮不再有谦恭请示之举,未奉皇帝旨意,却一律称诏下旨,俨然如同皇帝。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7D1VibTzqvcUNiaqhTEAVHOhWed4MNCjJ5XmoKd2Dbr7ecLqcibhzUezian5SlerK0ibxJw04fTYc9EAg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7D1VibTzqvcUNiaqhTEAVHOhzMlCRJvy4bOicnpN6Q3nN60zDoTic6l6w2L7p0KA6nIcsL0uIN0M6Nyg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>但就在这时,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>39岁的多尔衮竟突然死去,瞬间出现巨大权力真空。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><span>权力真空与政治动荡</span></font></b></p></section></section></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>此时,清军入关不过六年,战乱仍在持续,灾荒频仍,清廷财政入不敷出,百姓生活困苦。此前一年,清军才刚刚攻占湖南,华南、西南还有大片地方处于南明政权控制之下,但在多尔衮看来,已经到了享受胜利果实的时候了。多尔衮在此时就开始追求奢靡享乐,大兴土木。据说多尔衮的府第</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“翚飞鸟革,虎踞龙盘,不惟凌空挂斗,与帝座相同,而金碧辉煌,雕镂奇异,尤有过之者”,号称比皇宫还豪华。一个将死之人,应该不会做这些固定资产的长线投资。多尔衮一定相当自信,确信自己可以长久享用。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7D1VibTzqvcUNiaqhTEAVHOhNqWPibrY7TOGlZnUkLUQghFpyd5q8tD5huQnGQUOzZcAHcoPpib1boHA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 293px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7D1VibTzqvcUNiaqhTEAVHOhTrkjeKawf64T6Y8t9nmibdklIaNdXiaE4JNSoyk4PicCL3jUz4r7Bd6ibQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>其实,多尔衮身体一直不太好,比较瘦弱。据他自己的解释,是在松山大战时</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“颇劳心焦思,亲自披坚执锐”落下的病根。清军入关后,又赶上“国家多事之时”,多尔衮“机务日繁,疲于裁应,头昏目胀,体中时复不快”。进北京之后,“水土不调,为疾颇剧,今差健胜,然亦未尽愈也”。入关之初,清廷许多人都壮年而死,有一种说法是关内气温高,水土不服,容易出天花。多尔衮的病叫作“风疾”,据说是类似中风的脑血管疾病,所以他一定要求免去跪拜之礼,以防头晕中风发作。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>既然如此</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>,一个病人怎么可能跑到雪地里打猎呢?</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>其实,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>当时</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>满</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>人</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>有一个相当生猛的习俗,身体越是有病,或是心中越是不悦,就越要跑去打猎,不管天气如何。皇太极也</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>曾</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>在隆冬腊月的患病之时跑到今天吉林</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>一带</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>打猎,结果就是病情更加恶化了。顺治</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>帝则</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>一辈子基本有三分之一时间</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>都</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>在猎场南苑度过,其实他的身体状态也不是很好,只不过不轻易跟别人说。藏于中国第一历史档案馆的一份档案《皇父多尔衮外出围猎日记》记载,多尔衮此时也是</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“身体欠安” “居家烦闷”,在家闲不住,于是在农历十一月的</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>寒冬</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>里一路北上,边走边打猎,想用犬马之乐来驱散身心的郁闷。要是考虑到古代史家</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“为尊者讳”的春秋笔法,多尔衮这次的病情恐怕要比“身体欠安”还要严重。折腾了整整二十多天,多尔衮终于在距离北京八百多里的长城口外</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>的</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>喀喇城撑不住了,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“病重歇息”,不久去世。</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>当时有传教士猜测,多尔衮大概是打猎跌下马、重伤而死。考虑到他的身体状况,也有可能是马背颠簸、气温骤冷,导致突发脑血管病,眼前一黑,跌下了马鞍。虽然</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>多尔衮的死因</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>尚不能确定,但要是他不在冬天跑去塞外打猎,很可能不会这么快死去。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7D1VibTzqvcUNiaqhTEAVHOhf7UBcSpSB3a4gbxXHOtsAItbCE68t8n932ZxqDvIic0QboRmBwIPdsA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7D1VibTzqvcUNiaqhTEAVHOhvUkfQZGFVpqk0gLhUrVONrZgIJ3Ficn3hfp2cHNcuicK6rpr0vSSak4A/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section><span><p></p></span></section><p><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>而无论如何,权倾朝野的多尔衮一死,原来的政治格局也就无法维持了。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><span>无子嗣继承</span></font></b></p><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><span>继承人培养受阻</span></font></b></p></section></section></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>从朝局来看,多尔衮的最主要政治对手有两黄旗、前摄政王济尔哈朗和顺治皇帝。皇太极去世时,豪格与多尔衮竞争皇位。多尔衮虽然辈分上是豪格的叔辈,但他比豪格还小三岁,功劳又大。多尔衮所在的两白旗因此觊觎皇位,两黄旗则激烈反对,最终</span><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>6岁的福临继位。此后,多尔衮激烈打击两黄旗。如此,索尼、鳌拜等两黄旗大臣倒了大霉。</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>鳌拜坚持立皇太极的儿子福临为帝,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“初时保护皇上,六大臣一心尽忠,不惜身家、誓同生死”,哪怕是得罪多尔衮也在所不惜,好几次被革职。多尔衮在位时,扶植两白旗,压制两黄旗,而随着多尔衮的倒台,两黄旗自然要反攻倒算。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7D1VibTzqvcUNiaqhTEAVHOh3euCKoXkricHpWDSbJKca1B3k2ghqTKAPYzk4ibu2WTmouAa5Cx76icgQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7D1VibTzqvcUNiaqhTEAVHOhibL60A2tjDEmKPOk9Z5M8deGfjzYBDCLUmteh7Dspt3BQk0Vbo6icPibw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>济尔哈朗是努尔哈赤的侄子,顺治</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>帝</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>即位后,他与多尔衮共同辅政,不久即遭多尔衮排挤。而顺治</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>帝</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>从小在多尔衮的阴影下成长,与多尔衮势力决裂只是时间问题。</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>多尔衮死后五天,北京获知消息,又过四天后灵柩到达北京。</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>12岁的顺治亲率百官到东直门外五里迎接,顺治帝跪拜三次,失声痛哭,不久发下诏书,开始国丧,并追封多尔衮为懋德修道广业定功安民立政诚敬义皇帝,庙号成宗,表面功夫做足。但实际上,多尔衮一死,顺治帝就派人去睿王府中将多尔衮的所有信符收缴。据说多尔衮死前曾与其兄阿济格密谈,于是随多尔衮灵车到京的阿济格刚一到达就被抓了起来。多尔衮的权力迅速被12岁的顺治帝夺取。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7D1VibTzqvcUNiaqhTEAVHOhsOVYzN9Mqx5Z1KfiaORTZaAocpwtagrxxx5EITRF8HmzZrTMibBt6SPQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7D1VibTzqvcUNiaqhTEAVHOhOQQJ5mdrxOoZ474Ao3eVQufDtiaXNZhkL3IDX3fl4I8xwZn09NrTziag/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>多尔衮膝下无子,六妻四妾也未诞下子嗣,致使他后继无人。他虽收养多铎之子多尔博,但这无法从根本上解决继承问题。多尔衮生前忙于政务、军事及个人享受,未重视继承人的培养和规划。即使想培养继承人,也因身体每况愈下、精力不济而难以实施。有一些消息表明,多尔衮死前不久添了一个儿子,生母是续娶的豪格福晋博尔济锦氏,但也有人认为这是豪格遗腹子,最终到了乾隆朝平反多尔衮,睿亲王爵也是由多尔博的后人继承。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><span>家族势力衰落</span></font></b></p><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><span>政治遗产被清算</span></font></b></p></section></section></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>多尔衮去世后,其家族势力迅速衰落。狱中的阿济格一度想联络正白、正蓝旗依附自己,想继承多尔衮的势力,但遭到抵制,两旗报告了济尔哈朗,阿济格又添了新的罪名。很快,两黄旗的地位得到恢复,两红旗的满达海、瓦克达、杰书、罗可铎等获得升迁,多尔衮所在的两白旗愈发孤立。济尔哈朗还告发多尔衮的篡位:</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"楷体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">背誓肆行,妄自尊大,自称皇父摄政王。凡批票本章,一以皇父摄政王行之。仪仗、音乐、侍从、府第,僣拟至尊。擅称太宗文皇帝序不当立,以挟制皇上。构陷威逼,使肃亲王不得其死,遂纳其妃,且收其财产。更悖理入生母于太庙。僣妄不可枚举。臣等从前畏威吞声,今冒死奏闻,伏原重加处治。</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"楷体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7D1VibTzqvcUNiaqhTEAVHOh5CebPgNdzzkhicuDKFoIM6y4BSzfUsvv8hGv5HJTWibqjjt8B2PVPnjA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 253px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7D1VibTzqvcUNiaqhTEAVHOhAFQqDnWvvEbiavFbibydnVKjfCleOD1hYtXxL5BEjvumxtlbG4oSpONQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section><span><br /></span></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>导致多尔衮身后遭到清算。苏克萨哈原为多尔衮的亲信,是正白旗的大将。多尔衮死后,他迅速调转风向,状告多尔衮私备</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“八补黄袍、大东珠、素珠、黑狐褂”,“阴谋篡逆”,受到孝庄皇后信任,成为两白旗势力的幸存者,还升任镶白旗护军统领。很快,顺治帝便正式宣布多尔衮的十四条罪状:</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: bold;\">擅自劝进:</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">皇太极驾崩时,多尔衮之弟豫郡王多铎唆调劝进,而非诸王、贝勒、大臣等共同议定立多尔衮为摄政王。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: bold;\">专权擅政:</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">多尔衮逐渐独揽大权,不让郑亲王济尔哈朗参与政事,并将自己的亲弟豫郡王多铎封为辅政叔王,违背共同辅政的誓言。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: bold;\">妄自居功:</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">将顺治帝继位以及皇太极时期诸王大臣官兵的功绩全部据为己有。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: bold;\">僭越礼制:</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">所用仪仗、音乐及侍从等均与皇帝无异,且建造的府第规模宏大,与宫阙相似,严重违反礼制。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: bold;\">挥霍无度:</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">随意浪费府库财物,擅自使用织造缎匹、库贮银两珍宝,数量巨大,不知节俭。</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: bold;\">抢夺人口:</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">将顺治帝侍臣伊尔登、陈泰等族人丁等尽收归自己旗下。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: bold;\">诋毁皇太极即位:</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">谎称皇太极之即位原系夺立,以此挟制中外,破坏皇太极的名誉和权威。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: bold;\">逼死肃亲王:</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">构陷威逼豪格,致其不得善终,并纳其妃,侵占其财产,手段残忍。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: bold;\">贪得无厌:</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">将官兵户口财产等项据为己有,不行归公,贪婪自私。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: bold;\">拉拢侍臣:</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">企图使皇上侍臣额尔克戴青归己,封吴拜等人为侯爵,后因戴青不从而罢侯封;又派罗什以美言诱皇上侍臣席讷布库,企图使其党附,破坏皇上的统治基础。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: bold;\">擅权独断:</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">凡政事及批票本章等,不奉皇上之命,概称诏旨,擅自作威作福,任意黜陟官员,违背君主专制体制。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: bold;\">阻止王公入朝:</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">不允许诸王、贝勒、贝子、公等入朝办事,令其在自己府前等候,将朝廷视为己有,严重侵犯皇上权威和朝廷秩序。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: bold;\">私制帝服:</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">私自制作皇帝服饰,藏匿御用珠宝,有谋逆之心,试图在服饰上与皇帝等同,严重挑衅皇权。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: bold;\">密谋移驻:</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">曾与人密谋,欲带两旗移驻永平府,企图控制军事要地,以实现其不可告人的政治野心。</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>最终,追夺多尔衮一切封典,毁墓掘尸,多尔衮之兄阿济格被幽禁,家族人口、牲畜被没官。多尔衮死后两个月,家族地位一落千丈。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7D1VibTzqvcUNiaqhTEAVHOhqOvVLI4dqMMaFZSaQbMEO9NX9wOLmSLhUccUNXZRBkuCHw2jppxsUA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 159px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7D1VibTzqvcUNiaqhTEAVHOhYzzUHlBNacXVQVPCm4gadyxe6G6vpbzYrRYwJibWlqmAvLD9Zs6ClvQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>对多尔衮势力的清算持续到了康熙朝。康熙五年<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">1666)</span>,鳌拜执意更换旗地,用镶黄旗的土地置换正白旗的土地。正白旗的庄地是多尔衮时期圈占的冀东平原的肥地,而镶黄旗的土地很多在山区和盐碱区,鳌拜此举等于把顺治朝的旧账又翻了出来,把这些土地上的旗人和汉人农民都折腾得不轻。正白旗的苏克萨哈当然阻挠,大学士、户部尚书苏纳海、直隶山东河南三省总督朱昌祚等官员也反对。苏纳海就是正白旗人,朱昌祚是汉军镶白旗,鳌拜恼羞成怒,看到两白旗势力还敢反抗,利用职权将反对官员全部下狱议罪。当年告发多尔衮的苏克萨哈如今心灰意冷,不久“奏乞守先帝陵寝,庶得保全余生”——对政治斗争“躺平”了,想去给先帝看坟头,结果鳌拜不依不饶,罗织罪名:</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“以大逆论,与其长子内大臣查克旦皆磔死;余子六人、孙一人、兄弟子二人皆处斩,籍没;族人前锋统领白尔赫图、侍卫额尔德皆斩。”</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7D1VibTzqvcUNiaqhTEAVHOhFgjrWOqIicfP1xLSvTgBNvC6FKdV6cOmF80e95GuIu5ADPgY21FdoGA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7D1VibTzqvcUNiaqhTEAVHOhjP9rtQP9zOYtDqvkibqia69XDWa9OCfUkJ2qORweSgrtUCqAL6cI3AHw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>想要灭苏克萨哈满门。少年康熙帝不准,鳌拜</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“攘臂上前,强奏累日”,最终苏克萨哈被判处绞刑,其余人全部被害。鳌拜受到多尔衮多年持续打击,对两白旗充满怨恨,宁可忤逆少年康熙帝也要对两白旗斩尽杀绝,但这一介武夫没有意识到,他已经活成了多尔衮的样子,全清廷都知道鳌拜能让皇上低头,苏克萨哈倒台了,鳌拜的政治末日也就不远了,此时距离鳌拜下狱也就只差一年多时间而已。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>迟至百余年后的乾隆四十三年<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">1778)</span>,年逾花甲的乾隆帝发布上谕,正式平反多尔衮,下令“追谥曰忠,补入玉牒,并令补继袭封,照亲王园寝制度修其茔墓”,并令国史馆修正其传记。</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: bold;\">参考文献:</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">[1] 《清实录</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">·大清世祖章皇帝实录》</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">[2] 周远廉、赵世瑜:《</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">清摄政王:多尔衮全传</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">》,陕西人民出版社</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">2008年版</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">*</span>本文系“国家</span></font><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">人文历史”独家稿件,欢迎读者转发朋友圈。</span></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><span><br /></span></p><section><section><section><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4s6XTkV1zgY7Ndw3fVeyGpxIIj30oUzpUnwIcafcXhx66GztUhxGc2FM8I09uwLbMwUFOQfZVGcg/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section></section></section><section><span><span>END</span></span></section><section><span><span>作者 | 周天一</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span></span></span></span></section><section><span><span>编辑 | 胡心雅</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span></span></span></span></section><section><span><span>主编 | 周斌</span></span></section><section><span><span>排版 | 曲晨溪(实习)</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span></span></span></span></section><section><span><span>校对 | 古月</span></span></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><span><span><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK6o0DTLAcjHUob1LlCbkiaCGeUicmbUPjIKiciad7l2ytYjz3bGBzNyAUu0aicCb4oWXbicQBJA96lk9Tug/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></span></span></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><strong><span><br /></span></strong></section><section><strong><span>国历好物</span></strong></section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK50l871IgvMuCSibrmOibSxicuB2xBPs1uQ2ZspQytHr1P0K7rUaKzSAg2CRzMr8ibAYhs2mSk7cLvZpQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section><p><span><strong><span><span>进击的士族</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>旁落的皇权</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>跨越五百年的权力对抗史</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>国民历史读物《国家人文历史》专业团队</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>最新力作</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>展现士族潮起潮落的史诗级历史画卷</span></span></strong></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><p><span><br /></span></p><section label=\"edit by 135editor\"><section><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK50l871IgvMuCSibrmOibSxicuassfQWcfhotQqH5lYBRPtichLu7A0vIGovAB5sRkicvnkQnT342127lA/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section><section><section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section></section><section><section><strong><span>点击下方封面,即可购买</span></strong></section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><span><strong><span><span>↓↓↓</span></span></strong></span></p><p><a class=\"weapp_image_link js_weapp_entry\"><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK5sbRbqWpNPCUYibIYbC7RFRAHn32PAWbKDIM6A4MkicYHOWIR0Hy6iamToAdrvvPDeu5T15EKXjC1Fg/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></a><span><br /></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><h2 src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPQbfYUk2lKRJbtAXIuZ0kjicBeKbKicn7picTvdbH5bfuaoiazGOfbm8kw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558\"><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPPS2Tl0L42giakAlUSsWM2hKsLfDwrNFcLNgFaxPhQng3E9mCRE3tkg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558px\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&mid=2651035606&idx=1&sn=95e5b910a9c15c3b861b33b6a6da3866&scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcaIgQkEibvERBOGAaoicFhgsfmibxDTGK2z3uLHbhcvWGEYibV0hom5VW8CA/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></a></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&mid=2651035897&idx=1&sn=befda0705325843f84da3911012cad95&scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcamtwvyMNyxgGfdgqCCu9GkBZl21VfOcYfkJRh5E0ArHl4UUBtbSzwRQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></a></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcaohkRZ9cGSGGPakn9lRTzm4qIA3pNHn3EVXrsicT3De6T2ib5Slw6GsRQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span><span><br /></span></span></section></section></section></h2></section></section></section><section><span><section><h2 src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPQbfYUk2lKRJbtAXIuZ0kjicBeKbKicn7picTvdbH5bfuaoiazGOfbm8kw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558\"><span><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages __bg_gif wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK6M7Nv6wvsPyLPCsN7uraAJ0nGCQhDMIIg0L5icbmcctmcTvsgM0HwBpkXTF9ztE2MsQ8Tso0exnicA/640?wx_fmt=gif\" /></span></h2><section><span><span>“</span><strong><span>在看</span></strong><span>”的永远18岁~</span></span></section></section></span></section><section><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><section><section style=\"padding-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 1em; display: flex;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"></span></section></section></section></span></section><p style=\"display: none;\"></p></div>\n \n\n \n <br />\n\n \n <a class=\"media_tool_meta meta_primary\" href=\"http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&mid=2651041994&idx=1&sn=892ef73e986d6316dbf70f2dc1724cc3&chksm=bc5488996ff57125b313704cf004064a26987617235dd3e33c06a265bfd0903eb57fcee0e5f1&scene=0#rd\" style=\"color: blue;\" target=\"_blank\">文章原文</a>\n <br />\n \n\n \n\n <img alt=\"\" class=\"\" height=\"1px\" src=\"http://www.jintiankansha.me/rss_static/13443/Go8Yw6zWpr\" style=\"width: 1px; height: 1px; display: none;\" width=\"1px\" /></div></div>",
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"content": "<div><div><div class=\"rich_media_content\" id=\"js_content\"><section style=\"margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 8px; white-space: normal; font-size: 16px; text-align: center; line-height: 1.5em;\"><img class=\"rich_pages js_insertlocalimg wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK6M7Nv6wvsPyLPCsN7uraAJxdXiby5XB2BE6S0ulr9Fs213uZ85nlxAalcgRcLFiaSVdOVlrtCZRibIw/640?wx_fmt=gif\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span><br /></span></section></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7D1VibTzqvcUNiaqhTEAVHOhgtlC44NZVSyz0tY39CzKELspLsvNu2VzCy0dsK4tFmW7fZo6JNvMsg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span><br /></span></section></section><p><span><span>本 文 约 3800 字</span></span></p><section><section label=\"Powered by 135editor.com\"><p><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(178, 178, 178); font-size: 12px;\"><span>阅 读 需 要 13 分 钟</span></span><span><span> </span></span></span></p></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>顺治七年</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">1650</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span>,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>多尔衮死</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>于</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>关外</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>的喀喇</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">kā lā</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>城,享年</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>39岁。多</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>尔衮死前一个多月,“有事不乐”,在寒冬十一月跑到冰天雪地的塞外打猎,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>结果</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>死在打猎的路上,他的去世十分突然,无人预料。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK7D1VibTzqvcUNiaqhTEAVHOhT3swKicLjvyHc15zTROMia6mzjo7IXcEU7u14UicqUL3sVhRZfnq8mBLg/640?wx_fmt=gif&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7D1VibTzqvcUNiaqhTEAVHOhw09WSmELRmQAQTI7icCHC7EQ2OpKySHgFcm1kh8dcV7fibfgTX9sxeLw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>此时的多尔</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>衮权倾朝野,几乎到了与顺治帝分庭抗礼的程度。顺治四年<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">1647)</span>“以后凡行礼处,跪拜永远停止”,多尔衮已不再向顺治帝行礼。顺治五年<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(1648)</span>末,多尔衮又向前进了一步,由“皇叔父摄政王”变成了“皇父摄政王”,其后多尔衮“所用仪仗、音乐及卫从之人,俱僭拟至尊”,不仅实权在握,而且在礼仪排场上也开始向皇帝看齐。凡一切政务,多尔衮不再有谦恭请示之举,未奉皇帝旨意,却一律称诏下旨,俨然如同皇帝。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7D1VibTzqvcUNiaqhTEAVHOhWed4MNCjJ5XmoKd2Dbr7ecLqcibhzUezian5SlerK0ibxJw04fTYc9EAg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7D1VibTzqvcUNiaqhTEAVHOhzMlCRJvy4bOicnpN6Q3nN60zDoTic6l6w2L7p0KA6nIcsL0uIN0M6Nyg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>但就在这时,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>39岁的多尔衮竟突然死去,瞬间出现巨大权力真空。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><span>权力真空与政治动荡</span></font></b></p></section></section></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>此时,清军入关不过六年,战乱仍在持续,灾荒频仍,清廷财政入不敷出,百姓生活困苦。此前一年,清军才刚刚攻占湖南,华南、西南还有大片地方处于南明政权控制之下,但在多尔衮看来,已经到了享受胜利果实的时候了。多尔衮在此时就开始追求奢靡享乐,大兴土木。据说多尔衮的府第</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“翚飞鸟革,虎踞龙盘,不惟凌空挂斗,与帝座相同,而金碧辉煌,雕镂奇异,尤有过之者”,号称比皇宫还豪华。一个将死之人,应该不会做这些固定资产的长线投资。多尔衮一定相当自信,确信自己可以长久享用。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7D1VibTzqvcUNiaqhTEAVHOhNqWPibrY7TOGlZnUkLUQghFpyd5q8tD5huQnGQUOzZcAHcoPpib1boHA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 293px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7D1VibTzqvcUNiaqhTEAVHOhTrkjeKawf64T6Y8t9nmibdklIaNdXiaE4JNSoyk4PicCL3jUz4r7Bd6ibQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>其实,多尔衮身体一直不太好,比较瘦弱。据他自己的解释,是在松山大战时</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“颇劳心焦思,亲自披坚执锐”落下的病根。清军入关后,又赶上“国家多事之时”,多尔衮“机务日繁,疲于裁应,头昏目胀,体中时复不快”。进北京之后,“水土不调,为疾颇剧,今差健胜,然亦未尽愈也”。入关之初,清廷许多人都壮年而死,有一种说法是关内气温高,水土不服,容易出天花。多尔衮的病叫作“风疾”,据说是类似中风的脑血管疾病,所以他一定要求免去跪拜之礼,以防头晕中风发作。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>既然如此</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>,一个病人怎么可能跑到雪地里打猎呢?</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>其实,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>当时</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>满</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>人</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>有一个相当生猛的习俗,身体越是有病,或是心中越是不悦,就越要跑去打猎,不管天气如何。皇太极也</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>曾</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>在隆冬腊月的患病之时跑到今天吉林</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>一带</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>打猎,结果就是病情更加恶化了。顺治</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>帝则</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>一辈子基本有三分之一时间</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>都</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>在猎场南苑度过,其实他的身体状态也不是很好,只不过不轻易跟别人说。藏于中国第一历史档案馆的一份档案《皇父多尔衮外出围猎日记》记载,多尔衮此时也是</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“身体欠安” “居家烦闷”,在家闲不住,于是在农历十一月的</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>寒冬</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>里一路北上,边走边打猎,想用犬马之乐来驱散身心的郁闷。要是考虑到古代史家</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“为尊者讳”的春秋笔法,多尔衮这次的病情恐怕要比“身体欠安”还要严重。折腾了整整二十多天,多尔衮终于在距离北京八百多里的长城口外</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>的</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>喀喇城撑不住了,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“病重歇息”,不久去世。</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>当时有传教士猜测,多尔衮大概是打猎跌下马、重伤而死。考虑到他的身体状况,也有可能是马背颠簸、气温骤冷,导致突发脑血管病,眼前一黑,跌下了马鞍。虽然</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>多尔衮的死因</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>尚不能确定,但要是他不在冬天跑去塞外打猎,很可能不会这么快死去。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7D1VibTzqvcUNiaqhTEAVHOhf7UBcSpSB3a4gbxXHOtsAItbCE68t8n932ZxqDvIic0QboRmBwIPdsA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7D1VibTzqvcUNiaqhTEAVHOhvUkfQZGFVpqk0gLhUrVONrZgIJ3Ficn3hfp2cHNcuicK6rpr0vSSak4A/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section><span><p></p></span></section><p><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>而无论如何,权倾朝野的多尔衮一死,原来的政治格局也就无法维持了。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><span>无子嗣继承</span></font></b></p><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><span>继承人培养受阻</span></font></b></p></section></section></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>从朝局来看,多尔衮的最主要政治对手有两黄旗、前摄政王济尔哈朗和顺治皇帝。皇太极去世时,豪格与多尔衮竞争皇位。多尔衮虽然辈分上是豪格的叔辈,但他比豪格还小三岁,功劳又大。多尔衮所在的两白旗因此觊觎皇位,两黄旗则激烈反对,最终</span><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>6岁的福临继位。此后,多尔衮激烈打击两黄旗。如此,索尼、鳌拜等两黄旗大臣倒了大霉。</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>鳌拜坚持立皇太极的儿子福临为帝,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“初时保护皇上,六大臣一心尽忠,不惜身家、誓同生死”,哪怕是得罪多尔衮也在所不惜,好几次被革职。多尔衮在位时,扶植两白旗,压制两黄旗,而随着多尔衮的倒台,两黄旗自然要反攻倒算。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7D1VibTzqvcUNiaqhTEAVHOh3euCKoXkricHpWDSbJKca1B3k2ghqTKAPYzk4ibu2WTmouAa5Cx76icgQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7D1VibTzqvcUNiaqhTEAVHOhibL60A2tjDEmKPOk9Z5M8deGfjzYBDCLUmteh7Dspt3BQk0Vbo6icPibw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>济尔哈朗是努尔哈赤的侄子,顺治</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>帝</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>即位后,他与多尔衮共同辅政,不久即遭多尔衮排挤。而顺治</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>帝</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>从小在多尔衮的阴影下成长,与多尔衮势力决裂只是时间问题。</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>多尔衮死后五天,北京获知消息,又过四天后灵柩到达北京。</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>12岁的顺治亲率百官到东直门外五里迎接,顺治帝跪拜三次,失声痛哭,不久发下诏书,开始国丧,并追封多尔衮为懋德修道广业定功安民立政诚敬义皇帝,庙号成宗,表面功夫做足。但实际上,多尔衮一死,顺治帝就派人去睿王府中将多尔衮的所有信符收缴。据说多尔衮死前曾与其兄阿济格密谈,于是随多尔衮灵车到京的阿济格刚一到达就被抓了起来。多尔衮的权力迅速被12岁的顺治帝夺取。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7D1VibTzqvcUNiaqhTEAVHOhsOVYzN9Mqx5Z1KfiaORTZaAocpwtagrxxx5EITRF8HmzZrTMibBt6SPQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7D1VibTzqvcUNiaqhTEAVHOhOQQJ5mdrxOoZ474Ao3eVQufDtiaXNZhkL3IDX3fl4I8xwZn09NrTziag/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>多尔衮膝下无子,六妻四妾也未诞下子嗣,致使他后继无人。他虽收养多铎之子多尔博,但这无法从根本上解决继承问题。多尔衮生前忙于政务、军事及个人享受,未重视继承人的培养和规划。即使想培养继承人,也因身体每况愈下、精力不济而难以实施。有一些消息表明,多尔衮死前不久添了一个儿子,生母是续娶的豪格福晋博尔济锦氏,但也有人认为这是豪格遗腹子,最终到了乾隆朝平反多尔衮,睿亲王爵也是由多尔博的后人继承。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><span>家族势力衰落</span></font></b></p><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><span>政治遗产被清算</span></font></b></p></section></section></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>多尔衮去世后,其家族势力迅速衰落。狱中的阿济格一度想联络正白、正蓝旗依附自己,想继承多尔衮的势力,但遭到抵制,两旗报告了济尔哈朗,阿济格又添了新的罪名。很快,两黄旗的地位得到恢复,两红旗的满达海、瓦克达、杰书、罗可铎等获得升迁,多尔衮所在的两白旗愈发孤立。济尔哈朗还告发多尔衮的篡位:</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"楷体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">背誓肆行,妄自尊大,自称皇父摄政王。凡批票本章,一以皇父摄政王行之。仪仗、音乐、侍从、府第,僣拟至尊。擅称太宗文皇帝序不当立,以挟制皇上。构陷威逼,使肃亲王不得其死,遂纳其妃,且收其财产。更悖理入生母于太庙。僣妄不可枚举。臣等从前畏威吞声,今冒死奏闻,伏原重加处治。</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"楷体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7D1VibTzqvcUNiaqhTEAVHOh5CebPgNdzzkhicuDKFoIM6y4BSzfUsvv8hGv5HJTWibqjjt8B2PVPnjA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 253px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7D1VibTzqvcUNiaqhTEAVHOhAFQqDnWvvEbiavFbibydnVKjfCleOD1hYtXxL5BEjvumxtlbG4oSpONQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section><span><br /></span></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>导致多尔衮身后遭到清算。苏克萨哈原为多尔衮的亲信,是正白旗的大将。多尔衮死后,他迅速调转风向,状告多尔衮私备</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“八补黄袍、大东珠、素珠、黑狐褂”,“阴谋篡逆”,受到孝庄皇后信任,成为两白旗势力的幸存者,还升任镶白旗护军统领。很快,顺治帝便正式宣布多尔衮的十四条罪状:</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: bold;\">擅自劝进:</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">皇太极驾崩时,多尔衮之弟豫郡王多铎唆调劝进,而非诸王、贝勒、大臣等共同议定立多尔衮为摄政王。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: bold;\">专权擅政:</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">多尔衮逐渐独揽大权,不让郑亲王济尔哈朗参与政事,并将自己的亲弟豫郡王多铎封为辅政叔王,违背共同辅政的誓言。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: bold;\">妄自居功:</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">将顺治帝继位以及皇太极时期诸王大臣官兵的功绩全部据为己有。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: bold;\">僭越礼制:</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">所用仪仗、音乐及侍从等均与皇帝无异,且建造的府第规模宏大,与宫阙相似,严重违反礼制。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: bold;\">挥霍无度:</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">随意浪费府库财物,擅自使用织造缎匹、库贮银两珍宝,数量巨大,不知节俭。</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: bold;\">抢夺人口:</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">将顺治帝侍臣伊尔登、陈泰等族人丁等尽收归自己旗下。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: bold;\">诋毁皇太极即位:</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">谎称皇太极之即位原系夺立,以此挟制中外,破坏皇太极的名誉和权威。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: bold;\">逼死肃亲王:</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">构陷威逼豪格,致其不得善终,并纳其妃,侵占其财产,手段残忍。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: bold;\">贪得无厌:</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">将官兵户口财产等项据为己有,不行归公,贪婪自私。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: bold;\">拉拢侍臣:</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">企图使皇上侍臣额尔克戴青归己,封吴拜等人为侯爵,后因戴青不从而罢侯封;又派罗什以美言诱皇上侍臣席讷布库,企图使其党附,破坏皇上的统治基础。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: bold;\">擅权独断:</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">凡政事及批票本章等,不奉皇上之命,概称诏旨,擅自作威作福,任意黜陟官员,违背君主专制体制。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: bold;\">阻止王公入朝:</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">不允许诸王、贝勒、贝子、公等入朝办事,令其在自己府前等候,将朝廷视为己有,严重侵犯皇上权威和朝廷秩序。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: bold;\">私制帝服:</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">私自制作皇帝服饰,藏匿御用珠宝,有谋逆之心,试图在服饰上与皇帝等同,严重挑衅皇权。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: bold;\">密谋移驻:</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">曾与人密谋,欲带两旗移驻永平府,企图控制军事要地,以实现其不可告人的政治野心。</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>最终,追夺多尔衮一切封典,毁墓掘尸,多尔衮之兄阿济格被幽禁,家族人口、牲畜被没官。多尔衮死后两个月,家族地位一落千丈。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7D1VibTzqvcUNiaqhTEAVHOhqOvVLI4dqMMaFZSaQbMEO9NX9wOLmSLhUccUNXZRBkuCHw2jppxsUA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 159px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7D1VibTzqvcUNiaqhTEAVHOhYzzUHlBNacXVQVPCm4gadyxe6G6vpbzYrRYwJibWlqmAvLD9Zs6ClvQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>对多尔衮势力的清算持续到了康熙朝。康熙五年<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">1666)</span>,鳌拜执意更换旗地,用镶黄旗的土地置换正白旗的土地。正白旗的庄地是多尔衮时期圈占的冀东平原的肥地,而镶黄旗的土地很多在山区和盐碱区,鳌拜此举等于把顺治朝的旧账又翻了出来,把这些土地上的旗人和汉人农民都折腾得不轻。正白旗的苏克萨哈当然阻挠,大学士、户部尚书苏纳海、直隶山东河南三省总督朱昌祚等官员也反对。苏纳海就是正白旗人,朱昌祚是汉军镶白旗,鳌拜恼羞成怒,看到两白旗势力还敢反抗,利用职权将反对官员全部下狱议罪。当年告发多尔衮的苏克萨哈如今心灰意冷,不久“奏乞守先帝陵寝,庶得保全余生”——对政治斗争“躺平”了,想去给先帝看坟头,结果鳌拜不依不饶,罗织罪名:</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“以大逆论,与其长子内大臣查克旦皆磔死;余子六人、孙一人、兄弟子二人皆处斩,籍没;族人前锋统领白尔赫图、侍卫额尔德皆斩。”</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7D1VibTzqvcUNiaqhTEAVHOhFgjrWOqIicfP1xLSvTgBNvC6FKdV6cOmF80e95GuIu5ADPgY21FdoGA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7D1VibTzqvcUNiaqhTEAVHOhjP9rtQP9zOYtDqvkibqia69XDWa9OCfUkJ2qORweSgrtUCqAL6cI3AHw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>想要灭苏克萨哈满门。少年康熙帝不准,鳌拜</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“攘臂上前,强奏累日”,最终苏克萨哈被判处绞刑,其余人全部被害。鳌拜受到多尔衮多年持续打击,对两白旗充满怨恨,宁可忤逆少年康熙帝也要对两白旗斩尽杀绝,但这一介武夫没有意识到,他已经活成了多尔衮的样子,全清廷都知道鳌拜能让皇上低头,苏克萨哈倒台了,鳌拜的政治末日也就不远了,此时距离鳌拜下狱也就只差一年多时间而已。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>迟至百余年后的乾隆四十三年<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">1778)</span>,年逾花甲的乾隆帝发布上谕,正式平反多尔衮,下令“追谥曰忠,补入玉牒,并令补继袭封,照亲王园寝制度修其茔墓”,并令国史馆修正其传记。</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: bold;\">参考文献:</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">[1] 《清实录</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">·大清世祖章皇帝实录》</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">[2] 周远廉、赵世瑜:《</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">清摄政王:多尔衮全传</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">》,陕西人民出版社</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">2008年版</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">*</span>本文系“国家</span></font><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">人文历史”独家稿件,欢迎读者转发朋友圈。</span></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><span><br /></span></p><section><section><section><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4s6XTkV1zgY7Ndw3fVeyGpxIIj30oUzpUnwIcafcXhx66GztUhxGc2FM8I09uwLbMwUFOQfZVGcg/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section></section></section><section><span><span>END</span></span></section><section><span><span>作者 | 周天一</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span></span></span></span></section><section><span><span>编辑 | 胡心雅</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span></span></span></span></section><section><span><span>主编 | 周斌</span></span></section><section><span><span>排版 | 曲晨溪(实习)</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span></span></span></span></section><section><span><span>校对 | 古月</span></span></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><span><span><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK6o0DTLAcjHUob1LlCbkiaCGeUicmbUPjIKiciad7l2ytYjz3bGBzNyAUu0aicCb4oWXbicQBJA96lk9Tug/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></span></span></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><strong><span><br /></span></strong></section><section><strong><span>国历好物</span></strong></section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK50l871IgvMuCSibrmOibSxicuB2xBPs1uQ2ZspQytHr1P0K7rUaKzSAg2CRzMr8ibAYhs2mSk7cLvZpQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section><p><span><strong><span><span>进击的士族</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>旁落的皇权</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>跨越五百年的权力对抗史</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>国民历史读物《国家人文历史》专业团队</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>最新力作</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>展现士族潮起潮落的史诗级历史画卷</span></span></strong></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><p><span><br /></span></p><section label=\"edit by 135editor\"><section><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK50l871IgvMuCSibrmOibSxicuassfQWcfhotQqH5lYBRPtichLu7A0vIGovAB5sRkicvnkQnT342127lA/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section><section><section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section></section><section><section><strong><span>点击下方封面,即可购买</span></strong></section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><span><strong><span><span>↓↓↓</span></span></strong></span></p><p><a class=\"weapp_image_link js_weapp_entry\"><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK5sbRbqWpNPCUYibIYbC7RFRAHn32PAWbKDIM6A4MkicYHOWIR0Hy6iamToAdrvvPDeu5T15EKXjC1Fg/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></a><span><br /></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><h2 src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPQbfYUk2lKRJbtAXIuZ0kjicBeKbKicn7picTvdbH5bfuaoiazGOfbm8kw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558\"><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPPS2Tl0L42giakAlUSsWM2hKsLfDwrNFcLNgFaxPhQng3E9mCRE3tkg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558px\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&mid=2651035606&idx=1&sn=95e5b910a9c15c3b861b33b6a6da3866&scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcaIgQkEibvERBOGAaoicFhgsfmibxDTGK2z3uLHbhcvWGEYibV0hom5VW8CA/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></a></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&mid=2651035897&idx=1&sn=befda0705325843f84da3911012cad95&scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcamtwvyMNyxgGfdgqCCu9GkBZl21VfOcYfkJRh5E0ArHl4UUBtbSzwRQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></a></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcaohkRZ9cGSGGPakn9lRTzm4qIA3pNHn3EVXrsicT3De6T2ib5Slw6GsRQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span><span><br /></span></span></section></section></section></h2></section></section></section><section><span><section><h2 src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPQbfYUk2lKRJbtAXIuZ0kjicBeKbKicn7picTvdbH5bfuaoiazGOfbm8kw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558\"><span><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages __bg_gif wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK6M7Nv6wvsPyLPCsN7uraAJ0nGCQhDMIIg0L5icbmcctmcTvsgM0HwBpkXTF9ztE2MsQ8Tso0exnicA/640?wx_fmt=gif\" /></span></h2><section><span><span>“</span><strong><span>在看</span></strong><span>”的永远18岁~</span></span></section></section></span></section><section><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><section><section style=\"padding-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 1em; display: flex;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"></span></section></section></section></span></section><p style=\"display: none;\"></p></div>\n \n\n \n <br />\n\n \n <a class=\"media_tool_meta meta_primary\" href=\"http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&mid=2651041994&idx=1&sn=892ef73e986d6316dbf70f2dc1724cc3&chksm=bc5488996ff57125b313704cf004064a26987617235dd3e33c06a265bfd0903eb57fcee0e5f1&scene=0#rd\" style=\"color: blue;\" target=\"_blank\">文章原文</a>\n <br />\n \n\n \n\n <img alt=\"\" class=\"\" height=\"1px\" src=\"http://www.jintiankansha.me/rss_static/13443/Go8Yw6zWpr\" style=\"width: 1px; height: 1px; display: none;\" width=\"1px\" /></div></div>",
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