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StudyDiary-20251025/.obsidian/plugins/rss-reader/data.json
2025-07-08 17:17:29 +08:00

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{
"feeds": [
{
"name": "我的博客",
"url": "https://joyagain.me/feed/rss",
"folder": "博客"
},
{
"name": "少数派",
"url": "https://sspai.com/feed",
"folder": "资讯"
},
{
"name": "国家人文历史",
"url": "https://plink.anyfeeder.com/weixin/gjrwls",
"folder": "人文"
},
{
"name": "小众软件",
"url": "https://feed.appinn.com",
"folder": "资讯"
}
],
"updateTime": 60,
"filtered": [
{
"name": "Favorites",
"read": true,
"unread": true,
"filterTags": [],
"filterFolders": [],
"filterFeeds": [],
"ignoreTags": [],
"ignoreFeeds": [],
"ignoreFolders": [],
"favorites": true,
"sortOrder": "ALPHABET_NORMAL"
}
],
"saveLocation": "custom",
"displayStyle": "list",
"saveLocationFolder": "04-博客文章/04-RSS",
"items": [
{
"title": "Happy Again",
"subtitle": "",
"link": "https://joyagain.me",
"image": "\n\t",
"description": "一旦开始就不会停止",
"items": [
{
"title": "使用Obsidian打造个人图书馆! -转自知乎",
"description": "长期以来没有找到符合自己需求的书籍管理工具,手机APP和Excel各有其局限,笔者一开始是使用notion建立个人图书馆,使用的过程中发现notion的文档与文档之间的关联性较差,恰好Obsidian支持双链功能,故此尝试在Obsidian建立个人图书馆,效果图如下: 本文将通过Douban插件快速获取图书信息,并通过Dataview处理图书信息,并在Minimal主题中显示。 前期准备 Obsidian插件——Dataview Obsidian插件——Douban Obsi […]",
"content": "<p>长期以来没有找到符合自己需求的书籍管理工具,手机APP和Excel各有其局限,笔者一开始是使用<a href=\"https://zhida.zhihu.com/search?content_id=238359010&amp;content_type=Article&amp;match_order=1&amp;q=notion&amp;zhida_source=entity\">notion</a>建立个人图书馆,使用的过程中发现notion的文档与文档之间的关联性较差,恰好<a href=\"https://zhida.zhihu.com/search?content_id=238359010&amp;content_type=Article&amp;match_order=1&amp;q=Obsidian&amp;zhida_source=entity\">Obsidian</a>支持双链功能,故此尝试在Obsidian建立个人图书馆,效果图如下:</p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/07/04/6867af5904688.png\" alt=\"使用Obsidian打造个人图书馆! -转自知乎\" title=\"使用Obsidian打造个人图书馆! -转自知乎\" alt=\"v2-38b8d92300f9a1d52d716442ff756d82_1440w\"></p>\n<p>本文将通过<a href=\"https://zhida.zhihu.com/search?content_id=238359010&amp;content_type=Article&amp;match_order=1&amp;q=Douban&amp;zhida_source=entity\">Douban</a>插件快速获取图书信息,并通过Dataview处理图书信息,并在<a href=\"https://zhida.zhihu.com/search?content_id=238359010&amp;content_type=Article&amp;match_order=1&amp;q=Minimal&amp;zhida_source=entity\">Minimal</a>主题中显示。</p>\n<h3><strong>前期准备</strong></h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Obsidian插件——Dataview</li>\n<li>Obsidian插件——Douban</li>\n<li>Obsidian主题——Minimal</li>\n<li>豆瓣账号</li>\n</ul>\n<h3><strong>下载和安装主题</strong></h3>\n<p><strong>在线安装(需要科学上网)</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>打开Obsidian,点击左下角的“设置”按钮</li>\n<li>在左侧菜单找到“外观”</li>\n<li>选择“主题”,点击【管理】,搜索“Minimal”并启用</li>\n</ul>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/07/04/6867af5a4316b.png\" alt=\"使用Obsidian打造个人图书馆! -转自知乎\" title=\"使用Obsidian打造个人图书馆! -转自知乎\" alt=\"v2-68a9e0f1804d535aba69378de92fd418_1440w\"></p>\n<p><strong>离线安装</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>在评论区获取下载链接</li>\n<li>将下载的压缩包解压到主题目录内,如 XXX/.obsidian/themes,如果没有【themes】文件夹,则手动创建一个。</li>\n<li>在左侧菜单找到“外观”,选择“主题”,在下拉框中选择“Minimal”</li>\n</ul>\n<h3><strong>下载和安装插件</strong></h3>\n<p><strong>在线安装(需要科学上网)</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>打开Obsidian,点击左下角的“设置”按钮</li>\n<li>在左侧菜单找到“第三方插件”并关闭安全模式</li>\n<li>点击“社区浏览市场”,搜索“Dataview”、“Douban”并点击安装</li>\n<li>安装完成后,回到“第三方插件”页面并找到Dataview插件与Douban插件,将其开关打开,启动插件</li>\n</ul>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/07/04/6867af5add86a.png\" alt=\"使用Obsidian打造个人图书馆! -转自知乎\" title=\"使用Obsidian打造个人图书馆! -转自知乎\" alt=\"v2-937ea34d7b9f0fcca1fc3ffba7d6c61a_1440w\"></p>\n<p><strong>离线安装</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>在评论区获取下载链接</li>\n<li>将下载的压缩包放入笔记目录下的插件目录内,如 XXX/.obsidian/plugins,如果没有【plugins】文件夹,则手动创建一个。</li>\n<li>重启Obsidian,点击“设置”-“第三方插件”即可看到页面Dataview插件与Douban插件,将其开关打开,启动插件</li>\n</ul>\n<h3><strong>配置Douban插件</strong></h3>\n<p><strong>登陆豆瓣账号</strong></p>\n<p>点击【登陆】按钮,将出现网页弹窗,输入豆瓣的账户和密码后并进行登陆,登陆成功后网页弹窗将关闭</p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/07/04/6867af5b88191.png\" alt=\"使用Obsidian打造个人图书馆! -转自知乎\" title=\"使用Obsidian打造个人图书馆! -转自知乎\" alt=\"v2-0bb091571c199e26882c3bbba78eaf15_1440w\"></p>\n<p><strong>设置快捷键</strong></p>\n<p>当需要录入多本图书时,设置一个快捷键可以提高效率。点击【快捷键】菜单,找到“Douban:搜索豆瓣并创建文档”,笔者设置的快捷键为“F2”</p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/07/04/6867af5cbbcbf.png\" alt=\"使用Obsidian打造个人图书馆! -转自知乎\" title=\"使用Obsidian打造个人图书馆! -转自知乎\" alt=\"v2-d63c44ddcd747819424acf7340ebccfd_1440w\"></p>\n<h3><strong>创建并设置模板</strong></h3>\n<p>使用插件生成的图书文档包含许多的属性,其中有些属性可能是我们不需要的,所以我们将创建模板,使生成的图书文档包含的属性都是我们所需要的。</p>\n<p>1.开启模板功能</p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/07/04/6867af5d66370.png\" alt=\"使用Obsidian打造个人图书馆! -转自知乎\" title=\"使用Obsidian打造个人图书馆! -转自知乎\" alt=\"v2-49c23c0bdb6679a1a18b98461e669fc6_1440w\"></p>\n<p>2.设置模板内容</p>\n<p>在根目录下创建文件夹,命名为“模板”,在该文件夹下创建文件,命名为“图书模板”,该文档的内容如下</p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-text\">---\ntags:\n - books\nauthor: &quot;{{author}}&quot;\nscoreStar: &quot;{{scoreStar}}&quot;\nimage: &quot;{{imageData.url}}&quot;\ndesc: &quot;{{desc}}&quot;\n---\n</code></pre>\n<p>tags:表示文档的标签,这里的标签设置为“books”</p>\n<p>author、scoreStar、image、desc分别表示作者、评分、封面、简介。如果需要加入其他的属性,可参考下图</p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/07/04/6867af5e0f0d5.png\" alt=\"使用Obsidian打造个人图书馆! -转自知乎\" title=\"使用Obsidian打造个人图书馆! -转自知乎\" alt=\"v2-ea67f37b9db2dc40173d677aefaa9a18_1440w\"></p>\n<p>3.设置Douban插件生成的模板。进入Douban插件设置页面,在“书籍模板文件”中输入刚才创建的图书模板路径</p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/07/04/6867af5f6d46a.png\" alt=\"使用Obsidian打造个人图书馆! -转自知乎\" title=\"使用Obsidian打造个人图书馆! -转自知乎\" alt=\"v2-f666b8a845692cd6fee65bfbc52a3c59_1440w\"></p>\n<h3><strong>通过插件创建图书文档</strong></h3>\n<p>点击快捷键,将出现弹窗,在输入框中输入图书的名称,点击【搜索】按钮,将出现搜索结果,选择其中的一条结果后,将在根目录下自动创建“book”文件夹,打开该文件夹即可看到该图书的文档。如果需要创建图书文档,重复以上步骤即可</p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/07/04/6867af600f070.png\" alt=\"使用Obsidian打造个人图书馆! -转自知乎\" title=\"使用Obsidian打造个人图书馆! -转自知乎\" alt=\"v2-39ebdd62274cf33d431dc47fe66f9017_1440w\"></p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/07/04/6867af61471ce.png\" alt=\"使用Obsidian打造个人图书馆! -转自知乎\" title=\"使用Obsidian打造个人图书馆! -转自知乎\" alt=\"v2-26aa62fa996d04a5b78a65a354cfffe7_1440w\"></p>\n<p><strong>使用模板生成的文档</strong></p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/07/04/6867af6234083.png\" alt=\"使用Obsidian打造个人图书馆! -转自知乎\" title=\"使用Obsidian打造个人图书馆! -转自知乎\" alt=\"v2-368275686a010f0988b36293448a7a1d_1440w\"></p>\n<h3><strong>使用 Dataview 插件整理书籍</strong></h3>\n<p>根据以上步骤即可实现图书信息的录入,所有的图书文档将保存在“book”文件夹内,接下来就可以使用 Dataview 插件将图书信息以表格或列表的形式展示出来</p>\n<p>1.创建一个文件,用于书架展示</p>\n<p>创建文件后,在文件加入以下内容,表示显示的样式为卡片(<strong>注意需要将主题切换为Minimal才有卡片的样式效果</strong>)</p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-text\">---\ncssclasses:\n - cards\n---\n</code></pre>\n<p>2.复制以下代码创建表格展示图书信息</p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-text\">```dataview\ntable (&quot;![](&quot; + image + &quot;)&quot;) as &quot;封面&quot;,\n&quot;作者:&quot;+author,\n&quot;类型:&quot;+type,\n&quot;评分:&quot;+ scoreStar\nfrom #books\n</code></pre>\n<pre><code>\n* “table”表明生成的是表格,此外也可以改成“list”表示生成列表\n* &quot;作者:&quot;+author,&quot;类型:&quot;+type……表示表格中要展示的属性\n* “from #books”表示搜索关键词为“books”的文档。\n\ndataview的强大之处在于通过简单的指令语句和函数,可以很方便的实现信息可视化,完成诸如排序、分类统计等很多功能。\n\n* 点击预览,可查看效果图如下。可以根据自己的喜好设置模板中的字段以及表格中显示的字段,也可以利用已有的信息进行简单的计算或分类\n* 点击书名可跳转到对应书籍的文件,方便修改信息、记录笔记等\n\n![v2-9f9b51f2020f8fd18c421810cc179483_1440w](https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/07/04/6867af633dd13.png)\n\n如果显示失败,可以参考文档的内容是否如下:\n\n​\n\n![v2-a8ba0b919deb598309b416c8a9f8e00f_1440w](https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/07/04/6867af6449f04.png)</code></pre>\n",
"category": "系统技术",
"link": "https://joyagain.me/2025/07/04/%e4%bd%bf%e7%94%a8obsidian%e6%89%93%e9%80%a0%e4%b8%aa%e4%ba%ba%e5%9b%be%e4%b9%a6%e9%a6%86%ef%bc%81-%e8%bd%ac%e8%87%aa%e7%9f%a5%e4%b9%8e-2/",
"creator": "Again",
"pubDate": "Fri, 04 Jul 2025 10:40:26 +0000",
"enclosure": "",
"enclosureType": "",
"image": "",
"id": "",
"language": "zh",
"folder": "博客",
"feed": "我的博客",
"read": false,
"favorite": false,
"created": false,
"tags": [],
"hash": "9c86b6bf2d777e97ba17e7518628fb7f",
"highlights": []
},
{
"title": "鲜卑霸主亲儿为质十年,回国竟成“妖术之子”?中原这手太狠了!",
"description": "东汉末年,在桓帝、灵帝的腐朽统治下,东汉王朝向着覆灭的深渊疾驰下坠,内有底层人民起义不断,外有异族胡人虎视眈眈,其中最大威胁便是由檀石槐、拓跋力微先后统一的鲜卑。而在统一部落之后,此二人选择了截然不同的发展道路,檀石槐拒绝汉桓帝的封王与和亲,“缘边诸郡无岁不被鲜卑寇抄,杀略不可胜数”;拓跋力微则与曹魏、西晋保持亲善,而两人的结果自然也是完全相反。 一、雄杰之度,崛起之路 拓跋力微是鲜卑索头部首领,从父亲手中接过首领之位时,部落势力并不强,甚至一度失去自己的领地,若非拓跋力微有 [&#8230;]",
"content": "<p>东汉末年,在桓帝、灵帝的腐朽统治下,东汉王朝向着覆灭的深渊疾驰下坠,内有底层人民起义不断,外有异族胡人虎视眈眈,其中最大威胁便是由檀石槐、拓跋力微先后统一的鲜卑。而在统一部落之后,此二人选择了截然不同的发展道路,檀石槐拒绝汉桓帝的封王与和亲,<strong>“缘边诸郡无岁不被鲜卑寇抄,杀略不可胜数”</strong>;拓跋力微则与曹魏、西晋保持亲善,而两人的结果自然也是完全相反。</p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyagain.me/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/e55e89dbfcaaf6498b4630.jpg\" alt=\"鲜卑霸主亲儿为质十年,回国竟成“妖术之子”?中原这手太狠了!\" title=\"鲜卑霸主亲儿为质十年,回国竟成“妖术之子”?中原这手太狠了!\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p><strong>一、雄杰之度,崛起之路</strong></p>\n<p>拓跋力微是鲜卑索头部首领,从父亲手中接过首领之位时,部落势力并不强,甚至一度失去自己的领地,若非拓跋力微有雄杰之度和高超外交手段,也就不会有未来的北魏政权。在遭到其他部族进攻导致领地丢失后,拓跋力微依附于没鹿回部首领窦宾,想借窦宾的力量复仇。</p>\n<p>在中原王朝,有曹操战败失马时族人曹洪让马逃过一劫,同样,窦宾出征失利失马步走,拓跋力微让出自己的坐骑,不过不同的是窦宾并不知道献马的是谁,“内求与马之人,当加重赏”,拓跋力微隐瞒不报,很久之后窦宾知道了,先是打算将部族的一半土地分给拓跋力微以报答救命之恩,在拓跋力微再三辞让后又将爱女嫁给他。</p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyagain.me/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/5a6b70cce3492000fb1251.jpg\" alt=\"鲜卑霸主亲儿为质十年,回国竟成“妖术之子”?中原这手太狠了!\" title=\"鲜卑霸主亲儿为质十年,回国竟成“妖术之子”?中原这手太狠了!\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p>在窦宾的庇护下,拓跋力微将部族北迁长川,<strong>“积十数岁,德化大洽,诸旧部民,咸来归附”</strong>,更是让窦宾觉得女婿不凡,于是在自己病逝前想让拓跋力微统帅自己的部族,命两个儿子窦速侯、窦回题拥戴,不过已经是一家人的他们在窦宾死后争权,最终拓跋力微胜出,吞并了整个没鹿回部。</p>\n<p>为了稳定自己的统治,拓跋力微迁徙部众到定襄郡盛乐城,举行祭天仪式,各部大人都接受邀请出席,只有白部鲜卑大人迟疑不到,直接被拓跋力微杀了,<strong>“远近肃然,莫不震慑”</strong>,拓跋力微彻底掌握吞并的部族,可用控弦上马二十余万,有了如此庞大的军力,可拓跋力微却舍弃了武力侵边这一条路。</p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyagain.me/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/0583b0cf459f72d8bb8d94.jpg\" alt=\"鲜卑霸主亲儿为质十年,回国竟成“妖术之子”?中原这手太狠了!\" title=\"鲜卑霸主亲儿为质十年,回国竟成“妖术之子”?中原这手太狠了!\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p><strong>二、前车之鉴,亲善中原</strong></p>\n<p>拓跋力微的前辈檀石槐,在统一鲜卑后多次率军侵犯东汉缘边九郡,杀害掳掠官吏百姓不计其数,在拒绝东汉王朝封王和亲后更是变本加厉,甚至还击败了汉军,但檀石槐四十五岁便死了,其子无力统领部族导致鲜卑分裂。</p>\n<p>下一个有统一鲜卑之心的是轲比能,他在弱小之时向代表中原王朝的曹操臣服,可在强大后心怀异志,在试图吞并所有鲜卑部落时屡次被名将田豫阻拦,由此势力始终未能及檀石槐,不过通过屡次向曹魏示好,以及田豫去世,轲比能还是统一了鲜卑,但被刺客韩龙杀死,鲜卑再度内乱。</p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyagain.me/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/d45678b774be7e09ee2081.jpg\" alt=\"鲜卑霸主亲儿为质十年,回国竟成“妖术之子”?中原这手太狠了!\" title=\"鲜卑霸主亲儿为质十年,回国竟成“妖术之子”?中原这手太狠了!\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p>吸取前辈教训的拓跋力微选择与曹魏和亲,并且收起獠牙不再寇边树敌,甚至派出自己的长子拓跋沙漠汗为质,始终保持与中原王朝的和平,<strong>“笃信推诚,不为倚伏以要一时之利,宽恕任真,而遐迩归仰”</strong>。拓跋沙漠汗甚至是曹魏最尊贵的宾客,每年获得的金帛缯絮以万计。</p>\n<p>而在司马晋取代曹魏后,拓跋力微继续贯彻自己的亲善外交,而不是借口为曹魏报仇兴兵侵略,晋武帝司马炎同样是为温和的皇帝,也乐于维持边疆稳定,因此双方相安无事,可这样的和平终究不会成为永久,一条毒计让拓跋力微努力维持的大好局面分崩离析。</p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyagain.me/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/e25b4bdc32a4d926d0d893.jpg\" alt=\"鲜卑霸主亲儿为质十年,回国竟成“妖术之子”?中原这手太狠了!\" title=\"鲜卑霸主亲儿为质十年,回国竟成“妖术之子”?中原这手太狠了!\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p><strong>三、豪杰暮年,身后之事</strong></p>\n<p>考虑到拓跋力微年岁已高,晋武帝不再留拓跋沙漠汗为质,将之护送回去了。晋武帝的示好让拓跋力微很是高兴,再次派遣拓跋沙漠汗进献贡品,可随着拓跋沙漠汗返回的还有一些传言,说他得了晋人异法怪术,会乱国害民,并且由于父子长期分离,彼此疏远,谣言在拓跋力微的心中逐渐发酵,最终促使他下令杀死曾经最喜爱的长子。</p>\n<p>暗中散播谣言的是西晋幽州刺史卫瓘,他坚信若是让拓跋沙漠汗为鲜卑新的首领,就是放虎归山,先是劝晋武帝杀之,晋武帝不允,后又献计用重金贿赂拓跋力微手下的各部族首领,挑拔他们与拓跋沙漠汗之间的关系,在内外合力之下,拓跋沙漠汗不能自辩。</p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyagain.me/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/8b7835624f14b545004938.jpg\" alt=\"鲜卑霸主亲儿为质十年,回国竟成“妖术之子”?中原这手太狠了!\" title=\"鲜卑霸主亲儿为质十年,回国竟成“妖术之子”?中原这手太狠了!\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p>拓跋力微十分后悔杀死长子,或许是这件事给他的打击过大,加上他自己已经有百岁高龄,拓跋力微重病倒下,他所亲近的乌丸王库贤得到卫瓘的指令,矫称拓跋力微下令要收捕杀害所有参与杀死拓跋沙漠汗的各部族首领长子,成功分化了鲜卑族联盟。</p>\n<p>拓跋力微的后代们只能勉强维持局面,不过大部分统领部族三五年便去世,甚至一度亡族,直到拓跋珪抓住机会复族建国称帝,拓跋魏成为继苻坚所建立的前秦之后又一个统一中国北方的政权,甚至差一点就能全取中国成为又一个大一统王朝。</p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyagain.me/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/2791125ac4bd7042b1d757.jpg\" alt=\"鲜卑霸主亲儿为质十年,回国竟成“妖术之子”?中原这手太狠了!\" title=\"鲜卑霸主亲儿为质十年,回国竟成“妖术之子”?中原这手太狠了!\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p><strong>拓跋力微能统治部族五十余年且能维持稳定和平局面,在于他成功认识到仅凭武力是没办法打败中原王朝,反而会因为流血事件徒增仇恨,“抄掠边民,虽有所得,而其死伤不足相补,更招寇雠,百姓涂炭,非长计也”。可除了武器更精良,中原汉人还有更强大的智力,比起胡人前辈们,拓跋力微少了侵犯中原之心,也忘了该有防范之心,导致长子死于阴谋之中,也让鲜卑依然没有逃离失去首领就分崩离析的下场。</strong></p>\n<p>【转自网络】</p>\n",
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"content": "<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyagain.me/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/e88efdc22bff2487cc611.webp\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyagain.me/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/bca97075704f1f54c0f340.webp\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyagain.me/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/1de481cfee586bb1925c71.webp\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyagain.me/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/3d4b76eba243eec1b04664.webp\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyagain.me/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/cffc622a64e11825735122.webp\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyagain.me/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/1c8ea301180813d58b7625.webp\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyagain.me/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/982071b51dc2604e76a159.webp\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyagain.me/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/4ffce04d92a4d6cb21c120.png\" alt=\"回不去的童年\" title=\"回不去的童年\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyagain.me/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/4a59322d0f4fd43a872448.webp\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyagain.me/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/67e103b0761e60683e831.png\" alt=\"回不去的童年\" title=\"回不去的童年\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyagain.me/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/1833649019dddb2a9dde23.webp\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyagain.me/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/291597a100aadd814d1936.png\" alt=\"回不去的童年\" title=\"回不去的童年\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyagain.me/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/2d3142d77252ebd00be743.webp\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyagain.me/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/9b698eb3105bd82528f275.png\" alt=\"回不去的童年\" title=\"回不去的童年\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyagain.me/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/8c7bbbba95c1025975e578.png\" alt=\"回不去的童年\" title=\"回不去的童年\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyagain.me/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/134830ebd81b850f74d560.webp\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyagain.me/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/5e9f92a01c986bafcabb94.png\" alt=\"回不去的童年\" title=\"回不去的童年\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyagain.me/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/0ff39bbbf981ac0151d341.png\" alt=\"回不去的童年\" title=\"回不去的童年\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyagain.me/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/62f116f3878b71c6a21f99.webp\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyagain.me/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/becad47dc07e7b95aa6856.webp\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p>*绘画/张石</p>\n",
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"title": "亚太赛每日一牌回顾:精彩的四红心",
"description": "亚太锦标赛结束了,中国男队夺得冠军,在比赛期间所写的“每日一牌”,比赛期间并没有发出,从今天开始,给桥友们提供迟到的每日一牌。 5月18日每日一牌:精彩的4♥ 我们常说,桥牌比的就是判断力和执行力,特别是攻防环节,先判断牌型和牌点位置,再执行完成目标。 本届亚太赛上,中国男队的连勇,在第一循环迎战澳大利亚时,打出了下面这副精彩的做庄。 东家主打4♥ 东家连勇开叫1♥,西家连若旸的3♦是限制性加叫或更好,北家争叫4♣,西家4♥结束叫牌。 首攻是♣,北家兑现两墩♣后,出♦脱手,现 [&#8230;]",
"content": "<p>亚太锦标赛结束了,中国男队夺得冠军,在比赛期间所写的“每日一牌”,比赛期间并没有发出,从今天开始,给桥友们提供迟到的每日一牌。</p>\n<hr />\n<h2><a id=\"5%E6%9C%8818%E6%97%A5%E6%AF%8F%E6%97%A5%E4%B8%80%E7%89%8C%EF%BC%9A%E7%B2%BE%E5%BD%A9%E7%9A%844%E2%99%A5\" class=\"anchor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"octicon octicon-link\"></span></a>5月18日每日一牌:精彩的4<img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/2665.png\" alt=\"♥\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" /></h2>\n<p>我们常说,桥牌比的就是判断力和执行力,特别是攻防环节,先判断牌型和牌点位置,再执行完成目标。</p>\n<p>本届亚太赛上,中国男队的连勇,在第一循环迎战澳大利亚时,打出了下面这副精彩的做庄。</p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/06/02/683d2cc8558fb.jpg\" alt=\"亚太赛每日一牌回顾:精彩的四红心\" title=\"亚太赛每日一牌回顾:精彩的四红心\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p>东家主打4<img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/2665.png\" alt=\"♥\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" /></p>\n<p>东家连勇开叫1<img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/2665.png\" alt=\"♥\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />,西家连若旸的3<img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/2666.png\" alt=\"♦\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />是限制性加叫或更好,北家争叫4<img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/2663.png\" alt=\"♣\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />,西家4<img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/2665.png\" alt=\"♥\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />结束叫牌。</p>\n<p>首攻是<img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/2663.png\" alt=\"♣\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />,北家兑现两墩<img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/2663.png\" alt=\"♣\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />后,出<img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/2666.png\" alt=\"♦\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />脱手,现在如何考虑?</p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/06/02/683d2cc890398.jpg\" alt=\"亚太赛每日一牌回顾:精彩的四红心\" title=\"亚太赛每日一牌回顾:精彩的四红心\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p>如何把<img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/2660.png\" alt=\"♠\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />和<img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/2666.png\" alt=\"♦\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />的输张控制在一个</p>\n<p><img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/2666.png\" alt=\"♦\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />的飞牌如果成功,什么时候都可以进行,连勇<img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/2666.png\" alt=\"♦\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />A拿住,两轮将牌停在明手,北家都跟出,如果<img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/2666.png\" alt=\"♦\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />Q在南家,就需要做好<img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/2660.png\" alt=\"♠\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />垫掉<img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/2666.png\" alt=\"♦\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />,而联手的<img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/2660.png\" alt=\"♠\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />,有可能输1-2墩,在限制只输1墩<img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/2660.png\" alt=\"♠\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />的情况下,能否获得3墩就是焦点。</p>\n<p>北家在4阶上争叫,他很可能有<img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/2660.png\" alt=\"♠\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />K,但也不是绝对的,如果北家是3张<img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/2660.png\" alt=\"♠\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />且有K,庄家几乎无法避免输掉两墩<img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/2660.png\" alt=\"♠\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />,如果是两张<img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/2660.png\" alt=\"♠\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />且有K,则可以先拔<img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/2660.png\" alt=\"♠\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />A,北家不解封,就再拔掉<img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/2666.png\" alt=\"♦\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />K,打<img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/2660.png\" alt=\"♠\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />投入北家。</p>\n<p>但北家如果没有<img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/2660.png\" alt=\"♠\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />K呢?可以飞中<img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/2660.png\" alt=\"♠\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />K且送3-3,用第4张<img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/2660.png\" alt=\"♠\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />垫<img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/2666.png\" alt=\"♦\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />,也可以打南家4张以上<img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/2660.png\" alt=\"♠\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />和<img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/2666.png\" alt=\"♦\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />Q,挤住南家。</p>\n<p>所以,现在首先需要进行的,就是<img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/2660.png\" alt=\"♠\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />K的判断。</p>\n<p>连勇找到一个好办法,他从明手出小<img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/2660.png\" alt=\"♠\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />,此时北家有<img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/2660.png\" alt=\"♠\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />K很难不上,至少是给北家增加了一定的压力,如果北家出小牌,可以假设南家有<img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/2660.png\" alt=\"♠\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />K,然后根据北家的牌型对南家实施不同的操作:</p>\n<p>兑现<img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/2666.png\" alt=\"♦\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />K,北家如果跟出<img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/2666.png\" alt=\"♦\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />,则<img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/2660.png\" alt=\"♠\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />不超过2张,可以兑现将牌挤住南家;如果北家跟不出<img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/2666.png\" alt=\"♦\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />,则<img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/2660.png\" alt=\"♠\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />是3-3,下一圈飞<img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/2660.png\" alt=\"♠\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />K就可以做好第四张<img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/2660.png\" alt=\"♠\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />。</p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/06/02/683d2cc898b9a.jpg\" alt=\"亚太赛每日一牌回顾:精彩的四红心\" title=\"亚太赛每日一牌回顾:精彩的四红心\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p>从明手出<img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/2660.png\" alt=\"♠\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />做试探打法</p>\n<p>实战中,当连勇打小<img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/2660.png\" alt=\"♠\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />到10,南家打出K,意图迷惑连勇,但连勇仍然采取挤牌路线做成了定约。</p>\n<p>全手牌如下:</p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/06/02/683d2cc8a3e59.jpg\" alt=\"亚太赛每日一牌回顾:精彩的四红心\" title=\"亚太赛每日一牌回顾:精彩的四红心\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p>南家被挤住</p>\n<p>这副牌在锦标赛公团中,只有连勇一桌做成了4<img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/2665.png\" alt=\"♥\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />。与中国台北队对阵的新西兰的庄家,因为北家争叫<img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/2663.png\" alt=\"♣\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />,判断北家有<img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/2660.png\" alt=\"♠\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />K,他决定打北家双张K,但没有成功,亚洲桥王黄光辉建议,如果打<img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/2660.png\" alt=\"♠\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />K在北家,可以先从明手出小<img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/2660.png\" alt=\"♠\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />,这正是连勇实战的打法。</p>\n<p>澳大利亚的庄家则飞<img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/2660.png\" alt=\"♠\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />K,虽然成功,但他却追求3-3,定约宕掉。</p>\n",
"category": "桥牌",
"link": "https://joyagain.me/2025/06/02/ya-tai-sai-mei-ri-yi-pai-hui-gu-jing-cai-de-si-hon/",
"creator": "Again",
"pubDate": "Mon, 02 Jun 2025 03:47:12 +0000",
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{
"title": "Progressive Web App(PWA)",
"description": "一、前期介绍 1、为什么要将PWA作为本次的技术分享 2017年11月份,谷歌在上海举办了一个开发者大会,期间在很多会场都有关于PWA的介绍,作者认为谷歌在致力于推行这项技术,那么技术上还是很先进的,于是有了如下分享。 2、简单介绍 PWA的中文名叫做渐进式网页应用,早在2014年, W3C 公布过 Service Worker 的相关草案,但是其在生产环境被 Chrome 支持是在 2015 年。因此,如果我们把 PWA 的关键技术之一 Service Worker 的出现 [&#8230;]",
"content": "<h2><a id=\"%E4%B8%80%E3%80%81%E5%89%8D%E6%9C%9F%E4%BB%8B%E7%BB%8D\" class=\"anchor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"octicon octicon-link\"></span></a>一、前期介绍</h2>\n<h3><a id=\"1%E3%80%81%E4%B8%BA%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E8%A6%81%E5%B0%86pwa%E4%BD%9C%E4%B8%BA%E6%9C%AC%E6%AC%A1%E7%9A%84%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%88%86%E4%BA%AB\" class=\"anchor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"octicon octicon-link\"></span></a>1、为什么要将PWA作为本次的技术分享</h3>\n<p>2017年11月份,谷歌在上海举办了一个开发者大会,期间在很多会场都有关于<code>PWA</code>的介绍,作者认为谷歌在致力于推行这项技术,那么技术上还是很先进的,于是有了如下分享。</p>\n<h3><a id=\"2%E3%80%81%E7%AE%80%E5%8D%95%E4%BB%8B%E7%BB%8D\" class=\"anchor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"octicon octicon-link\"></span></a>2、简单介绍</h3>\n<p>PWA的中文名叫做<strong>渐进式网页应用</strong>,早在2014年, W3C 公布过 <code>Service Worker</code> 的相关草案,但是其在生产环境被 <code>Chrome</code> 支持是在 2015 年。因此,如果我们把 PWA 的关键技术之一 <code>Service Worker</code> 的出现作为 <code>PWA</code> 的诞生时间,那就应该是 2015 年。</p>\n<p>自 2015 年以来,<code>PWA</code> 相关的技术不断升级优化,在用户体验和用户留存两方面都提供了非常好的解决方案。<code>PWA</code> 可以将 <code>Web</code> 和 <code>App</code> 各自的优势融合在一起:渐进式、可响应、可离线、实现类似 <code>App</code> 的交互、即时更新、安全、可以被搜索引擎检索、可推送、可安装、可链接。</p>\n<p><strong>需要特别说明的是,</strong><code>PWA</code>** 不是特指某一项技术,而是应用了多项技术的 <strong><code>Web App</code></strong>。其核心技术包括 <strong><code>App Manifest</code></strong>、<strong><code>Service Worker</code></strong>、<strong><code>Web Push</code></strong>,等等。**</p>\n<h3><a id=\"3%E3%80%81%E4%B8%BA%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88w3c%E5%92%8C%E8%B0%B7%E6%AD%8C%E5%9C%A8%E6%8E%A8%E5%B9%BF%E8%BF%99%E9%A1%B9%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF\" class=\"anchor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"octicon octicon-link\"></span></a>3、为什么W3C和谷歌在推广这项技术</h3>\n<p>这就要从前端的现状说起:</p>\n<p>Native APP 用起来很流畅,但是也有其天然的基因缺陷:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<ul>\n<li>由于其天生封闭的基因,内容无法被索引</li>\n<li>用户 80% 的时间被 Top3 的超级 App 占据,对于站点来说,应用分发的性价比也越来越不划算</li>\n<li>要使用它,首先还需要下载几十兆上百着兆的安装包</li>\n</ul>\n</blockquote>\n<p>WEB前端虽然天生具有开放的基因,但是很多时候页面会卡顿,用户体验不佳。虽然社区之前也做过很多努力,例如<code>virtual dom</code>、<code>spa</code>、混合编程、用<code>canvas</code>将整个页面画出来,用户体验也有了很大的改善,但是仍然无法解决几个重要的问题:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<ul>\n<li>离线时用户无法使用</li>\n<li>无法接收消息推送</li>\n<li>移动端没有一级入口</li>\n</ul>\n</blockquote>\n<p>W3C和谷歌看到了这些问题,于是推出了<code>PWA</code>。</p>\n<h3><a id=\"4%E3%80%81pwa%E7%9A%84%E6%A0%B8%E5%BF%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%87\" class=\"anchor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"octicon octicon-link\"></span></a>4、PWA的核心目标</h3>\n<p><code>PWA</code>的核心目标就是提升 Web App 的性能,改善 Web App 的用户体验。媲美native的流畅体验,将网络之长与应用之长相结合。</p>\n<h2><a id=\"%E4%BA%8C%E3%80%81%E7%89%B9%E7%82%B9\" class=\"anchor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"octicon octicon-link\"></span></a>二、特点</h2>\n<h3><a id=\"1%E3%80%81pwa%E7%9A%84%E7%89%B9%E7%82%B9\" class=\"anchor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"octicon octicon-link\"></span></a>1、PWA的特点</h3>\n<p>PWA具有以下一些特点:</p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/05/29/6837d2cb9d49b.png\" alt=\"Progressive Web App(PWA)\" title=\"Progressive Web App(PWA)\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p>这边有一个关于PWA特点的<a href=\"https://link.juejin.cn/?target=https%3A%2F%2Fdevelopers.google.com%2Fweb%2Fprogressive-web-apps%2Fchecklist%23exemplary\">列表清单</a>,有兴趣的同学可以点进去看看.</p>\n<h3><a id=\"2%E3%80%81%E7%89%B9%E7%82%B9%E8%AF%A6%E8%A7%A3\" class=\"anchor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"octicon octicon-link\"></span></a>2、特点详解</h3>\n<h4><a id=\"%EF%BC%881%EF%BC%89%E3%80%81%E5%8F%AF%E5%AE%89%E8%A3%85\" class=\"anchor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"octicon octicon-link\"></span></a>(1)、可安装</h4>\n<p>1、可安装指的是可以像原生APP在主屏幕上留有图标。</p>\n<p>2、但是这需要我们提供 <code>Web app manifest</code>,<code>manifest.json</code> 是一个简单的JSON文件,我们在 <code>html</code> 页面如下引用他:</p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/05/29/6837d2ccc12a8.png\" alt=\"Progressive Web App(PWA)\" title=\"Progressive Web App(PWA)\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p>它描述了我们的图标在主屏幕上如何显示,以及图标点击进去的启动页是什么,它的JSON格式如下所示:</p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/05/29/6837d2cb1588e.png\" alt=\"Progressive Web App(PWA)\" title=\"Progressive Web App(PWA)\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p>其中:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<ul>\n<li><code>start_url</code> 可以设置启动网址</li>\n<li><code>icons</code> 会帮我萌设置各个分辨率下页面的图标</li>\n<li><code>background_color</code> 会设置背景颜色, Chrome 在网络应用启动后会立即使用此颜色,这一颜色将保留在屏幕上,直至网络应用首次呈现为止。</li>\n<li><code>theme_color</code> 会设置主题颜色</li>\n<li><code>display</code> 设置启动样式</li>\n</ul>\n</blockquote>\n<p>关于<code>manifest.json</code>里字段更加具体的含义,感兴趣的同学可以参考<a href=\"https://link.juejin.cn/?target=https%3A%2F%2Fdeveloper.mozilla.org%2Fen-US%2Fdocs%2FWeb%2FManifest\">MDN文档</a>或者谷歌开发者文档里的<a href=\"https://link.juejin.cn/?target=https%3A%2F%2Fdevelopers.google.com%2Fweb%2Ffundamentals%2Fweb-app-manifest%2F\">这篇文章</a></p>\n<p>3、实际上 <a href=\"https://link.juejin.cn/?target=https%3A%2F%2Fm.douban.com%2Fpage%2Fvhn1tgl\">豆瓣移动端</a>就是一个<code>PWA</code>应用,如果我们用高版本的浏览器打开,就会发现有横幅提示,不过需要注意的是,IOS似乎还不支持,以下作者用安卓手机来做一个演示:</p>\n<p>打开豆瓣后,浏览器会提示添加到主屏幕:</p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/05/29/6837d2cb6926d.png\" alt=\"Progressive Web App(PWA)\" title=\"Progressive Web App(PWA)\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p>点击确定后,他会提示添加成功,然后在主屏幕上留有一个豆瓣的图标。</p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/05/29/6837d2cb832ea.png\" alt=\"Progressive Web App(PWA)\" title=\"Progressive Web App(PWA)\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/05/29/6837d2cca05da.png\" alt=\"Progressive Web App(PWA)\" title=\"Progressive Web App(PWA)\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<h4><a id=\"%EF%BC%882%EF%BC%89%E3%80%81%E7%A6%BB%E7%BA%BF%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8\" class=\"anchor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"octicon octicon-link\"></span></a>(2)、离线使用</h4>\n<p>1、<code>PWA</code> 另一项令人兴奋的特性就是可以离线使用,其背后用到的技术是 <code>Service worker</code> ;</p>\n<p>2、<code>Service worker</code>实际上是一段脚本,在后台运行。作为一个独立的线程,运行环境与普通脚本不同,所以不能直接参与 Web 交互行为。<code>Service Worker</code> 的出现是正是为了使得 <code>Web App</code> 也可以做到像 <code>Native App</code> 那样可以离线使用、消息推送的功能。</p>\n<p>我们可以把<code>Service worker</code>当做是一种客户端代理,</p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/05/29/6837d2cd4167c.png\" alt=\"Progressive Web App(PWA)\" title=\"Progressive Web App(PWA)\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p>3、我们来看看如何注册一个 <code>Service Worker</code></p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/05/29/6837d2cd51fa3.png\" alt=\"Progressive Web App(PWA)\" title=\"Progressive Web App(PWA)\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p>关于<code>Service Worker</code>更加详细的介绍,感兴趣的同学可以参考<a href=\"https://link.juejin.cn/?target=https%3A%2F%2Fdeveloper.mozilla.org%2Fen-US%2Fdocs%2FWeb%2FAPI%2FServiceWorker\">MDN文档</a>或者Github上的<a href=\"https://link.juejin.cn/?target=https%3A%2F%2Fgooglechrome.github.io%2Fsamples%2Fservice-worker%2Fbasic%2Findex.html\">Basic Service Worker Sample</a>这篇介绍。</p>\n<p>4、 当然 <code>Service Worker</code> 也有生命周期,参考下图:</p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/05/29/6837d2cd5b51d.png\" alt=\"Progressive Web App(PWA)\" title=\"Progressive Web App(PWA)\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p>关于 <code>Service Worker</code> 生命周期的详细介绍可以参考下面这张图:</p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/05/29/6837d2cb0c0ef.png\" alt=\"Progressive Web App(PWA)\" title=\"Progressive Web App(PWA)\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p>关于<code>Service Worker</code> 生命周期更加详细的介绍,感兴趣的同学可以参考<a href=\"https://link.juejin.cn/?target=https%3A%2F%2Fdeveloper.mozilla.org%2Fen-US%2Fdocs%2FWeb%2FAPI%2FService_Worker_API%2FUsing_Service_Workers\">MDN文档</a></p>\n<h4><a id=\"%EF%BC%883%EF%BC%89%E3%80%81%E6%B6%88%E6%81%AF%E6%8E%A8%E9%80%81\" class=\"anchor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"octicon octicon-link\"></span></a>(3)、消息推送</h4>\n<p>消息推送具体可以参考谷歌的官方教程<a href=\"https://link.juejin.cn/?target=https%3A%2F%2Fdevelopers.google.com%2Fweb%2Ffundamentals%2Fcodelabs%2Fpush-notifications%2F\">Your First Web Push Notification</a>,里面有详细的代码Demo和说明,以及相应的后台配置(带好梯子)。</p>\n<h2><a id=\"3%E3%80%81%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91%E8%80%85%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E4%BA%86%E8%A7%A3%E6%98%AF%E5%90%A6%E5%85%B7%E5%A4%87%E8%BF%99%E4%BA%9B%E7%89%B9%E7%82%B9\" class=\"anchor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"octicon octicon-link\"></span></a>3、开发者如何了解是否具备这些特点</h2>\n<p>说了这么多,那我们开发者如何了解一个网页是否具备了 <code>PWA</code> 的一些特点呢?</p>\n<p>这时候谷歌开发者工具可以帮上我们的忙,在 <code>Chrome</code>浏览器的开发者工具里有一个<code>Audits</code>面板,它可以帮我们检测网页是否具备了PWA的一些特点:</p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/05/29/6837d2cb9d49b.png\" alt=\"Progressive Web App(PWA)\" title=\"Progressive Web App(PWA)\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<h2><a id=\"%E4%B8%89%E3%80%81%E6%9C%89%E5%93%AA%E4%BA%9B%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E5%B7%B2%E7%BB%8F%E5%9C%A8%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8pwa%EF%BC%9F\" class=\"anchor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"octicon octicon-link\"></span></a>三、有哪些企业已经在使用PWA?</h2>\n<p>1、国内已经有<a href=\"https://link.juejin.cn/?target=https%3A%2F%2Fm.douban.com%2F\">豆瓣</a>、<a href=\"https://link.juejin.cn/?target=https%3A%2F%2Fh5.ele.me%2F\">饿了么</a>使用了部分PWA技术;</p>\n<p>2、国外用PWA的企业相对较多,例如<a href=\"https://link.juejin.cn/?target=https%3A%2F%2Fmobile.twitter.com%2Fhome\">Twitter</a>、<a href=\"https://link.juejin.cn/?target=https%3A%2F%2Fflipboard.com%2F\">Filpboard</a>;</p>\n<p>3、特别需要注意的是Twitter ,Twitter 在 2017 年上线了 <code>Twitter Lite PWA</code>,其获得了相当惊人的收益:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<ul>\n<li>平均用户停留时长增长 65%</li>\n<li>Web 站点发推的数量增长 75%</li>\n<li>跳出率降低 20%</li>\n</ul>\n</blockquote>\n<p>Twitter Lite 能取得这样的成绩,归功于 PWA 的新技术和用户体验至上的设计原则:它通过 Service Worker 缓存文件,让页面可以离线,同时降低网络消耗;通过 Web Push 接受服务器推送的消息;采用 App Shell 的设计模型,配合 Service Worker 能让页面瞬间展现。</p>\n<p>4、另外一些采用了PWA的网站可以参考<a href=\"https://link.juejin.cn/?target=https%3A%2F%2Fpwa.rocks%2F\">这个链接</a></p>\n<h2><a id=\"%E5%9B%9B%E3%80%81%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%81%E7%BB%86%E8%8A%82\" class=\"anchor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"octicon octicon-link\"></span></a>四、代码细节</h2>\n<h3><a id=\"1%E3%80%81%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%81%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E7%9A%84%E6%98%AF%E8%B0%B7%E6%AD%8C%E7%9A%84%E5%AE%98%E6%96%B9%E6%95%99%E7%A8%8B\" class=\"anchor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"octicon octicon-link\"></span></a>1、代码可以参考的是谷歌的官方教程</h3>\n<p>1、<a href=\"https://link.juejin.cn/?target=https%3A%2F%2Fdevelopers.google.com%2Fweb%2Ffundamentals%2Fcodelabs%2Fyour-first-pwapp%2F\">Your First Progressive Web App</a>会帮我们了解如何从头构建一个PWA应用。 2、<a href=\"https://link.juejin.cn/?target=https%3A%2F%2Fdevelopers.google.com%2Fweb%2Ffundamentals%2Fcodelabs%2Fdebugging-service-workers%2F\">Debugging Service Workers</a>会辅导我们如何调试<code>Service Worker</code>。</p>\n<h3><a id=\"2%E3%80%81%E7%BC%93%E5%AD%98%E7%AD%96%E7%95%A5\" class=\"anchor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"octicon octicon-link\"></span></a>2、缓存策略</h3>\n<p>有缓存可以优化用户体验,但是如果没有合理的缓存策略,我们会发现我们的网站将会很难更新。</p>\n<p>在用户重新加载新的<code>Service Worker</code>的时候,我们需要将之前旧的资源文件都删掉,如下图所示:</p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/05/29/6837d2cd15f53.png\" alt=\"Progressive Web App(PWA)\" title=\"Progressive Web App(PWA)\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p>更多的缓存策略有兴趣的同学可以参考这篇文章 -- <a href=\"https://link.juejin.cn/?target=https%3A%2F%2Fjakearchibald.com%2F2014%2Foffline-cookbook%2F%23cache-then-network\">The offline cookbook</a></p>\n<h3><a id=\"3%E3%80%81%E5%AE%98%E6%96%B9%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7\" class=\"anchor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"octicon octicon-link\"></span></a>3、官方工具</h3>\n<p>除了前面提到的手工编写 <code>Service Worker</code> 脚本, Google 提供了 <code>sw-toolbox</code> 和 <code>sw-precache</code> 两个工具方便快速生成 <code>service-worker.js</code> 文件:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://link.juejin.cn/?target=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2FGoogleChromeLabs%2Fsw-precache\">sw-precache</a> 可以用来生成配置使 PWA 在安装时进行静态资源的缓存</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://link.juejin.cn/?target=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2FGoogleChromeLabs%2Fsw-toolbox\">sw-toolbox</a> 提供了动态缓存使用的通用策略, 这些动态的资源不合适用 sw-precache 预先缓存。</li>\n</ul>\n</blockquote>\n<h2><a id=\"%E4%BA%94%E3%80%81%E5%B0%8F%E7%BB%93\" class=\"anchor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"octicon octicon-link\"></span></a>五、小结</h2>\n<p>Progressive Web App仍处于初级阶段,国内普及度还不够,但我们不可忽视其背后的的技术,以及对前端全新的定位。或许它会像十年前的AJAX那样重新改变前端的生态。</p>\n<p>【转自网络】</p>\n<h2><a id=\"%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0%EF%BC%88%E9%83%A8%E5%88%86%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%E5%B8%A6%E5%A5%BD%E6%A2%AF%E5%AD%90%EF%BC%89\" class=\"anchor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"octicon octicon-link\"></span></a>参考文章(部分链接需要带好梯子)</h2>\n<p><a href=\"https://link.juejin.cn/?target=https%3A%2F%2Fdevelopers.google.com%2Fs%2Fresults%2F%3Fq%3Dpwa%26p%3D%252Fweb%252F\">谷歌开发者网站关于PWA的搜索结果</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://link.juejin.cn/?target=https%3A%2F%2Fdevelopers.google.com%2Fweb%2Ffundamentals%2Fcodelabs%2Fyour-first-pwapp%2F\">Your First Progressive Web App</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://link.juejin.cn/?target=https%3A%2F%2Fdevelopers.google.com%2Fweb%2Fprogressive-web-apps%2Fchecklist%23exemplary\">Exemplary Progressive Web App Checklist</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://link.juejin.cn/?target=https%3A%2F%2Fjakearchibald.com%2F2014%2Foffline-cookbook%2F%23cache-then-network\">The offline cookbook</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://link.juejin.cn/?target=https%3A%2F%2Fdevelopers.google.com%2Fweb%2Ffundamentals%2Fcodelabs%2Fpush-notifications%2F\">Your First Web Push Notification</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://link.juejin.cn/?target=https%3A%2F%2Fdevelopers.google.com%2Fweb%2Ffundamentals%2Fcodelabs%2Fdebugging-service-workers%2F\">Debugging Service Workers</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://link.juejin.cn/?target=https%3A%2F%2Fpwa.rocks%2F\">PWA网站清单列表</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://link.juejin.cn/?target=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.juhe.cn%2Fnews%2Findex%2Fid%2F2406\">PWA是否能带来新一轮大前端技术洗牌?</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://link.juejin.cn/?target=https%3A%2F%2Fzhuanlan.zhihu.com%2Fp%2F25524382\">PWA 入门: 理解和创建 Service Worker 脚本</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://link.juejin.cn/?target=https%3A%2F%2Fdevelopers.google.com%2Fweb%2Ffundamentals%2Fweb-app-manifest%2F\">web-app-manifest</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://link.juejin.cn/?target=https%3A%2F%2Fgooglechrome.github.io%2Fsamples%2Fservice-worker%2Fbasic%2Findex.html\">Basic Service Worker Sample</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://link.juejin.cn/?target=https%3A%2F%2Fdeveloper.mozilla.org%2Fen-US%2Fdocs%2FWeb%2FAPI%2FServiceWorker\">'ServiceWorker'MDN文档</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://link.juejin.cn/?target=https%3A%2F%2Fdeveloper.mozilla.org%2Fen-US%2Fdocs%2FWeb%2FManifest\">'ServiceWorker'MDN文档</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://link.juejin.cn/?target=https%3A%2F%2Fdeveloper.mozilla.org%2Fen-US%2Fdocs%2FWeb%2FAPI%2FService_Worker_API%2FUsing_Service_Workers\">'Using_Service_Workers'MDN文档</a></p>\n",
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"title": "人这一辈子,就像坐过山车。",
"description": "年轻时拼命往上爬,生怕自己掉队,退休后才发现,原来真正的高级活法,是学会&#34;销声匿迹&#34;——不是躲进深山当隐士,而是把日子过得像一壶老茶,不声不响,但滋味悠长。 一、别总急着晒行踪:低调才是顶级情商 年轻时总怕被遗忘,朋友圈恨不得每分钟更新定位。 但退休后你会发现,真正的聪明人,活得像&#34;潜水艇&#34;——表面静悄悄,底下自有乾坤。 晚清名臣曾国藩退休后闭门谢客,天天捧着《资治通鉴》啃,结果暗地里推动幼童留学计划。 他精心选拔优秀幼童,安排他们赴美 [&#8230;]",
"content": "<p>年轻时拼命往上爬,生怕自己掉队,退休后才发现,原来真正的高级活法,是学会&quot;销声匿迹&quot;——不是躲进深山当隐士,而是把日子过得像一壶老茶,不声不响,但滋味悠长。</p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/05/27/6835bca28d903.jpg\" alt=\"人这一辈子,就像坐过山车。\" title=\"人这一辈子,就像坐过山车。\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p><strong>一、别总急着晒行踪:低调才是顶级情商</strong></p>\n<p>年轻时总怕被遗忘,朋友圈恨不得每分钟更新定位。</p>\n<p>但退休后你会发现,真正的聪明人,活得像&quot;潜水艇&quot;——表面静悄悄,底下自有乾坤。</p>\n<p>晚清名臣曾国藩退休后闭门谢客,天天捧着《资治通鉴》啃,结果暗地里推动幼童留学计划。</p>\n<p>他精心选拔优秀幼童,安排他们赴美学习先进技术与管理,为中国的近代化培养出一批杰出人才,如铁路工程师詹天佑等。</p>\n<p>这老头儿活明白了:&quot;闷声干大事,比敲锣打鼓管用。&quot;</p>\n<p>杭州有个退休教授,以前天天晒养生食谱、旅行打卡,结果三个月血压飙升,差点中风。</p>\n<p>后来他关朋友圈,在家练书法、写回忆录,反倒整出20万字的自传,血压也稳得像西湖的水。</p>\n<p>你看,退休后的&quot;隐形模式&quot;,不是逃避,而是给自己留片清净地,就像日本茶道说的:&quot;留三分神秘,才能品出七分滋味。&quot;</p>\n<p><strong>二、有钱没钱别瞎显摆:守住钱包就是守住晚年</strong></p>\n<p>上海社科院去年调研发现,75%的退休纠纷都是钱惹的祸。</p>\n<p>我邻居张阿姨,退休金不少,结果跟亲戚聊家常时漏了句&quot;存款够养老&quot;,三个月被七大姑八大姨借走20万,最后只能卖房还债。</p>\n<p>反观楼下王叔,明明炒股赚得盆满钵满,但见人就说&quot;刚够买菜&quot;,转头却偷偷资助山区学生。</p>\n<p>这老狐狸深谙北宋范仲淹的套路——&quot;善行不留名,才能善始善终。&quot;</p>\n<p>真正的财富自由,从来不是银行卡数字,而是&quot;兜里有钱,心里不慌&quot;。</p>\n<p>就像陶渊明说的:&quot;不戚戚于贫贱,不汲汲于富贵。&quot;</p>\n<p>退休后守住钱包,守住的更是晚年的安宁。</p>\n<p>为了保持这种内心的平静与安宁,可以尝试一些具体方法。</p>\n<p>例如,每天进行冥想或瑜伽,这些活动能够帮助缓解压力,使心情更加平静。</p>\n<p>另外,培养兴趣爱好如绘画或园艺,可以让人专注于当下,忘却烦恼。</p>\n<p>还可以多与志同道合的朋友交流,分享彼此的生活经验,从而获得心灵上的慰藉和支持。</p>\n<p><strong>三、心里话烂肚子里:沉默是金,开口是坑</strong></p>\n<p>战国时期的楚庄王,三年装哑巴,憋出个春秋五霸。</p>\n<p>退休后更得学会这招&quot;藏心术&quot;。</p>\n<p>北京某医院统计,68%的退休抑郁症都是&quot;话太多&quot;惹的祸。</p>\n<p>要运用好&quot;藏心术&quot;,关键在于把握好倾诉的度。</p>\n<p>我认识个老局长,退休后天天跟人吹嘘当年威风,结果被小辈坑了养老金,差点跳楼。</p>\n<p>反观苏州退休干部老张,锁起工作日记当&quot;哑巴&quot;,却在社区教书法,有人问起当年政绩,他只笑答:&quot;笔尖记得比人脑清楚。&quot;</p>\n<p>德国哲学家叔本华说:&quot;隐私是灵魂的盔甲。&quot;</p>\n<p>退休后的心事,就像老酒,自个儿慢慢品,比倒给别人听强百倍。</p>\n<p>成都茶馆里那些老头,各坐一隅喝茶,不打听别人家事,不炫耀自己过往,这才是活得通透的活教材。</p>\n<p><strong>四、悲喜自个儿消化:情绪稳定才是长寿密码</strong></p>\n<p>《黄帝内经》说:&quot;心动则百病生。&quot;</p>\n<p>南京文物修复师周老,年轻时修复过国宝级青花瓷,后来藏品流失海外拍卖,他只淡笑:&quot;见过便是缘分。&quot;</p>\n<p>这份淡定让他80岁还能执笔修《韩熙载夜宴图》。</p>\n<p>加州大学研究发现,情绪内敛的老人端粒比话痨同龄人年轻5-7岁,相当于多活十年!</p>\n<p>退休后的悲喜,就像景德镇的冰裂纹瓷器——美在留白处。</p>\n<p>玄武湖晨练的老头,打完太极拂袖而去,连名字都不留,这才是老子说的&quot;大音希声&quot;。</p>\n<p>南京有个退休医生,老伴走了十年,他每天对着空椅子说&quot;今日晴&quot;,把悲伤熬成茶,自己倒成了社区最长寿的&quot;神仙&quot;。</p>\n<p>古往今来,类似的例子不胜枚举。</p>\n<p>陶渊明辞官归隐田园,在平凡的日子里寻觅内心的宁静;</p>\n<p>苏轼一生坎坷,多次被贬,却始终保持着豁达的心态,留下&quot;人有悲欢离合,月有阴晴圆缺,此事古难全&quot;的千古名句。</p>\n<p>他们的故事,无不体现了情绪稳定的重要性。</p>\n<p><strong>退休后的销声匿迹,是场向内生长的修行</strong></p>\n<p>杨绛先生说得好:&quot;与独处相安,与万事言和。&quot;</p>\n<p>年轻时我们像向日葵,追着太阳转;退休后得学竹子,静立风中,根却往土里深扎。</p>\n<p>别怕被遗忘,你活成自己的样子,比活在别人眼里重要百倍。</p>\n<p>就像西湖边的老柳树,不争春光,却成了文人墨客写不尽的风景。</p>\n<p>【转自网络】</p>\n",
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"title": "发现一个奇怪的现象:夫妻之间凡是感情不和的,大都“五感不通”",
"description": "听过这样一句话:“婚姻是围城,三观不合的人困于其中,既无法亲近,也难以脱身,只能在彼此消耗中苦苦挣扎。” 年少时,总以为找个三观契合的人,婚姻就会幸福。 可现实是,哪怕三观一致,也会因生活方式不同而争执不断,频繁冷战,最终相看生厌。 直到后来才明白,好的婚姻,不仅在于想法一致,更在于五感相通。 一个眼神、一句肯定、一次倾听、一个拥抱、一分理解……这些细微之处,才是感情长久的养分。 看见对方,比争对错更重要 有句话说:“爱情是一颗蜜糖,会不断放大对方的优点;婚姻是现实,会放大对 [&#8230;]",
"content": "<p>听过这样一句话:“婚姻是围城,三观不合的人困于其中,既无法亲近,也难以脱身,只能在彼此消耗中苦苦挣扎。”</p>\n<p>年少时,总以为找个三观契合的人,婚姻就会幸福。</p>\n<p>可现实是,哪怕三观一致,也会因生活方式不同而争执不断,频繁冷战,最终相看生厌。</p>\n<p>直到后来才明白,好的婚姻,不仅在于想法一致,更在于五感相通。</p>\n<p>一个眼神、一句肯定、一次倾听、一个拥抱、一分理解……这些细微之处,才是感情长久的养分。</p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/05/27/6835b1c1b8428.jpg\" alt=\"发现一个奇怪的现象:夫妻之间凡是感情不和的,大都“五感不通”\" title=\"发现一个奇怪的现象:夫妻之间凡是感情不和的,大都“五感不通”\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p>看见对方,比争对错更重要</p>\n<p>有句话说:“爱情是一颗蜜糖,会不断放大对方的优点;婚姻是现实,会放大对方的缺点,掩埋对方的优点。”</p>\n<p>很多夫妻总会遇到这样的场景:</p>\n<p>因一点小事争吵,吵着吵着就变成相互指责,直到精疲力尽,仍僵持不下。</p>\n<p>事后冷静了又后悔:“不过是鸡毛蒜皮的事,为什么会闹得这么僵?”</p>\n<p>其实,争执的背后,往往是因为我们忽视了对方的好。</p>\n<p>朋友有段时间,经常跟老公因为生活琐事争吵不断。</p>\n<p>一开口,就进入“战斗模式”:她控诉丈夫总挑自己毛病,丈夫埋怨她总不长记性。</p>\n<p>渐渐地,两人的亲密感逐渐被消磨。</p>\n<p>一次,她听到同事夸赞自己的伴侣,这才意识到,丈夫并没有自己想的那么差,一直用行动默默表达爱:</p>\n<p>会在她上班前,准备一杯热牛奶;冬天睡觉时,提前在被窝里塞暖水袋……</p>\n<p>只是自己一味盯着对方的错,对这些付出视而不见。</p>\n<p>回家后,她一反常态说了句:“今天谢谢你帮我关了灯。”</p>\n<p>丈夫一愣,随即笑道:“其实,每次我都会顺手关掉。”</p>\n<p>后来,她总会留意丈夫的一举一动,心里的感动越来越多,不仅不再跟丈夫吵,还经常夸丈夫的好,两人的关系越来越亲密。</p>\n<p>科学研究证明:“当一个人被看见、被认可,内心会更有安全感,也更愿意去回应这份爱。”</p>\n<p>当亲密关系有了良性的情感互动,爱就开始在心间流动,彼此间的接纳和包容就会慢慢增多。</p>\n<p>即使发生冲突,也能及时化解,不会陷入无休止地争执。</p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/05/27/6835b1c2d8e21.jpg\" alt=\"发现一个奇怪的现象:夫妻之间凡是感情不和的,大都“五感不通”\" title=\"发现一个奇怪的现象:夫妻之间凡是感情不和的,大都“五感不通”\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p>会听,比会说更暖心</p>\n<p>《爱的五种语言》里,有一对夫妻结婚17年。</p>\n<p>有天妻子突然提离婚,原因是:</p>\n<p>每当她向丈夫倾诉工作的烦恼,丈夫都立刻给建议。</p>\n<p>可第二天她又提起同样的问题,丈夫依旧很不耐烦。</p>\n<p>反复几次后,丈夫愤怒地告诉她:“如果你不听我的建议,那就别再抱怨了,我也不想再听,更不会同情你。”</p>\n<p>从此,妻子便不再倾诉了,还动了离开的念头。</p>\n<p>因为她真正需要的是倾听、理解、关注,而不是被教育。</p>\n<p>婚姻里,情商最低的行为,就是不停地说教。</p>\n<p>讲道理,其实是在暗示“你不对”,只会加剧对方的负面情绪,让他更激动。</p>\n<p>只有给足另一半共情,才能真正缓解他的情绪。</p>\n<p>前段时间,表妹和姐姐起了争执,心情极差。</p>\n<p>她向老公抱怨,老公没有安慰她,而是问:“发生了什么事,让你这么难过?”</p>\n<p>他耐心听完,没有急于评判对错,而是试着共情妻子的情绪,确认自己的理解是否到位:</p>\n<p>“你很爱姐姐,但受不了她的强势,你希望她能多尊重你的意见,对吗?”</p>\n<p>这句话正中她的委屈。</p>\n<p>即使问题未解,她也不再难受,反而有了解决问题的勇气。</p>\n<p>《共情的力量》里有句话:“共情是把你的耳朵放到别人的灵魂中,用心聆听那里最急切的喃喃私语。”</p>\n<p>只有愿意倾听对方的烦恼与不开心,才能拆除对方的心墙,摘下防备的面具,毫无保留地交付信任。</p>\n<p>虽然人与人很难完全感同身受,但换位思考,理解他的情绪,依然能让他如沐春风,倍感踏实,从而一步一步建立深度的情感链接。</p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/05/27/6835b1c333b56.jpg\" alt=\"发现一个奇怪的现象:夫妻之间凡是感情不和的,大都“五感不通”\" title=\"发现一个奇怪的现象:夫妻之间凡是感情不和的,大都“五感不通”\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/05/27/6835b1c31de4f.jpg\" alt=\"发现一个奇怪的现象:夫妻之间凡是感情不和的,大都“五感不通”\" title=\"发现一个奇怪的现象:夫妻之间凡是感情不和的,大都“五感不通”\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p>对胃口,比承诺更抓人心</p>\n<p>网上有人问:“真的有人因伴侣做饭好吃,舍不得分手吗?”</p>\n<p>这个话题引发网友热烈讨论。</p>\n<p>有人打趣到“在一起六年,不敢换对象,他做饭太对我胃口了”;</p>\n<p>也有网友分享“男友专做我爱吃的,三年了,准备嫁了”;</p>\n<p>甚至有人感慨“当初在一起,就是留学时,他那台电饭煲俘获了我的心”。</p>\n<p>厨房里的烟火气,餐桌上的欢笑,比海誓山盟更让人心动。</p>\n<p>我家小姨和姨父,总能忙里偷闲,挤出时间共进晚餐。</p>\n<p>工作日没时间做饭,他们就一起去探店。</p>\n<p>姨父不太能吃辣,小姨偏爱火锅,可姨父照样陪着她去。</p>\n<p>不仅如此,他还特意挑选重庆、四川正宗麻辣火锅店。</p>\n<p>每次小姨看他被辣得直吸气、猛灌凉茶,劝他吃不辣的锅底。他总笑着说:“没事,我要锻炼自己吃辣的能力。”</p>\n<p>每次吃完火锅后的那几天,小姨再忙也会回家做饭,为姨父准备清淡饭菜,细心照顾他的肠胃。</p>\n<p>听过这样一句话:“爱情若不落到吃饭这件实实在在的事上,是不会长久的。”</p>\n<p>夫妻之间,吃在一起,心才会在一起。</p>\n<p>为对方准备喜欢的食物,满足对方的味蕾,带来的不仅是饱腹感,还有被爱的直觉。</p>\n<p>这种爱不仅有包容、开放、尊重,还有“我愿意爱你所爱,为你改变”的深情厚意。</p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/05/27/6835b1c3432f5.jpg\" alt=\"发现一个奇怪的现象:夫妻之间凡是感情不和的,大都“五感不通”\" title=\"发现一个奇怪的现象:夫妻之间凡是感情不和的,大都“五感不通”\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/05/27/6835b1c30966f.jpg\" alt=\"发现一个奇怪的现象:夫妻之间凡是感情不和的,大都“五感不通”\" title=\"发现一个奇怪的现象:夫妻之间凡是感情不和的,大都“五感不通”\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p>亲一亲,抱一抱,比情话更能拉近彼此的距离</p>\n<p>有网友分享了她的故事。</p>\n<p>事业上升期,她经常出差,每次回到家,丈夫已睡熟,第二天又早早起床,匆忙赶去上班。</p>\n<p>虽然彼此还会说“早安”“晚安”“我爱你”,可听起来更像例行公事,毫无温度。</p>\n<p>无形中,两人的关系发生了变化,却又说不上来哪里出了问题。</p>\n<p>一次出差回来,看到同事的丈夫早早等在机场出口,见到妻子,立刻上前抱住她。</p>\n<p>她站在原地,心酸涌上心头,突然意识到,自己想要的也是一个久别重逢的拥抱,一次下意识地牵手。</p>\n<p>可她和丈夫之间,很久没有这样的互动了。</p>\n<p>那天晚上,她终于开口表达了自己的委屈和想法。</p>\n<p>丈夫一惊,他以为婚姻里最重要的是责任和担当,没想到,妻子最需要的是彼此靠近。</p>\n<p>从那天起,他不管多晚都会等她回家,一开门就把她的行李接过来,顺势把她搂进怀里。</p>\n<p>丈夫的举动,让她感觉所有的疲累和压力都不值一提了。</p>\n<p>科学研究表明,每天20秒的亲密接触,能有效缓解焦虑,增强安全感。</p>\n<p>肢体接触,特别是拥抱,能促使大脑分泌大量“催产素”,即爱情荷尔蒙,这会让人产生很强的依恋感和幸福感。</p>\n<p>与此同时,被称为“压力荷尔蒙”的皮质醇水平则会显著下降,负面情绪,会随之消散。</p>\n<p>亲亲、抱抱是最棒的充电方式,它能带来无限的温暖和力量,抚平心中的焦虑与压力。</p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/05/27/6835b1c3bdd6a.jpg\" alt=\"发现一个奇怪的现象:夫妻之间凡是感情不和的,大都“五感不通”\" title=\"发现一个奇怪的现象:夫妻之间凡是感情不和的,大都“五感不通”\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/05/27/6835b1c39c458.jpg\" alt=\"发现一个奇怪的现象:夫妻之间凡是感情不和的,大都“五感不通”\" title=\"发现一个奇怪的现象:夫妻之间凡是感情不和的,大都“五感不通”\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p>给对方呼吸感,比掌控更能让关系稳固</p>\n<p>有人说:“关系再好,也需要适当的呼吸感,窒息的爱,只会让人想逃离。”</p>\n<p>人人都想婚姻幸福长久,却常常因为控制欲太强,反而把对方越推越远。</p>\n<p>《你要的是幸福,还是对错》书中有个案例,正是如此:</p>\n<p>作者的领导,每到整点都要向太太汇报行踪,哪怕正在开会,也得悄悄拿出手机报备。</p>\n<p>太太的强势,让他的生活完全没有自由。</p>\n<p>他的零用钱每天只够买一份简餐,一旦和同事们去稍远一点的餐馆聚餐,就会陷入囊中羞涩的窘境。</p>\n<p>更让人窒息的是,太太总是不定时地突击查岗。</p>\n<p>她一出现,刚还谈笑风生的领导,瞬间僵住,连大气都不敢喘,怯懦又卑微。</p>\n<p>他深知,太太不愿自己与同事走得太近,要是违背了她的意愿,便是一场无法承受的风暴。</p>\n<p>正因这份过度压抑,他有了越轨的举动,试图在婚外情中找到喘息的机会。</p>\n<p>案例中背叛婚姻的举动,固然不值得提倡,可掌控欲太强,终究不是好事。</p>\n<p>在亲密关系里,关心和约束过度,容易让人感到窒息,只想逃离。</p>\n<p>控制从来不是维系感情的最好方式,我们以为自己“牢牢抓住”了对方,换来的可能只是对方费尽心思的“演戏”。</p>\n<p>只有在婚姻中,彼此相处轻松无负担,才能长久相伴不生厌。</p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/05/27/6835b1c3bca4c.jpg\" alt=\"发现一个奇怪的现象:夫妻之间凡是感情不和的,大都“五感不通”\" title=\"发现一个奇怪的现象:夫妻之间凡是感情不和的,大都“五感不通”\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p>很认同一句话:“没有人不渴望婚姻幸福,只是有人不懂得怎样让婚姻幸福。”</p>\n<p>婚姻的核心,从来不是爱,而是五感相通。</p>\n<p>我们因为相爱步入婚姻,别让相处消磨了爱意。</p>\n<p>你知我冷暖,我懂你悲欢,才能成为对方余生中无可替代的陪伴。</p>\n<p>【转自网络】</p>\n",
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"title": "明朝发生了一件怪事,被列为世界三大未解之谜,600多年至今无解",
"description": "自古以来,这个世界上就充满了各种奇异事件,它们如同迷雾中的幻影,即便在人类科技日益发达的今天,仍有许多难题悬而未解,仿佛是大自然对人类智慧的一种挑衅。古人对于未知现象往往崇尚鬼神之说,由于文献记载稀少,那些怪异之事大多依靠民间口耳相传,成为茶余饭后的谈资,也为历史增添了一抹神秘的色彩。 在明朝天启六年,即公元1626年5月30日,北京城发生了一场前所未有的神秘大爆炸,这场灾难不仅造成了巨大的人员伤亡,更因其种种怪异现象而令人啧啧称奇,至今仍是一个未解之谜。当日,死伤者众多,且 [&#8230;]",
"content": "<p>自古以来,这个世界上就充满了各种奇异事件,它们如同迷雾中的幻影,即便在人类科技日益发达的今天,仍有许多难题悬而未解,仿佛是大自然对人类智慧的一种挑衅。古人对于未知现象往往崇尚鬼神之说,由于文献记载稀少,那些怪异之事大多依靠民间口耳相传,成为茶余饭后的谈资,也为历史增添了一抹神秘的色彩。</p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/05/27/6835b15965710.jpg\" alt=\"明朝发生了一件怪事,被列为世界三大未解之谜,600多年至今无解\" title=\"明朝发生了一件怪事,被列为世界三大未解之谜,600多年至今无解\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p>在明朝天启六年,即公元1626年5月30日,北京城发生了一场前所未有的神秘大爆炸,这场灾难不仅造成了巨大的人员伤亡,更因其种种怪异现象而令人啧啧称奇,至今仍是一个未解之谜。当日,死伤者众多,且令人匪夷所思的是,所有死伤者均呈裸体状态,这一奇特现象无疑为这场爆炸笼上了一层更加神秘的面纱。</p>\n<p>在爆炸发生之前,北京城已经出现了诸多不祥之兆。持续的旱灾让土地干裂,庄稼枯萎,百姓们忧心忡忡;而在炎炎夏日,竟然出现了霜冻现象,寒气逼人,仿佛是大自然在预示着一场浩劫的来临。更有人们莫名其妙地昏迷不醒,火神庙内也传出了阵阵怪异的音乐声,这一切的一切,都如同灾难前的序曲,让人心中充满了不安。</p>\n<p>终于,在那个看似平静的午后,东北方向的天空突然传来了一阵沉闷的雷声,紧接着,一声巨响震彻云霄,火光冲天而起,将整片天空映得一片通红。大地开始剧烈摇晃,仿佛是天崩地裂一般。当时的皇帝朱由检正在皇宫之中,他惊慌失措地躲在桌下,才幸免于难。爆炸过后,朱由检接到了大臣们的奏折,才得知这场灾难的起因原来是北京城内的王恭厂火药库发生了爆炸。</p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/05/27/6835b15965710.jpg\" alt=\"明朝发生了一件怪事,被列为世界三大未解之谜,600多年至今无解\" title=\"明朝发生了一件怪事,被列为世界三大未解之谜,600多年至今无解\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p>据史书记载,这次爆炸的范围半径达到了750米,面积覆盖了2.25平方公里之广,死伤人数更是高达2万余人,其威力相当于1万至2万吨TNT炸药爆炸所产生的破坏力。这样的灾难,对于当时的北京城来说,无疑是一场灭顶之灾。</p>\n<p>《国榷》一书中详细记载了这场爆炸的惨烈景象。火神庙的守门内臣在爆炸前听到了三叠乐音,随后便看见一个火球从庙内滚出。东城方向传来了如同霹雳般的巨响,朱由检在慌乱中躲避,连御座都被震得倾斜。大殿内的工匠们纷纷坠亡,死伤者均呈裸体状态,他们的衣服被爆炸的气流吹挂到了西山的树上。昌平教场更是衣服成堆,员弘寺街上的一顶轿子中的女子虽然赤身裸体却奇迹般地毫发无损。王恭厂周边的幸存者也都目睹了这一幕,死伤者皆一丝不挂,衣服被吹至西山,有人推测这是爆炸产生的强大气流将衣服撕开。</p>\n<p>然而,《国榷》中的另一记载却让这一推测产生了疑问。员弘寺街那顶轿中的女子在爆炸后不仅未受伤,连衣服也凭空消失了,这用气流说来解释显然难以服众。于是,关于这场爆炸的原因,人们众说纷纭。有人认为是触怒了火神,遭到了天谴;也有人认为是奸细所为,故意制造混乱。但这些说法都无法给出一个令人信服的解释。</p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/05/27/6835b15984623.jpg\" alt=\"明朝发生了一件怪事,被列为世界三大未解之谜,600多年至今无解\" title=\"明朝发生了一件怪事,被列为世界三大未解之谜,600多年至今无解\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p>专家们对此也各执一词,有人认为是地震引发的爆炸,有人认为是龙卷风作祟,还有人提出了陨石撞击和火药自燃等说法。但遗憾的是,这些观点都没有切实的证据来支持。这场被称为“天启大爆炸”的灾难,与“印度死丘事件”和“通古斯大爆炸”并称为世界三大自然灾难,成为了人类历史上永远无法抹去的谜团。</p>\n<p>时至今日,当我们回望这段历史时,仍然不禁对那场神秘的大爆炸感到震撼和好奇。它不仅是人类历史上的一次重大灾难,更是对人类智慧的一次挑战。或许在未来的某一天,随着科技的进步和考古的发现,我们能够揭开这场爆炸的神秘面纱,还原历史的真相。但在此之前,它仍将作为一段传奇故事,流传在世间,激发着人们对未知世界的探索和对生命的敬畏。</p>\n<p>【转自网络】</p>\n",
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"title": "为什么中国古代只有朱元璋做到了从南到北统一全国?",
"description": "在中国古代历史长河中,“由北向南”统一天下几乎是铁律。 从秦汉到隋唐,再到元清,北方政权始终占据压倒性优势。 明朝的朱元璋却打破了这一规律,成为唯一从南方起兵并成功统一全国的帝王。 为何其他南方政权屡战屡败,唯独朱元璋能逆天改命? 一、北方霸权的千年根基:为何“由南统北”难如登天? 在朱元璋之前,东晋的桓温、刘裕,南朝的刘义隆,甚至南宋的岳飞,都曾试图北伐却功亏一篑。 其背后是北方政权不可撼动的三大优势: 1、经济与人口的绝对碾压 唐朝以前,黄河流域是中国的经济中心。北方土地 [&#8230;]",
"content": "<p>在中国古代历史长河中,“由北向南”统一天下几乎是铁律。</p>\n<p>从秦汉到隋唐,再到元清,北方政权始终占据压倒性优势。</p>\n<p>明朝的朱元璋却打破了这一规律,成为唯一从南方起兵并成功统一全国的帝王。</p>\n<p>为何其他南方政权屡战屡败,唯独朱元璋能逆天改命?</p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/05/27/6835b0d65d56b.jpg\" alt=\"为什么中国古代只有朱元璋做到了从南到北统一全国?\" title=\"为什么中国古代只有朱元璋做到了从南到北统一全国?\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p><strong>一、北方霸权的千年根基:为何“由南统北”难如登天?</strong></p>\n<p>在朱元璋之前,东晋的桓温、刘裕,南朝的刘义隆,甚至南宋的岳飞,都曾试图北伐却功亏一篑。</p>\n<p>其背后是北方政权不可撼动的三大优势:</p>\n<p>1、经济与人口的绝对碾压</p>\n<p>唐朝以前,黄河流域是中国的经济中心。北方土地开发成熟,人口稠密,仅三国时期曹魏的人口就超过孙吴和蜀汉的总和。</p>\n<p>农业发达带来充足的粮草和兵源,而南方长期“刀耕火种”,直到南宋才完成经济重心南移。</p>\n<p>2、骑兵霸权的军事代差</p>\n<p>冷兵器时代,骑兵是战场之王。北方拥有广袤牧场,战马数量和品质远超南方。</p>\n<p>南宋岳家军拼尽全力仅能组建万人骑兵,而金军动辄以数万铁骑冲锋,马匹高度、铠甲防护均占优。</p>\n<p>南方水网密布的地形更限制了骑兵机动性,反成劣势。</p>\n<p>3、地理与气候的天然屏障</p>\n<p>北伐需跨越淮河、黄河,冬季严寒对南方军队是致命考验。</p>\n<p>北方政权可“坚壁清野”,烧毁农田、断粮道,而南方补给线一旦被截,溃败如山倒。</p>\n<p>刘裕北伐因后方内乱被迫回师,桓温因粮尽焚船撤退,皆是明证。</p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/05/27/6835b0d64c14e.jpg\" alt=\"为什么中国古代只有朱元璋做到了从南到北统一全国?\" title=\"为什么中国古代只有朱元璋做到了从南到北统一全国?\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p><strong>二、朱元璋的逆袭:天时、地利、人和</strong></p>\n<p>朱元璋的成功绝非偶然,而是多重历史条件与个人能力的共振:</p>\n<p>1、经济重心南移:南方终于“有钱任性”</p>\n<p>南宋时期,“苏湖熟,天下足”的谚语已印证江南的经济地位。</p>\n<p>元朝依赖海运将南方粮食北运,朱元璋占据江南后,不仅粮草无忧,还能通过海运高效补给前线。</p>\n<p>反观元末北方因战乱和黄河水患,经济凋敝,此消彼长下,南方首次具备碾压北方的物质基础。</p>\n<p>2、元朝的内乱与衰落:对手自毁长城</p>\n<p>元朝后期内斗不休,军阀混战,对南方起义军“放任自流”。</p>\n<p>朱元璋击败陈友谅、张士诚时,元廷甚至无暇干预。</p>\n<p>曾经的蒙古铁骑因腐化丧失战斗力,连马匹都“自甘堕落”,体型瘦小,不复成吉思汗时代的雄风。</p>\n<p>3、战略与执行的教科书级操作</p>\n<p>步步为营:朱元璋采纳“高筑墙、广积粮、缓称王”策略,先稳固江南,再北伐中原,避免战线过长。</p>\n<p>海运粮道:北伐时沿大运河和海运双线补给,攻山东、取河南,步步为营,避免粮草危机。</p>\n<p>民族旗帜:以“驱除胡虏,恢复中华”为口号,激发汉人反抗元朝压迫的民族情绪,赢得民心。</p>\n<p>4、精英团队的降维打击</p>\n<p>朱元璋麾下的徐达、常遇春等将领堪称“史上最强创业团队”,而元朝名将察罕帖木儿早逝,继任者王保保难堪大任。</p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/05/27/6835b0d6847df.jpg\" alt=\"为什么中国古代只有朱元璋做到了从南到北统一全国?\" title=\"为什么中国古代只有朱元璋做到了从南到北统一全国?\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p><strong>三、对比失败案例:为何别人不行?</strong></p>\n<p>1、刘裕:后院失火的悲剧</p>\n<p>东晋刘裕北伐一度收复长安,却因谋士刘穆之病逝、担忧后方叛乱,被迫回师建康,错失良机。</p>\n<p>2、刘义隆:元嘉草草的教训</p>\n<p>南朝刘义隆三次北伐,因战略僵化(只盯河南)、任人唯亲(启用无能的王玄谟)、干预前线指挥,导致“赢得仓皇北顾”。</p>\n<p>3、南宋:骑兵短板与政治掣肘</p>\n<p>岳飞北伐被“十二道金牌”召回,背后是南宋朝廷对武将的猜忌。即便没有秦桧,南方缺马的问题也注定其难以持久。</p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/05/27/6835b0d68896c.jpg\" alt=\"为什么中国古代只有朱元璋做到了从南到北统一全国?\" title=\"为什么中国古代只有朱元璋做到了从南到北统一全国?\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p><strong>四、历史的启示:朱元璋的不可复制性</strong></p>\n<p>朱元璋的成功是天时、地利、人和的极致结合:经济南移完成、对手空前衰弱、战略无懈可击。</p>\n<p>此后,民国北伐虽形式上统一中国,但依赖近代化军队和北方军阀分裂,已非冷兵器时代的逻辑。</p>\n<p>可以说,朱元璋的奇迹是古代中国地理、经济、军事格局剧变的产物,更是个人能力在历史夹缝中的爆发。</p>\n<p><strong>结语:</strong></p>\n<p>历史没有必然,只有偶然与必然的交织。</p>\n<p>朱元璋的“由南统北”,既是对北方千年霸权的颠覆,也印证了“时势造英雄”的真理。</p>\n<p>当我们回望那些失败的北伐者,或许会感叹:不是他们不够强,而是朱元璋的剧本,实在难以复刻。</p>\n<p>【转自网络】</p>\n",
"category": "人文历史",
"link": "https://joyagain.me/2025/05/27/wei-shen-me-zhong-guo-gu-dai-zhi-you-zhu-yuan-zhan/",
"creator": "Again",
"pubDate": "Tue, 27 May 2025 12:21:36 +0000",
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{
"title": "作为中国人可以不读全部诗词,但至少要会背这些千古名句!",
"description": "董卿说: “作为中国人可以不读全部诗词,但至少要会背这些千古名句!” “欲穷千里目,更上一层楼”,“海内存知己,天涯若比邻”…… 这些琅琅上口的诗句,你都知晓吗? 事理哲理类 1、欲穷千里目,更上一层楼。 ——王之涣《登鹳雀楼》 2、人事有代谢,往来成古今。 ——孟浩然《与诸子登岘山》 3、草木本无意,荣枯自有时。 ——孟浩然《江上寄山阴崔少府国辅》 4、蚍蜉撼大树,可笑不自量。 ——韩愈《调张籍》 5、衰兰送客咸阳道,天若有情天亦老。 ——李贺《金铜仙人辞汉歌》 6、读书不 [&#8230;]",
"content": "<p>董卿说:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>“作为中国人可以不读全部诗词,但至少要会背这些千古名句!”</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>“欲穷千里目,更上一层楼”,“海内存知己,天涯若比邻”……</p>\n<p>这些琅琅上口的诗句,你都知晓吗?</p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/05/27/6835b000c0849.jpg\" alt=\"作为中国人可以不读全部诗词,但至少要会背这些千古名句!\" title=\"作为中国人可以不读全部诗词,但至少要会背这些千古名句!\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/05/27/6835affcee269.jpg\" alt=\"作为中国人可以不读全部诗词,但至少要会背这些千古名句!\" title=\"作为中国人可以不读全部诗词,但至少要会背这些千古名句!\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p>事理哲理类</p>\n<p>1、欲穷千里目,更上一层楼。</p>\n<p>——王之涣《登鹳雀楼》</p>\n<p>2、人事有代谢,往来成古今。</p>\n<p>——孟浩然《与诸子登岘山》</p>\n<p>3、草木本无意,荣枯自有时。</p>\n<p>——孟浩然《江上寄山阴崔少府国辅》</p>\n<p>4、蚍蜉撼大树,可笑不自量。</p>\n<p>——韩愈《调张籍》</p>\n<p>5、衰兰送客咸阳道,天若有情天亦老。</p>\n<p>——李贺《金铜仙人辞汉歌》</p>\n<p>6、读书不觉已春深,一寸光阴一寸金。</p>\n<p>——王贞白《白鹿洞二首》</p>\n<p>7、古来青史谁不见,今见功名胜古人。</p>\n<p>——岑参《轮台歌奉送封大夫出师西征》</p>\n<p>8、年年岁岁花相似,岁岁年年人不同。</p>\n<p>——刘希夷《代悲白头翁》</p>\n<p>9、请君莫奏前朝曲,听唱新翻杨柳枝。</p>\n<p>——刘禹锡《杨柳枝词》</p>\n<p>10、尔曹身与名俱灭,不废江河万古流。</p>\n<p>——杜甫《戏为六绝句》</p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/05/27/6835afff9aec0.jpg\" alt=\"作为中国人可以不读全部诗词,但至少要会背这些千古名句!\" title=\"作为中国人可以不读全部诗词,但至少要会背这些千古名句!\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/05/27/6835affcddf25.jpg\" alt=\"作为中国人可以不读全部诗词,但至少要会背这些千古名句!\" title=\"作为中国人可以不读全部诗词,但至少要会背这些千古名句!\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p>写作炼字类</p>\n<p>1、文章千古事,得失寸心知。</p>\n<p>——杜甫《偶题》</p>\n<p>2、清水出芙蓉,天然去雕饰。</p>\n<p> ——李白《经乱离后天恩流夜郎忆旧游书怀赠江夏韦太守良宰》</p>\n<p>3、两句三年得,一吟双泪流。</p>\n<p>——贾岛《题诗后》</p>\n<p>4、吟安一个字,撚断数茎须。</p>\n<p>——卢延让《苦吟》</p>\n<p>5、为人性僻耽佳句,语不惊人死不休。</p>\n<p>——杜甫《江上值水如海势聊短述》</p>\n<p>6、读书破万卷,下笔如有神。</p>\n<p>——杜甫《奉赠韦左丞丈二十二韵》</p>\n<p>7、李杜文章在,光焰万丈长。</p>\n<p>——韩愈《调张籍》</p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/05/27/6835b000c0849.jpg\" alt=\"作为中国人可以不读全部诗词,但至少要会背这些千古名句!\" title=\"作为中国人可以不读全部诗词,但至少要会背这些千古名句!\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/05/27/6835affd1cfba.jpg\" alt=\"作为中国人可以不读全部诗词,但至少要会背这些千古名句!\" title=\"作为中国人可以不读全部诗词,但至少要会背这些千古名句!\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p>学问成才类</p>\n<p>1、学非探其花,要自拨其根。</p>\n<p>——杜牧《留诲曹师等诗》</p>\n<p>2、十年磨一剑,霜刃未曾试。</p>\n<p>——贾岛《剑客》</p>\n<p>3、青春须早为,岂能长少年。</p>\n<p>——孟郊《劝学》</p>\n<p>4、逢时独为贵,历代岂无才。</p>\n<p>——陈子昂《咏郭槐》</p>\n<p>5、南山栋梁益稀少,爱材养育谁复议。</p>\n<p>——柳宗元《行路难》</p>\n<p>6、试玉要烧三日满,辨材须待七年期。</p>\n<p>——白居易《放言》</p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/05/27/6835b002c5836.jpg\" alt=\"作为中国人可以不读全部诗词,但至少要会背这些千古名句!\" title=\"作为中国人可以不读全部诗词,但至少要会背这些千古名句!\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/05/27/6835affd4c796.jpg\" alt=\"作为中国人可以不读全部诗词,但至少要会背这些千古名句!\" title=\"作为中国人可以不读全部诗词,但至少要会背这些千古名句!\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p>友谊爱情类</p>\n<p>1、海内存知己,天涯若比邻。</p>\n<p>——王勃《送杜少府之任蜀州》</p>\n<p>2、少年乐新知,衰暮思故友。</p>\n<p> ——韩愈《除官赴嗍至江州寄鄂岳李大夫》</p>\n<p>3、同是天涯沦落人,相逢何必曾相识。</p>\n<p>——白居易《琵琶行》</p>\n<p>4、愿君多采撷,此物最相思。</p>\n<p>——王维《相思》</p>\n<p>5、郎骑竹马来,绕床弄青梅。</p>\n<p>——李白《长干行》</p>\n<p>6、身无彩凤双飞翼,心有灵犀一点通。</p>\n<p>——李商隐《无题二首》</p>\n<p>7、春蚕到死丝方尽,蜡炬成灰泪始干。</p>\n<p>——李商隐《无题》</p>\n<p>8、东边日出西边雨,道是无晴却有晴?</p>\n<p>——刘禹锡《竹枝词》</p>\n<p>9、曾经沧海难为水,除却巫山不是云。</p>\n<p>——元稹《离思五首》</p>\n<p>10、上穷碧落下黄泉,两处茫茫皆不见。</p>\n<p>——白居易《长恨歌》</p>\n<p>11、在天愿作比翼鸟,在地愿为连理枝。</p>\n<p>——白居易《长恨歌》</p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/05/27/6835b00325843.jpg\" alt=\"作为中国人可以不读全部诗词,但至少要会背这些千古名句!\" title=\"作为中国人可以不读全部诗词,但至少要会背这些千古名句!\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/05/27/6835affcd852c.jpg\" alt=\"作为中国人可以不读全部诗词,但至少要会背这些千古名句!\" title=\"作为中国人可以不读全部诗词,但至少要会背这些千古名句!\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p>乡思离情类</p>\n<p>1、谁言寸草心,报得三春晖。</p>\n<p>——孟郊《游子吟》</p>\n<p>2、独在异乡为异客,每逢佳节倍思亲。</p>\n<p>——王维《九月九日忆山东兄弟》</p>\n<p>3、今夜月明人尽望,不知秋思落谁家。</p>\n<p>——王建《十五夜望月寄杜郎中》</p>\n<p>4、逢人渐觉乡音异,却恨莺声似故山。</p>\n<p>——司空图《漫书五首》</p>\n<p>5、少小离家老大回,乡音无改鬓毛衰。</p>\n<p>——贺知章《回乡偶书》</p>\n<p>6、露从今夜白,月是故乡明。</p>\n<p>——杜甫《月夜忆舍弟》</p>\n<p>7、劝君更尽一杯酒,西出阳关无故人。</p>\n<p>——王维《渭城曲》</p>\n<p>8、莫愁前路无知己,天下谁人不识君。</p>\n<p>——高适《别董大》</p>\n<p>9、桃花潭水深千尺,不及汪伦送我情。</p>\n<p>——李白《赠汪伦》</p>\n<p>10、相见时难别亦难,东风无力百花残。</p>\n<p>——李商隐《无题》</p>\n<p>11、蜡烛有心还惜别,替人垂泪到天明。</p>\n<p>——杜牧《赠别》</p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/05/27/6835b00336033.jpg\" alt=\"作为中国人可以不读全部诗词,但至少要会背这些千古名句!\" title=\"作为中国人可以不读全部诗词,但至少要会背这些千古名句!\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/05/27/6835affd68401.jpg\" alt=\"作为中国人可以不读全部诗词,但至少要会背这些千古名句!\" title=\"作为中国人可以不读全部诗词,但至少要会背这些千古名句!\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p>爱国忧民类</p>\n<p>1、但使龙城飞将在,不教胡马度阴山。</p>\n<p>——王昌龄《出塞》</p>\n<p>2、商女不知亡国恨, 隔江犹唱后庭花。</p>\n<p>——杜牧《泊秦淮》</p>\n<p>3、谁知盘中餐,粒粒皆辛苦。</p>\n<p>——李绅《悯农》</p>\n<p>4、朱门酒肉臭,路有冻死骨。</p>\n<p>——杜甫《自京赴奉先咏怀五百字》</p>\n<p>5、烽火连三月,家书抵万金。</p>\n<p>——杜甫《春看》</p>\n<p>6、安得广厦千万间,大庇天下寒士俱欢颜。</p>\n<p>——杜甫《茅屋为秋风所破歌》</p>\n<p>7、可怜无定河边骨,犹是春闺梦里人。</p>\n<p>——陈陶《陇西行》</p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/05/27/6835b000ce4bb.jpg\" alt=\"作为中国人可以不读全部诗词,但至少要会背这些千古名句!\" title=\"作为中国人可以不读全部诗词,但至少要会背这些千古名句!\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/05/27/6835affdc716d.jpg\" alt=\"作为中国人可以不读全部诗词,但至少要会背这些千古名句!\" title=\"作为中国人可以不读全部诗词,但至少要会背这些千古名句!\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p>愁恨悲欢类</p>\n<p>1、念天地之悠悠,独怆然而涕下。</p>\n<p>——陈子昂《登幽州台歌》</p>\n<p>2、白发三千丈,缘愁似个长。</p>\n<p>——李白《秋浦歌》</p>\n<p>3、冠盖满京华,斯人独憔悴。</p>\n<p>——杜甫《梦李白》</p>\n<p>4、抽刀断水水更流,举杯消愁愁更愁。</p>\n<p>——李白《宣州谢脁楼饯别校书叔云》</p>\n<p>5、此情可待成追忆,只是当时已惘然。</p>\n<p>——李商隐《锦瑟》</p>\n<p>6、天长地久有时尽,此恨绵绵无绝期。</p>\n<p>——白居易《长恨歌》</p>\n<p>7、别有幽愁暗恨生,此时无声胜有声。</p>\n<p>——白居易《琵琶行》</p>\n<p>8、羌笛何须怨杨柳,春风不度玉门关。</p>\n<p>——王之涣《凉州词》</p>\n<p>9、白日放歌须纵酒,青春作伴好还乡。</p>\n<p>——杜甫《闻官军收河南河北》</p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/05/27/6835b002aea02.jpg\" alt=\"作为中国人可以不读全部诗词,但至少要会背这些千古名句!\" title=\"作为中国人可以不读全部诗词,但至少要会背这些千古名句!\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/05/27/6835affe7c375.jpg\" alt=\"作为中国人可以不读全部诗词,但至少要会背这些千古名句!\" title=\"作为中国人可以不读全部诗词,但至少要会背这些千古名句!\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p>述志抒怀类</p>\n<p>1、莫道桑榆晚,为霞尚满天。</p>\n<p>——刘禹锡《酬乐天咏老见示》</p>\n<p>2、大道如青天,我独不得出。</p>\n<p>——李白《行路难》</p>\n<p>3、少年心事当拏云,谁念幽寒坐呜呃。</p>\n<p>——李贺《致酒行》</p>\n<p>4、洛阳亲友如相问,一片冰心在玉壶。</p>\n<p>——王昌龄《芙蓉楼送辛渐》</p>\n<p>5、长风破浪会有时,直挂云帆济沧海。</p>\n<p>——李白《行路难》</p>\n<p>6、天生我材必有用,千金散尽还复来。</p>\n<p>——李白《将进酒》</p>\n<p>7、安能摧眉折腰事权贵,使我不得开心颜。</p>\n<p>——李白《梦游天姥吟留别》</p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/05/27/6835b00312b13.jpg\" alt=\"作为中国人可以不读全部诗词,但至少要会背这些千古名句!\" title=\"作为中国人可以不读全部诗词,但至少要会背这些千古名句!\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/05/27/6835affeba321.jpg\" alt=\"作为中国人可以不读全部诗词,但至少要会背这些千古名句!\" title=\"作为中国人可以不读全部诗词,但至少要会背这些千古名句!\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p>时令节日类</p>\n<p>1、海日生残夜,江春入旧年。</p>\n<p>——王湾《次北固山下》</p>\n<p>2、千里莺啼绿映红,水村山郭酒旗风。</p>\n<p>——杜牧《江南春》</p>\n<p>3、清明时节雨纷纷,路上行人欲断魂。</p>\n<p>——杜牧《清明》</p>\n<p>4、银烛秋光冷画屏,轻罗小扇扑流萤。</p>\n<p>——杜牧《秋夕》</p>\n<p>5、树树皆秋色, 山山唯落晖。</p>\n<p>——王绩《野望》</p>\n<p>6、无边落木萧萧下,不尽长江滚滚来。</p>\n<p>——杜甫《登高》</p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/05/27/6835b0032deaa.jpg\" alt=\"作为中国人可以不读全部诗词,但至少要会背这些千古名句!\" title=\"作为中国人可以不读全部诗词,但至少要会背这些千古名句!\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/05/27/6835affe5969e.jpg\" alt=\"作为中国人可以不读全部诗词,但至少要会背这些千古名句!\" title=\"作为中国人可以不读全部诗词,但至少要会背这些千古名句!\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p>花草虫鸟类</p>\n<p>1、西塞山前白鹭飞,桃花流水鳜鱼肥。</p>\n<p>——张志和《渔歌子》</p>\n<p>2、日出江花红胜火,春来江水绿如蓝。</p>\n<p>——白居易《忆江南》</p>\n<p>3、不知细叶谁裁出,二月春风似剪刀。</p>\n<p>——贺知章《咏柳》</p>\n<p>4、停车坐爱枫林晚,霜叶红于二月花。</p>\n<p>——杜牧《山行》</p>\n<p>5、野火烧不尽,春风吹又生。</p>\n<p>——白居易《赋得古原草送别》</p>\n<p>6、天街小雨润如酥,草色遥看近却无。</p>\n<p>——韩愈《早春呈水部张十八员外》</p>\n<p>7、春眠不觉晓,处处闻啼鸟。</p>\n<p>——孟浩然《春晓》</p>\n<p>8、乱花渐欲迷人眼,浅草才能没马蹄。</p>\n<p>——白居易《钱塘湖春行》</p>\n<p>9、晴空一鹤排云上, 便引诗情到碧霄。</p>\n<p>——刘禹锡《秋词》</p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/05/27/6835b00313ab3.jpg\" alt=\"作为中国人可以不读全部诗词,但至少要会背这些千古名句!\" title=\"作为中国人可以不读全部诗词,但至少要会背这些千古名句!\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/05/27/6835affe8df01.jpg\" alt=\"作为中国人可以不读全部诗词,但至少要会背这些千古名句!\" title=\"作为中国人可以不读全部诗词,但至少要会背这些千古名句!\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p>天地山水类</p>\n<p>1、疏影横斜水清浅,暗香浮动月黄昏。</p>\n<p>——林逋《山园小梅· 其一》</p>\n<p>2、野旷天低树, 江清月近人。</p>\n<p>——孟浩然《宿建德江》</p>\n<p>3、一夫当关, 万夫莫开。</p>\n<p>——李白《蜀道难》</p>\n<p>4、青山看不厌,流水趣何长。</p>\n<p>——钱起《陪考功王员外城东池亭宴》</p>\n<p>5、遥望洞庭山水色,白银盘里一青螺。</p>\n<p>——刘禹锡《望洞庭》</p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/05/27/6835b00312e93.jpg\" alt=\"作为中国人可以不读全部诗词,但至少要会背这些千古名句!\" title=\"作为中国人可以不读全部诗词,但至少要会背这些千古名句!\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/05/27/6835afff94a9e.jpg\" alt=\"作为中国人可以不读全部诗词,但至少要会背这些千古名句!\" title=\"作为中国人可以不读全部诗词,但至少要会背这些千古名句!\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p>日月风雨类</p>\n<p>1、夕阳无限好, 只是近黄昏。</p>\n<p>——李商隐《登乐游原》</p>\n<p>2、一道残阳铺水中, 半江瑟瑟半江红。</p>\n<p>——白居易《暮江吟》</p>\n<p>3、海上生明月,天涯共此时。</p>\n<p>——张九龄《望月怀远》</p>\n<p>4、月出惊山鸟, 时鸣春涧中。</p>\n<p>——王维《鸟鸣涧》</p>\n<p>5、独上江楼思渺然,月光如水水如天。</p>\n<p>——赵嘏《江楼旧感》</p>\n<p>6、山风吹空林,飒飒如有人。</p>\n<p>——岑参《暮秋山行》</p>\n<p>7、好雨知时节,当春乃发生。</p>\n<p>——杜甫《春夜喜雨》</p>\n<p>8、黑云压城城欲摧,甲光向日金鳞开。</p>\n<p>——李贺《雁门太守行》</p>\n<p>9、柴门闻犬吠,风雪夜归人。</p>\n<p>——刘长卿《逢雪宿芙蓉山主人》</p>\n<p>10、忽如一夜东风来, 千树万树梨花开。</p>\n<p>——岑参《白雪歌送武判官回京》</p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/05/27/6835b000bc533.jpg\" alt=\"作为中国人可以不读全部诗词,但至少要会背这些千古名句!\" title=\"作为中国人可以不读全部诗词,但至少要会背这些千古名句!\" alt=\"\" /></p>\n<p>【转自网络】</p>\n<p><strong>特别声明:</strong> 以上文章内容仅代表作者本人观点,不代表 新浪网观点或立场。如有关于作品内容、版权或其它问题请于作品发布后的30日内与 新浪网联系。</p>\n",
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"title": "微信备份又升级:外部存储 + 自动化,还是谈不上「好用」吗",
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"content": "将 iOS 微信更新到 8.0.61 后,迎来一个「史诗级」更新,支持将聊天记录备份至电脑和外部存储。<a href=\"https://sspai.com/post/100810\" target=\"_blank\">查看全文</a>",
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"title": "当我说它「太小米」的时候,我在说什么:小米开放式耳机 Pro 体验",
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"content": "当谈到「跑分堆料」可以体现的东西时,小米做得都不错,然而当谈到感知相关的东西时,比如调音审美,就很难谈得上让人满意,小米开放式耳机 Pro 也没能摆脱这个怪圈。<a href=\"https://sspai.com/post/100748\" target=\"_blank\">查看全文</a>",
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"content": "你可能错过的新鲜事工信部试点隐私号专用号段700据央视新闻报道,近日,工业和信息化部印发《关于开展号码保护服务业务试点的通知》,部署基于700号段的号码保护服务业务试点工作。近年来,为减少用户手机号码 ...<a href=\"https://sspai.com/post/100820\" target=\"_blank\">查看全文</a>",
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"content": "5 天 4 夜的自驾行程,我们沿着河西走廊深入敦煌,看到了从玉门关到莫高窟的壮美风景。<a href=\"https://sspai.com/post/100735\" target=\"_blank\">查看全文</a>",
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"content": "可以说 Apple 将计算摄影完全融会贯通在了所有的流程当中,这也算是将科技隐于无形的完美诠释。<a href=\"https://sspai.com/post/99896\" target=\"_blank\">查看全文</a>",
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"title": "本周看什么 | 最近值得一看的 10 部作品",
"description": "☕️TL;DR近期佳作推荐:[日剧]想一个人死去、[港剧]麻甩妈咪、[国产]淬火年代、[美剧]镀金时代第三季、[电影]即兴卧底、[动画]章鱼哔的原罪、[动画]胆大党第二季、[动画]克雷瓦提斯-魔兽之王 ...<a href=\"https://sspai.com/post/100788\" target=\"_blank\">查看全文</a>",
"content": "☕️TL;DR近期佳作推荐:[日剧]想一个人死去、[港剧]麻甩妈咪、[国产]淬火年代、[美剧]镀金时代第三季、[电影]即兴卧底、[动画]章鱼哔的原罪、[动画]胆大党第二季、[动画]克雷瓦提斯-魔兽之王 ...<a href=\"https://sspai.com/post/100788\" target=\"_blank\">查看全文</a>",
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{
"title": "在古代,急行军一天一夜能走多少里?",
"description": "<div><div><div class=\"rich_media_content\" id=\"js_content\"><section style=\"margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 8px; white-space: normal; font-size: 16px; text-align: center; line-height: 1.5em;\"><img class=\"rich_pages js_insertlocalimg wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK6M7Nv6wvsPyLPCsN7uraAJxdXiby5XB2BE6S0ulr9Fs213uZ85nlxAalcgRcLFiaSVdOVlrtCZRibIw/640?wx_fmt=gif\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span><br /></span></section></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em;\"><section style=\"text-align: center;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7DAwFT0hz7ePVL9UCSD5XOUfZBNrYe1UFmWFY3LF2xlWia4lfGyjhpuSz4Ale9rwian0yIGsmclcag/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span><br /></span></section></section><p><span><span>本 文 约 3700 字</span></span></p><section><section label=\"Powered by 135editor.com\"><p><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(178, 178, 178); font-size: 12px;\"><span>阅 读 需 要 12 分 钟</span></span><span><span> </span></span></span></p></section></section><p><span><br /></span></p><section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>嘉靖二十九年</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(1550)</span></span><span>八月,鞑靼部首领俺达汗在久围大同不克之后,移寇东去,自古北口长驱,杀掠怀柔、顺义吏民无算,明军一触即溃,立营于潞河东二十里之孤山</span><span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(今通州东北)</span></span></span><span>、汝口等处,兵锋直指京畿,京师戒严。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>彼时的大明京师,自土木堡之变后久未遭兵祸,嘉靖皇帝急忙下令各镇边军入京畿勤王,此时的明军边帅仇鸾在居庸关暂住听征,当俺达突袭进入京畿后,仇鸾听诏八月十七日</span><span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(戊寅)</span></span></span><span>从居庸关出发,八月十八日</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">己卯)</span></span><span>抵达通州列阵,仅仅一天一夜,急行约莫150里</span><span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(此为明里计数,1明里为180丈,约莫现代560米)</span></span></span><span>,救援速度之快让嘉靖皇帝都感到十分惊喜。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin: 8px 8px 0px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KLuVoiaCVupKuJb8rwLD2D2Oz2J8iaU0ZA7aaXsddgYHRZa9Fkdic2ZoFQ/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiaslRxbmaOJ1Rjek9DxxbuXQrpria4XWgBRGCUBhRbCbrHWMQBKqsbDEw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>那么,昼夜奔袭150里的急行军,在古代军队中是否很难实现,古代的急行军一天大多能走多少里?</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-top: 0px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><font face=\"宋体\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><b><strong><span>困难重重:被制约的行军速度</span></strong></b></font></b><span><br /></span></font></font></b></p></section></section></section><section style=\"margin-top: 0px;\"><span><p></p></span></section></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“所谓踵军者,去大军百里,期于会地,为三日熟食,前军而行,为战合之表。”</span></span><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">                                               ——《尉缭子》</span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>在先秦时期的兵法著作《尉缭子》中,记述了那个时代真实的行军速度,步兵日行仅为30-40里速度。虽然军事科技和道路条件在不断发展,但是自秦汉到明清,关于行军速度这一方面,一直没能取得太大的进步,《尉缭子》中提到的行军速度,也是古代军队普遍的速度,要了解这个问题,首先要从古代行军条件身上说起。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>军队规模、道路系统以及辎重补给,都是决定军队行军速度的重要因素,但这些条件在古代都饱受制约。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KmDsjU5D5IWvuoRTCvl3OGxmheKOBqV0bEKWEkLlECqUgOLzFicKQ55g/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span start=\"start\"><span><br /></span></span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span start=\"start\"><span>在古代,道路条件相对十分恶劣,一支庞大的军队行进时会面临诸多困难。而行军速度的快慢往往取决于其中最慢的部分,</span><span>也就是辎重运输的速度。古代行军辎重的运输一般使用车辆、驮马,位于军队的后方,当辎重部队行进时,道路已然经过大部队踩踏,更加崎岖难行,势必会拖累行军的整体速度。</span></span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span start=\"start\"><span><br /></span></span><span start=\"start\"><span start=\"start\"></span></span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>除此之外,行军路上的各种防护、探查等</span><span><span start=\"start\">必要的安全措施,</span></span><span><span>也会显著延缓军队的行进速度</span></span><span>。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span><span start=\"start\"></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span>在影视剧中,士兵们甲胄齐整地行军是常见的场景,但在古代战场上,这种情况却很少出现。古代的甲胄重量很大,即便是明清时期流行起来的、因较为轻便而被推广的布面甲,也有20多斤的重量</span></span><span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(《明会典》:“造甲,每副重二十四斤至二十五斤……”)</span></span></span><span>,加上其他的武器装备,长途行军对于士兵的体</span><span>力会是一个不小的消耗。因而,古代的士兵并不会穿着盔甲行军,一般行军中,盔甲通常由牲畜或民夫驮着。至于兵士,则需要尽量节省行军中的体力以保证在肉搏战中能拼尽全力。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KoOdeN5JK3FLz9zja0cMASQQS3OI8Fose66lPvBB2q4icdxicBAibMJffQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"width: 537px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiaJ0LmCLjVX1RTQuWNKiao19ReWyhuGGAbU2gtia0TGATJ6ibRJAa3SSHEw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span>古代士兵在行军时不穿盔甲,也是偷袭战术屡屡奏效的重要原因之一。一旦遭遇突袭,未穿甲胄的军队往往会在装备精良的敌军面前遭受单方面的屠杀,结果自然是大败亏输。所以,如何防备敌军的偷袭十分考验古代将领的能力,通过游骑、侦骑等散布四方,从而来侦察敌情是否有埋伏成为防范偷袭的主要手段。</span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span><br /></span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>以明朝为例,明军中的塘报骑兵就是专门执行防范偷袭、探查敌情、汇报信息这类任务的。当军队开拔离开营寨之后,明军塘骑就要外出侦查。塘骑以塘为编制,每个塘有五人,这五个人在侦查时不能离开彼此的视线。同时,每人都要装备信炮,以便遭遇突发事件时给大军报警。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-align: center;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4Kswp3icIdmmeat2bic5aKeAkjc5RfgZbfRVaJTCCU0W2ibZXhSCEfTuorw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 340px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiarNuWXl3AVdrQN9iaVflA8Qg5q9MYCpICnb5jradRIMEuEFMYQE4YZmA/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span><br /></span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>明军大军在行军时,不管军队兵分几路,每一路都要设置二十四塘骑兵,这些塘骑每人之间相距一里,广泛散布遥相呼应,最多可散布二十余里,之后游骑再将探查到的情况汇集给大部队,确保前路没有敌军的埋伏。此外,塘骑作为军队的眼睛侦测四方,行军前方的道路情况、水源情况等问题也需要了解清楚,在做到这些后,大部队才可以加速行军。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>游骑的探查措施在行军中尤为必要,在历史上,即便是军事经验丰富的将官也会在这个问题上碰壁。洪武五年</span><span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(1372)</span></span></span><span>,明军名将李文忠率军远征漠北,当李文忠在土剌河一带击败北元将领哈剌章、蛮子后,翻过燕然山一路追击元军至称海。在李文忠携胜而还的路上,李文忠军因为游骑探查工作不到位,夜里走错了路,一度找不到水源,数万百战之师险些尽数陨落草原。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-align: center;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4K4n3aicnFnNicW9FF8TyJyoEuymlPRgSKx96lV9B7AlExV2iaENu5pIUvg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"width: 435px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiayu5sVgDh32pJUWQfH2ngVHBU2TibfwPK6icmic6PibfpugcH2KQ0Ah5b9g/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>游骑、侦骑的探查确保了大军行军路上的安全,也迟滞了大军整体行军的速度。不过事有例外,如果遇上某些特殊情况,轻装上路的军队也可能达到日行百里。一支规模不大的部队舍弃辎重,缩小探查范围,只是为了某个迫切的目标进行急行军,这在古代战争史上也算不上稀奇。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>同光元年</span><span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(923)</span></span></span><span>十月,梁晋争霸进入后期,李存勖自杨刘渡河,进抵郓州,命令李嗣源为前锋,攻破中都,擒获王彦章后。李存勖否决了唐军诸将都认为应先攻占青州、齐州、徐州、兖州等地后窥伺梁军的建议。下令李嗣源丢弃辎重、攻城器械等物资,轻骑奔袭汴州,攻取后梁国都。李嗣源前军倍道兼行,初九日抵达汴州,不到十日内后唐前军纵横数百里疾进,完全打破了梁末帝朱友贞的部署,兵临城下之际,朱友贞自杀,后梁灭亡。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KEYfWPhTmbhwl2suu62gIsppABe00RxYllkicUw9zXFzFV5cjxzHtjcQ/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiazxXk63ia9gLwbcG6ll9wC2GzweibwAzcvrVqzqHEzT0ibGDXIpyMGbDKg/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>李存勖挥斥方遒、李嗣源奔袭灭梁的故事磅礴至今,不过李存勖、李嗣源此举并不冒进,而是审时度势之后的决定。彼时后梁各路大军在外难以支援,后唐军又素来耐苦,李存勖才得以灭梁成功,如果没有训练有素的军队和特殊的战场形势,这样丢弃辎重强行军的战法几乎是自取灭亡。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>总的来说,在种种制约下,古代军队“常行军”的每日不过三十里到四十里左右,而一日行军一百多里,几乎是丢弃物资、轻装简行之后所能达到的行军速度极限。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KEa2GdEKZUngJhf8RToFnDiaH6wjibD0ZWbHZ5HuTEv5SXP7dhiblZF6bw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section><section><p style=\"margin-top: 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-top: 0px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><font face=\"宋体\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><b><strong><span>困难重重:被制约的行军速度</span></strong></b></font></b><span><br /></span></font></font></b></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>《孙子兵法》说:</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“倍道兼行,百里而争利,则擒三将军,劲者先,疲者后,其法十一而至。”</span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>也就是说,每天一百里的强行军,只有体力好的士卒可以跟上,体力差的只能落在后面,高强度的急行军会导致大量的士卒掉队。</span><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KLHLuCptxX2F3uDnsc1Ka8Md4ZgTGmUmq2qoCQbpGDPKYqDVQD518qg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"width: 495px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>在浩繁的史籍资料中,“倍道”一词频频出现,倍道,也就是用加倍的速度行进、兼程赶路的意思。历史上,诸如嘉靖时期仇鸾部众一昼夜的行军速度达到一百五十里的倍道行军并不鲜见,但能在急行军之后,像仇鸾军一样保持战斗力的却不多。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KmPUgibIZ1yAYiaDuAKHwscgMasbXwqt88Bkw3V0YmXlq9eoFCXUpm1Hw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiaXtpUTBFInk9z0AjJ5zy7BM6GN8bP8FficZVuLVkEia2ep5Crfbs7hwdw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><h2 style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></h2><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>《三国志·诸葛亮传》中记载了曹操在当阳时急行军追击刘备的情况:</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“曹操之众,远来疲弊,闻追豫州,轻骑一日一夜行三百馀里,此所谓‘强弩之末,势不能穿鲁缟’者也。故兵法忌之,曰‘必蹶上将军’。”</span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>在此次追击战中,曹操的轻骑兵一天一夜急行300里</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(汉里的距离短于明里,大约相当于后世的120公里)</span></span><span>。对此,诸葛亮曾形容其为“强弩之末,势不能穿鲁缟”,认为这样的军队难以保持强大的战斗力。事实上,曹操军能够达到如此惊人的行军速度,很可能是因为他们派出的是一支舍弃了辎重、一人多马的精锐轻骑兵。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4Kvaw832pVmYsY47fCsIeQUd0hTCyAlE5cT6qgZ0eoZYxzr93YLiaB20w/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiaHOeo5UOdBLwDAUXn0vwpgp3etp7j1iccGhjFyCXQiczv2rTg9omEt1iag/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>而无论什么样的军队,在</span><span>长途奔袭后</span><span>也很难维持后续作战能力。尽管轻骑兵在装备上尽量精简,但仍需配备基本的甲胄、弓箭和武器等。这些装备加上骑士本身的重量,对马匹来说是不小的负担。而在骑兵作战中,马匹的耐力极为有限,其优势主要在于奔跑时的冲击力。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>在当今的马匹耐力赛中,无负重的最优秀赛马在接近一天的奔跑中可以保持每小时近二十公里的速度,但即便如此,一天下来,大量马匹会掉队,只有部分马匹能够完成一百多公里的赛程。在两汉三国时期,如果曹军轻骑兵敢于面对大量骑兵掉队、到达的骑兵马匹无力冲刺、甚至事后大量马匹残废报废等惨重损耗,他们确实可以实现如此高速的急行军,但代价极为惨烈。因此,长途奔袭之后,一方面由于舍弃了补给辎重,另一方面人马困乏,曹军的战斗力急剧下降几乎是必然的。所谓“强弩之末,势不能穿鲁缟”,恐怕并非诸葛亮对曹军的贬低,而是基于实际情况的描述。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4K0oPMBaNaZGjXJ57gJgQglcOLicFPdEuWBTqTEFibFGQX84r5G0cUmhUw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiaOjZzQEDZg2hQkzbZ5xL9G8kOOb3spkl1DCFPHkbQ8GibsMhGTeKZOAA/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>《三国志》正史中记载,张飞仅率二十骑兵便敢在长坂桥拦截曹军,曹军之中“敌皆无敢近者”。这一记载或许并非过分夸张。经过高强度行军后,曹军已然疲惫不堪,而张飞则占据有利地形,以逸待劳,体力充沛。尽管张飞身边只有数十骑士,但曹军虽然数量众多,却怯于一战,面对张飞的阻击,只能逡巡不前。</span><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>因此,避免行军后作战,是古代军队的重中之重,即便是以耐力颇佳闻名的唐末五代第一强军“沙陀鸦儿军”也是一样,鸦儿军的最高指挥者李存勖就对此十分重视。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>在梁晋沿黄河对峙的时期,晋王李存勖在训练士卒和行军过程中,为了确保骑兵在作战时具备持续的作战能力,曾下令:“骑兵不见敌,不得骑马。”他严格约束士卒,对违反这一军令的军士,最高可处以斩刑。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KXEsDAwWBIvzOibBXfvfX5ucpslUtMmpKUsLMM0cdpYU0oq8ZER8sZfw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiaR6EGRicsgW92FoqPXDDB5qia7HpapsGZT2lo7GVhYl29ZCeiaOo6auBibA/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><h2 style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin: 0px 8px 8px;\"><span><br /></span></h2><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>李存勖并非不想利用马匹提高行军速度,而是为了保证骑兵在作战时能够发挥出足够的冲击力,才不得不做出这样的安排。这种政策虽有不便,但在两害相权之下,只能选择相对更优的方案,这实在是无奈之举。</span></p><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>军队强行军下所产生的巨大损耗,实在需要古代将领慎重考虑。</span><span style=\"font-size: 16px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"></span><span>正所谓</span><span>“军无辎重则亡,无粮食则亡,无委积则亡</span><span>”。</span><span>古代行军</span><span>过</span><span>程中,并非随时随地都要</span><span>讲究“兵贵神速”</span><span>。</span></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: bold;\">参考文献:</span></span></font></b><b><span><p></p></span></b></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">杨生民《中国里的长度演变考》</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">唐玉萍《简论明代庚戌之变》</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">陈寿《三国志》</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">*</span>本文系“国家</span></font><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">人文历史”独家稿件,欢迎读者转发朋友圈。</span></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><span><br /></span></p><section><section><section><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4s6XTkV1zgY7Ndw3fVeyGpxIIj30oUzpUnwIcafcXhx66GztUhxGc2FM8I09uwLbMwUFOQfZVGcg/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section></section></section><section><span><span>END</span></span></section><section><span><span>作者 | </span><span>湘桥蓬蒿人</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span>‍‍‍‍‍‍‍</span></span></span></section><section><span><span>编辑 | 胡心雅</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span>‍</span></span></span></section><section><span><span>主编 | 周斌</span></span></section><section><span><span>排版 | 徐沁(实习)</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span>‍</span></span></span></section><section><span><span>校对 | 火炬 李栋 古月</span></span></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><span><span><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK6o0DTLAcjHUob1LlCbkiaCGeUicmbUPjIKiciad7l2ytYjz3bGBzNyAUu0aicCb4oWXbicQBJA96lk9Tug/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></span></span></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><strong><span><br /></span></strong></section><section><strong><span>国历好物</span></strong></section><p><span><strong><span><span>进击的士族</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>旁落的皇权</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>跨越五百年的权力对抗史</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>国民历史读物《国家人文历史》专业团队</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>最新力作</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>展现士族潮起潮落的史诗级历史画卷</span></span></strong></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><p><span><br /></span></p><section label=\"edit by 135editor\"><section><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK50l871IgvMuCSibrmOibSxicuassfQWcfhotQqH5lYBRPtichLu7A0vIGovAB5sRkicvnkQnT342127lA/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section><section><section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section></section><section><section><strong><span>点击下方封面,即可购买</span></strong></section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><span><strong><span><span>↓↓↓</span></span></strong></span></p><p><a class=\"weapp_image_link js_weapp_entry\"><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK5sbRbqWpNPCUYibIYbC7RFRAHn32PAWbKDIM6A4MkicYHOWIR0Hy6iamToAdrvvPDeu5T15EKXjC1Fg/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></a><span><br /></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><h2 src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPQbfYUk2lKRJbtAXIuZ0kjicBeKbKicn7picTvdbH5bfuaoiazGOfbm8kw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558\"><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPPS2Tl0L42giakAlUSsWM2hKsLfDwrNFcLNgFaxPhQng3E9mCRE3tkg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558px\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&amp;mid=2651035606&amp;idx=1&amp;sn=95e5b910a9c15c3b861b33b6a6da3866&amp;scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcaIgQkEibvERBOGAaoicFhgsfmibxDTGK2z3uLHbhcvWGEYibV0hom5VW8CA/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></a></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&amp;mid=2651035897&amp;idx=1&amp;sn=befda0705325843f84da3911012cad95&amp;scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcamtwvyMNyxgGfdgqCCu9GkBZl21VfOcYfkJRh5E0ArHl4UUBtbSzwRQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></a></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcaohkRZ9cGSGGPakn9lRTzm4qIA3pNHn3EVXrsicT3De6T2ib5Slw6GsRQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span><span><br /></span></span></section></section></section></h2></section></section></section><section><span><section><h2 src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPQbfYUk2lKRJbtAXIuZ0kjicBeKbKicn7picTvdbH5bfuaoiazGOfbm8kw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558\"><span><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages __bg_gif wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK6M7Nv6wvsPyLPCsN7uraAJ0nGCQhDMIIg0L5icbmcctmcTvsgM0HwBpkXTF9ztE2MsQ8Tso0exnicA/640?wx_fmt=gif\" /></span></h2><section><span><span><br /></span></span></section><section><span><span>“</span><strong><span>在看</span></strong><span>”的永远18岁~</span></span></section></section></span></section><section><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><section><section style=\"padding-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 1em; display: flex;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"></span></section></section></section></span></section><p style=\"display: none;\"></p></div>\n \n\n \n <br />\n\n \n <a class=\"media_tool_meta meta_primary\" href=\"http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&amp;mid=2651042227&amp;idx=1&amp;sn=78539ef43c196895172924630d17f28f&amp;chksm=bcf2be601a1f46f2652e834f93b73f1797bfe57fd69f0406238feaa3ec1ec7be4f10333d86ea&amp;scene=0#rd\" style=\"color: blue;\" target=\"_blank\">文章原文</a>\n <br />\n \n\n \n\n <img alt=\"\" class=\"\" height=\"1px\" src=\"http://www.jintiankansha.me/rss_static/13443/khhr4Bd7yN\" style=\"width: 1px; height: 1px; display: none;\" width=\"1px\" /></div></div>",
"content": "<div><div><div class=\"rich_media_content\" id=\"js_content\"><section style=\"margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 8px; white-space: normal; font-size: 16px; text-align: center; line-height: 1.5em;\"><img class=\"rich_pages js_insertlocalimg wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK6M7Nv6wvsPyLPCsN7uraAJxdXiby5XB2BE6S0ulr9Fs213uZ85nlxAalcgRcLFiaSVdOVlrtCZRibIw/640?wx_fmt=gif\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span><br /></span></section></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em;\"><section style=\"text-align: center;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7DAwFT0hz7ePVL9UCSD5XOUfZBNrYe1UFmWFY3LF2xlWia4lfGyjhpuSz4Ale9rwian0yIGsmclcag/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span><br /></span></section></section><p><span><span>本 文 约 3700 字</span></span></p><section><section label=\"Powered by 135editor.com\"><p><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(178, 178, 178); font-size: 12px;\"><span>阅 读 需 要 12 分 钟</span></span><span><span> </span></span></span></p></section></section><p><span><br /></span></p><section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>嘉靖二十九年</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(1550)</span></span><span>八月,鞑靼部首领俺达汗在久围大同不克之后,移寇东去,自古北口长驱,杀掠怀柔、顺义吏民无算,明军一触即溃,立营于潞河东二十里之孤山</span><span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(今通州东北)</span></span></span><span>、汝口等处,兵锋直指京畿,京师戒严。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>彼时的大明京师,自土木堡之变后久未遭兵祸,嘉靖皇帝急忙下令各镇边军入京畿勤王,此时的明军边帅仇鸾在居庸关暂住听征,当俺达突袭进入京畿后,仇鸾听诏八月十七日</span><span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(戊寅)</span></span></span><span>从居庸关出发,八月十八日</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">己卯)</span></span><span>抵达通州列阵,仅仅一天一夜,急行约莫150里</span><span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(此为明里计数,1明里为180丈,约莫现代560米)</span></span></span><span>,救援速度之快让嘉靖皇帝都感到十分惊喜。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin: 8px 8px 0px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KLuVoiaCVupKuJb8rwLD2D2Oz2J8iaU0ZA7aaXsddgYHRZa9Fkdic2ZoFQ/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiaslRxbmaOJ1Rjek9DxxbuXQrpria4XWgBRGCUBhRbCbrHWMQBKqsbDEw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>那么,昼夜奔袭150里的急行军,在古代军队中是否很难实现,古代的急行军一天大多能走多少里?</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-top: 0px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><font face=\"宋体\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><b><strong><span>困难重重:被制约的行军速度</span></strong></b></font></b><span><br /></span></font></font></b></p></section></section></section><section style=\"margin-top: 0px;\"><span><p></p></span></section></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“所谓踵军者,去大军百里,期于会地,为三日熟食,前军而行,为战合之表。”</span></span><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">                                               ——《尉缭子》</span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>在先秦时期的兵法著作《尉缭子》中,记述了那个时代真实的行军速度,步兵日行仅为30-40里速度。虽然军事科技和道路条件在不断发展,但是自秦汉到明清,关于行军速度这一方面,一直没能取得太大的进步,《尉缭子》中提到的行军速度,也是古代军队普遍的速度,要了解这个问题,首先要从古代行军条件身上说起。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>军队规模、道路系统以及辎重补给,都是决定军队行军速度的重要因素,但这些条件在古代都饱受制约。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KmDsjU5D5IWvuoRTCvl3OGxmheKOBqV0bEKWEkLlECqUgOLzFicKQ55g/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span start=\"start\"><span><br /></span></span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span start=\"start\"><span>在古代,道路条件相对十分恶劣,一支庞大的军队行进时会面临诸多困难。而行军速度的快慢往往取决于其中最慢的部分,</span><span>也就是辎重运输的速度。古代行军辎重的运输一般使用车辆、驮马,位于军队的后方,当辎重部队行进时,道路已然经过大部队踩踏,更加崎岖难行,势必会拖累行军的整体速度。</span></span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span start=\"start\"><span><br /></span></span><span start=\"start\"><span start=\"start\"></span></span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>除此之外,行军路上的各种防护、探查等</span><span><span start=\"start\">必要的安全措施,</span></span><span><span>也会显著延缓军队的行进速度</span></span><span>。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span><span start=\"start\"></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span>在影视剧中,士兵们甲胄齐整地行军是常见的场景,但在古代战场上,这种情况却很少出现。古代的甲胄重量很大,即便是明清时期流行起来的、因较为轻便而被推广的布面甲,也有20多斤的重量</span></span><span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(《明会典》:“造甲,每副重二十四斤至二十五斤……”)</span></span></span><span>,加上其他的武器装备,长途行军对于士兵的体</span><span>力会是一个不小的消耗。因而,古代的士兵并不会穿着盔甲行军,一般行军中,盔甲通常由牲畜或民夫驮着。至于兵士,则需要尽量节省行军中的体力以保证在肉搏战中能拼尽全力。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KoOdeN5JK3FLz9zja0cMASQQS3OI8Fose66lPvBB2q4icdxicBAibMJffQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"width: 537px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiaJ0LmCLjVX1RTQuWNKiao19ReWyhuGGAbU2gtia0TGATJ6ibRJAa3SSHEw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span>古代士兵在行军时不穿盔甲,也是偷袭战术屡屡奏效的重要原因之一。一旦遭遇突袭,未穿甲胄的军队往往会在装备精良的敌军面前遭受单方面的屠杀,结果自然是大败亏输。所以,如何防备敌军的偷袭十分考验古代将领的能力,通过游骑、侦骑等散布四方,从而来侦察敌情是否有埋伏成为防范偷袭的主要手段。</span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span><br /></span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>以明朝为例,明军中的塘报骑兵就是专门执行防范偷袭、探查敌情、汇报信息这类任务的。当军队开拔离开营寨之后,明军塘骑就要外出侦查。塘骑以塘为编制,每个塘有五人,这五个人在侦查时不能离开彼此的视线。同时,每人都要装备信炮,以便遭遇突发事件时给大军报警。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-align: center;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4Kswp3icIdmmeat2bic5aKeAkjc5RfgZbfRVaJTCCU0W2ibZXhSCEfTuorw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 340px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiarNuWXl3AVdrQN9iaVflA8Qg5q9MYCpICnb5jradRIMEuEFMYQE4YZmA/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span><br /></span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>明军大军在行军时,不管军队兵分几路,每一路都要设置二十四塘骑兵,这些塘骑每人之间相距一里,广泛散布遥相呼应,最多可散布二十余里,之后游骑再将探查到的情况汇集给大部队,确保前路没有敌军的埋伏。此外,塘骑作为军队的眼睛侦测四方,行军前方的道路情况、水源情况等问题也需要了解清楚,在做到这些后,大部队才可以加速行军。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>游骑的探查措施在行军中尤为必要,在历史上,即便是军事经验丰富的将官也会在这个问题上碰壁。洪武五年</span><span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(1372)</span></span></span><span>,明军名将李文忠率军远征漠北,当李文忠在土剌河一带击败北元将领哈剌章、蛮子后,翻过燕然山一路追击元军至称海。在李文忠携胜而还的路上,李文忠军因为游骑探查工作不到位,夜里走错了路,一度找不到水源,数万百战之师险些尽数陨落草原。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-align: center;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4K4n3aicnFnNicW9FF8TyJyoEuymlPRgSKx96lV9B7AlExV2iaENu5pIUvg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"width: 435px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiayu5sVgDh32pJUWQfH2ngVHBU2TibfwPK6icmic6PibfpugcH2KQ0Ah5b9g/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>游骑、侦骑的探查确保了大军行军路上的安全,也迟滞了大军整体行军的速度。不过事有例外,如果遇上某些特殊情况,轻装上路的军队也可能达到日行百里。一支规模不大的部队舍弃辎重,缩小探查范围,只是为了某个迫切的目标进行急行军,这在古代战争史上也算不上稀奇。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>同光元年</span><span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(923)</span></span></span><span>十月,梁晋争霸进入后期,李存勖自杨刘渡河,进抵郓州,命令李嗣源为前锋,攻破中都,擒获王彦章后。李存勖否决了唐军诸将都认为应先攻占青州、齐州、徐州、兖州等地后窥伺梁军的建议。下令李嗣源丢弃辎重、攻城器械等物资,轻骑奔袭汴州,攻取后梁国都。李嗣源前军倍道兼行,初九日抵达汴州,不到十日内后唐前军纵横数百里疾进,完全打破了梁末帝朱友贞的部署,兵临城下之际,朱友贞自杀,后梁灭亡。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KEYfWPhTmbhwl2suu62gIsppABe00RxYllkicUw9zXFzFV5cjxzHtjcQ/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiazxXk63ia9gLwbcG6ll9wC2GzweibwAzcvrVqzqHEzT0ibGDXIpyMGbDKg/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>李存勖挥斥方遒、李嗣源奔袭灭梁的故事磅礴至今,不过李存勖、李嗣源此举并不冒进,而是审时度势之后的决定。彼时后梁各路大军在外难以支援,后唐军又素来耐苦,李存勖才得以灭梁成功,如果没有训练有素的军队和特殊的战场形势,这样丢弃辎重强行军的战法几乎是自取灭亡。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>总的来说,在种种制约下,古代军队“常行军”的每日不过三十里到四十里左右,而一日行军一百多里,几乎是丢弃物资、轻装简行之后所能达到的行军速度极限。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KEa2GdEKZUngJhf8RToFnDiaH6wjibD0ZWbHZ5HuTEv5SXP7dhiblZF6bw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section><section><p style=\"margin-top: 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-top: 0px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><font face=\"宋体\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><b><strong><span>困难重重:被制约的行军速度</span></strong></b></font></b><span><br /></span></font></font></b></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>《孙子兵法》说:</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“倍道兼行,百里而争利,则擒三将军,劲者先,疲者后,其法十一而至。”</span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>也就是说,每天一百里的强行军,只有体力好的士卒可以跟上,体力差的只能落在后面,高强度的急行军会导致大量的士卒掉队。</span><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KLHLuCptxX2F3uDnsc1Ka8Md4ZgTGmUmq2qoCQbpGDPKYqDVQD518qg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"width: 495px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>在浩繁的史籍资料中,“倍道”一词频频出现,倍道,也就是用加倍的速度行进、兼程赶路的意思。历史上,诸如嘉靖时期仇鸾部众一昼夜的行军速度达到一百五十里的倍道行军并不鲜见,但能在急行军之后,像仇鸾军一样保持战斗力的却不多。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KmPUgibIZ1yAYiaDuAKHwscgMasbXwqt88Bkw3V0YmXlq9eoFCXUpm1Hw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiaXtpUTBFInk9z0AjJ5zy7BM6GN8bP8FficZVuLVkEia2ep5Crfbs7hwdw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><h2 style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></h2><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>《三国志·诸葛亮传》中记载了曹操在当阳时急行军追击刘备的情况:</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“曹操之众,远来疲弊,闻追豫州,轻骑一日一夜行三百馀里,此所谓‘强弩之末,势不能穿鲁缟’者也。故兵法忌之,曰‘必蹶上将军’。”</span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>在此次追击战中,曹操的轻骑兵一天一夜急行300里</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(汉里的距离短于明里,大约相当于后世的120公里)</span></span><span>。对此,诸葛亮曾形容其为“强弩之末,势不能穿鲁缟”,认为这样的军队难以保持强大的战斗力。事实上,曹操军能够达到如此惊人的行军速度,很可能是因为他们派出的是一支舍弃了辎重、一人多马的精锐轻骑兵。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4Kvaw832pVmYsY47fCsIeQUd0hTCyAlE5cT6qgZ0eoZYxzr93YLiaB20w/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiaHOeo5UOdBLwDAUXn0vwpgp3etp7j1iccGhjFyCXQiczv2rTg9omEt1iag/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>而无论什么样的军队,在</span><span>长途奔袭后</span><span>也很难维持后续作战能力。尽管轻骑兵在装备上尽量精简,但仍需配备基本的甲胄、弓箭和武器等。这些装备加上骑士本身的重量,对马匹来说是不小的负担。而在骑兵作战中,马匹的耐力极为有限,其优势主要在于奔跑时的冲击力。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>在当今的马匹耐力赛中,无负重的最优秀赛马在接近一天的奔跑中可以保持每小时近二十公里的速度,但即便如此,一天下来,大量马匹会掉队,只有部分马匹能够完成一百多公里的赛程。在两汉三国时期,如果曹军轻骑兵敢于面对大量骑兵掉队、到达的骑兵马匹无力冲刺、甚至事后大量马匹残废报废等惨重损耗,他们确实可以实现如此高速的急行军,但代价极为惨烈。因此,长途奔袭之后,一方面由于舍弃了补给辎重,另一方面人马困乏,曹军的战斗力急剧下降几乎是必然的。所谓“强弩之末,势不能穿鲁缟”,恐怕并非诸葛亮对曹军的贬低,而是基于实际情况的描述。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4K0oPMBaNaZGjXJ57gJgQglcOLicFPdEuWBTqTEFibFGQX84r5G0cUmhUw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiaOjZzQEDZg2hQkzbZ5xL9G8kOOb3spkl1DCFPHkbQ8GibsMhGTeKZOAA/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>《三国志》正史中记载,张飞仅率二十骑兵便敢在长坂桥拦截曹军,曹军之中“敌皆无敢近者”。这一记载或许并非过分夸张。经过高强度行军后,曹军已然疲惫不堪,而张飞则占据有利地形,以逸待劳,体力充沛。尽管张飞身边只有数十骑士,但曹军虽然数量众多,却怯于一战,面对张飞的阻击,只能逡巡不前。</span><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>因此,避免行军后作战,是古代军队的重中之重,即便是以耐力颇佳闻名的唐末五代第一强军“沙陀鸦儿军”也是一样,鸦儿军的最高指挥者李存勖就对此十分重视。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>在梁晋沿黄河对峙的时期,晋王李存勖在训练士卒和行军过程中,为了确保骑兵在作战时具备持续的作战能力,曾下令:“骑兵不见敌,不得骑马。”他严格约束士卒,对违反这一军令的军士,最高可处以斩刑。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KXEsDAwWBIvzOibBXfvfX5ucpslUtMmpKUsLMM0cdpYU0oq8ZER8sZfw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiaR6EGRicsgW92FoqPXDDB5qia7HpapsGZT2lo7GVhYl29ZCeiaOo6auBibA/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><h2 style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin: 0px 8px 8px;\"><span><br /></span></h2><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>李存勖并非不想利用马匹提高行军速度,而是为了保证骑兵在作战时能够发挥出足够的冲击力,才不得不做出这样的安排。这种政策虽有不便,但在两害相权之下,只能选择相对更优的方案,这实在是无奈之举。</span></p><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>军队强行军下所产生的巨大损耗,实在需要古代将领慎重考虑。</span><span style=\"font-size: 16px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"></span><span>正所谓</span><span>“军无辎重则亡,无粮食则亡,无委积则亡</span><span>”。</span><span>古代行军</span><span>过</span><span>程中,并非随时随地都要</span><span>讲究“兵贵神速”</span><span>。</span></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: bold;\">参考文献:</span></span></font></b><b><span><p></p></span></b></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">杨生民《中国里的长度演变考》</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">唐玉萍《简论明代庚戌之变》</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">陈寿《三国志》</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">*</span>本文系“国家</span></font><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">人文历史”独家稿件,欢迎读者转发朋友圈。</span></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><span><br /></span></p><section><section><section><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4s6XTkV1zgY7Ndw3fVeyGpxIIj30oUzpUnwIcafcXhx66GztUhxGc2FM8I09uwLbMwUFOQfZVGcg/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section></section></section><section><span><span>END</span></span></section><section><span><span>作者 | </span><span>湘桥蓬蒿人</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span>‍‍‍‍‍‍‍</span></span></span></section><section><span><span>编辑 | 胡心雅</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span>‍</span></span></span></section><section><span><span>主编 | 周斌</span></span></section><section><span><span>排版 | 徐沁(实习)</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span>‍</span></span></span></section><section><span><span>校对 | 火炬 李栋 古月</span></span></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><span><span><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK6o0DTLAcjHUob1LlCbkiaCGeUicmbUPjIKiciad7l2ytYjz3bGBzNyAUu0aicCb4oWXbicQBJA96lk9Tug/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></span></span></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><strong><span><br /></span></strong></section><section><strong><span>国历好物</span></strong></section><p><span><strong><span><span>进击的士族</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>旁落的皇权</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>跨越五百年的权力对抗史</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>国民历史读物《国家人文历史》专业团队</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>最新力作</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>展现士族潮起潮落的史诗级历史画卷</span></span></strong></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><p><span><br /></span></p><section label=\"edit by 135editor\"><section><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK50l871IgvMuCSibrmOibSxicuassfQWcfhotQqH5lYBRPtichLu7A0vIGovAB5sRkicvnkQnT342127lA/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section><section><section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section></section><section><section><strong><span>点击下方封面,即可购买</span></strong></section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><span><strong><span><span>↓↓↓</span></span></strong></span></p><p><a class=\"weapp_image_link js_weapp_entry\"><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK5sbRbqWpNPCUYibIYbC7RFRAHn32PAWbKDIM6A4MkicYHOWIR0Hy6iamToAdrvvPDeu5T15EKXjC1Fg/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></a><span><br /></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><h2 src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPQbfYUk2lKRJbtAXIuZ0kjicBeKbKicn7picTvdbH5bfuaoiazGOfbm8kw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558\"><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPPS2Tl0L42giakAlUSsWM2hKsLfDwrNFcLNgFaxPhQng3E9mCRE3tkg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558px\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&amp;mid=2651035606&amp;idx=1&amp;sn=95e5b910a9c15c3b861b33b6a6da3866&amp;scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcaIgQkEibvERBOGAaoicFhgsfmibxDTGK2z3uLHbhcvWGEYibV0hom5VW8CA/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></a></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&amp;mid=2651035897&amp;idx=1&amp;sn=befda0705325843f84da3911012cad95&amp;scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcamtwvyMNyxgGfdgqCCu9GkBZl21VfOcYfkJRh5E0ArHl4UUBtbSzwRQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></a></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcaohkRZ9cGSGGPakn9lRTzm4qIA3pNHn3EVXrsicT3De6T2ib5Slw6GsRQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span><span><br /></span></span></section></section></section></h2></section></section></section><section><span><section><h2 src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPQbfYUk2lKRJbtAXIuZ0kjicBeKbKicn7picTvdbH5bfuaoiazGOfbm8kw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558\"><span><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages __bg_gif wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK6M7Nv6wvsPyLPCsN7uraAJ0nGCQhDMIIg0L5icbmcctmcTvsgM0HwBpkXTF9ztE2MsQ8Tso0exnicA/640?wx_fmt=gif\" /></span></h2><section><span><span><br /></span></span></section><section><span><span>“</span><strong><span>在看</span></strong><span>”的永远18岁~</span></span></section></section></span></section><section><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><section><section style=\"padding-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 1em; display: flex;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"></span></section></section></section></span></section><p style=\"display: none;\"></p></div>\n \n\n \n <br />\n\n \n <a class=\"media_tool_meta meta_primary\" href=\"http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&amp;mid=2651042227&amp;idx=1&amp;sn=78539ef43c196895172924630d17f28f&amp;chksm=bcf2be601a1f46f2652e834f93b73f1797bfe57fd69f0406238feaa3ec1ec7be4f10333d86ea&amp;scene=0#rd\" style=\"color: blue;\" target=\"_blank\">文章原文</a>\n <br />\n \n\n \n\n <img alt=\"\" class=\"\" height=\"1px\" src=\"http://www.jintiankansha.me/rss_static/13443/khhr4Bd7yN\" style=\"width: 1px; height: 1px; display: none;\" width=\"1px\" /></div></div>",
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"description": "人民日报社主管主办,原名《文史参考》,“真相、趣味、良知”,为学术界搭建话语平台,为新锐者提供思想阵地,为文史爱好者营造精神家园。",
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{
"title": "抗战危急时刻,3200余名南侨机工毅然回国,筑起一条“不沉的补给线”",
"description": "<div><div><div class=\"rich_media_content\" id=\"js_content\"><section wrap=\"wrap\"><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px;\"><span wrap=\"wrap\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px;\"><span wrap=\"wrap\"><br /></span></p><section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>“赤子功勋”—云南昆明西山上矗立着一座9米高的纪念碑,基座上刻着这四个大</span><span>字</span><span>。碑文这样写道:</span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;\">三千多名热血奔腾的南洋华侨机工……以自己的生命、鲜血和汗水,在华侨爱国史上谱写出可歌</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;\">可泣的壮丽篇章,也在中国人民抗日战争史和世界人民反法西斯战争史上建立了不可磨灭的</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;\">功勋。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>1939年至1942年,抗战危急时刻,在被称为“死亡公路”的滇缅公路上,3200余名南洋归国华侨青年,驾驶卡车穿越枪林弹雨,抢运军需物资、抢修运输车辆,为抗战筑起一条“不沉的补给线”。</span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aOqyKVicpKZUlw0sevJq9EOWh9MaicJRpqqsuQsxvqribK9kPGvbfekjpA/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">硝烟散尽,功勋长存。他们有一个共同的名字——南洋华侨机工回国服务团</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;\">(简称“南侨机工”)</span></span><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">。今年4月15日,在赴吉隆坡对马来西亚进行国事访问之际,习近平主席在当地媒体发表署名文章指出:</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;\">“80多年前,马来西亚南侨机工在中国人民抗日战争的关键时刻奔赴云南,帮助打通滇缅公路这条生命线。这些佳话至今仍在中马两国人民中广为传颂。”</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78a9rXqcS8xgPqx1K2RWtOn2fs5UicYSrC5SsFgbqgYlOroC6ZG3wicUXow/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78a64OHeMiaFiauAJET2sAHibyVNG64hQKKhwQsJydJ4Wt3l1MZlrVgxpSuQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section><section><section style=\"display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: initial;\"><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><span wrap=\"wrap\">凭借胆魄与技术,在敌机轰炸下持续穿行</span><span><br /></span></span></p></section></section></section></section></section><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px; text-indent: 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">1937年7月7日中国人民抗日战争全面爆发后,中国沿海重要港口基本沦陷,西北公路和滇越铁路先后被切断,滇缅公路成为中国与外部联系的重要国际运输通道。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px; text-indent: 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">滇缅公路全长1146公里,从云南昆明通往缅甸,翻越高黎贡山、云岭等崇山</span></span><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">峻岭,由20万筑路民众在9个月内徒手开凿而成,1938年8月通车后成为“中国抗战的生命线”。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px; text-indent: 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">路修通了,但问题依然严峻:当时中国严重缺乏熟悉汽车驾驶与维修的技术人员。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">危急关头,时任南侨总会主席陈嘉庚1939年2月在《南洋商报》上发出《南洋华侨筹赈祖国难民总会第六号通告》,征募懂驾驶、会修车的华侨青年回国服务,通告结尾写道:“事关祖国复兴大业,逼切注意办理是要。”</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78a2dJXEfKxHQLAOicWaaicWq33PiaYKA3ofez4yZZYhjyd5iaFRg8qo2N79A/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78axDE3GjMCiaVsqgBm7PlxwcblmzRNialldiaXYqToSgibiak1BYz7NlInhUA/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">通告发出后,短短10天便有80人响应,后续报名者不断。他们中有教师、医生、商人、工程师,其中不乏家境殷实者。通告要求年龄在20—40岁之间,但前来报名的人中年纪最大的49岁,最小的仅13岁,他们瞒报、虚报年龄,甚至有人女扮男装,希望回国参与抗战。1939年,先后有9批共3200余名南侨机工回国支援。他们来自今新加坡、马来西亚、印度尼西亚、缅甸、越南、泰国等国,其中至少有5名是女性。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">临行前的合照定格了南侨机工曾经的风华:西装革履,领带整齐,发蜡锃亮。这是一群会吹口琴、能唱英文歌、爱喝咖啡的青年,为了抗战胜利,他们毫不犹豫离开南洋,奔向被战火侵袭的祖国。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aRicx7QXHtMnFnDLia509zsUeDppRnb2ic19WMAXDWdJwJnhmRxuxOTlxw/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aDxDlHFUicibqiaLIaKFldMzoc9UcnVourN1Z9hMuIv5ibp5Wucia39mgAkA/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">在云南,南侨机工经过两个月左右的军事培训后上岗:会驾驶的担任卡车司机,负责运输物资;懂维修的驻扎在沿线主要车站和修理厂,负责车辆维护保障。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">从昆明到缅甸,驾车单程需七八天。南侨机工以方向盘为武器,以货车为掩体,凭借胆魄与技术,在敌机轰炸下持续穿行。他们从缅甸运进武器弹药等军需物资,将中国的桐油、矿产等物资运往海外,为战时中国提供宝贵支援。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">1939年至1942年,经滇缅公路运送的军需物资达50多万吨,还有不计其数的民用物资。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78a3bvYIVdNA37hjdUdNvEGve1Chg6xKcZWaA5RbcibTNWMKqibzVibcNr2w/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aMXSxiax7shgZqHnazyMlv6TmNtez04S6poSnuToFgib8rlIGfqicg639g/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">长期研究南侨机工历史的云南师范大学华文学院教授夏玉清说:</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span wrap=\"wrap\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;\">“1942年滇缅公路被切断后,一部分南侨机工投身中美联合开辟的驼峰航线,承担将各类军用物资转运至中国战场的任务;也有部分留在昆明,在盟军中担任翻译、文员等职务。”</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">抗战期间,海外华侨华人倾尽所能支援中国。一份《世界各地华侨输财助战统计表》显示:1937年至1945年,缅甸华侨华人捐赠飞机19架,南侨总会筹集卡车200辆,南洋地区捐赠御寒衣物逾700万件……在这场世界范围内的“侨心报国”行动中,南侨机工以血肉之躯书写了壮烈、动人的篇章。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aiaTGeG07xbKpia69d1W4IuzGKAytH99MNnDydjgeoOgmzyOCu08bD0wQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aUJ35V5dpkzibUu00nib3r1dt46ZUy6octfmsSudEqiaibQz1VANpmLkXcQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section><section style=\"display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: initial;\"><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><span wrap=\"wrap\">平均每公里就有一名南侨机工为国捐躯</span><span><br /></span></span></p></section></section></section></section><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">“当初从南洋回到云南的时候,已经准备好牺牲了,就没想过要活着回去。”2018年本报记者第一次采访罗开瑚时,这位已经百岁高龄的老人说。当时他身体硬朗,仍保留着当年在南洋喝咖啡、看报纸的习惯。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">1939年7月,年仅21岁的罗开瑚与第八批南侨机工的300多名热血青年一起坐船回国。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">滇缅公路上,处处是生死考验。山道在崇山峻岭间盘桓,驾车稍有不慎便会坠入万丈深渊。行驶在泥泞狭窄、临近悬崖的路段时,副驾驶员甚至需要“悬挂”在车外,充当“人肉导航”。路上蚊虫肆虐、疟疾流行,上千名机工倒在运输途中。敌机轰炸更是家常便饭,车辆一旦中弹,机工几无生还希望。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\">“打摆子</span><span wrap=\"wrap\">(疟疾)</span><span></span><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\">、没有停过的炮火,我的好多战友都牺牲了。”罗开瑚平静的声音中透出岁月抹不去的痛楚。</span></span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">南侨机工不仅是战士,还是工程师。他们凭借智慧应对重重困难:自制防滑三角木、冷却水箱、视线测量杆等工具,以应对滑坡、高温、急弯等恶劣条件。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">南洋华侨机工回国抗日纪念馆讲解员余有兰说:</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span wrap=\"wrap\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;\">“视线测量杆是南侨机工谢川周发明的。卡车视野受限,他就将竹子削成两段小竹竿,插在车灯两侧,作为测距标记,也能在一定程度上保护车头,相当于现在汽车的保险杠。”</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">横跨澜沧江的功果桥是滇缅公路的“咽喉”,曾多次成为敌人重点轰炸的目标。日军炸毁功果桥后,日本电台曾扬言“滇缅公路已断,3个月内无通车希望”。南侨机工廖国雄回忆,为了尽快恢复滇缅公路交通线,南侨机工与当地民众用几百只空油桶扎成浮船,上铺木板,只用10小时就搭起长达300米的浮桥,保证了这条抗日运输大动脉的畅通。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aMm7vOfREQ9JMfot4UE5ZzdDYuAEiaKzHxtLTzh2OcO6jB8ibvQesDQMg/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78a5V53JV2J8ydRXmySoqoFqeUibWfzahdlNqaLl9LW5mKM6icUXGOAaU3Q/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">不久前,南侨机工李月美的孙女杨婷,与一群机工后人重走滇缅公路,缅怀先辈的英勇事迹。杨婷小时候经常听家人讲南侨机工的故事。李月美驾驶技术出众、反应敏捷,是躲避轰炸的好手。日军飞机在天空盘旋时,她和战友配合默契,或用树枝遮挡车子反光的后视镜,或是争分夺秒地将车子开进茂密的树林。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">“奶奶是女扮男装加入南侨机工队伍的。”杨婷说,李月美凭借过人的智慧和毅力顺利通过各项考核,“她长得高大结实,当时报名处的人都没看出破绽。”直到一次意外翻车,李月美被路过的机工发现并送往医院救治,急救过程中她的身份才被识破。“当代花木兰”的故事当时被广泛报道,轰动海内外。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78avvnRuFnZb4s5p36Xc8DUQ2rv6pByMJuJDHXM0zficyNUsRMRvJF9xlQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78a7wziazBn5lrTDSwuC1ZX9DZVlCrZrbC1NaAr36iamWA4Oia8tfb5bXjhQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">像李月美这样的英雄,在南侨机工中还有许多:13岁归国参战的蒋印生,放弃南洋高薪工作的王文松,仅用一周自学驾驶奔赴前线的吴惠民……据不完全统计,3200余名南侨机工中,超过1/3在滇缅公路沿线英勇牺牲。滇缅公路上,平均每公里就有一名南侨机工为国捐躯。</span></span></p><section><section><p style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\" wrap=\"wrap\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: initial;\"><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><span wrap=\"wrap\">硝烟散尽后,他们的名字留在这里</span><span><br /></span></span></p></section></section></section><p style=\"margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p></section></section><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">中缅边境线上,云南德宏畹町,南洋华侨机工回国抗日纪念碑高高耸立。天刚微亮,守碑人叶晓东就骑着电瓶车来到碑下,爬上长长的台阶,擦拭碑面、给花木浇水、打扫地面上的落叶……二十年如一日。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78apZGeB7UlK4LQLbkWPVTwTLz04aCzibZmUbOQeTybTJJkJib1AcicuW89w/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78atBnToLSj27MB3RH3v2sIUMcC8JPa7vFAZGyNahIrh3731Lp39sibQTg/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">纪念碑后方,记述南侨机工回国抗战的浮雕长廊里,雕刻着南侨机工英名录。每每行至此处,叶晓东的目光总会在“陈团圆”这个名字上停留,这是他的生父。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">“父亲的名字在这儿,父亲就在这儿。”第一次在英名录上看到父亲的名字时,叶晓东这样想。作为南侨机工后代,叶晓东一出生便浸染国殇的悲怆。1944年,父亲陈团圆因不愿出卖战友惨遭日军活埋,当时叶晓东仅3个月大。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">2005年,南洋华侨机工回国抗日纪念碑在德宏傣族景颇族自治州瑞丽市畹町镇落成,叶晓东主动担任守碑人,每天为父亲和父亲的战友们清扫擦拭纪念碑、英名录。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">20年来,叶晓东每天风雨无阻地守着碑。有海内外南侨机工后人来寻亲,抚着纪念碑上的名字痛哭,他会陪着一起哭,面对纪念碑深深鞠躬;有游客到此,他会不厌其烦地讲述南侨机工的英勇事迹。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78a9YsQM161PrjZsnUdXhl4iahJZqdCRVfq538dSVgLyGO3Vjib9fx1VhxQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aQQFDbiboANGTWF5rZmZviaxJUyGMGq2c5y6H673DibdFZpGcGpLbFFwgA/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">南侨机工后人陈达娅携手其他机工后代,共同创作并演绎大型交响组歌《南侨颂》。这部作品从国内剧场走向海外舞台,让南侨机工的故事被更多人知晓。不少人不远万里赶来观看演出,很多观众泪洒当场。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">如今,马来西亚、新加坡两国也建有南侨机工纪念碑,马来西亚正推动建设南侨机工纪念公园和南侨机工纪念馆。每年抗战胜利纪念日,马来西亚等地的华侨华人社团都会在纪念碑前举行活动,缅怀南侨机工为抗战作出的伟大贡献。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">2020年,罗开瑚去世;2022年,蒋印生去世。此后,世上再无南侨机工,但他们“舍身而不顾,毁家而不怨”的故事将被永远铭记。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">2018年,“南侨机工历史档案”入选《世界记忆亚太地区名录》。档案真实记录了抗战期间南洋华侨志愿回国抗日的全过程,也镌刻下海外华侨华人反抗暴政、维护人类和平的记忆。2019年,马来西亚二战历史研究会授予南侨机工“亚洲和平奖”。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">罗开瑚生前接受采访时说:</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;\">“国家危难时尽力做贡献,是每一名中国人的责任,无论是生是死。”</span></span></p><p><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">“一边是富有安逸的生活,一边是炮火喧嚣的战场,南侨机工毅然选择后者,这源于中华民族血脉中割不断的联系。他们的壮举既为中华民族抵御外侮、争取民族独立筑起流动的钢铁长城,也为世界和平事业刻下华侨群体的历史印记。为民族独立而抗争、为世界和平而奉献,南侨机工的名字将永远镌刻在中华民族救亡图存的史册与人类反法西斯的共同记忆之中。”夏玉清说,“今天,面对动荡的国际局势,我们纪念南侨机工,不只是回顾历史,更是在传承精神。他们跨越时空的信念提醒我们,和平需要守护,未来需要共建</span></span><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">。”</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px 8px 0px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aEqYVqVY7ICjkTopWeiagqgcRkZGaEete3f1C2IRQ0mXUdA5U806rF1g/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"width: 507px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 0px 8px 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78akHGufmGDU71cFUqQAEwSWa0Rn00CZ5hGZorZkN8fIQPdAdscAcSpXg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"width: 509px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78az8TI1cx0yKxABzrcceYZu0zLZsNTWJnDjUiaf8qTKHMoyia8t7dsxnbA/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"><span><br /></span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"><span><br /></span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\"> 告别南洋</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">词:田汉</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">曲:聂耳</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section></section><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">     再会吧,南洋!</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">  你海波绿,海云长,</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">  你是我们第二的故乡。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">  我们民族的血汗,</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">  洒遍了这几百个荒凉的岛上。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">  再会吧,南洋!</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">  你椰子肥,豆蔻香。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">  你受着自然丰富的供养,</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">  但在帝国主义的剥削下,</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">  千百万被压迫者都闹着饥荒!</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">  再会吧,南洋!</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">  你不见尸横着长白山,</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">  血流着黑龙江?</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">  这是中华民族的存亡!</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">  再会吧,南洋!</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">  再会吧,南洋!</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">  我们要去争取一线光明的希望!</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">《告别南洋》是田汉、聂耳创作的歌曲,1934年问世,歌曲展现南洋华侨华人的离散经历和对中国的深厚感情。南侨机工回国支援抗战,离别之际经常唱起这首歌。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78auGJZkib5Kfyib8QqfwLAYHuMmBjcbcZpwYDRoFrde8mt6EChqTvBMReA/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78auM7wreyMDWEgO7OvRfPKWgyYHaj3liccrnBRKiasdgeAYhQaEZmgK6icQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><br /></section><section class=\"channels_iframe_wrp custom_select_card_wrp\"></section><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span wrap=\"wrap\"></span><br /></p><p style=\"margin-top: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><span>本文转发自《人民日报》2025</span><span>年7月7日第15版,原标题为《抗战危急时刻,三千二百余名南侨机工毅然回国,筑起一条“不沉的补给线”——“国家危难时尽力做贡献,是每一名中国人的责任”(铭记历史 开创未来)》,欢迎读者转发朋友圈。</span></p></section><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4s6XTkV1zgY7Ndw3fVeyGpxIIj30oUzpUnwIcafcXhx66GztUhxGc2FM8I09uwLbMwUFOQfZVGcg/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section></section></section><section><span><span>END</span></span></section><section><span>作者 | </span><span><span>李茂颖 屈佩</span></span></section><section><span>编辑 | </span><span wrap=\"wrap\">侯露露 屈佩</span></section><section><span><span>校对 | 戈雨</span></span></section><section><span><span><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK6o0DTLAcjHUob1LlCbkiaCGeUicmbUPjIKiciad7l2ytYjz3bGBzNyAUu0aicCb4oWXbicQBJA96lk9Tug/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></span></span></section><section><span><section><h2 src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPQbfYUk2lKRJbtAXIuZ0kjicBeKbKicn7picTvdbH5bfuaoiazGOfbm8kw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558\"><span><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages __bg_gif wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK6M7Nv6wvsPyLPCsN7uraAJ0nGCQhDMIIg0L5icbmcctmcTvsgM0HwBpkXTF9ztE2MsQ8Tso0exnicA/640?wx_fmt=gif\" /></span></h2></section></span></section><section><section><section><section><span><span><br /></span></span></section><section><span><span>“</span><strong><span>在看</span></strong><span>”的永远18岁~</span></span></section></section></section></section></section><p style=\"display: none;\"></p></div>\n \n\n \n <br />\n\n \n <a class=\"media_tool_meta meta_primary\" href=\"http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&amp;mid=2651042336&amp;idx=1&amp;sn=f58a429927516d3d99ec53d27adecdde&amp;chksm=bc193cda2d748911a59772c4a94934a3869ffd79f5ca7dd5141f93f28334ab6fb0fa1cdb8c58&amp;scene=0#rd\" style=\"color: blue;\" target=\"_blank\">文章原文</a>\n <br />\n \n\n \n\n <img alt=\"\" class=\"\" height=\"1px\" src=\"http://www.jintiankansha.me/rss_static/13443/S3rL4p3vpG\" style=\"width: 1px; height: 1px; display: none;\" width=\"1px\" /></div></div>",
"content": "<div><div><div class=\"rich_media_content\" id=\"js_content\"><section wrap=\"wrap\"><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px;\"><span wrap=\"wrap\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px;\"><span wrap=\"wrap\"><br /></span></p><section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>“赤子功勋”—云南昆明西山上矗立着一座9米高的纪念碑,基座上刻着这四个大</span><span>字</span><span>。碑文这样写道:</span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;\">三千多名热血奔腾的南洋华侨机工……以自己的生命、鲜血和汗水,在华侨爱国史上谱写出可歌</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;\">可泣的壮丽篇章,也在中国人民抗日战争史和世界人民反法西斯战争史上建立了不可磨灭的</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;\">功勋。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>1939年至1942年,抗战危急时刻,在被称为“死亡公路”的滇缅公路上,3200余名南洋归国华侨青年,驾驶卡车穿越枪林弹雨,抢运军需物资、抢修运输车辆,为抗战筑起一条“不沉的补给线”。</span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aOqyKVicpKZUlw0sevJq9EOWh9MaicJRpqqsuQsxvqribK9kPGvbfekjpA/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">硝烟散尽,功勋长存。他们有一个共同的名字——南洋华侨机工回国服务团</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;\">(简称“南侨机工”)</span></span><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">。今年4月15日,在赴吉隆坡对马来西亚进行国事访问之际,习近平主席在当地媒体发表署名文章指出:</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;\">“80多年前,马来西亚南侨机工在中国人民抗日战争的关键时刻奔赴云南,帮助打通滇缅公路这条生命线。这些佳话至今仍在中马两国人民中广为传颂。”</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78a9rXqcS8xgPqx1K2RWtOn2fs5UicYSrC5SsFgbqgYlOroC6ZG3wicUXow/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78a64OHeMiaFiauAJET2sAHibyVNG64hQKKhwQsJydJ4Wt3l1MZlrVgxpSuQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section><section><section style=\"display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: initial;\"><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><span wrap=\"wrap\">凭借胆魄与技术,在敌机轰炸下持续穿行</span><span><br /></span></span></p></section></section></section></section></section><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px; text-indent: 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">1937年7月7日中国人民抗日战争全面爆发后,中国沿海重要港口基本沦陷,西北公路和滇越铁路先后被切断,滇缅公路成为中国与外部联系的重要国际运输通道。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px; text-indent: 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">滇缅公路全长1146公里,从云南昆明通往缅甸,翻越高黎贡山、云岭等崇山</span></span><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">峻岭,由20万筑路民众在9个月内徒手开凿而成,1938年8月通车后成为“中国抗战的生命线”。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px; text-indent: 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">路修通了,但问题依然严峻:当时中国严重缺乏熟悉汽车驾驶与维修的技术人员。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">危急关头,时任南侨总会主席陈嘉庚1939年2月在《南洋商报》上发出《南洋华侨筹赈祖国难民总会第六号通告》,征募懂驾驶、会修车的华侨青年回国服务,通告结尾写道:“事关祖国复兴大业,逼切注意办理是要。”</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78a2dJXEfKxHQLAOicWaaicWq33PiaYKA3ofez4yZZYhjyd5iaFRg8qo2N79A/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78axDE3GjMCiaVsqgBm7PlxwcblmzRNialldiaXYqToSgibiak1BYz7NlInhUA/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">通告发出后,短短10天便有80人响应,后续报名者不断。他们中有教师、医生、商人、工程师,其中不乏家境殷实者。通告要求年龄在20—40岁之间,但前来报名的人中年纪最大的49岁,最小的仅13岁,他们瞒报、虚报年龄,甚至有人女扮男装,希望回国参与抗战。1939年,先后有9批共3200余名南侨机工回国支援。他们来自今新加坡、马来西亚、印度尼西亚、缅甸、越南、泰国等国,其中至少有5名是女性。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">临行前的合照定格了南侨机工曾经的风华:西装革履,领带整齐,发蜡锃亮。这是一群会吹口琴、能唱英文歌、爱喝咖啡的青年,为了抗战胜利,他们毫不犹豫离开南洋,奔向被战火侵袭的祖国。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aRicx7QXHtMnFnDLia509zsUeDppRnb2ic19WMAXDWdJwJnhmRxuxOTlxw/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aDxDlHFUicibqiaLIaKFldMzoc9UcnVourN1Z9hMuIv5ibp5Wucia39mgAkA/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">在云南,南侨机工经过两个月左右的军事培训后上岗:会驾驶的担任卡车司机,负责运输物资;懂维修的驻扎在沿线主要车站和修理厂,负责车辆维护保障。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">从昆明到缅甸,驾车单程需七八天。南侨机工以方向盘为武器,以货车为掩体,凭借胆魄与技术,在敌机轰炸下持续穿行。他们从缅甸运进武器弹药等军需物资,将中国的桐油、矿产等物资运往海外,为战时中国提供宝贵支援。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">1939年至1942年,经滇缅公路运送的军需物资达50多万吨,还有不计其数的民用物资。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78a3bvYIVdNA37hjdUdNvEGve1Chg6xKcZWaA5RbcibTNWMKqibzVibcNr2w/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aMXSxiax7shgZqHnazyMlv6TmNtez04S6poSnuToFgib8rlIGfqicg639g/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">长期研究南侨机工历史的云南师范大学华文学院教授夏玉清说:</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span wrap=\"wrap\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;\">“1942年滇缅公路被切断后,一部分南侨机工投身中美联合开辟的驼峰航线,承担将各类军用物资转运至中国战场的任务;也有部分留在昆明,在盟军中担任翻译、文员等职务。”</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">抗战期间,海外华侨华人倾尽所能支援中国。一份《世界各地华侨输财助战统计表》显示:1937年至1945年,缅甸华侨华人捐赠飞机19架,南侨总会筹集卡车200辆,南洋地区捐赠御寒衣物逾700万件……在这场世界范围内的“侨心报国”行动中,南侨机工以血肉之躯书写了壮烈、动人的篇章。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aiaTGeG07xbKpia69d1W4IuzGKAytH99MNnDydjgeoOgmzyOCu08bD0wQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aUJ35V5dpkzibUu00nib3r1dt46ZUy6octfmsSudEqiaibQz1VANpmLkXcQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section><section style=\"display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: initial;\"><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><span wrap=\"wrap\">平均每公里就有一名南侨机工为国捐躯</span><span><br /></span></span></p></section></section></section></section><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">“当初从南洋回到云南的时候,已经准备好牺牲了,就没想过要活着回去。”2018年本报记者第一次采访罗开瑚时,这位已经百岁高龄的老人说。当时他身体硬朗,仍保留着当年在南洋喝咖啡、看报纸的习惯。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">1939年7月,年仅21岁的罗开瑚与第八批南侨机工的300多名热血青年一起坐船回国。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">滇缅公路上,处处是生死考验。山道在崇山峻岭间盘桓,驾车稍有不慎便会坠入万丈深渊。行驶在泥泞狭窄、临近悬崖的路段时,副驾驶员甚至需要“悬挂”在车外,充当“人肉导航”。路上蚊虫肆虐、疟疾流行,上千名机工倒在运输途中。敌机轰炸更是家常便饭,车辆一旦中弹,机工几无生还希望。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\">“打摆子</span><span wrap=\"wrap\">(疟疾)</span><span></span><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\">、没有停过的炮火,我的好多战友都牺牲了。”罗开瑚平静的声音中透出岁月抹不去的痛楚。</span></span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">南侨机工不仅是战士,还是工程师。他们凭借智慧应对重重困难:自制防滑三角木、冷却水箱、视线测量杆等工具,以应对滑坡、高温、急弯等恶劣条件。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">南洋华侨机工回国抗日纪念馆讲解员余有兰说:</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span wrap=\"wrap\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;\">“视线测量杆是南侨机工谢川周发明的。卡车视野受限,他就将竹子削成两段小竹竿,插在车灯两侧,作为测距标记,也能在一定程度上保护车头,相当于现在汽车的保险杠。”</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">横跨澜沧江的功果桥是滇缅公路的“咽喉”,曾多次成为敌人重点轰炸的目标。日军炸毁功果桥后,日本电台曾扬言“滇缅公路已断,3个月内无通车希望”。南侨机工廖国雄回忆,为了尽快恢复滇缅公路交通线,南侨机工与当地民众用几百只空油桶扎成浮船,上铺木板,只用10小时就搭起长达300米的浮桥,保证了这条抗日运输大动脉的畅通。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aMm7vOfREQ9JMfot4UE5ZzdDYuAEiaKzHxtLTzh2OcO6jB8ibvQesDQMg/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78a5V53JV2J8ydRXmySoqoFqeUibWfzahdlNqaLl9LW5mKM6icUXGOAaU3Q/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">不久前,南侨机工李月美的孙女杨婷,与一群机工后人重走滇缅公路,缅怀先辈的英勇事迹。杨婷小时候经常听家人讲南侨机工的故事。李月美驾驶技术出众、反应敏捷,是躲避轰炸的好手。日军飞机在天空盘旋时,她和战友配合默契,或用树枝遮挡车子反光的后视镜,或是争分夺秒地将车子开进茂密的树林。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">“奶奶是女扮男装加入南侨机工队伍的。”杨婷说,李月美凭借过人的智慧和毅力顺利通过各项考核,“她长得高大结实,当时报名处的人都没看出破绽。”直到一次意外翻车,李月美被路过的机工发现并送往医院救治,急救过程中她的身份才被识破。“当代花木兰”的故事当时被广泛报道,轰动海内外。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78avvnRuFnZb4s5p36Xc8DUQ2rv6pByMJuJDHXM0zficyNUsRMRvJF9xlQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78a7wziazBn5lrTDSwuC1ZX9DZVlCrZrbC1NaAr36iamWA4Oia8tfb5bXjhQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">像李月美这样的英雄,在南侨机工中还有许多:13岁归国参战的蒋印生,放弃南洋高薪工作的王文松,仅用一周自学驾驶奔赴前线的吴惠民……据不完全统计,3200余名南侨机工中,超过1/3在滇缅公路沿线英勇牺牲。滇缅公路上,平均每公里就有一名南侨机工为国捐躯。</span></span></p><section><section><p style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\" wrap=\"wrap\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: initial;\"><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><span wrap=\"wrap\">硝烟散尽后,他们的名字留在这里</span><span><br /></span></span></p></section></section></section><p style=\"margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p></section></section><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">中缅边境线上,云南德宏畹町,南洋华侨机工回国抗日纪念碑高高耸立。天刚微亮,守碑人叶晓东就骑着电瓶车来到碑下,爬上长长的台阶,擦拭碑面、给花木浇水、打扫地面上的落叶……二十年如一日。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78apZGeB7UlK4LQLbkWPVTwTLz04aCzibZmUbOQeTybTJJkJib1AcicuW89w/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78atBnToLSj27MB3RH3v2sIUMcC8JPa7vFAZGyNahIrh3731Lp39sibQTg/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">纪念碑后方,记述南侨机工回国抗战的浮雕长廊里,雕刻着南侨机工英名录。每每行至此处,叶晓东的目光总会在“陈团圆”这个名字上停留,这是他的生父。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">“父亲的名字在这儿,父亲就在这儿。”第一次在英名录上看到父亲的名字时,叶晓东这样想。作为南侨机工后代,叶晓东一出生便浸染国殇的悲怆。1944年,父亲陈团圆因不愿出卖战友惨遭日军活埋,当时叶晓东仅3个月大。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">2005年,南洋华侨机工回国抗日纪念碑在德宏傣族景颇族自治州瑞丽市畹町镇落成,叶晓东主动担任守碑人,每天为父亲和父亲的战友们清扫擦拭纪念碑、英名录。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">20年来,叶晓东每天风雨无阻地守着碑。有海内外南侨机工后人来寻亲,抚着纪念碑上的名字痛哭,他会陪着一起哭,面对纪念碑深深鞠躬;有游客到此,他会不厌其烦地讲述南侨机工的英勇事迹。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78a9YsQM161PrjZsnUdXhl4iahJZqdCRVfq538dSVgLyGO3Vjib9fx1VhxQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aQQFDbiboANGTWF5rZmZviaxJUyGMGq2c5y6H673DibdFZpGcGpLbFFwgA/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">南侨机工后人陈达娅携手其他机工后代,共同创作并演绎大型交响组歌《南侨颂》。这部作品从国内剧场走向海外舞台,让南侨机工的故事被更多人知晓。不少人不远万里赶来观看演出,很多观众泪洒当场。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">如今,马来西亚、新加坡两国也建有南侨机工纪念碑,马来西亚正推动建设南侨机工纪念公园和南侨机工纪念馆。每年抗战胜利纪念日,马来西亚等地的华侨华人社团都会在纪念碑前举行活动,缅怀南侨机工为抗战作出的伟大贡献。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">2020年,罗开瑚去世;2022年,蒋印生去世。此后,世上再无南侨机工,但他们“舍身而不顾,毁家而不怨”的故事将被永远铭记。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">2018年,“南侨机工历史档案”入选《世界记忆亚太地区名录》。档案真实记录了抗战期间南洋华侨志愿回国抗日的全过程,也镌刻下海外华侨华人反抗暴政、维护人类和平的记忆。2019年,马来西亚二战历史研究会授予南侨机工“亚洲和平奖”。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">罗开瑚生前接受采访时说:</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;\">“国家危难时尽力做贡献,是每一名中国人的责任,无论是生是死。”</span></span></p><p><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">“一边是富有安逸的生活,一边是炮火喧嚣的战场,南侨机工毅然选择后者,这源于中华民族血脉中割不断的联系。他们的壮举既为中华民族抵御外侮、争取民族独立筑起流动的钢铁长城,也为世界和平事业刻下华侨群体的历史印记。为民族独立而抗争、为世界和平而奉献,南侨机工的名字将永远镌刻在中华民族救亡图存的史册与人类反法西斯的共同记忆之中。”夏玉清说,“今天,面对动荡的国际局势,我们纪念南侨机工,不只是回顾历史,更是在传承精神。他们跨越时空的信念提醒我们,和平需要守护,未来需要共建</span></span><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">。”</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px 8px 0px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aEqYVqVY7ICjkTopWeiagqgcRkZGaEete3f1C2IRQ0mXUdA5U806rF1g/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"width: 507px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 0px 8px 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78akHGufmGDU71cFUqQAEwSWa0Rn00CZ5hGZorZkN8fIQPdAdscAcSpXg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"width: 509px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78az8TI1cx0yKxABzrcceYZu0zLZsNTWJnDjUiaf8qTKHMoyia8t7dsxnbA/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"><span><br /></span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"><span><br /></span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\"> 告别南洋</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">词:田汉</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">曲:聂耳</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section></section><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">     再会吧,南洋!</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">  你海波绿,海云长,</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">  你是我们第二的故乡。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">  我们民族的血汗,</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">  洒遍了这几百个荒凉的岛上。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">  再会吧,南洋!</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">  你椰子肥,豆蔻香。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">  你受着自然丰富的供养,</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">  但在帝国主义的剥削下,</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">  千百万被压迫者都闹着饥荒!</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">  再会吧,南洋!</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">  你不见尸横着长白山,</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">  血流着黑龙江?</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">  这是中华民族的存亡!</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">  再会吧,南洋!</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">  再会吧,南洋!</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">  我们要去争取一线光明的希望!</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">《告别南洋》是田汉、聂耳创作的歌曲,1934年问世,歌曲展现南洋华侨华人的离散经历和对中国的深厚感情。南侨机工回国支援抗战,离别之际经常唱起这首歌。</span></span></p><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78auGJZkib5Kfyib8QqfwLAYHuMmBjcbcZpwYDRoFrde8mt6EChqTvBMReA/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78auM7wreyMDWEgO7OvRfPKWgyYHaj3liccrnBRKiasdgeAYhQaEZmgK6icQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><br /></section><section class=\"channels_iframe_wrp custom_select_card_wrp\"></section><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span wrap=\"wrap\"></span><br /></p><p style=\"margin-top: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><span>本文转发自《人民日报》2025</span><span>年7月7日第15版,原标题为《抗战危急时刻,三千二百余名南侨机工毅然回国,筑起一条“不沉的补给线”——“国家危难时尽力做贡献,是每一名中国人的责任”(铭记历史 开创未来)》,欢迎读者转发朋友圈。</span></p></section><p style=\"color: rgb(74, 73, 73); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: justify; margin: 8px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: center;\"><br /></span></p><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4s6XTkV1zgY7Ndw3fVeyGpxIIj30oUzpUnwIcafcXhx66GztUhxGc2FM8I09uwLbMwUFOQfZVGcg/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section></section></section><section><span><span>END</span></span></section><section><span>作者 | </span><span><span>李茂颖 屈佩</span></span></section><section><span>编辑 | </span><span wrap=\"wrap\">侯露露 屈佩</span></section><section><span><span>校对 | 戈雨</span></span></section><section><span><span><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK6o0DTLAcjHUob1LlCbkiaCGeUicmbUPjIKiciad7l2ytYjz3bGBzNyAUu0aicCb4oWXbicQBJA96lk9Tug/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></span></span></section><section><span><section><h2 src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPQbfYUk2lKRJbtAXIuZ0kjicBeKbKicn7picTvdbH5bfuaoiazGOfbm8kw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558\"><span><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages __bg_gif wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK6M7Nv6wvsPyLPCsN7uraAJ0nGCQhDMIIg0L5icbmcctmcTvsgM0HwBpkXTF9ztE2MsQ8Tso0exnicA/640?wx_fmt=gif\" /></span></h2></section></span></section><section><section><section><section><span><span><br /></span></span></section><section><span><span>“</span><strong><span>在看</span></strong><span>”的永远18岁~</span></span></section></section></section></section></section><p style=\"display: none;\"></p></div>\n \n\n \n <br />\n\n \n <a class=\"media_tool_meta meta_primary\" href=\"http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&amp;mid=2651042336&amp;idx=1&amp;sn=f58a429927516d3d99ec53d27adecdde&amp;chksm=bc193cda2d748911a59772c4a94934a3869ffd79f5ca7dd5141f93f28334ab6fb0fa1cdb8c58&amp;scene=0#rd\" style=\"color: blue;\" target=\"_blank\">文章原文</a>\n <br />\n \n\n \n\n <img alt=\"\" class=\"\" height=\"1px\" src=\"http://www.jintiankansha.me/rss_static/13443/S3rL4p3vpG\" style=\"width: 1px; height: 1px; display: none;\" width=\"1px\" /></div></div>",
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{
"title": "秦始皇求仙问药的“昆仑”在哪里?坐高铁能到吗?",
"description": "<div><div><div class=\"rich_media_content\" id=\"js_content\"><section style=\"margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 8px; white-space: normal; font-size: 16px; text-align: center; line-height: 1.5em;\"><img class=\"rich_pages js_insertlocalimg wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK6M7Nv6wvsPyLPCsN7uraAJxdXiby5XB2BE6S0ulr9Fs213uZ85nlxAalcgRcLFiaSVdOVlrtCZRibIw/640?wx_fmt=gif\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span><br /></span></section></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em;\"><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78arMKa07vIOSIiarnI78uIxvUmykV7Oib858ialNYfZ8IasSO4UoU9kmYSA/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span><br /></span></section></section><p><span><span>本 文 约 5000 字</span></span></p><section><section label=\"Powered by 135editor.com\"><p><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(178, 178, 178); font-size: 12px;\"><span>阅 读 需 要 17 分 钟</span></span><span><span> </span></span></span></p><p><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"><span><span><br /></span></span></span></p></section><section><span><p></p></span></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>前段时间</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,《光明日报》的一篇《实证古代</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“昆仑”的地理位置——青海黄河源发现秦始皇遣使“采药昆仑”石刻》在中国的历史与考古学界掀起了一场惊涛骇浪,一大批历史学者纷纷就这一石刻的篆刻字体、年代、文字内容以及当地自然环境发表了相关评论。众说纷纭中,大家最为关注的莫过于石刻对“昆仑”这一中国古代传奇圣山的地理定位,从先秦到明清,昆仑都</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>堪称</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>神圣之巅</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>”</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,它的存在曾被认为是传说中虚幻之处,也曾在从陕西到新疆之间的山川广域之中辗转腾挪。那么中国古代的</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“昆仑”究竟在何方?</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78auWYnmsvblHQrcqaaGicjbQrH5CzbjaQswQnI9EEQpf9Nn4I7BpDWkDQ/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78a5jwYJ1xwpMHgTFrKw5X0hg5LmtT1cnvnib4sZtwFW5icYmpibNEdtXESA/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section label=\"Powered by 135editor.com\"><section style=\"padding-right: 8px; padding-left: 8px;\"><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><b><span>茫茫山海:昆仑之墟何在?</span></b></font></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>关于</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>昆仑的记载,最早起于先秦时代的典籍中,最初多</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>被称</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>为</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“昆仑之丘”或“昆仑之虚<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(墟)</span>”,代指一片具有浓郁</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>神话</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>色彩的神秘领域,不仅有高耸入云、连绵巍峨的山群,更是有神兽守卫的</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“帝之下都”<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(天神在人间的都邑)</span>。</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>《山海经</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>·海内西经》载:</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“海内昆仑之虚,在西北,帝之下都。昆仑之虚,方八百里,高万仞</span></span></font><font face=\"Calibri\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">…</span></span></font><font face=\"Calibri\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">.. </span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">门有开明兽守之,百神之所在</span></span></font><font face=\"Calibri\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">……</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">河水出东北隅,以行其北,西南又入渤海,又出海外,即西而北,入禹所导积石山。</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">”</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aaY2Z7869V7IsjupiaomQBhOtLJrkTsCUYHxb4nicjiabTGicglGK0okzqA/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aVRbe2Cg3nfnqaJxXaQJpjK4lYfeF9PjtJv3nDU5jfsxaRgtkapft3A/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>《尔雅》载:</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“河出昆仑虚,色白”“西北之美者 ,有昆仑虚之璆琳琅玕焉。”</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\"> </span></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>早期昆仑的方位十分模糊,其有效的地理标识仅有</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“西北”“西次三经<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(山海经中西方山脉的第三序列)</span>”,而能够产出“璆琳琅玕”这样的精美玉石,根据</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>《</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>山海经</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>》</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>其他已知山系的推测<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(如西山经中为首的是陕西华山)</span>,只能推断出昆仑位于从关中平原向西向北,包括甘肃、青海与新疆等地在内的广大群山之中</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,但</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>有关</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>真正的昆仑在何处</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>并没有一个确切的方位记载。从此时开始</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>昆仑与黄河<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(古称</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“河水”)</span>源头所在</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>已被</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>深度绑定,从而使后人总将探求</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“昆仑”与追寻“河源”两大地理使命合二为一。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aiccc7ZwGZicBX8CWpvPeBXGQjXDxbxy7rCnxM6OdmUkocWLPYPywNwxA/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aqTYfUZ3fWrnT2vjicNCrWFwD64P048usapNFDTqibOwoYFfuSJdkibHiaQ/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>昆仑之</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>墟</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>的神秘玄幻不仅牵动着历代探险家的探奇之心,更让古往今来的中原帝王心怀向往。据《穆天子传》记述,最早向西抵达昆仑之境的是周穆王,他在西征巡游时得河伯指引,到达从关中宗周西行</span></font><font face=\"Calibri\"><span>8100</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>里的昆仑。</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(穆王)</span>升于昆仑之丘,以观黄帝之宫,而封丰隆之葬,以诏后世”</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>甚至有言,周穆王曾在昆仑山周边的瑶池与西王母相会结下不解之缘。此次周穆王在昆仑山上对黄帝之宫的参拜尽管存在争议,但先秦时期古代中原对于昆仑之域的内心崇拜显然已经贯穿于整个社会文化氛围之中,并为天子诸侯所共知。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section label=\"Powered by 135editor.com\"><section style=\"padding-right: 8px; padding-left: 8px;\"><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><b><span>乾坤大挪移:昆仑空间的斗转星移</span></b></font></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>秦汉时期,随着</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“华夏文化圈”和“大一统”国家的形成,古人开始尝试拨开昆仑这一“上古神山”的神秘面纱,在不断拓展的边疆中追寻它的准确</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>位置</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>向西方探寻昆仑所在的契机来自秦国的西向扩张。战国末年,秦宣太后诱杀义渠王于甘泉宫,<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(秦人)</span>因起兵灭之,始置陇西、北地、上郡焉。秦国三郡的设立标志着中原</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>地区</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>的直接管辖范围深入</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>到</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>黄河上游的宁夏甘肃一线,从而将《山海经》中渺茫的西土逐渐具象化。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aNUCpGq5byykfMZoomBZia5c73jOJ40m8NVqKCACecmesN8du357suVg/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78ad2hDOmP3sEsQ8OmTibO8SxhBSk5m9Lg1F1REUVNNkQLliadkOwMicT3Zw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>到公元前</span></font><font face=\"Calibri\"><span>221</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>年,秦始皇横扫六合统一华夏,中国历史上第一个统一的中央集权国家横空出世。与辉煌一统相伴的是秦始皇本人对</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>大秦帝国</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>的独特构想。首先,信奉传统秦国</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>神祇</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>的秦始皇想要通过</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“令祠官所常奉天地名山大川鬼神可得而序也”的方式将整个东方六国的信仰体系</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>融为一体</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,因而在统一之后进行了大规模的天下祭祀巡行,其中第一次巡行路线便是</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>:</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“(秦始皇)二十七年(前</span></span></font><font face=\"Calibri\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">220</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">),始皇巡陇西、北地,出鸡头山,过回中</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">。</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">”</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78ar7ODmehwHQgoYyicia0sZdyiagXxAnBKVwfnR3KwZHbK7LtCv3rTmdJBw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aibXN8fS3TFJ2TxbtNPMV3KuuIbjlm33jStLC2Y6oHoUv6mLUvcSjvpw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>秦始皇将西方疆域山川放在了极为重要的位置,也为当时官方与民间继续向西探求昆仑山川奠定了基础。而秦始皇个人对于长生不老的不懈追求,也为当时官方民间以寻仙问药为由的四方探寻提供了契机,所谓五大夫翳</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“采药昆仑”石刻</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>上</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>的这段史书上并未记载的神奇故事,或许正是在这一实地考察的背景下产生。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78a2xoGXRFUHksibcwUEiap7Ew1fPU4dsH7sRHOMYw6g7UoBicAXGrveVibeA/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78ajygbwlAPWYZXldAqwINFFKaxbopZkzqickkVibgBnUqWibEGBfZm0MuRQ/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>实际文献中对于昆仑的第一次官方认定出现在汉代。《史记</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>•大宛列传》记载:</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“汉使穷河源,河源出于阗,其山多玉石,采来,天子案古图书,名河所出山曰昆仑云。”</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>这里穷</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(黄)</span>河源”的汉使便是张骞及其副使,他在两次出使西域之后断定黄河的起源在于阗<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(今新疆和田县)</span>的山中,认为发源于于阗山中的河水向东汇入盐泽<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(也称蒲昌海,位</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">于今天的新疆罗布泊)</span>后就变成了潜行地下的隐河,随后在南方涌出地面变成黄河的源头。在获得这些关键信息之后,汉武帝依据玉石对比古图书,最终判定于阗的南山<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(今昆仑山西段一部)</span>为昆仑山。这次官方定位</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>基本上是依据</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“河源出昆仑”与“昆仑产美玉”两大特点认定</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>的。</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>今天来看</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>张骞关于</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“黄河潜行”地下的说法有些荒诞,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>但这</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>依旧是第一次</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>有史记载的</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>对昆仑所在地</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>进行实地</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>考察,其定位的昆仑位置与今日昆仑山脉</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>一部分</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>相重叠,同时也交代了黄河在罗布泊之南某地<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(青藏高原之上)</span>涌出地面这一基本事实,为后人进一步发掘昆仑山留下了可供思考的维度。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78at8KuFrp0llMCvNQCBXE2vPRjfpWmYBQY25LNXNcIp7koxBdGEofTJQ/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78adKGfdInOLSfXnAfQInHOgMy5iaC8JDn2KnSJQ0VUlzuMotj8kqnbSpw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span align=\"\" alt=\"\" border=\"\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" height=\"\" hspace=\"\" ismap=\"ismap\" src=\"\" title=\"\" type=\"block\" usemap=\"\" vspace=\"\" width=\"\"> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>西汉末年以后,随着汉王朝与西羌部落<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(活跃于青海与甘肃交界地带)</span>的持续作战,汉王朝对黄河上游的地理认知也不断深入,东汉经学家马融开始提出</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“昆仑在临羌西”,即昆仑在今天青海省西宁市一带,表明当时汉朝人已经对青藏高原东北隅有了初步的地理认知,但是仍受限于气候环境</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>无法进一步</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>探寻</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>昆仑所在。</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>魏晋以后,河西走廊一带在中原战乱背景下经济文化迅速发展,黄河上游地区相继出现了</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“五凉”政权,对黄河上游与祁连山以南的高原地区认识更为清晰。《晋书·张</span><span>骏</span><span>传》载:</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“酒泉南山,即昆仑之体也。周穆王见西王母,乐而忘归,即谓此山。此山有石室玉堂,珠玑镂饰,焕若神宫。宜立西王母祠,以裨朝廷无疆之福</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">。</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">”</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>这里认为的昆仑山在祁连山之中,将昆仑对中原的距离重新拉近到华夏的边缘地带。唐朝著名的历史地理学著作《括地志》云:</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“昆仑山在肃州酒泉县南八十里</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>。</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>”同样延续了《晋书》的看法。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aoibaPPw9IiccO4korVjpFXzKj9kdT1n8FUkYOygn0V1iaZaiaibE88Nyic9Q/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78a7VYvrIksJnib48ptVUjUEO52m6djF1MKEicmhzScA7CticuruhM2J5Kug/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>在</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>北方政权</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>企图将昆仑山拉近的同时,佛教文化的传入则为昆仑山的位置增加了一条新的赛道。来自中亚西域的僧人力图将佛教与华夏文化融会贯通。前秦高僧释道安,为了更好地将佛教传播给广大中原之人,将印度传说中佛教圣地阿耨</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">nòu</span></span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>达山<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(佛教文献中为印度河与恒河等四大河的发源地)</span>附加了浓郁的中华神话色彩。</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>《</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>水经注</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>》</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>作者郦道元在引据道安《释氏西域记》</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>的</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“阿耨达太山,其上有大渊水,宫殿楼观甚大焉”时解释说:“山即昆仑山也</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>。</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>”再如引《穆天子传》中“天子升于昆仑、观黄帝之宫”时解释:“黄帝宫,即阿耨达宫也。”郦道元对这一说法的认同展现出当时中原社会浓厚的佛教氛围以及西来佛教与华夏传统文化的深度融合,“昆仑”一度同时成为佛教与中国原始道教的圣山福地。而根据后世地理著作考证,阿耨达山的位置大致位于今天青藏高原西部的冈底斯山。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section label=\"Powered by 135editor.com\"><section style=\"padding-right: 8px; padding-left: 8px;\"><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><b><span>观览河源昆仑:大一统帝国的不懈追求</span></b></font></p></section></section></section></section></section><section><span><p></p></span></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>繁盛的唐代</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>为昆仑的</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>进一步</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>具象化提供了契机。</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>贞观九年<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font><font face=\"Calibri\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">635</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span>,唐朝对盘踞在今天青海北部的吐谷浑发起总攻,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>唐军从鄯州<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(今</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">青海西宁)</span>出现</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>分南北两道一路西进,从青海湖一线向黄河上游以轻骑快速深入,创造了中原王朝在青藏高原作战的空前胜利。史载唐朝北路大军</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>:</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“次且末之西,(吐谷浑可汗)伏允走图伦碛(塔克拉玛干大沙漠),将托于阗,万均督锐骑追亡数百里,又破之</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">。</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">”</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>即相当于从青海湖向西贯穿格尔木盆地,翻越阿尔金山进入新疆南部。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aVvBA8h3Y4fj43MsrAIb9QGYfx5w0vHqyhqI0KkYKAjawVibfvIShUWw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78a7ohibK3gQquLdmkRvU23sBwYwIHqqHy8kn6zq2kjw2Qoxr1IFjhHbBw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>而南路大军在侯君集率领下</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>:</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“经途二千余里,行空虚之地。盛夏降霜,山多积雪,转战过星宿川,至于柏海(今青海省鄂陵湖),频与虏遇,皆大克获。北望积石山,观河源之所出焉</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">。</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">”</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>即从青海湖溯黄河源头而上,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>途经</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>两千余里雪山沼泽后抵达黄河源头附近的鄂陵湖。这一次军事远征对青海地区的探索可谓史无前例,中原王朝的军队与随行人员第一次深入青藏高原内部地区,也为</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“河源所出”的昆仑所在提供了珍贵的地理资料。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78alTIuSze1MkKznkB7KHIXWFRqPRtkGvL8ibh61WGV0NT6InibjZVq8toQ/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aPCXS9WsrBZXwvERu9ytpnErsyLLFLFlicH51vQCuHsxpicd1sxYpOG5w/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>随着唐朝中期与吐蕃在青藏高原之上的长期拉锯战,中原人士</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>对</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>青藏高原的地理环境认知更为清晰。《新唐书</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>•吐蕃传》记载,长庆二年</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font><font face=\"Calibri\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">822</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>五月,唐朝和盟专使、大理寺卿刘元鼎率领使团前往吐蕃,与吐蕃以钵阐布</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>·勃阑伽允丹为首的官员在逻些<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(今西藏拉萨)</span>东郊会盟,这就是历史上著名的长庆会盟<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(前一年双方在长安西郊会盟)</span>。这次会盟是有史料记载以来,中原王朝首次派遣官方使节经过唐蕃古道全程往返青藏高原核心区域。会盟结束回朝</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>的</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>路上</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,盟使刘元鼎在沿途详细记载青藏高原山川地貌,尤其对黄河源头附近进行了详实介绍</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>:</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(刘)元鼎踰湟水,至龙泉谷。西北望杀胡川哥舒翰故壁多在。湟水出濛谷,抵龙泉,与河合。河之上流繇洪济梁,西南行二千里,水益狭,春可涉,秋夏乃胜舟。其南三百里。三山中高而四下,曰紫山,直大羊同国,古所谓昆仑者也,</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">虏</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">曰闷摩黎山,东距长安五千里,河源其间。</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>此处记载从湟水与河水汇合处向上游溯源,在</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>到达</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“洪济梁”<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(唐朝金天军所在,今青海贵德县黄河沿岸)</span>后要再向西南行两千里,这一段的黄河春季可以步行涉水,夏秋可以乘舟,再向南三百里就可以</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>到达</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>古代羊同国故地的紫山,也就是古代昆仑,吐蕃当地人则称为闷摩黎山。而根据后世记载,此处吐蕃境内的闷摩黎山<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(紫山)</span>,据考即今巴颜喀拉山。此次唐朝使者认为的</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“黄河源头”昆仑山基本与我们今天给出的黄河源头相吻合,也将昆仑山的位置基本固定在黄河西南方向的青海一带。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aquHTwvN2ibrddM6IyjwufjvcUiaiaxDP64Qbo0XbyajnIfqSdf1YUUQVQ/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78apkU1ZnCMftxo6cbxe8f7S2PCRBUjCtCoX2vtBFYLZvBdhIgk6WS1mw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span> </span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"Calibri\"><span>13</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>世纪下半叶,忽必烈建立大元,</span><span>青藏高原第一次正式纳入中原王朝的行政管辖。元世祖忽必烈设置掌管全国佛教事务并统辖吐蕃地区</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(今西藏及青海大部)</span></span><span>军政事务的机构——宣政院。</span><span>庞大的疆域和通畅的道路为内地人员对青藏高原进行全方位考察奠定了基础。</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>当时的忽必烈为了建立汉唐都未能达到的功勋,彰显大元对寰宇一统的历史功绩,于至元二十七年<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font><font face=\"Calibri\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">1290</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>也有说法为十七年<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font><font face=\"Calibri\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">1280</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>派遣女真人都实从甘肃临夏出发穷探黄河之源头,完成</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“古无有也”的历史创举。</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>都实首先在唐人的基础上确认了星宿川为黄河源头所在</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>:</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“有泉百余,泓洳散涣,弗可逼视,方七八十里。履高山下瞰,灿若列星,以故名火敦脑儿,译言‘星宿’也</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">。</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">”</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>即将今天黄河上游星宿海星罗棋布的泉流地带清晰描述为黄河源头。随后又记载</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>:</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 16px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“朵甘思东北有大雪山,名亦耳麻不莫刺,其山最髙,译言腾乞里塔,即昆仑也</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 16px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">。</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 16px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">”</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span><span style=\"font-size: 16px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\"> </span></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>又言黄河先自西向东绕昆仑之南行,随后</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“河水北行,转西流,过昆仑北”。由此可见,元代定义的昆仑并不在黄河源头处,反而是黄河上游一串被黄河绵延环绕的巨大山脉,以今天的地图观之,恰好是三面为黄河所环绕的今阿尼玛卿山山脉,在中国古代典籍中也被称为“大积石山”,与《尚书·禹贡》中“导河积石”的记载不谋而合,而此处昆仑山的译音“腾乞里塔”很可能也与蒙古语中的腾格里词汇同源,有所谓“天山”之义,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>即</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>当地人心目中的</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“神山”。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>所以,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>这次对昆仑位置的界定,是</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>古代历史上第一次具有明确记载的亲身地理科学探索的结论,是一次重要诠释。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78ayRdZcicON6yLQ8weBcz7CwT8pLxV616xb0icwKQic6ib6lcw8T2O5PANdw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aFicGXmLKXEYfiaAMOenpD2gKWuUVssvwLxWrK5J1gCyjVXFFJuia3j6gg/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span> </span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>古人对昆仑最为系统性的考察</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>还是在</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>清代</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>。</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>康熙年间,清廷全力平定西北新疆一带的准噶尔部落,当时的青海处于准噶尔、西藏与内地的交通要冲,位于青海境内的和硕特蒙古部落便被视为朝廷重点争取对象。康熙帝借探查河源的机会</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>在当地</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>宣扬朝廷恩威,作为勘察使者的侍卫拉锡与舒兰于康熙四十三年<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font><font face=\"Calibri\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">1704</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span>不辱使命再次来到“星宿海”,得知其周围群山蒙古名为“库尔滚”,认为“即昆仑也”,同时认为从周边“库尔滚”群山中涌出的三条河流<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(包括黄河上的卡日曲与约古宗列曲)</span>即黄河源头所在,这一发现再次佐证了《山海经》中“河出昆仑”的基本猜想,而此处的库尔滚<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(坤)</span>山,即今巴颜喀拉山,这一结果也基本与今日现代地理考察所得出的结论相吻合。</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>现代</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>地理学上的昆仑山脉从帕米尔高原发端,沿着塔里木盆地和青藏高原的交界一路向东,在进入青海之后</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>则沿柴达木盆地南缘向东南延伸,形成巴颜喀拉山脉与阿尼玛卿山等多列山系,而古人对于昆仑位置的探究尽管不尽相同,但终究处在</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“大昆仑”的范畴之中。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aednWPuibems1Sy50ut1JSicNhIov6BJYCibazpwGD9n2GOZNumDdsfia1Q/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aMd1Vgca3I6xFo54NicALoCCicvQKzHh4MgtGW16mJRR7mr0AOwF10UhA/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\"> </span></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>纵观古人对昆仑方位的认识,无不与同一时代的疆域广度与社会风貌相联结,昆仑的位置所在不仅是一个神话山脉的位置归属,更是有关华夏龙脉所在的终极探讨,堪舆之书言:</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“万山一贯,起自昆仑。山龙之散见于地,虽有千万之多,而其龙脉之来,皆出于昆仑。”</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>大秦</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>将昆仑视作求仙访药的神仙居所,汉武帝将昆仑视为汉家西域的明证</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>昆仑在</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>大唐</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>与吐蕃的交往中撤下隐藏的迷雾,在</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>元代</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>丈量寰宇的脚步中逐渐明晰,最终在</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>清代</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>的一统功业中找到了真实而确切的归宿。</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>巍峨的昆仑山,承载着华夏民族探寻世界寰宇的无限憧憬,矗立于祖国的茫茫西土,守望庇佑着龙之传人。</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p><span><p><span> </span></p></span><span><p><span><br /></span></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: bold;\">参考文献:</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">1. </span></span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">沈婉婷:《中国古代昆仑观念研究》,山东大学博士论文</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">2.</span></span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">(明)宋濂</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">:《元史》</span></span></font><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\"> </span></span><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">3. </span></span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">中华书局编</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">:《清实录》</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">4.</span></span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">(宋)欧阳修</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">:《新唐书》</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">5.</span></span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">(清)顾祖禹</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">:《读史方舆纪要》</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">*</span>本文系“国家</span></font><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">人文历史”独家稿件,欢迎读者转发朋友圈。</span></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\"><br /></span></p><section><section><section><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4s6XTkV1zgY7Ndw3fVeyGpxIIj30oUzpUnwIcafcXhx66GztUhxGc2FM8I09uwLbMwUFOQfZVGcg/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section></section></section><section><span><span>END</span></span></section><section><span><span>作者 | 王凯迪</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span>‍‍‍‍‍‍‍</span></span></span></section><section><span><span>编辑 | 胡心雅</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span>‍</span></span></span></section><section><span><span>主编 | 周斌</span></span></section><section><span><span>排版 | 曲晨溪(实习)</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span>‍</span></span></span></section><section><span><span>校对 | 火炬 李栋 张斌 古月</span></span></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><span><span><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK6o0DTLAcjHUob1LlCbkiaCGeUicmbUPjIKiciad7l2ytYjz3bGBzNyAUu0aicCb4oWXbicQBJA96lk9Tug/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></span></span></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><strong><span><br /></span></strong></section><section><strong><span>国历好物</span></strong></section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK50l871IgvMuCSibrmOibSxicuB2xBPs1uQ2ZspQytHr1P0K7rUaKzSAg2CRzMr8ibAYhs2mSk7cLvZpQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section><p><span><strong><span><span>进击的士族</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>旁落的皇权</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>跨越五百年的权力对抗史</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>国民历史读物《国家人文历史》专业团队</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>最新力作</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>展现士族潮起潮落的史诗级历史画卷</span></span></strong></span></p><section label=\"edit by 135editor\"><section><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK50l871IgvMuCSibrmOibSxicuassfQWcfhotQqH5lYBRPtichLu7A0vIGovAB5sRkicvnkQnT342127lA/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section><section><section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section></section><section><section><strong><span>点击下方封面,即可购买</span></strong></section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><span><strong><span><span>↓↓↓</span></span></strong></span></p><p><a class=\"weapp_image_link js_weapp_entry\"><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK5sbRbqWpNPCUYibIYbC7RFRAHn32PAWbKDIM6A4MkicYHOWIR0Hy6iamToAdrvvPDeu5T15EKXjC1Fg/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></a><span><br /></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><h2 src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPQbfYUk2lKRJbtAXIuZ0kjicBeKbKicn7picTvdbH5bfuaoiazGOfbm8kw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558\"><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPPS2Tl0L42giakAlUSsWM2hKsLfDwrNFcLNgFaxPhQng3E9mCRE3tkg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558px\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&amp;mid=2651035606&amp;idx=1&amp;sn=95e5b910a9c15c3b861b33b6a6da3866&amp;scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcaIgQkEibvERBOGAaoicFhgsfmibxDTGK2z3uLHbhcvWGEYibV0hom5VW8CA/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></a></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&amp;mid=2651035897&amp;idx=1&amp;sn=befda0705325843f84da3911012cad95&amp;scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcamtwvyMNyxgGfdgqCCu9GkBZl21VfOcYfkJRh5E0ArHl4UUBtbSzwRQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></a></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcaohkRZ9cGSGGPakn9lRTzm4qIA3pNHn3EVXrsicT3De6T2ib5Slw6GsRQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span><span><br /></span></span></section></section></section></h2></section></section></section><section><span><section><h2 src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPQbfYUk2lKRJbtAXIuZ0kjicBeKbKicn7picTvdbH5bfuaoiazGOfbm8kw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558\"><span><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages __bg_gif wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK6M7Nv6wvsPyLPCsN7uraAJ0nGCQhDMIIg0L5icbmcctmcTvsgM0HwBpkXTF9ztE2MsQ8Tso0exnicA/640?wx_fmt=gif\" /></span></h2><section><span><span>“</span><strong><span>在看</span></strong><span>”的永远18岁~</span></span></section></section></span></section><section><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><section><section style=\"padding-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 1em; display: flex;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"></span></section></section></section></span></section><p style=\"display: none;\"></p></div>\n \n\n \n <br />\n\n \n <a class=\"media_tool_meta meta_primary\" href=\"http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&amp;mid=2651042304&amp;idx=1&amp;sn=0b18772f0dfdbf97d7e84a0423b589e9&amp;chksm=bcbccbaf4cba412c27e7f3aa7d82748edc5c7bd897d1e6593c4fcf904250bbcd43127628f52b&amp;scene=0#rd\" style=\"color: blue;\" target=\"_blank\">文章原文</a>\n <br />\n \n\n \n\n <img alt=\"\" class=\"\" height=\"1px\" src=\"http://www.jintiankansha.me/rss_static/13443/qnSrWpgklJ\" style=\"width: 1px; height: 1px; display: none;\" width=\"1px\" /></div></div>",
"content": "<div><div><div class=\"rich_media_content\" id=\"js_content\"><section style=\"margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 8px; white-space: normal; font-size: 16px; text-align: center; line-height: 1.5em;\"><img class=\"rich_pages js_insertlocalimg wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK6M7Nv6wvsPyLPCsN7uraAJxdXiby5XB2BE6S0ulr9Fs213uZ85nlxAalcgRcLFiaSVdOVlrtCZRibIw/640?wx_fmt=gif\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span><br /></span></section></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em;\"><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78arMKa07vIOSIiarnI78uIxvUmykV7Oib858ialNYfZ8IasSO4UoU9kmYSA/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span><br /></span></section></section><p><span><span>本 文 约 5000 字</span></span></p><section><section label=\"Powered by 135editor.com\"><p><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(178, 178, 178); font-size: 12px;\"><span>阅 读 需 要 17 分 钟</span></span><span><span> </span></span></span></p><p><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"><span><span><br /></span></span></span></p></section><section><span><p></p></span></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>前段时间</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,《光明日报》的一篇《实证古代</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“昆仑”的地理位置——青海黄河源发现秦始皇遣使“采药昆仑”石刻》在中国的历史与考古学界掀起了一场惊涛骇浪,一大批历史学者纷纷就这一石刻的篆刻字体、年代、文字内容以及当地自然环境发表了相关评论。众说纷纭中,大家最为关注的莫过于石刻对“昆仑”这一中国古代传奇圣山的地理定位,从先秦到明清,昆仑都</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>堪称</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>神圣之巅</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>”</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,它的存在曾被认为是传说中虚幻之处,也曾在从陕西到新疆之间的山川广域之中辗转腾挪。那么中国古代的</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“昆仑”究竟在何方?</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78auWYnmsvblHQrcqaaGicjbQrH5CzbjaQswQnI9EEQpf9Nn4I7BpDWkDQ/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78a5jwYJ1xwpMHgTFrKw5X0hg5LmtT1cnvnib4sZtwFW5icYmpibNEdtXESA/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section label=\"Powered by 135editor.com\"><section style=\"padding-right: 8px; padding-left: 8px;\"><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><b><span>茫茫山海:昆仑之墟何在?</span></b></font></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>关于</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>昆仑的记载,最早起于先秦时代的典籍中,最初多</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>被称</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>为</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“昆仑之丘”或“昆仑之虚<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(墟)</span>”,代指一片具有浓郁</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>神话</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>色彩的神秘领域,不仅有高耸入云、连绵巍峨的山群,更是有神兽守卫的</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“帝之下都”<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(天神在人间的都邑)</span>。</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>《山海经</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>·海内西经》载:</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“海内昆仑之虚,在西北,帝之下都。昆仑之虚,方八百里,高万仞</span></span></font><font face=\"Calibri\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">…</span></span></font><font face=\"Calibri\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">.. </span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">门有开明兽守之,百神之所在</span></span></font><font face=\"Calibri\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">……</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">河水出东北隅,以行其北,西南又入渤海,又出海外,即西而北,入禹所导积石山。</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">”</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aaY2Z7869V7IsjupiaomQBhOtLJrkTsCUYHxb4nicjiabTGicglGK0okzqA/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aVRbe2Cg3nfnqaJxXaQJpjK4lYfeF9PjtJv3nDU5jfsxaRgtkapft3A/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>《尔雅》载:</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“河出昆仑虚,色白”“西北之美者 ,有昆仑虚之璆琳琅玕焉。”</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\"> </span></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>早期昆仑的方位十分模糊,其有效的地理标识仅有</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“西北”“西次三经<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(山海经中西方山脉的第三序列)</span>”,而能够产出“璆琳琅玕”这样的精美玉石,根据</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>《</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>山海经</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>》</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>其他已知山系的推测<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(如西山经中为首的是陕西华山)</span>,只能推断出昆仑位于从关中平原向西向北,包括甘肃、青海与新疆等地在内的广大群山之中</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,但</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>有关</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>真正的昆仑在何处</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>并没有一个确切的方位记载。从此时开始</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>昆仑与黄河<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(古称</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“河水”)</span>源头所在</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>已被</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>深度绑定,从而使后人总将探求</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“昆仑”与追寻“河源”两大地理使命合二为一。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aiccc7ZwGZicBX8CWpvPeBXGQjXDxbxy7rCnxM6OdmUkocWLPYPywNwxA/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aqTYfUZ3fWrnT2vjicNCrWFwD64P048usapNFDTqibOwoYFfuSJdkibHiaQ/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>昆仑之</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>墟</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>的神秘玄幻不仅牵动着历代探险家的探奇之心,更让古往今来的中原帝王心怀向往。据《穆天子传》记述,最早向西抵达昆仑之境的是周穆王,他在西征巡游时得河伯指引,到达从关中宗周西行</span></font><font face=\"Calibri\"><span>8100</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>里的昆仑。</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(穆王)</span>升于昆仑之丘,以观黄帝之宫,而封丰隆之葬,以诏后世”</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>甚至有言,周穆王曾在昆仑山周边的瑶池与西王母相会结下不解之缘。此次周穆王在昆仑山上对黄帝之宫的参拜尽管存在争议,但先秦时期古代中原对于昆仑之域的内心崇拜显然已经贯穿于整个社会文化氛围之中,并为天子诸侯所共知。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section label=\"Powered by 135editor.com\"><section style=\"padding-right: 8px; padding-left: 8px;\"><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><b><span>乾坤大挪移:昆仑空间的斗转星移</span></b></font></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>秦汉时期,随着</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“华夏文化圈”和“大一统”国家的形成,古人开始尝试拨开昆仑这一“上古神山”的神秘面纱,在不断拓展的边疆中追寻它的准确</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>位置</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>向西方探寻昆仑所在的契机来自秦国的西向扩张。战国末年,秦宣太后诱杀义渠王于甘泉宫,<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(秦人)</span>因起兵灭之,始置陇西、北地、上郡焉。秦国三郡的设立标志着中原</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>地区</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>的直接管辖范围深入</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>到</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>黄河上游的宁夏甘肃一线,从而将《山海经》中渺茫的西土逐渐具象化。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aNUCpGq5byykfMZoomBZia5c73jOJ40m8NVqKCACecmesN8du357suVg/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78ad2hDOmP3sEsQ8OmTibO8SxhBSk5m9Lg1F1REUVNNkQLliadkOwMicT3Zw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>到公元前</span></font><font face=\"Calibri\"><span>221</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>年,秦始皇横扫六合统一华夏,中国历史上第一个统一的中央集权国家横空出世。与辉煌一统相伴的是秦始皇本人对</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>大秦帝国</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>的独特构想。首先,信奉传统秦国</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>神祇</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>的秦始皇想要通过</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“令祠官所常奉天地名山大川鬼神可得而序也”的方式将整个东方六国的信仰体系</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>融为一体</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,因而在统一之后进行了大规模的天下祭祀巡行,其中第一次巡行路线便是</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>:</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“(秦始皇)二十七年(前</span></span></font><font face=\"Calibri\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">220</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">),始皇巡陇西、北地,出鸡头山,过回中</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">。</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">”</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78ar7ODmehwHQgoYyicia0sZdyiagXxAnBKVwfnR3KwZHbK7LtCv3rTmdJBw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aibXN8fS3TFJ2TxbtNPMV3KuuIbjlm33jStLC2Y6oHoUv6mLUvcSjvpw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>秦始皇将西方疆域山川放在了极为重要的位置,也为当时官方与民间继续向西探求昆仑山川奠定了基础。而秦始皇个人对于长生不老的不懈追求,也为当时官方民间以寻仙问药为由的四方探寻提供了契机,所谓五大夫翳</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“采药昆仑”石刻</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>上</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>的这段史书上并未记载的神奇故事,或许正是在这一实地考察的背景下产生。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78a2xoGXRFUHksibcwUEiap7Ew1fPU4dsH7sRHOMYw6g7UoBicAXGrveVibeA/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78ajygbwlAPWYZXldAqwINFFKaxbopZkzqickkVibgBnUqWibEGBfZm0MuRQ/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>实际文献中对于昆仑的第一次官方认定出现在汉代。《史记</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>•大宛列传》记载:</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“汉使穷河源,河源出于阗,其山多玉石,采来,天子案古图书,名河所出山曰昆仑云。”</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>这里穷</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(黄)</span>河源”的汉使便是张骞及其副使,他在两次出使西域之后断定黄河的起源在于阗<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(今新疆和田县)</span>的山中,认为发源于于阗山中的河水向东汇入盐泽<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(也称蒲昌海,位</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">于今天的新疆罗布泊)</span>后就变成了潜行地下的隐河,随后在南方涌出地面变成黄河的源头。在获得这些关键信息之后,汉武帝依据玉石对比古图书,最终判定于阗的南山<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(今昆仑山西段一部)</span>为昆仑山。这次官方定位</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>基本上是依据</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“河源出昆仑”与“昆仑产美玉”两大特点认定</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>的。</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>今天来看</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>张骞关于</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“黄河潜行”地下的说法有些荒诞,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>但这</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>依旧是第一次</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>有史记载的</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>对昆仑所在地</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>进行实地</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>考察,其定位的昆仑位置与今日昆仑山脉</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>一部分</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>相重叠,同时也交代了黄河在罗布泊之南某地<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(青藏高原之上)</span>涌出地面这一基本事实,为后人进一步发掘昆仑山留下了可供思考的维度。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78at8KuFrp0llMCvNQCBXE2vPRjfpWmYBQY25LNXNcIp7koxBdGEofTJQ/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78adKGfdInOLSfXnAfQInHOgMy5iaC8JDn2KnSJQ0VUlzuMotj8kqnbSpw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span align=\"\" alt=\"\" border=\"\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" height=\"\" hspace=\"\" ismap=\"ismap\" src=\"\" title=\"\" type=\"block\" usemap=\"\" vspace=\"\" width=\"\"> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>西汉末年以后,随着汉王朝与西羌部落<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(活跃于青海与甘肃交界地带)</span>的持续作战,汉王朝对黄河上游的地理认知也不断深入,东汉经学家马融开始提出</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“昆仑在临羌西”,即昆仑在今天青海省西宁市一带,表明当时汉朝人已经对青藏高原东北隅有了初步的地理认知,但是仍受限于气候环境</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>无法进一步</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>探寻</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>昆仑所在。</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>魏晋以后,河西走廊一带在中原战乱背景下经济文化迅速发展,黄河上游地区相继出现了</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“五凉”政权,对黄河上游与祁连山以南的高原地区认识更为清晰。《晋书·张</span><span>骏</span><span>传》载:</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“酒泉南山,即昆仑之体也。周穆王见西王母,乐而忘归,即谓此山。此山有石室玉堂,珠玑镂饰,焕若神宫。宜立西王母祠,以裨朝廷无疆之福</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">。</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">”</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>这里认为的昆仑山在祁连山之中,将昆仑对中原的距离重新拉近到华夏的边缘地带。唐朝著名的历史地理学著作《括地志》云:</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“昆仑山在肃州酒泉县南八十里</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>。</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>”同样延续了《晋书》的看法。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aoibaPPw9IiccO4korVjpFXzKj9kdT1n8FUkYOygn0V1iaZaiaibE88Nyic9Q/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78a7VYvrIksJnib48ptVUjUEO52m6djF1MKEicmhzScA7CticuruhM2J5Kug/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>在</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>北方政权</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>企图将昆仑山拉近的同时,佛教文化的传入则为昆仑山的位置增加了一条新的赛道。来自中亚西域的僧人力图将佛教与华夏文化融会贯通。前秦高僧释道安,为了更好地将佛教传播给广大中原之人,将印度传说中佛教圣地阿耨</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">nòu</span></span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>达山<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(佛教文献中为印度河与恒河等四大河的发源地)</span>附加了浓郁的中华神话色彩。</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>《</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>水经注</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>》</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>作者郦道元在引据道安《释氏西域记》</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>的</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“阿耨达太山,其上有大渊水,宫殿楼观甚大焉”时解释说:“山即昆仑山也</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>。</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>”再如引《穆天子传》中“天子升于昆仑、观黄帝之宫”时解释:“黄帝宫,即阿耨达宫也。”郦道元对这一说法的认同展现出当时中原社会浓厚的佛教氛围以及西来佛教与华夏传统文化的深度融合,“昆仑”一度同时成为佛教与中国原始道教的圣山福地。而根据后世地理著作考证,阿耨达山的位置大致位于今天青藏高原西部的冈底斯山。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section label=\"Powered by 135editor.com\"><section style=\"padding-right: 8px; padding-left: 8px;\"><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><b><span>观览河源昆仑:大一统帝国的不懈追求</span></b></font></p></section></section></section></section></section><section><span><p></p></span></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>繁盛的唐代</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>为昆仑的</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>进一步</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>具象化提供了契机。</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>贞观九年<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font><font face=\"Calibri\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">635</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span>,唐朝对盘踞在今天青海北部的吐谷浑发起总攻,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>唐军从鄯州<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(今</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">青海西宁)</span>出现</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>分南北两道一路西进,从青海湖一线向黄河上游以轻骑快速深入,创造了中原王朝在青藏高原作战的空前胜利。史载唐朝北路大军</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>:</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“次且末之西,(吐谷浑可汗)伏允走图伦碛(塔克拉玛干大沙漠),将托于阗,万均督锐骑追亡数百里,又破之</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">。</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">”</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>即相当于从青海湖向西贯穿格尔木盆地,翻越阿尔金山进入新疆南部。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aVvBA8h3Y4fj43MsrAIb9QGYfx5w0vHqyhqI0KkYKAjawVibfvIShUWw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78a7ohibK3gQquLdmkRvU23sBwYwIHqqHy8kn6zq2kjw2Qoxr1IFjhHbBw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>而南路大军在侯君集率领下</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>:</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“经途二千余里,行空虚之地。盛夏降霜,山多积雪,转战过星宿川,至于柏海(今青海省鄂陵湖),频与虏遇,皆大克获。北望积石山,观河源之所出焉</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">。</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">”</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>即从青海湖溯黄河源头而上,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>途经</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>两千余里雪山沼泽后抵达黄河源头附近的鄂陵湖。这一次军事远征对青海地区的探索可谓史无前例,中原王朝的军队与随行人员第一次深入青藏高原内部地区,也为</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“河源所出”的昆仑所在提供了珍贵的地理资料。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78alTIuSze1MkKznkB7KHIXWFRqPRtkGvL8ibh61WGV0NT6InibjZVq8toQ/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aPCXS9WsrBZXwvERu9ytpnErsyLLFLFlicH51vQCuHsxpicd1sxYpOG5w/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>随着唐朝中期与吐蕃在青藏高原之上的长期拉锯战,中原人士</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>对</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>青藏高原的地理环境认知更为清晰。《新唐书</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>•吐蕃传》记载,长庆二年</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font><font face=\"Calibri\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">822</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>五月,唐朝和盟专使、大理寺卿刘元鼎率领使团前往吐蕃,与吐蕃以钵阐布</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>·勃阑伽允丹为首的官员在逻些<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(今西藏拉萨)</span>东郊会盟,这就是历史上著名的长庆会盟<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(前一年双方在长安西郊会盟)</span>。这次会盟是有史料记载以来,中原王朝首次派遣官方使节经过唐蕃古道全程往返青藏高原核心区域。会盟结束回朝</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>的</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>路上</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,盟使刘元鼎在沿途详细记载青藏高原山川地貌,尤其对黄河源头附近进行了详实介绍</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>:</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(刘)元鼎踰湟水,至龙泉谷。西北望杀胡川哥舒翰故壁多在。湟水出濛谷,抵龙泉,与河合。河之上流繇洪济梁,西南行二千里,水益狭,春可涉,秋夏乃胜舟。其南三百里。三山中高而四下,曰紫山,直大羊同国,古所谓昆仑者也,</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">虏</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">曰闷摩黎山,东距长安五千里,河源其间。</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>此处记载从湟水与河水汇合处向上游溯源,在</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>到达</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“洪济梁”<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(唐朝金天军所在,今青海贵德县黄河沿岸)</span>后要再向西南行两千里,这一段的黄河春季可以步行涉水,夏秋可以乘舟,再向南三百里就可以</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>到达</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>古代羊同国故地的紫山,也就是古代昆仑,吐蕃当地人则称为闷摩黎山。而根据后世记载,此处吐蕃境内的闷摩黎山<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(紫山)</span>,据考即今巴颜喀拉山。此次唐朝使者认为的</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“黄河源头”昆仑山基本与我们今天给出的黄河源头相吻合,也将昆仑山的位置基本固定在黄河西南方向的青海一带。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aquHTwvN2ibrddM6IyjwufjvcUiaiaxDP64Qbo0XbyajnIfqSdf1YUUQVQ/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78apkU1ZnCMftxo6cbxe8f7S2PCRBUjCtCoX2vtBFYLZvBdhIgk6WS1mw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span> </span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"Calibri\"><span>13</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>世纪下半叶,忽必烈建立大元,</span><span>青藏高原第一次正式纳入中原王朝的行政管辖。元世祖忽必烈设置掌管全国佛教事务并统辖吐蕃地区</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(今西藏及青海大部)</span></span><span>军政事务的机构——宣政院。</span><span>庞大的疆域和通畅的道路为内地人员对青藏高原进行全方位考察奠定了基础。</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>当时的忽必烈为了建立汉唐都未能达到的功勋,彰显大元对寰宇一统的历史功绩,于至元二十七年<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font><font face=\"Calibri\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">1290</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>也有说法为十七年<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font><font face=\"Calibri\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">1280</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>派遣女真人都实从甘肃临夏出发穷探黄河之源头,完成</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“古无有也”的历史创举。</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>都实首先在唐人的基础上确认了星宿川为黄河源头所在</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>:</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“有泉百余,泓洳散涣,弗可逼视,方七八十里。履高山下瞰,灿若列星,以故名火敦脑儿,译言‘星宿’也</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">。</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">”</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>即将今天黄河上游星宿海星罗棋布的泉流地带清晰描述为黄河源头。随后又记载</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>:</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 16px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“朵甘思东北有大雪山,名亦耳麻不莫刺,其山最髙,译言腾乞里塔,即昆仑也</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 16px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">。</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 16px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">”</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span><span style=\"font-size: 16px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\"> </span></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>又言黄河先自西向东绕昆仑之南行,随后</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“河水北行,转西流,过昆仑北”。由此可见,元代定义的昆仑并不在黄河源头处,反而是黄河上游一串被黄河绵延环绕的巨大山脉,以今天的地图观之,恰好是三面为黄河所环绕的今阿尼玛卿山山脉,在中国古代典籍中也被称为“大积石山”,与《尚书·禹贡》中“导河积石”的记载不谋而合,而此处昆仑山的译音“腾乞里塔”很可能也与蒙古语中的腾格里词汇同源,有所谓“天山”之义,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>即</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>当地人心目中的</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“神山”。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>所以,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>这次对昆仑位置的界定,是</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>古代历史上第一次具有明确记载的亲身地理科学探索的结论,是一次重要诠释。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78ayRdZcicON6yLQ8weBcz7CwT8pLxV616xb0icwKQic6ib6lcw8T2O5PANdw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aFicGXmLKXEYfiaAMOenpD2gKWuUVssvwLxWrK5J1gCyjVXFFJuia3j6gg/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span> </span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>古人对昆仑最为系统性的考察</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>还是在</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>清代</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>。</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>康熙年间,清廷全力平定西北新疆一带的准噶尔部落,当时的青海处于准噶尔、西藏与内地的交通要冲,位于青海境内的和硕特蒙古部落便被视为朝廷重点争取对象。康熙帝借探查河源的机会</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>在当地</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>宣扬朝廷恩威,作为勘察使者的侍卫拉锡与舒兰于康熙四十三年<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span></font><font face=\"Calibri\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">1704</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">)</span>不辱使命再次来到“星宿海”,得知其周围群山蒙古名为“库尔滚”,认为“即昆仑也”,同时认为从周边“库尔滚”群山中涌出的三条河流<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(包括黄河上的卡日曲与约古宗列曲)</span>即黄河源头所在,这一发现再次佐证了《山海经》中“河出昆仑”的基本猜想,而此处的库尔滚<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(坤)</span>山,即今巴颜喀拉山,这一结果也基本与今日现代地理考察所得出的结论相吻合。</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>现代</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>地理学上的昆仑山脉从帕米尔高原发端,沿着塔里木盆地和青藏高原的交界一路向东,在进入青海之后</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>则沿柴达木盆地南缘向东南延伸,形成巴颜喀拉山脉与阿尼玛卿山等多列山系,而古人对于昆仑位置的探究尽管不尽相同,但终究处在</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>“大昆仑”的范畴之中。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aednWPuibems1Sy50ut1JSicNhIov6BJYCibazpwGD9n2GOZNumDdsfia1Q/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4BVPAv0hJPaNADoHURc78aMd1Vgca3I6xFo54NicALoCCicvQKzHh4MgtGW16mJRR7mr0AOwF10UhA/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\"> </span></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>纵观古人对昆仑方位的认识,无不与同一时代的疆域广度与社会风貌相联结,昆仑的位置所在不仅是一个神话山脉的位置归属,更是有关华夏龙脉所在的终极探讨,堪舆之书言:</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“万山一贯,起自昆仑。山龙之散见于地,虽有千万之多,而其龙脉之来,皆出于昆仑。”</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>大秦</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>将昆仑视作求仙访药的神仙居所,汉武帝将昆仑视为汉家西域的明证</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>昆仑在</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>大唐</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>与吐蕃的交往中撤下隐藏的迷雾,在</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>元代</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>丈量寰宇的脚步中逐渐明晰,最终在</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>清代</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>的一统功业中找到了真实而确切的归宿。</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>巍峨的昆仑山,承载着华夏民族探寻世界寰宇的无限憧憬,矗立于祖国的茫茫西土,守望庇佑着龙之传人。</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p><span><p><span> </span></p></span><span><p><span><br /></span></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: bold;\">参考文献:</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">1. </span></span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">沈婉婷:《中国古代昆仑观念研究》,山东大学博士论文</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">2.</span></span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">(明)宋濂</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">:《元史》</span></span></font><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\"> </span></span><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">3. </span></span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">中华书局编</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">:《清实录》</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">4.</span></span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">(宋)欧阳修</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">:《新唐书》</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">5.</span></span><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">(清)顾祖禹</span></span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: normal;\">:《读史方舆纪要》</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">*</span>本文系“国家</span></font><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">人文历史”独家稿件,欢迎读者转发朋友圈。</span></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\"><br /></span></p><section><section><section><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4s6XTkV1zgY7Ndw3fVeyGpxIIj30oUzpUnwIcafcXhx66GztUhxGc2FM8I09uwLbMwUFOQfZVGcg/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section></section></section><section><span><span>END</span></span></section><section><span><span>作者 | 王凯迪</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span>‍‍‍‍‍‍‍</span></span></span></section><section><span><span>编辑 | 胡心雅</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span>‍</span></span></span></section><section><span><span>主编 | 周斌</span></span></section><section><span><span>排版 | 曲晨溪(实习)</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span>‍</span></span></span></section><section><span><span>校对 | 火炬 李栋 张斌 古月</span></span></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><span><span><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK6o0DTLAcjHUob1LlCbkiaCGeUicmbUPjIKiciad7l2ytYjz3bGBzNyAUu0aicCb4oWXbicQBJA96lk9Tug/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></span></span></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><strong><span><br /></span></strong></section><section><strong><span>国历好物</span></strong></section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK50l871IgvMuCSibrmOibSxicuB2xBPs1uQ2ZspQytHr1P0K7rUaKzSAg2CRzMr8ibAYhs2mSk7cLvZpQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section><p><span><strong><span><span>进击的士族</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>旁落的皇权</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>跨越五百年的权力对抗史</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>国民历史读物《国家人文历史》专业团队</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>最新力作</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>展现士族潮起潮落的史诗级历史画卷</span></span></strong></span></p><section label=\"edit by 135editor\"><section><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK50l871IgvMuCSibrmOibSxicuassfQWcfhotQqH5lYBRPtichLu7A0vIGovAB5sRkicvnkQnT342127lA/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section><section><section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section></section><section><section><strong><span>点击下方封面,即可购买</span></strong></section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><span><strong><span><span>↓↓↓</span></span></strong></span></p><p><a class=\"weapp_image_link js_weapp_entry\"><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK5sbRbqWpNPCUYibIYbC7RFRAHn32PAWbKDIM6A4MkicYHOWIR0Hy6iamToAdrvvPDeu5T15EKXjC1Fg/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></a><span><br /></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><h2 src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPQbfYUk2lKRJbtAXIuZ0kjicBeKbKicn7picTvdbH5bfuaoiazGOfbm8kw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558\"><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPPS2Tl0L42giakAlUSsWM2hKsLfDwrNFcLNgFaxPhQng3E9mCRE3tkg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558px\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; 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{
"title": "从抱有幻想到全面抗战:七七事变后的关键十日",
"description": "<div><div><div class=\"rich_media_content\" id=\"js_content\"><section style=\"margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 8px; white-space: normal; font-size: 16px; text-align: center; line-height: 1.5em;\"><img class=\"rich_pages js_insertlocalimg wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK6M7Nv6wvsPyLPCsN7uraAJxdXiby5XB2BE6S0ulr9Fs213uZ85nlxAalcgRcLFiaSVdOVlrtCZRibIw/640?wx_fmt=gif\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em;\"><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiaoKjpsWb740zwjPjPEGZwia4t20I6aPicBxY106GrDKuzcaicK9VNQAKow/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section></section><p><span><span>本 文 约 6000 字</span></span></p><section><section label=\"Powered by 135editor.com\"><p><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(178, 178, 178); font-size: 12px;\"><span>阅 读 需 要 20 分 钟</span></span><span><span> </span></span></span></p></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KwGDVZfkVq56nbYb3pOfJgMRTt8dFDd4kicFKKPh0ibdwXmVthxLUQ7wQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 546px; height: auto !important;\" /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiaBLLfmG8oocXqHZViaK4hM1y6GuRPtGSKCjd95qFLCdDQfdlZkCoicDicA/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section label=\"Powered by 135editor.com\"><section style=\"padding-right: 8px; padding-left: 8px;\"><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><b><span>消失的士兵</span></b></font></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><p style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>1937年7月7日夜,北平城雷声阵阵,大雨将至。夜幕下,日本“支那驻屯军”第1联队第3大队少佐大队长一木清直麾下的500余名日本兵携带6门步兵炮,气势汹汹地由丰台大营向卢沟桥进发,事态颇为严重。日军向中方提出交涉时,说明了他们这次行动的理由:有一名参与演习的日本士兵失踪,日方要求进入宛平县城搜索。“失踪”的日本士兵叫志村菊次郎,是一名新来的传令兵。关于他的“失踪”,有观点认为完全是日方的“谎称”,但也有人认为“失踪”的确属实,是偶然事件引发的必然冲突。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>1937年7月7日夜,北平城雷声阵阵,大雨将至。夜幕下,日本“支那驻屯军”第1联队第3大队少佐大队长一木清直麾下的500余名日本兵携带6门步兵炮,气势汹汹地由丰台大营向卢沟桥进发,事态颇为严重。日军向中方提出交涉时,说明了他们这次行动的理由:有一名参与演习的日本士兵失踪,日方要求进入宛平县城搜索。“失踪”的日本士兵叫志村菊次郎,是一名新来的传令兵。关于他的“失踪”,有观点认为完全是日方的“谎称”,但也有人认为“失踪”的确属实,是偶然事件引发的必然冲突。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>日本学界有种观点认为志村菊次郎的确在7月7日夜离队解手,黑暗中因走向与部队相反的方向,故而误了归队的时间,但不久后就找到其所在部队,而此时日军已向中方提出进城搜查的要求。耐人寻味的是,事件并未因志村的归队而平息,作为局中人的志村也跟着部队继续寻找那个“失踪士兵”。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>紧接着,日方收到时任国民革命军第29军副军长、北平市市长秦德纯的回复:</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“卢沟桥是中国领土,日军未经同意在该地演习,已违背国际公法,妨害我国主权,走失士兵我方不能负责,日方更不得进城搜查,致起误会。惟故念两国友谊,可等天亮后,令该地军警代为寻觅,如查有日本士兵,即行送还。”</span></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>按理说,中方的态度已经很配合了,但问题在于日军不完全是为解决问题而来,士兵失踪好像让他们好不容易找到一个理由,一定要好好利用,继续与中方强硬对峙,当时已是7月8日凌晨2时,双方剑拔弩张。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>我们常说“七七事变”,顾名思义地认为中日全面战争爆发于7月7日。实际上冲突爆发的时间是在1937年7月8日凌晨。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>那个深夜,带头挑衅的日军队长一木清直声称部队遭到中国军队射击,并报告给他的上司牟田口廉也。牟田口这个蛮横的皇道派大佐当即给一木下达了“被敌攻击,当然还击”的命令。尽管多年来中日双方在谁开的第一枪问题上争论不休,但牟田口这个命令无异于下令开火,其战争责任不可推卸。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>面对日军咄咄逼人的挑衅,驻守在卢沟桥头的第219团团长吉星文一夜未眠。吉星文是河南扶沟人,因儿时受到族叔吉鸿昌的影响,自幼怀有从戎报国之志向,1922年随吉鸿昌投效西北军。在1933年的长城抗战中,时任国民革命军第29军第37师第109旅第219团营长的吉星文曾带领全营官兵绕袭敌后,击退占领王家村、瓦房村等地的日军,因功被提升为219团团长。1937年的那个雨夜,他将再次走上历史前台。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>7月8日凌晨3时30分左右,吉星文接到了副军长秦德纯发来的指示:</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“保卫领土是军人天职,对外战争是我军人的荣誉,务即晓得谕全团官兵,牺牲奋斗,坚守阵地,即以宛平与卢沟桥为吾军坟墓,一尺一寸国土,不可轻易让人。”</span></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>吉星文接电后当即回复:</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“请长官放心,吾团全体官兵已经做好一切战斗准备,誓与宛平城共存亡,卢沟桥不是吾人之坟墓就是敌人之坟墓。”</span></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>一木清直终于按捺不住,欲强行入城,被吉星文当即拦阻,宛平城外顿时枪声四起。随后日军又炮轰219团第3营<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(营长金振中)</span>指挥部,当场炸死士兵2人,炸伤5人。面对入侵之敌,吉星文团立即奋起还击,全面抗战的第一枪就此打响。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KI2w1hYgogicylLgaCgW2ic4qFxMUpsqiaYExWjSNAG9Y6VppLS45tIdgA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 530px; height: auto !important;\" /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiat1zRaB1FRLzX7eOFuPSRT6heCUfG9FhwEUJqia7K1PRWXLWsBB6Ybtw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>战斗刚开始,日军迅速派兵杀害了我军在桥头堡的执勤官兵,并占领桥头堡。为保卫卢沟桥,吉星文赶赴位于最前线的第3营金振中部,向该部发表了坚定的抗日宣言,并亲自挑选了150名精壮官兵,组成敢死队。敢死队被编成5个组,每人带步枪1支,手榴弹2枚,大刀一把,悄然向桥头堡进攻。队员对地形十分熟悉,加上第29军中向来重视武术训练,他们很快摸上桥头堡,乘拒守的日军还比较少的时机一举将其歼灭,夺回阵地。日军失去桥头堡后以轻重炮向我守军猛烈轰击,由于吉星文团拼死抵抗,首次激烈冲突之后,中日双方进入打打谈谈的阶段。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>或许当时连吉星文、金振中以及驻守桥头的第29军219团的将士们都没想到,7月8日的雨夜,他们坚定的抵抗意志已为中华民族揭开了卫国战争之序章。</span></p><section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 0px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 0px;\"><section style=\"padding-right: 8px; padding-left: 8px;\"><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><b><span>战和之间</span></b></font></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>卢沟桥事变爆发,日本大本营首先吵开了锅,日军高层对战事的主张分为“扩大派”和“不扩大派”,当初作为九一八事变始作俑者之一的石原莞尔此时竟成了“扩大派”的反对者,他甚至提出日军立即停止冲突,让在场“扩大派”军人瞠目结舌。8日的日本内阁会议上,支持所谓事件不扩大,就地解决方针的一派占据优势,但也正是这个信息麻痹了中方领导层。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KUlhiaVQJgZbJW6WPTdlbhFwf0nkMGmzJdy4hCfI3TCdrX4AmFj6NS0w/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 546px; height: auto !important;\" /></span></section><section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiapnIUq18ABt4qGTwDqEyftDWvAo4CNLicUjgmZWWcQrNJlLvfkBEd1JA/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>直接当事人,第29军军长宋哲元同样没有意识到事态严重,认为冲突可以靠和谈解决。宋哲元之所以有此自信,主要是在北平,中国军队在人数上占绝对优势。日本驻屯华北的军队主力为混成第4旅,共6000人左右。而驻守冀察平津地区的第29军,连同地方保安部队,总兵力约10万人。事变爆发后,他严令29军坚守卢沟桥,并将事变向南京报告。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>同时,也派北平市市长秦德纯与日军交涉。9日,宋哲元</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>当局与日军达成协议:第一,双方立即停止射击;第二,日军撤退至永定河左岸,中国军队撤至右岸;第三,卢沟桥守备由河北保安队石友三部担任。北平形势看似转危为安,宋哲元也认为在守住大原则的情况下息事宁人是最好的。但就在协议达成的第二天,各方媒体纷纷报道,天津、古北口、榆关等处陆续有日军部队出现,携带有大炮、坦克等向卢沟桥前进。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>卢沟桥事变后日本最激进的主要是关东军,半年多前的绥远抗战让关东军一度吃瘪,终于等来这次“机会”,当然要亲自上阵,把“支那驻屯军”乃至整个日本军部绑上战车。大井村五里店等处被日军占领,平卢路也瘫痪,关东军来者不善。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>果然,到了11日,日军的大炮就对准宛平城一带轰击,造成不少平民伤亡,吉星文将城内居民向城外比较安全的地带疏散,自己也在炮击中负伤。随后,八宝山、长辛店、廊坊、杨村等处也燃起战火。日军的飞机开始在北平上空频频出现,四处侦察。日军这么一打,平津当局在交涉中姿态放得更低了,与之达成协议,即:一、第29军代表声明向日军表示道歉,并惩办此次事变责任者;二、取缔共产党、蓝衣社及其他抗日团体的抗日活动;三、永定河以东不驻中国军队。宋哲元是打算向日军让步妥协了。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>蒋介石的意思再明白不过,他相信日本关东军必会增援日军华北驻屯军,要第29军加紧备战。次日中午,蒋又电话告知秦德纯:“据确息,关东有五列车今日上午十一时到达天津与塘沽之间,请注意。”同时致电宋哲元,要他对卢沟桥的日军就地抵抗。从解密的第一手电文和手令来看,难免会觉得北平当局软弱,而身在南京的最高统帅蒋介石深谋远虑,知道全面抗战关头已来到,一再督促29军抵抗,不要再做和平幻想,着实高瞻远瞩。如此下定论恐怕还太早,翻开蒋介石的私人日记,委员长会亲自告诉你,他的强硬态度并非为了要和日本人大干一场,而是打着另一个算盘。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KHTY58xLRWWwRO47kDeeDunNjoDMHtDWHZYugPgWog4P1ESM2KvQ2zg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 546px; height: auto !important;\" /></span></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiawkCXOwZerkVxbzO2RmSmOFfib9F3AaoQcxrL77gIwnNxdRcJOgQqMibA/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 0px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 0px;\"><section style=\"padding-right: 8px; padding-left: 8px;\"><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><b><span>以战止战</span></b></font></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>前文说过,七七事变真正爆发冲突的时间是7月8日凌晨,蒋介石接到消息的时间自然也是8日,但他与宋哲元一样,都没有意识到全面战争会打响。蒋在当天晚上的日记中提出了三个问题:第一,日本人在卢沟桥挑衅,是想达到逼我屈服的目的?第二,或许他们是与宋哲元为难,使华北“独立”?第三,现在是与日本人决战的时候了吗?最后他还是认为“此时倭无与我开战之利”,全面战争不会爆发。</span></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KQib1WOriaF6MqbRT3kERdB7dhZ03X4wlicZZ9rxvsZfkU07Tqje4VFF4Q/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 546px; height: auto !important;\" /></span></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiaEgyic7BibA1CwzyJ1iaJwtx2FN81kJN6r6pQC0RZSpiaRmT6bcAAxZFgGA/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>7月9日的日记显示,蒋介石将卢沟桥事变看作一次与日方博弈的机会,之所以要用强硬姿态唬住日军,是想“乘此次冲突之机,对倭可否进一步要求其撤退丰台之倭兵,或取消冀东伪组织”。蒋介石“积极运兵北上备战”“准备动员,不避战争”等计划的动机有两种可能:其一,他意识到卢案可能引发全面战争,真的在积极备战。其二,备战的目的是为了像绥远那样,好好地打一场局部战争,打赢了即以外交手段迫使日本从丰台撤兵,再干掉殷汝耕的冀东伪政权。结合现有史料来看,第二种可能性高于第一种。10日,蒋介石得知日军反攻卢沟桥后,在日记中云:</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“惟我已积极运兵北上备战,或可戢其野心,我军已开始北进,彼或于明日停战乎。”</span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>11日至13日,蒋介石发给北平的电令几乎都是寸土不让,不要做和平幻想,不要避战等等,态度颇为坚决。但在他自己留下的日记中,这一系列动作又显然不是真正在准备全面抗战,而是想以战止战,火中取栗。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>蒋介石将七七事变视为中国在华北问题上重新立于主动地位的机会,对宋哲元保守避战,生怕扩大事态的态度尤其不满。他始终相信日本挑衅的目的在于华北,而不会波及整个中国,日方增兵是为了迫使中方屈服,所以他偏要出兵华北,甚至不惜在华北打场小仗,只要中央军大军一到,日方或许就会停战。这种莫名的自信持续到12日才出现变化。这天,蒋介石接到情报,得知日本内阁宣言决定支持增兵中国,关东军也已抵达天津,他终于意识到卢案引发全面战争的可能性越来越大,做出七七事变“势必扩大,不能避战矣”的推测,但仍坚持“非至万不得已,不宜宣战”。</span></section><section><section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"padding-right: 8px; padding-left: 8px;\"><section style=\"padding-right: 8px; padding-left: 8px;\"><section label=\"Powered by 135editor.com\"><section><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><b><span>箭在弦上</span></b></font></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>7月12日夜到7月13日晨,日本“支那驻屯军”高层与国民政府的领导者蒋介石都彻夜未眠。13日凌晨,日方参谋会议连夜草拟的《七月十三日的中国驻屯军情况判断》出炉,其中有增援部队到达后,“</span><span>必要时一举歼灭第29军</span><span>”</span><span>的计划。蒋介石经过一夜的考虑,也在13日决定:抽调高射炮部队增援,弹药武器立即启程送往华北。外交方面,他已经于两日前与英国大使说明运兵北上的原因是</span><span>“</span><span>日本关东军进入天津、丰台作大规模之战争,故不得不运兵预防</span><span>”</span><span>,打消列强势力的疑虑。接下来就是要发表对日宣言,公开中央军进驻保定的消息。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>事态发展至此,日本与南京的态度都转向强硬,唯有处于风口浪尖的北平当局成了主和派。13日,中日双方在永定门外发生冲突,</span><span>“</span><span>支那驻屯军</span><span>”</span><span>司令香月清司乘机向冀察政务委员会提出七项要求:一、彻底镇压共产党的策动;二、罢免排日要人;三、撤去驻在冀察的排日中央系统各机关;四、撤去冀察排日团体;五、取缔排日言论及宣传机关和学生、民众的排日运动;六、取缔学校、军队的排日教育;七、北平的警备将来由公安部队负责,城内不得驻屯军队。可以说完全是个城下之盟。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>针对事变恶化,第29军高层召集会议,会上主战派与主和派发生争执,最后张自忠等主和派占了上风。平津当局最高负责人宋哲元也是倾向主和的,他在会后的公开谈话中说了一通大道理:</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“此次卢沟桥发生事件,实为东亚之不幸,局部之冲突能随时解决,尚为不幸中之大幸。……余向主和平,爱护人群,决不愿以人类做无益社会之牺牲。合法合理,社会即可平安;能平即和,不平即不能和。希望负责任者以东亚大局为重。若只知个人利益,则国家有兴有亡,兴亡之数,殊非尽为吾人所能意料也。</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">”</span></span></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>对北平当局一系列妥协政策,南京方面大为惊骇,当天军政部长何应钦就给宋哲元发出紧急电报,告知</span><span>“</span><span>津市遍布日军,兄在津万分危险,务祈即刻秘密赴保</span><span>”</span><span>,催促其到保定去作战。同日,宋哲元还收到了蒋介石发来的电文:</span><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">卢案必不能和平解决。无论我方允许其任何条件,而对方的目的,则以冀察为不驻兵区域与区内组织用人皆得其同意,造成第二冀东</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(伪政权)</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">。若不做到此步,则彼必得寸进尺,决无已时。中正已决心运用全力抗战,宁为玉碎,不为瓦全,以保持国家与个人之人格……</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">”</span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>南京方面的态度不仅是催促第29军作战,从13日起,驻扎在陕西、河南、湖北、安徽、江苏等地的部队陆续收到蒋介石下达的正式动员令,命令这些地区的部队向以郑州为中心的陇海、平汉铁路沿线集结。山东省政府主席韩复榘也收到防卫津浦路北线的命令。此外,平汉、陇海、津浦三个铁路局奉命集结军用列车,所有轮船公司也将船舶回航到指定地点待命。局势箭在弦上,不得不发。</span></section><section><section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section><section><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 0px;\"><section style=\"padding-right: 8px; padding-left: 8px;\"><section label=\"Powered by 135editor.com\"><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><b><span>最后关头</span></b></font></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>庐山是民国时期的政治名山,南京酷暑,适合避暑的庐山成了南京国民政府军政要员的</span><span>“</span><span>夏都</span><span>”</span><span>。从1937年6月23日起,中国社会各界的名流巨卿们,相继收到一份特殊的请柬,邀请他们到庐山开会。按照原计划,7月15日起的一个月内,分三期邀请200余人到庐山参加谈话,目的是为了征询各界对内政外交的意见。但因七七事变爆发,1937年的炎夏,齐聚庐山的军政要人、社会名流已没有游览避暑胜地的闲情,空气布满紧张的气氛,大战即将来临!</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>7月15日,也就是中国共产党公布国共合作宣言的这一天,蒋介石接到北平宋哲元的来电,得知宋有想放弃天津的意思,蒋严令制止。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>7月17日,庐山谈话会第二次全体会议现场气氛严肃,主席台两旁</span><span>“</span><span>养天地正气,法古今完人</span><span>”</span><span>的对联格外醒目,所有人的关注点都聚焦在委员长蒋介石身上。一身戎装的他以激扬的言辞发表了头一天起草好的抗战宣言。对于卢沟桥事变,蒋介石表明立场,任何解决都不得侵害中国主权与领土之完整,因为</span><span>“</span><span>北平若可变成沈阳,南京又何尝不可变成北平!所以卢沟桥事变的推演,是关系中国国家整个的问题,此事能否结束,就是最后关头的境界</span><span>”</span><span>。宣言中,他总结了自九一八事变到塘沽协定后的教训,中国已无路可退,言明我们希望和平但不要苟安,我们决不求战但随时准备迎战,</span><span>“</span><span>如果战端一开,那就是地无分南北,年无分老幼,无论何人,皆有守土抗战之责任,皆应抱定牺牲一切之决心。</span><span>”“</span><span>万一真到了无可避免的最后关头,我们当然只有牺牲,只有抗战。</span><span>”</span></section><section><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7DFmzWutWFfaYLG7FOYNj6mN0PDEd3IzuCg9ic1neuqYPU7rz73ADlOrSicaPq3lSF8FTMr0Cl29Bw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiaHcTqNGeibbicrjlHC447lxsl2ZCFibcS9F6NRGcpaccI4o2o6mr8KxLyA/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>7月20日,庐山抗战谈话一经公开发表,全国哗然,充满抗日热情的军民士气为之一振,纷纷表示拥护委员长领导抗战。但另一些对抗战前途持悲观态度的人士认为此宣言将使中国大祸临头,“低调俱乐部”的一干文人、政客甚至将蒋介石等力主抗战救亡的论调讥讽为“歇斯底里的风气”。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>从7月7日夜的日本士兵失踪案到7月17日庐山抗战宣言,是中日两国走向全面战争的关键十日。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>抛开自七七以来半个多月的打打停停,北平真正的激战只有4天。从7月25日晚起,大量前来增援的日军对廊坊第38师发起攻击,次日进攻广安门,北平形势急剧恶化。7月27日,蒋介石已经预料到北平凶多吉少,并开始郑重考虑“万一北平被陷,则战</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(宣战)</span></span><span>与和</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(停战)</span></span><span>以及不战不和</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(应战)</span></span><span>,与一面交涉一面抵抗之国策”。这一天夜晚,第29军第132师师长赵登禹也奉命抵达南苑,与副军长佟凌阁部署与制定作战计划。次日早上8时,日军对南苑展开了猛烈进攻,在空中与地面炮火支援的掩护下,日军第20师团高木义人旅团迅速攻至南苑机场。赵登禹闻讯,急忙赶往机场督战。第29军以大刀闻名,但此次面对强敌,仅凭血肉毕竟不能筑成真正御敌的长城,日军猛烈炮火攻势下,第29军伤亡惨重,被迫退入南苑主阵地,赵登禹也接到撤入北平城内的命令。</span></section><section><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7DFmzWutWFfaYLG7FOYNj6RKxGaE4DJM9sfXs8b03ibCA9UaJqO7OPIh17DX5Ffib8QrBJ9j6gwIaA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyia6Jylr84NibictTpGESKbUJXa7udJadDW3epamcJ4ukQ2Ua25SV26AT5w/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>由于汉奸出卖情报,赵登禹撤退的路线被日军获知,“支那驻屯军”步兵旅团第1联队第3大队事先进行埋伏。28日中午12时40分左右,当赵登禹将军的车队途经大红门时,突然遭到日军伏兵的袭击,赵登禹身中数弹,不幸牺牲。同日,第29军副军长佟凌阁将军率200余人撤退至大红门附近,忽然枪声四起,埋伏于此的日军展开攻击,混战中,佟凌阁腿部被日军的机枪射中,血流如注。卫士劝他先撤下火线,利用庄稼地撤出日军包围圈,但佟凌阁心系随行学生的安危,拒绝了这一建议。一场血战下来,佟凌阁身边仅剩数十人,祸不单行,部队刚突围至时村就被日本关东军飞行团的轰炸机发现,遭到猛烈轰炸,正在指挥作战的佟凌阁不幸头部中弹,当场牺牲,甚至没能留下一句遗言。而在其殉国后,报纸误将“佟凌阁”写成了“佟麟阁”,此名一直误传至今。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>南苑失守,赵、佟两位将军殉国,宋哲元撤离北平……一连几天南京接到的都是坏消息,蒋介石闻之焦心如焚。29日,北平沦陷,第29军被迫撤离北平。同一天,天津也被日军占领。消息传来,蒋介石哀叹“可悲孰甚!”平津相继沦陷,举国震动,也使蒋介石意识到抗战之必要,彻底放弃和平幻想,明言:</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">平津既陷,人民荼毒至此,虽欲不战,亦不可得,否则国内必起分崩之祸,与其国内分崩,不如抗倭作战。</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">”</span></span></section><section style=\"padding-right: 8px; padding-left: 8px; margin: 8px 0px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"margin: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7DFmzWutWFfaYLG7FOYNj6plhNJEz7dxAmdv3ZDfHcjEq3Jt1kNSPOiccb4tTJypiapkfk5jm6NoZA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiaoicDjlzBd9e9gvsUhq4fhjtwaljb05sv36Fv62yQx81N4lUNQKKLgmA/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>抗战的一天来到了。战火从华北烧到华东,再由华东蔓延华南,中国并未如山杉元所断言的那样,一个月就被征服。北起卢沟桥,南至惠通桥,一寸河山一寸血,抗战从未停止,直至1945年8月15日昭和天皇宣布无条件投降。最后,说说七七事变中几名日方关键人物的结局,罪魁牟田口廉也,二战后以战犯罪名被捕入狱,1948年3月被释放回国,死于1966年;侵略卢沟桥的急先锋一木清直,从侵华战场打到太平洋战场,1942年在瓜岛的泰纳鲁河口之战中,一木清直支队遭美军围困,一木本人于绝望中切腹自杀,该支队全军覆没;</span><span>“</span><span>消失的士兵</span><span>”</span><span>士兵志村菊次郎,七七事变后还是冲锋陷阵的士兵,一直活到1944年,随部在缅甸作战时被中国远征军击毙,这个影响历史的小人物终究还是成为昭和战争的祭品。</span></section><section style=\"padding-right: 8px; padding-left: 8px; margin: 8px 0px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><span><br /></span></section><p><span>本文改编自《国家人文历史》2017年7月上,</span><span><span>原标题为《卢沟晓月,雾掩庐山  走向全面战争的关键十日》,有删节,本文系“国家</span></span><span>人文历史”独家稿件,欢迎读者转发朋友圈。</span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4s6XTkV1zgY7Ndw3fVeyGpxIIj30oUzpUnwIcafcXhx66GztUhxGc2FM8I09uwLbMwUFOQfZVGcg/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1\" /></section></section></section><section><span><span>END</span></span></section><section><span><span>作者 | </span><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><span>周渝</span></span></span></section><section><span><span>编辑 | 胡心雅</span></span></section><section><span><span>主编 | 周斌</span></span></section><section><span><span>排版 | 曲晨溪(实习)</span></span></section><section><span><span>校对 | 戈雨</span></span></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><span><span><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK6o0DTLAcjHUob1LlCbkiaCGeUicmbUPjIKiciad7l2ytYjz3bGBzNyAUu0aicCb4oWXbicQBJA96lk9Tug/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1\" /></span></span></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img __bg_gif\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/jiaTakLJVhFwVb6dkoTQOoKBCsic0GbcibzCntPc8OGgxu6Ha80H4ZPlbfYu2kN3kF9wKm1hicWCdibPPKHMPnib7icLg/640?wx_fmt=gif&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1\" /></section><section><section><p><span><span>推荐</span><span><span> </span></span></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><span>“马甲”一词</span></p><p><span>从冷兵器时代的战马嘶鸣</span></p><p><span>到霓裳羽衣的时尚舞台</span></p><p><span>其含义的沧海桑田</span></p><p><span>恰如一面棱镜</span></p><p><span>折射出华夏服饰文化</span></p><p><span>随社会变迁而流转生辉的壮阔历程</span></p><p><span>本期,就让我们一同走进这幅</span></p><p><span>从金戈铁马到衣冠风流的完整画卷</span></p><section><section><section><p><strong><span><span>点击下方封面,即可购买</span></span></strong></p><section><span><span>↓↓↓</span></span></section><section><a href=\"https://item.jd.com/10104931956869.html?sdx=ehi-lLxFuZiE6JnIaIZUic8oszWVDwwrsmpMs6ZDZduKPe_RLJxa7nTipUDgVGWS#crumb-wrap\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7ibicuQGBVNNvibuQk7IAWBk0vXDIs4Z35GjSIFU5ydu8G6TMsyVdshBwGpezqaTezSfnPaMUkpH9eg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;from=appmsg\" /></span></a></section><section><section><section><h2 src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPQbfYUk2lKRJbtAXIuZ0kjicBeKbKicn7picTvdbH5bfuaoiazGOfbm8kw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558\"><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPPS2Tl0L42giakAlUSsWM2hKsLfDwrNFcLNgFaxPhQng3E9mCRE3tkg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558px\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&amp;mid=2651035606&amp;idx=1&amp;sn=95e5b910a9c15c3b861b33b6a6da3866&amp;scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcaIgQkEibvERBOGAaoicFhgsfmibxDTGK2z3uLHbhcvWGEYibV0hom5VW8CA/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></a></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&amp;mid=2651035897&amp;idx=1&amp;sn=befda0705325843f84da3911012cad95&amp;scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcamtwvyMNyxgGfdgqCCu9GkBZl21VfOcYfkJRh5E0ArHl4UUBtbSzwRQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></a></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcaohkRZ9cGSGGPakn9lRTzm4qIA3pNHn3EVXrsicT3De6T2ib5Slw6GsRQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span><span><br /></span></span></section></section></section></h2></section></section></section><section><span><section><h2 src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPQbfYUk2lKRJbtAXIuZ0kjicBeKbKicn7picTvdbH5bfuaoiazGOfbm8kw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558\"><span><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages __bg_gif wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK6M7Nv6wvsPyLPCsN7uraAJ0nGCQhDMIIg0L5icbmcctmcTvsgM0HwBpkXTF9ztE2MsQ8Tso0exnicA/640?wx_fmt=gif\" /></span></h2></section></span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><span><section><section><span><section><section><span><span>“</span><strong><span>在看</span></strong><span>”的永远18岁~</span></span></section></section></span></section></section></span></section></section><section><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><section><section style=\"padding-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 1em; display: flex;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"></span></section></section></section></span></section><p style=\"display: none;\"></p></div>\n \n\n \n <br />\n\n \n <a class=\"media_tool_meta meta_primary\" href=\"http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&amp;mid=2651042239&amp;idx=1&amp;sn=857c365a789d8b2375a60fed4dbdd882&amp;chksm=bc1f89d75aa276aa86aeae983835408d45f0db5430dbe2d3269bff712391329c6a395e33b1a6&amp;scene=0#rd\" style=\"color: blue;\" target=\"_blank\">文章原文</a>\n <br />\n \n\n \n\n <img alt=\"\" class=\"\" height=\"1px\" src=\"http://www.jintiankansha.me/rss_static/13443/eKdXffpFLM\" style=\"width: 1px; height: 1px; display: none;\" width=\"1px\" /></div></div>",
"content": "<div><div><div class=\"rich_media_content\" id=\"js_content\"><section style=\"margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 8px; white-space: normal; font-size: 16px; text-align: center; line-height: 1.5em;\"><img class=\"rich_pages js_insertlocalimg wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK6M7Nv6wvsPyLPCsN7uraAJxdXiby5XB2BE6S0ulr9Fs213uZ85nlxAalcgRcLFiaSVdOVlrtCZRibIw/640?wx_fmt=gif\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em;\"><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiaoKjpsWb740zwjPjPEGZwia4t20I6aPicBxY106GrDKuzcaicK9VNQAKow/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section></section><p><span><span>本 文 约 6000 字</span></span></p><section><section label=\"Powered by 135editor.com\"><p><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(178, 178, 178); font-size: 12px;\"><span>阅 读 需 要 20 分 钟</span></span><span><span> </span></span></span></p></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KwGDVZfkVq56nbYb3pOfJgMRTt8dFDd4kicFKKPh0ibdwXmVthxLUQ7wQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 546px; height: auto !important;\" /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiaBLLfmG8oocXqHZViaK4hM1y6GuRPtGSKCjd95qFLCdDQfdlZkCoicDicA/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section label=\"Powered by 135editor.com\"><section style=\"padding-right: 8px; padding-left: 8px;\"><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><b><span>消失的士兵</span></b></font></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><p style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>1937年7月7日夜,北平城雷声阵阵,大雨将至。夜幕下,日本“支那驻屯军”第1联队第3大队少佐大队长一木清直麾下的500余名日本兵携带6门步兵炮,气势汹汹地由丰台大营向卢沟桥进发,事态颇为严重。日军向中方提出交涉时,说明了他们这次行动的理由:有一名参与演习的日本士兵失踪,日方要求进入宛平县城搜索。“失踪”的日本士兵叫志村菊次郎,是一名新来的传令兵。关于他的“失踪”,有观点认为完全是日方的“谎称”,但也有人认为“失踪”的确属实,是偶然事件引发的必然冲突。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>1937年7月7日夜,北平城雷声阵阵,大雨将至。夜幕下,日本“支那驻屯军”第1联队第3大队少佐大队长一木清直麾下的500余名日本兵携带6门步兵炮,气势汹汹地由丰台大营向卢沟桥进发,事态颇为严重。日军向中方提出交涉时,说明了他们这次行动的理由:有一名参与演习的日本士兵失踪,日方要求进入宛平县城搜索。“失踪”的日本士兵叫志村菊次郎,是一名新来的传令兵。关于他的“失踪”,有观点认为完全是日方的“谎称”,但也有人认为“失踪”的确属实,是偶然事件引发的必然冲突。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>日本学界有种观点认为志村菊次郎的确在7月7日夜离队解手,黑暗中因走向与部队相反的方向,故而误了归队的时间,但不久后就找到其所在部队,而此时日军已向中方提出进城搜查的要求。耐人寻味的是,事件并未因志村的归队而平息,作为局中人的志村也跟着部队继续寻找那个“失踪士兵”。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>紧接着,日方收到时任国民革命军第29军副军长、北平市市长秦德纯的回复:</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“卢沟桥是中国领土,日军未经同意在该地演习,已违背国际公法,妨害我国主权,走失士兵我方不能负责,日方更不得进城搜查,致起误会。惟故念两国友谊,可等天亮后,令该地军警代为寻觅,如查有日本士兵,即行送还。”</span></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>按理说,中方的态度已经很配合了,但问题在于日军不完全是为解决问题而来,士兵失踪好像让他们好不容易找到一个理由,一定要好好利用,继续与中方强硬对峙,当时已是7月8日凌晨2时,双方剑拔弩张。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>我们常说“七七事变”,顾名思义地认为中日全面战争爆发于7月7日。实际上冲突爆发的时间是在1937年7月8日凌晨。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>那个深夜,带头挑衅的日军队长一木清直声称部队遭到中国军队射击,并报告给他的上司牟田口廉也。牟田口这个蛮横的皇道派大佐当即给一木下达了“被敌攻击,当然还击”的命令。尽管多年来中日双方在谁开的第一枪问题上争论不休,但牟田口这个命令无异于下令开火,其战争责任不可推卸。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>面对日军咄咄逼人的挑衅,驻守在卢沟桥头的第219团团长吉星文一夜未眠。吉星文是河南扶沟人,因儿时受到族叔吉鸿昌的影响,自幼怀有从戎报国之志向,1922年随吉鸿昌投效西北军。在1933年的长城抗战中,时任国民革命军第29军第37师第109旅第219团营长的吉星文曾带领全营官兵绕袭敌后,击退占领王家村、瓦房村等地的日军,因功被提升为219团团长。1937年的那个雨夜,他将再次走上历史前台。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>7月8日凌晨3时30分左右,吉星文接到了副军长秦德纯发来的指示:</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“保卫领土是军人天职,对外战争是我军人的荣誉,务即晓得谕全团官兵,牺牲奋斗,坚守阵地,即以宛平与卢沟桥为吾军坟墓,一尺一寸国土,不可轻易让人。”</span></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>吉星文接电后当即回复:</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“请长官放心,吾团全体官兵已经做好一切战斗准备,誓与宛平城共存亡,卢沟桥不是吾人之坟墓就是敌人之坟墓。”</span></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>一木清直终于按捺不住,欲强行入城,被吉星文当即拦阻,宛平城外顿时枪声四起。随后日军又炮轰219团第3营<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(营长金振中)</span>指挥部,当场炸死士兵2人,炸伤5人。面对入侵之敌,吉星文团立即奋起还击,全面抗战的第一枪就此打响。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KI2w1hYgogicylLgaCgW2ic4qFxMUpsqiaYExWjSNAG9Y6VppLS45tIdgA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 530px; height: auto !important;\" /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiat1zRaB1FRLzX7eOFuPSRT6heCUfG9FhwEUJqia7K1PRWXLWsBB6Ybtw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>战斗刚开始,日军迅速派兵杀害了我军在桥头堡的执勤官兵,并占领桥头堡。为保卫卢沟桥,吉星文赶赴位于最前线的第3营金振中部,向该部发表了坚定的抗日宣言,并亲自挑选了150名精壮官兵,组成敢死队。敢死队被编成5个组,每人带步枪1支,手榴弹2枚,大刀一把,悄然向桥头堡进攻。队员对地形十分熟悉,加上第29军中向来重视武术训练,他们很快摸上桥头堡,乘拒守的日军还比较少的时机一举将其歼灭,夺回阵地。日军失去桥头堡后以轻重炮向我守军猛烈轰击,由于吉星文团拼死抵抗,首次激烈冲突之后,中日双方进入打打谈谈的阶段。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>或许当时连吉星文、金振中以及驻守桥头的第29军219团的将士们都没想到,7月8日的雨夜,他们坚定的抵抗意志已为中华民族揭开了卫国战争之序章。</span></p><section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 0px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 0px;\"><section style=\"padding-right: 8px; padding-left: 8px;\"><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><b><span>战和之间</span></b></font></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>卢沟桥事变爆发,日本大本营首先吵开了锅,日军高层对战事的主张分为“扩大派”和“不扩大派”,当初作为九一八事变始作俑者之一的石原莞尔此时竟成了“扩大派”的反对者,他甚至提出日军立即停止冲突,让在场“扩大派”军人瞠目结舌。8日的日本内阁会议上,支持所谓事件不扩大,就地解决方针的一派占据优势,但也正是这个信息麻痹了中方领导层。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KUlhiaVQJgZbJW6WPTdlbhFwf0nkMGmzJdy4hCfI3TCdrX4AmFj6NS0w/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 546px; height: auto !important;\" /></span></section><section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiapnIUq18ABt4qGTwDqEyftDWvAo4CNLicUjgmZWWcQrNJlLvfkBEd1JA/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>直接当事人,第29军军长宋哲元同样没有意识到事态严重,认为冲突可以靠和谈解决。宋哲元之所以有此自信,主要是在北平,中国军队在人数上占绝对优势。日本驻屯华北的军队主力为混成第4旅,共6000人左右。而驻守冀察平津地区的第29军,连同地方保安部队,总兵力约10万人。事变爆发后,他严令29军坚守卢沟桥,并将事变向南京报告。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>同时,也派北平市市长秦德纯与日军交涉。9日,宋哲元</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>当局与日军达成协议:第一,双方立即停止射击;第二,日军撤退至永定河左岸,中国军队撤至右岸;第三,卢沟桥守备由河北保安队石友三部担任。北平形势看似转危为安,宋哲元也认为在守住大原则的情况下息事宁人是最好的。但就在协议达成的第二天,各方媒体纷纷报道,天津、古北口、榆关等处陆续有日军部队出现,携带有大炮、坦克等向卢沟桥前进。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>卢沟桥事变后日本最激进的主要是关东军,半年多前的绥远抗战让关东军一度吃瘪,终于等来这次“机会”,当然要亲自上阵,把“支那驻屯军”乃至整个日本军部绑上战车。大井村五里店等处被日军占领,平卢路也瘫痪,关东军来者不善。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>果然,到了11日,日军的大炮就对准宛平城一带轰击,造成不少平民伤亡,吉星文将城内居民向城外比较安全的地带疏散,自己也在炮击中负伤。随后,八宝山、长辛店、廊坊、杨村等处也燃起战火。日军的飞机开始在北平上空频频出现,四处侦察。日军这么一打,平津当局在交涉中姿态放得更低了,与之达成协议,即:一、第29军代表声明向日军表示道歉,并惩办此次事变责任者;二、取缔共产党、蓝衣社及其他抗日团体的抗日活动;三、永定河以东不驻中国军队。宋哲元是打算向日军让步妥协了。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>蒋介石的意思再明白不过,他相信日本关东军必会增援日军华北驻屯军,要第29军加紧备战。次日中午,蒋又电话告知秦德纯:“据确息,关东有五列车今日上午十一时到达天津与塘沽之间,请注意。”同时致电宋哲元,要他对卢沟桥的日军就地抵抗。从解密的第一手电文和手令来看,难免会觉得北平当局软弱,而身在南京的最高统帅蒋介石深谋远虑,知道全面抗战关头已来到,一再督促29军抵抗,不要再做和平幻想,着实高瞻远瞩。如此下定论恐怕还太早,翻开蒋介石的私人日记,委员长会亲自告诉你,他的强硬态度并非为了要和日本人大干一场,而是打着另一个算盘。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KHTY58xLRWWwRO47kDeeDunNjoDMHtDWHZYugPgWog4P1ESM2KvQ2zg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 546px; height: auto !important;\" /></span></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiawkCXOwZerkVxbzO2RmSmOFfib9F3AaoQcxrL77gIwnNxdRcJOgQqMibA/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 0px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 0px;\"><section style=\"padding-right: 8px; padding-left: 8px;\"><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><b><span>以战止战</span></b></font></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>前文说过,七七事变真正爆发冲突的时间是7月8日凌晨,蒋介石接到消息的时间自然也是8日,但他与宋哲元一样,都没有意识到全面战争会打响。蒋在当天晚上的日记中提出了三个问题:第一,日本人在卢沟桥挑衅,是想达到逼我屈服的目的?第二,或许他们是与宋哲元为难,使华北“独立”?第三,现在是与日本人决战的时候了吗?最后他还是认为“此时倭无与我开战之利”,全面战争不会爆发。</span></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KQib1WOriaF6MqbRT3kERdB7dhZ03X4wlicZZ9rxvsZfkU07Tqje4VFF4Q/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 546px; height: auto !important;\" /></span></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiaEgyic7BibA1CwzyJ1iaJwtx2FN81kJN6r6pQC0RZSpiaRmT6bcAAxZFgGA/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>7月9日的日记显示,蒋介石将卢沟桥事变看作一次与日方博弈的机会,之所以要用强硬姿态唬住日军,是想“乘此次冲突之机,对倭可否进一步要求其撤退丰台之倭兵,或取消冀东伪组织”。蒋介石“积极运兵北上备战”“准备动员,不避战争”等计划的动机有两种可能:其一,他意识到卢案可能引发全面战争,真的在积极备战。其二,备战的目的是为了像绥远那样,好好地打一场局部战争,打赢了即以外交手段迫使日本从丰台撤兵,再干掉殷汝耕的冀东伪政权。结合现有史料来看,第二种可能性高于第一种。10日,蒋介石得知日军反攻卢沟桥后,在日记中云:</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“惟我已积极运兵北上备战,或可戢其野心,我军已开始北进,彼或于明日停战乎。”</span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>11日至13日,蒋介石发给北平的电令几乎都是寸土不让,不要做和平幻想,不要避战等等,态度颇为坚决。但在他自己留下的日记中,这一系列动作又显然不是真正在准备全面抗战,而是想以战止战,火中取栗。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>蒋介石将七七事变视为中国在华北问题上重新立于主动地位的机会,对宋哲元保守避战,生怕扩大事态的态度尤其不满。他始终相信日本挑衅的目的在于华北,而不会波及整个中国,日方增兵是为了迫使中方屈服,所以他偏要出兵华北,甚至不惜在华北打场小仗,只要中央军大军一到,日方或许就会停战。这种莫名的自信持续到12日才出现变化。这天,蒋介石接到情报,得知日本内阁宣言决定支持增兵中国,关东军也已抵达天津,他终于意识到卢案引发全面战争的可能性越来越大,做出七七事变“势必扩大,不能避战矣”的推测,但仍坚持“非至万不得已,不宜宣战”。</span></section><section><section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"padding-right: 8px; padding-left: 8px;\"><section style=\"padding-right: 8px; padding-left: 8px;\"><section label=\"Powered by 135editor.com\"><section><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><b><span>箭在弦上</span></b></font></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>7月12日夜到7月13日晨,日本“支那驻屯军”高层与国民政府的领导者蒋介石都彻夜未眠。13日凌晨,日方参谋会议连夜草拟的《七月十三日的中国驻屯军情况判断》出炉,其中有增援部队到达后,“</span><span>必要时一举歼灭第29军</span><span>”</span><span>的计划。蒋介石经过一夜的考虑,也在13日决定:抽调高射炮部队增援,弹药武器立即启程送往华北。外交方面,他已经于两日前与英国大使说明运兵北上的原因是</span><span>“</span><span>日本关东军进入天津、丰台作大规模之战争,故不得不运兵预防</span><span>”</span><span>,打消列强势力的疑虑。接下来就是要发表对日宣言,公开中央军进驻保定的消息。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>事态发展至此,日本与南京的态度都转向强硬,唯有处于风口浪尖的北平当局成了主和派。13日,中日双方在永定门外发生冲突,</span><span>“</span><span>支那驻屯军</span><span>”</span><span>司令香月清司乘机向冀察政务委员会提出七项要求:一、彻底镇压共产党的策动;二、罢免排日要人;三、撤去驻在冀察的排日中央系统各机关;四、撤去冀察排日团体;五、取缔排日言论及宣传机关和学生、民众的排日运动;六、取缔学校、军队的排日教育;七、北平的警备将来由公安部队负责,城内不得驻屯军队。可以说完全是个城下之盟。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>针对事变恶化,第29军高层召集会议,会上主战派与主和派发生争执,最后张自忠等主和派占了上风。平津当局最高负责人宋哲元也是倾向主和的,他在会后的公开谈话中说了一通大道理:</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“此次卢沟桥发生事件,实为东亚之不幸,局部之冲突能随时解决,尚为不幸中之大幸。……余向主和平,爱护人群,决不愿以人类做无益社会之牺牲。合法合理,社会即可平安;能平即和,不平即不能和。希望负责任者以东亚大局为重。若只知个人利益,则国家有兴有亡,兴亡之数,殊非尽为吾人所能意料也。</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">”</span></span></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>对北平当局一系列妥协政策,南京方面大为惊骇,当天军政部长何应钦就给宋哲元发出紧急电报,告知</span><span>“</span><span>津市遍布日军,兄在津万分危险,务祈即刻秘密赴保</span><span>”</span><span>,催促其到保定去作战。同日,宋哲元还收到了蒋介石发来的电文:</span><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">卢案必不能和平解决。无论我方允许其任何条件,而对方的目的,则以冀察为不驻兵区域与区内组织用人皆得其同意,造成第二冀东</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(伪政权)</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">。若不做到此步,则彼必得寸进尺,决无已时。中正已决心运用全力抗战,宁为玉碎,不为瓦全,以保持国家与个人之人格……</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">”</span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>南京方面的态度不仅是催促第29军作战,从13日起,驻扎在陕西、河南、湖北、安徽、江苏等地的部队陆续收到蒋介石下达的正式动员令,命令这些地区的部队向以郑州为中心的陇海、平汉铁路沿线集结。山东省政府主席韩复榘也收到防卫津浦路北线的命令。此外,平汉、陇海、津浦三个铁路局奉命集结军用列车,所有轮船公司也将船舶回航到指定地点待命。局势箭在弦上,不得不发。</span></section><section><section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section><section><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 0px;\"><section style=\"padding-right: 8px; padding-left: 8px;\"><section label=\"Powered by 135editor.com\"><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><b><span>最后关头</span></b></font></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>庐山是民国时期的政治名山,南京酷暑,适合避暑的庐山成了南京国民政府军政要员的</span><span>“</span><span>夏都</span><span>”</span><span>。从1937年6月23日起,中国社会各界的名流巨卿们,相继收到一份特殊的请柬,邀请他们到庐山开会。按照原计划,7月15日起的一个月内,分三期邀请200余人到庐山参加谈话,目的是为了征询各界对内政外交的意见。但因七七事变爆发,1937年的炎夏,齐聚庐山的军政要人、社会名流已没有游览避暑胜地的闲情,空气布满紧张的气氛,大战即将来临!</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>7月15日,也就是中国共产党公布国共合作宣言的这一天,蒋介石接到北平宋哲元的来电,得知宋有想放弃天津的意思,蒋严令制止。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>7月17日,庐山谈话会第二次全体会议现场气氛严肃,主席台两旁</span><span>“</span><span>养天地正气,法古今完人</span><span>”</span><span>的对联格外醒目,所有人的关注点都聚焦在委员长蒋介石身上。一身戎装的他以激扬的言辞发表了头一天起草好的抗战宣言。对于卢沟桥事变,蒋介石表明立场,任何解决都不得侵害中国主权与领土之完整,因为</span><span>“</span><span>北平若可变成沈阳,南京又何尝不可变成北平!所以卢沟桥事变的推演,是关系中国国家整个的问题,此事能否结束,就是最后关头的境界</span><span>”</span><span>。宣言中,他总结了自九一八事变到塘沽协定后的教训,中国已无路可退,言明我们希望和平但不要苟安,我们决不求战但随时准备迎战,</span><span>“</span><span>如果战端一开,那就是地无分南北,年无分老幼,无论何人,皆有守土抗战之责任,皆应抱定牺牲一切之决心。</span><span>”“</span><span>万一真到了无可避免的最后关头,我们当然只有牺牲,只有抗战。</span><span>”</span></section><section><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7DFmzWutWFfaYLG7FOYNj6mN0PDEd3IzuCg9ic1neuqYPU7rz73ADlOrSicaPq3lSF8FTMr0Cl29Bw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiaHcTqNGeibbicrjlHC447lxsl2ZCFibcS9F6NRGcpaccI4o2o6mr8KxLyA/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>7月20日,庐山抗战谈话一经公开发表,全国哗然,充满抗日热情的军民士气为之一振,纷纷表示拥护委员长领导抗战。但另一些对抗战前途持悲观态度的人士认为此宣言将使中国大祸临头,“低调俱乐部”的一干文人、政客甚至将蒋介石等力主抗战救亡的论调讥讽为“歇斯底里的风气”。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>从7月7日夜的日本士兵失踪案到7月17日庐山抗战宣言,是中日两国走向全面战争的关键十日。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>抛开自七七以来半个多月的打打停停,北平真正的激战只有4天。从7月25日晚起,大量前来增援的日军对廊坊第38师发起攻击,次日进攻广安门,北平形势急剧恶化。7月27日,蒋介石已经预料到北平凶多吉少,并开始郑重考虑“万一北平被陷,则战</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(宣战)</span></span><span>与和</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(停战)</span></span><span>以及不战不和</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(应战)</span></span><span>,与一面交涉一面抵抗之国策”。这一天夜晚,第29军第132师师长赵登禹也奉命抵达南苑,与副军长佟凌阁部署与制定作战计划。次日早上8时,日军对南苑展开了猛烈进攻,在空中与地面炮火支援的掩护下,日军第20师团高木义人旅团迅速攻至南苑机场。赵登禹闻讯,急忙赶往机场督战。第29军以大刀闻名,但此次面对强敌,仅凭血肉毕竟不能筑成真正御敌的长城,日军猛烈炮火攻势下,第29军伤亡惨重,被迫退入南苑主阵地,赵登禹也接到撤入北平城内的命令。</span></section><section><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7DFmzWutWFfaYLG7FOYNj6RKxGaE4DJM9sfXs8b03ibCA9UaJqO7OPIh17DX5Ffib8QrBJ9j6gwIaA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyia6Jylr84NibictTpGESKbUJXa7udJadDW3epamcJ4ukQ2Ua25SV26AT5w/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>由于汉奸出卖情报,赵登禹撤退的路线被日军获知,“支那驻屯军”步兵旅团第1联队第3大队事先进行埋伏。28日中午12时40分左右,当赵登禹将军的车队途经大红门时,突然遭到日军伏兵的袭击,赵登禹身中数弹,不幸牺牲。同日,第29军副军长佟凌阁将军率200余人撤退至大红门附近,忽然枪声四起,埋伏于此的日军展开攻击,混战中,佟凌阁腿部被日军的机枪射中,血流如注。卫士劝他先撤下火线,利用庄稼地撤出日军包围圈,但佟凌阁心系随行学生的安危,拒绝了这一建议。一场血战下来,佟凌阁身边仅剩数十人,祸不单行,部队刚突围至时村就被日本关东军飞行团的轰炸机发现,遭到猛烈轰炸,正在指挥作战的佟凌阁不幸头部中弹,当场牺牲,甚至没能留下一句遗言。而在其殉国后,报纸误将“佟凌阁”写成了“佟麟阁”,此名一直误传至今。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>南苑失守,赵、佟两位将军殉国,宋哲元撤离北平……一连几天南京接到的都是坏消息,蒋介石闻之焦心如焚。29日,北平沦陷,第29军被迫撤离北平。同一天,天津也被日军占领。消息传来,蒋介石哀叹“可悲孰甚!”平津相继沦陷,举国震动,也使蒋介石意识到抗战之必要,彻底放弃和平幻想,明言:</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">平津既陷,人民荼毒至此,虽欲不战,亦不可得,否则国内必起分崩之祸,与其国内分崩,不如抗倭作战。</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">”</span></span></section><section style=\"padding-right: 8px; padding-left: 8px; margin: 8px 0px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"margin: 8px; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7DFmzWutWFfaYLG7FOYNj6plhNJEz7dxAmdv3ZDfHcjEq3Jt1kNSPOiccb4tTJypiapkfk5jm6NoZA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiaoicDjlzBd9e9gvsUhq4fhjtwaljb05sv36Fv62yQx81N4lUNQKKLgmA/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>抗战的一天来到了。战火从华北烧到华东,再由华东蔓延华南,中国并未如山杉元所断言的那样,一个月就被征服。北起卢沟桥,南至惠通桥,一寸河山一寸血,抗战从未停止,直至1945年8月15日昭和天皇宣布无条件投降。最后,说说七七事变中几名日方关键人物的结局,罪魁牟田口廉也,二战后以战犯罪名被捕入狱,1948年3月被释放回国,死于1966年;侵略卢沟桥的急先锋一木清直,从侵华战场打到太平洋战场,1942年在瓜岛的泰纳鲁河口之战中,一木清直支队遭美军围困,一木本人于绝望中切腹自杀,该支队全军覆没;</span><span>“</span><span>消失的士兵</span><span>”</span><span>士兵志村菊次郎,七七事变后还是冲锋陷阵的士兵,一直活到1944年,随部在缅甸作战时被中国远征军击毙,这个影响历史的小人物终究还是成为昭和战争的祭品。</span></section><section style=\"padding-right: 8px; padding-left: 8px; margin: 8px 0px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><span><br /></span></section><p><span>本文改编自《国家人文历史》2017年7月上,</span><span><span>原标题为《卢沟晓月,雾掩庐山  走向全面战争的关键十日》,有删节,本文系“国家</span></span><span>人文历史”独家稿件,欢迎读者转发朋友圈。</span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4s6XTkV1zgY7Ndw3fVeyGpxIIj30oUzpUnwIcafcXhx66GztUhxGc2FM8I09uwLbMwUFOQfZVGcg/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1\" /></section></section></section><section><span><span>END</span></span></section><section><span><span>作者 | </span><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><span>周渝</span></span></span></section><section><span><span>编辑 | 胡心雅</span></span></section><section><span><span>主编 | 周斌</span></span></section><section><span><span>排版 | 曲晨溪(实习)</span></span></section><section><span><span>校对 | 戈雨</span></span></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><span><span><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK6o0DTLAcjHUob1LlCbkiaCGeUicmbUPjIKiciad7l2ytYjz3bGBzNyAUu0aicCb4oWXbicQBJA96lk9Tug/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1\" /></span></span></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img __bg_gif\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/jiaTakLJVhFwVb6dkoTQOoKBCsic0GbcibzCntPc8OGgxu6Ha80H4ZPlbfYu2kN3kF9wKm1hicWCdibPPKHMPnib7icLg/640?wx_fmt=gif&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1\" /></section><section><section><p><span><span>推荐</span><span><span> </span></span></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><span>“马甲”一词</span></p><p><span>从冷兵器时代的战马嘶鸣</span></p><p><span>到霓裳羽衣的时尚舞台</span></p><p><span>其含义的沧海桑田</span></p><p><span>恰如一面棱镜</span></p><p><span>折射出华夏服饰文化</span></p><p><span>随社会变迁而流转生辉的壮阔历程</span></p><p><span>本期,就让我们一同走进这幅</span></p><p><span>从金戈铁马到衣冠风流的完整画卷</span></p><section><section><section><p><strong><span><span>点击下方封面,即可购买</span></span></strong></p><section><span><span>↓↓↓</span></span></section><section><a href=\"https://item.jd.com/10104931956869.html?sdx=ehi-lLxFuZiE6JnIaIZUic8oszWVDwwrsmpMs6ZDZduKPe_RLJxa7nTipUDgVGWS#crumb-wrap\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7ibicuQGBVNNvibuQk7IAWBk0vXDIs4Z35GjSIFU5ydu8G6TMsyVdshBwGpezqaTezSfnPaMUkpH9eg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;from=appmsg\" /></span></a></section><section><section><section><h2 src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPQbfYUk2lKRJbtAXIuZ0kjicBeKbKicn7picTvdbH5bfuaoiazGOfbm8kw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558\"><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPPS2Tl0L42giakAlUSsWM2hKsLfDwrNFcLNgFaxPhQng3E9mCRE3tkg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558px\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&amp;mid=2651035606&amp;idx=1&amp;sn=95e5b910a9c15c3b861b33b6a6da3866&amp;scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcaIgQkEibvERBOGAaoicFhgsfmibxDTGK2z3uLHbhcvWGEYibV0hom5VW8CA/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></a></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&amp;mid=2651035897&amp;idx=1&amp;sn=befda0705325843f84da3911012cad95&amp;scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcamtwvyMNyxgGfdgqCCu9GkBZl21VfOcYfkJRh5E0ArHl4UUBtbSzwRQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></a></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcaohkRZ9cGSGGPakn9lRTzm4qIA3pNHn3EVXrsicT3De6T2ib5Slw6GsRQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span><span><br /></span></span></section></section></section></h2></section></section></section><section><span><section><h2 src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPQbfYUk2lKRJbtAXIuZ0kjicBeKbKicn7picTvdbH5bfuaoiazGOfbm8kw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558\"><span><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages __bg_gif wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK6M7Nv6wvsPyLPCsN7uraAJ0nGCQhDMIIg0L5icbmcctmcTvsgM0HwBpkXTF9ztE2MsQ8Tso0exnicA/640?wx_fmt=gif\" /></span></h2></section></span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><span><section><section><span><section><section><span><span>“</span><strong><span>在看</span></strong><span>”的永远18岁~</span></span></section></section></span></section></section></span></section></section><section><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><section><section style=\"padding-top: 1em; 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{
"title": "在古代,急行军一天一夜能走多少里?",
"description": "<div><div><div class=\"rich_media_content\" id=\"js_content\"><section style=\"margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 8px; white-space: normal; font-size: 16px; text-align: center; line-height: 1.5em;\"><img class=\"rich_pages js_insertlocalimg wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK6M7Nv6wvsPyLPCsN7uraAJxdXiby5XB2BE6S0ulr9Fs213uZ85nlxAalcgRcLFiaSVdOVlrtCZRibIw/640?wx_fmt=gif\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span><br /></span></section></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em;\"><section style=\"text-align: center;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7DAwFT0hz7ePVL9UCSD5XOUfZBNrYe1UFmWFY3LF2xlWia4lfGyjhpuSz4Ale9rwian0yIGsmclcag/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span><br /></span></section></section><p><span><span>本 文 约 3700 字</span></span></p><section><section label=\"Powered by 135editor.com\"><p><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(178, 178, 178); font-size: 12px;\"><span>阅 读 需 要 12 分 钟</span></span><span><span> </span></span></span></p></section></section><p><span><br /></span></p><section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>嘉靖二十九年</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(1550)</span></span><span>八月,鞑靼部首领俺达汗在久围大同不克之后,移寇东去,自古北口长驱,杀掠怀柔、顺义吏民无算,明军一触即溃,立营于潞河东二十里之孤山</span><span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(今通州东北)</span></span></span><span>、汝口等处,兵锋直指京畿,京师戒严。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>彼时的大明京师,自土木堡之变后久未遭兵祸,嘉靖皇帝急忙下令各镇边军入京畿勤王,此时的明军边帅仇鸾在居庸关暂住听征,当俺达突袭进入京畿后,仇鸾听诏八月十七日</span><span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(戊寅)</span></span></span><span>从居庸关出发,八月十八日</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">己卯)</span></span><span>抵达通州列阵,仅仅一天一夜,急行约莫150里</span><span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(此为明里计数,1明里为180丈,约莫现代560米)</span></span></span><span>,救援速度之快让嘉靖皇帝都感到十分惊喜。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin: 8px 8px 0px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KLuVoiaCVupKuJb8rwLD2D2Oz2J8iaU0ZA7aaXsddgYHRZa9Fkdic2ZoFQ/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiaslRxbmaOJ1Rjek9DxxbuXQrpria4XWgBRGCUBhRbCbrHWMQBKqsbDEw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>那么,昼夜奔袭150里的急行军,在古代军队中是否很难实现,古代的急行军一天大多能走多少里?</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-top: 0px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><font face=\"宋体\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><b><strong><span>困难重重:被制约的行军速度</span></strong></b></font></b><span><br /></span></font></font></b></p></section></section></section><section style=\"margin-top: 0px;\"><span><p></p></span></section></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“所谓踵军者,去大军百里,期于会地,为三日熟食,前军而行,为战合之表。”</span></span><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">                                               ——《尉缭子》</span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>在先秦时期的兵法著作《尉缭子》中,记述了那个时代真实的行军速度,步兵日行仅为30-40里速度。虽然军事科技和道路条件在不断发展,但是自秦汉到明清,关于行军速度这一方面,一直没能取得太大的进步,《尉缭子》中提到的行军速度,也是古代军队普遍的速度,要了解这个问题,首先要从古代行军条件身上说起。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>军队规模、道路系统以及辎重补给,都是决定军队行军速度的重要因素,但这些条件在古代都饱受制约。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KmDsjU5D5IWvuoRTCvl3OGxmheKOBqV0bEKWEkLlECqUgOLzFicKQ55g/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span start=\"start\"><span><br /></span></span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span start=\"start\"><span>在古代,道路条件相对十分恶劣,一支庞大的军队行进时会面临诸多困难。而行军速度的快慢往往取决于其中最慢的部分,</span><span>也就是辎重运输的速度。古代行军辎重的运输一般使用车辆、驮马,位于军队的后方,当辎重部队行进时,道路已然经过大部队踩踏,更加崎岖难行,势必会拖累行军的整体速度。</span></span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span start=\"start\"><span><br /></span></span><span start=\"start\"><span start=\"start\"></span></span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>除此之外,行军路上的各种防护、探查等</span><span><span start=\"start\">必要的安全措施,</span></span><span><span>也会显著延缓军队的行进速度</span></span><span>。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span><span start=\"start\"></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span>在影视剧中,士兵们甲胄齐整地行军是常见的场景,但在古代战场上,这种情况却很少出现。古代的甲胄重量很大,即便是明清时期流行起来的、因较为轻便而被推广的布面甲,也有20多斤的重量</span></span><span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(《明会典》:“造甲,每副重二十四斤至二十五斤……”)</span></span></span><span>,加上其他的武器装备,长途行军对于士兵的体</span><span>力会是一个不小的消耗。因而,古代的士兵并不会穿着盔甲行军,一般行军中,盔甲通常由牲畜或民夫驮着。至于兵士,则需要尽量节省行军中的体力以保证在肉搏战中能拼尽全力。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KoOdeN5JK3FLz9zja0cMASQQS3OI8Fose66lPvBB2q4icdxicBAibMJffQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"width: 537px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiaJ0LmCLjVX1RTQuWNKiao19ReWyhuGGAbU2gtia0TGATJ6ibRJAa3SSHEw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span>古代士兵在行军时不穿盔甲,也是偷袭战术屡屡奏效的重要原因之一。一旦遭遇突袭,未穿甲胄的军队往往会在装备精良的敌军面前遭受单方面的屠杀,结果自然是大败亏输。所以,如何防备敌军的偷袭十分考验古代将领的能力,通过游骑、侦骑等散布四方,从而来侦察敌情是否有埋伏成为防范偷袭的主要手段。</span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span><br /></span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>以明朝为例,明军中的塘报骑兵就是专门执行防范偷袭、探查敌情、汇报信息这类任务的。当军队开拔离开营寨之后,明军塘骑就要外出侦查。塘骑以塘为编制,每个塘有五人,这五个人在侦查时不能离开彼此的视线。同时,每人都要装备信炮,以便遭遇突发事件时给大军报警。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-align: center;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4Kswp3icIdmmeat2bic5aKeAkjc5RfgZbfRVaJTCCU0W2ibZXhSCEfTuorw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 340px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiarNuWXl3AVdrQN9iaVflA8Qg5q9MYCpICnb5jradRIMEuEFMYQE4YZmA/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span><br /></span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>明军大军在行军时,不管军队兵分几路,每一路都要设置二十四塘骑兵,这些塘骑每人之间相距一里,广泛散布遥相呼应,最多可散布二十余里,之后游骑再将探查到的情况汇集给大部队,确保前路没有敌军的埋伏。此外,塘骑作为军队的眼睛侦测四方,行军前方的道路情况、水源情况等问题也需要了解清楚,在做到这些后,大部队才可以加速行军。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>游骑的探查措施在行军中尤为必要,在历史上,即便是军事经验丰富的将官也会在这个问题上碰壁。洪武五年</span><span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(1372)</span></span></span><span>,明军名将李文忠率军远征漠北,当李文忠在土剌河一带击败北元将领哈剌章、蛮子后,翻过燕然山一路追击元军至称海。在李文忠携胜而还的路上,李文忠军因为游骑探查工作不到位,夜里走错了路,一度找不到水源,数万百战之师险些尽数陨落草原。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-align: center;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4K4n3aicnFnNicW9FF8TyJyoEuymlPRgSKx96lV9B7AlExV2iaENu5pIUvg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"width: 435px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiayu5sVgDh32pJUWQfH2ngVHBU2TibfwPK6icmic6PibfpugcH2KQ0Ah5b9g/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>游骑、侦骑的探查确保了大军行军路上的安全,也迟滞了大军整体行军的速度。不过事有例外,如果遇上某些特殊情况,轻装上路的军队也可能达到日行百里。一支规模不大的部队舍弃辎重,缩小探查范围,只是为了某个迫切的目标进行急行军,这在古代战争史上也算不上稀奇。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>同光元年</span><span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(923)</span></span></span><span>十月,梁晋争霸进入后期,李存勖自杨刘渡河,进抵郓州,命令李嗣源为前锋,攻破中都,擒获王彦章后。李存勖否决了唐军诸将都认为应先攻占青州、齐州、徐州、兖州等地后窥伺梁军的建议。下令李嗣源丢弃辎重、攻城器械等物资,轻骑奔袭汴州,攻取后梁国都。李嗣源前军倍道兼行,初九日抵达汴州,不到十日内后唐前军纵横数百里疾进,完全打破了梁末帝朱友贞的部署,兵临城下之际,朱友贞自杀,后梁灭亡。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KEYfWPhTmbhwl2suu62gIsppABe00RxYllkicUw9zXFzFV5cjxzHtjcQ/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiazxXk63ia9gLwbcG6ll9wC2GzweibwAzcvrVqzqHEzT0ibGDXIpyMGbDKg/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>李存勖挥斥方遒、李嗣源奔袭灭梁的故事磅礴至今,不过李存勖、李嗣源此举并不冒进,而是审时度势之后的决定。彼时后梁各路大军在外难以支援,后唐军又素来耐苦,李存勖才得以灭梁成功,如果没有训练有素的军队和特殊的战场形势,这样丢弃辎重强行军的战法几乎是自取灭亡。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>总的来说,在种种制约下,古代军队“常行军”的每日不过三十里到四十里左右,而一日行军一百多里,几乎是丢弃物资、轻装简行之后所能达到的行军速度极限。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KEa2GdEKZUngJhf8RToFnDiaH6wjibD0ZWbHZ5HuTEv5SXP7dhiblZF6bw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section><section><p style=\"margin-top: 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-top: 0px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><font face=\"宋体\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><b><strong><span>困难重重:被制约的行军速度</span></strong></b></font></b><span><br /></span></font></font></b></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>《孙子兵法》说:</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“倍道兼行,百里而争利,则擒三将军,劲者先,疲者后,其法十一而至。”</span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>也就是说,每天一百里的强行军,只有体力好的士卒可以跟上,体力差的只能落在后面,高强度的急行军会导致大量的士卒掉队。</span><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KLHLuCptxX2F3uDnsc1Ka8Md4ZgTGmUmq2qoCQbpGDPKYqDVQD518qg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"width: 495px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>在浩繁的史籍资料中,“倍道”一词频频出现,倍道,也就是用加倍的速度行进、兼程赶路的意思。历史上,诸如嘉靖时期仇鸾部众一昼夜的行军速度达到一百五十里的倍道行军并不鲜见,但能在急行军之后,像仇鸾军一样保持战斗力的却不多。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KmPUgibIZ1yAYiaDuAKHwscgMasbXwqt88Bkw3V0YmXlq9eoFCXUpm1Hw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiaXtpUTBFInk9z0AjJ5zy7BM6GN8bP8FficZVuLVkEia2ep5Crfbs7hwdw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><h2 style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></h2><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>《三国志·诸葛亮传》中记载了曹操在当阳时急行军追击刘备的情况:</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“曹操之众,远来疲弊,闻追豫州,轻骑一日一夜行三百馀里,此所谓‘强弩之末,势不能穿鲁缟’者也。故兵法忌之,曰‘必蹶上将军’。”</span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>在此次追击战中,曹操的轻骑兵一天一夜急行300里</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(汉里的距离短于明里,大约相当于后世的120公里)</span></span><span>。对此,诸葛亮曾形容其为“强弩之末,势不能穿鲁缟”,认为这样的军队难以保持强大的战斗力。事实上,曹操军能够达到如此惊人的行军速度,很可能是因为他们派出的是一支舍弃了辎重、一人多马的精锐轻骑兵。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4Kvaw832pVmYsY47fCsIeQUd0hTCyAlE5cT6qgZ0eoZYxzr93YLiaB20w/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiaHOeo5UOdBLwDAUXn0vwpgp3etp7j1iccGhjFyCXQiczv2rTg9omEt1iag/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>而无论什么样的军队,在</span><span>长途奔袭后</span><span>也很难维持后续作战能力。尽管轻骑兵在装备上尽量精简,但仍需配备基本的甲胄、弓箭和武器等。这些装备加上骑士本身的重量,对马匹来说是不小的负担。而在骑兵作战中,马匹的耐力极为有限,其优势主要在于奔跑时的冲击力。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>在当今的马匹耐力赛中,无负重的最优秀赛马在接近一天的奔跑中可以保持每小时近二十公里的速度,但即便如此,一天下来,大量马匹会掉队,只有部分马匹能够完成一百多公里的赛程。在两汉三国时期,如果曹军轻骑兵敢于面对大量骑兵掉队、到达的骑兵马匹无力冲刺、甚至事后大量马匹残废报废等惨重损耗,他们确实可以实现如此高速的急行军,但代价极为惨烈。因此,长途奔袭之后,一方面由于舍弃了补给辎重,另一方面人马困乏,曹军的战斗力急剧下降几乎是必然的。所谓“强弩之末,势不能穿鲁缟”,恐怕并非诸葛亮对曹军的贬低,而是基于实际情况的描述。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4K0oPMBaNaZGjXJ57gJgQglcOLicFPdEuWBTqTEFibFGQX84r5G0cUmhUw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiaOjZzQEDZg2hQkzbZ5xL9G8kOOb3spkl1DCFPHkbQ8GibsMhGTeKZOAA/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>《三国志》正史中记载,张飞仅率二十骑兵便敢在长坂桥拦截曹军,曹军之中“敌皆无敢近者”。这一记载或许并非过分夸张。经过高强度行军后,曹军已然疲惫不堪,而张飞则占据有利地形,以逸待劳,体力充沛。尽管张飞身边只有数十骑士,但曹军虽然数量众多,却怯于一战,面对张飞的阻击,只能逡巡不前。</span><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>因此,避免行军后作战,是古代军队的重中之重,即便是以耐力颇佳闻名的唐末五代第一强军“沙陀鸦儿军”也是一样,鸦儿军的最高指挥者李存勖就对此十分重视。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>在梁晋沿黄河对峙的时期,晋王李存勖在训练士卒和行军过程中,为了确保骑兵在作战时具备持续的作战能力,曾下令:“骑兵不见敌,不得骑马。”他严格约束士卒,对违反这一军令的军士,最高可处以斩刑。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KXEsDAwWBIvzOibBXfvfX5ucpslUtMmpKUsLMM0cdpYU0oq8ZER8sZfw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiaR6EGRicsgW92FoqPXDDB5qia7HpapsGZT2lo7GVhYl29ZCeiaOo6auBibA/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><h2 style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin: 0px 8px 8px;\"><span><br /></span></h2><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>李存勖并非不想利用马匹提高行军速度,而是为了保证骑兵在作战时能够发挥出足够的冲击力,才不得不做出这样的安排。这种政策虽有不便,但在两害相权之下,只能选择相对更优的方案,这实在是无奈之举。</span></p><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>军队强行军下所产生的巨大损耗,实在需要古代将领慎重考虑。</span><span style=\"font-size: 16px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"></span><span>正所谓</span><span>“军无辎重则亡,无粮食则亡,无委积则亡</span><span>”。</span><span>古代行军</span><span>过</span><span>程中,并非随时随地都要</span><span>讲究“兵贵神速”</span><span>。</span></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: bold;\">参考文献:</span></span></font></b><b><span><p></p></span></b></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">杨生民《中国里的长度演变考》</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">唐玉萍《简论明代庚戌之变》</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">陈寿《三国志》</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">*</span>本文系“国家</span></font><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">人文历史”独家稿件,欢迎读者转发朋友圈。</span></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><span><br /></span></p><section><section><section><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4s6XTkV1zgY7Ndw3fVeyGpxIIj30oUzpUnwIcafcXhx66GztUhxGc2FM8I09uwLbMwUFOQfZVGcg/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section></section></section><section><span><span>END</span></span></section><section><span><span>作者 | </span><span>湘桥蓬蒿人</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span>‍‍‍‍‍‍‍</span></span></span></section><section><span><span>编辑 | 胡心雅</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span>‍</span></span></span></section><section><span><span>主编 | 周斌</span></span></section><section><span><span>排版 | 徐沁(实习)</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span>‍</span></span></span></section><section><span><span>校对 | 火炬 李栋 古月</span></span></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><span><span><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK6o0DTLAcjHUob1LlCbkiaCGeUicmbUPjIKiciad7l2ytYjz3bGBzNyAUu0aicCb4oWXbicQBJA96lk9Tug/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></span></span></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><strong><span><br /></span></strong></section><section><strong><span>国历好物</span></strong></section><p><span><strong><span><span>进击的士族</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>旁落的皇权</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>跨越五百年的权力对抗史</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>国民历史读物《国家人文历史》专业团队</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>最新力作</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>展现士族潮起潮落的史诗级历史画卷</span></span></strong></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><p><span><br /></span></p><section label=\"edit by 135editor\"><section><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK50l871IgvMuCSibrmOibSxicuassfQWcfhotQqH5lYBRPtichLu7A0vIGovAB5sRkicvnkQnT342127lA/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section><section><section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section></section><section><section><strong><span>点击下方封面,即可购买</span></strong></section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><span><strong><span><span>↓↓↓</span></span></strong></span></p><p><a class=\"weapp_image_link js_weapp_entry\"><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK5sbRbqWpNPCUYibIYbC7RFRAHn32PAWbKDIM6A4MkicYHOWIR0Hy6iamToAdrvvPDeu5T15EKXjC1Fg/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></a><span><br /></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><h2 src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPQbfYUk2lKRJbtAXIuZ0kjicBeKbKicn7picTvdbH5bfuaoiazGOfbm8kw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558\"><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPPS2Tl0L42giakAlUSsWM2hKsLfDwrNFcLNgFaxPhQng3E9mCRE3tkg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558px\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&amp;mid=2651035606&amp;idx=1&amp;sn=95e5b910a9c15c3b861b33b6a6da3866&amp;scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcaIgQkEibvERBOGAaoicFhgsfmibxDTGK2z3uLHbhcvWGEYibV0hom5VW8CA/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></a></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&amp;mid=2651035897&amp;idx=1&amp;sn=befda0705325843f84da3911012cad95&amp;scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcamtwvyMNyxgGfdgqCCu9GkBZl21VfOcYfkJRh5E0ArHl4UUBtbSzwRQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></a></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcaohkRZ9cGSGGPakn9lRTzm4qIA3pNHn3EVXrsicT3De6T2ib5Slw6GsRQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span><span><br /></span></span></section></section></section></h2></section></section></section><section><span><section><h2 src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPQbfYUk2lKRJbtAXIuZ0kjicBeKbKicn7picTvdbH5bfuaoiazGOfbm8kw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558\"><span><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages __bg_gif wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK6M7Nv6wvsPyLPCsN7uraAJ0nGCQhDMIIg0L5icbmcctmcTvsgM0HwBpkXTF9ztE2MsQ8Tso0exnicA/640?wx_fmt=gif\" /></span></h2><section><span><span><br /></span></span></section><section><span><span>“</span><strong><span>在看</span></strong><span>”的永远18岁~</span></span></section></section></span></section><section><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><section><section style=\"padding-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 1em; display: flex;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"></span></section></section></section></span></section><p style=\"display: none;\"></p></div>\n \n\n \n <br />\n\n \n <a class=\"media_tool_meta meta_primary\" href=\"http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&amp;mid=2651042227&amp;idx=1&amp;sn=78539ef43c196895172924630d17f28f&amp;chksm=bcf2be601a1f46f2652e834f93b73f1797bfe57fd69f0406238feaa3ec1ec7be4f10333d86ea&amp;scene=0#rd\" style=\"color: blue;\" target=\"_blank\">文章原文</a>\n <br />\n \n\n \n\n <img alt=\"\" class=\"\" height=\"1px\" src=\"http://www.jintiankansha.me/rss_static/13443/khhr4Bd7yN\" style=\"width: 1px; height: 1px; display: none;\" width=\"1px\" /></div></div>",
"content": "<div><div><div class=\"rich_media_content\" id=\"js_content\"><section style=\"margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 8px; white-space: normal; font-size: 16px; text-align: center; line-height: 1.5em;\"><img class=\"rich_pages js_insertlocalimg wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK6M7Nv6wvsPyLPCsN7uraAJxdXiby5XB2BE6S0ulr9Fs213uZ85nlxAalcgRcLFiaSVdOVlrtCZRibIw/640?wx_fmt=gif\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span><br /></span></section></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em;\"><section style=\"text-align: center;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7DAwFT0hz7ePVL9UCSD5XOUfZBNrYe1UFmWFY3LF2xlWia4lfGyjhpuSz4Ale9rwian0yIGsmclcag/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span><br /></span></section></section><p><span><span>本 文 约 3700 字</span></span></p><section><section label=\"Powered by 135editor.com\"><p><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(178, 178, 178); font-size: 12px;\"><span>阅 读 需 要 12 分 钟</span></span><span><span> </span></span></span></p></section></section><p><span><br /></span></p><section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>嘉靖二十九年</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(1550)</span></span><span>八月,鞑靼部首领俺达汗在久围大同不克之后,移寇东去,自古北口长驱,杀掠怀柔、顺义吏民无算,明军一触即溃,立营于潞河东二十里之孤山</span><span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(今通州东北)</span></span></span><span>、汝口等处,兵锋直指京畿,京师戒严。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>彼时的大明京师,自土木堡之变后久未遭兵祸,嘉靖皇帝急忙下令各镇边军入京畿勤王,此时的明军边帅仇鸾在居庸关暂住听征,当俺达突袭进入京畿后,仇鸾听诏八月十七日</span><span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(戊寅)</span></span></span><span>从居庸关出发,八月十八日</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(</span></span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">己卯)</span></span><span>抵达通州列阵,仅仅一天一夜,急行约莫150里</span><span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(此为明里计数,1明里为180丈,约莫现代560米)</span></span></span><span>,救援速度之快让嘉靖皇帝都感到十分惊喜。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin: 8px 8px 0px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KLuVoiaCVupKuJb8rwLD2D2Oz2J8iaU0ZA7aaXsddgYHRZa9Fkdic2ZoFQ/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiaslRxbmaOJ1Rjek9DxxbuXQrpria4XWgBRGCUBhRbCbrHWMQBKqsbDEw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>那么,昼夜奔袭150里的急行军,在古代军队中是否很难实现,古代的急行军一天大多能走多少里?</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-top: 0px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><font face=\"宋体\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><b><strong><span>困难重重:被制约的行军速度</span></strong></b></font></b><span><br /></span></font></font></b></p></section></section></section><section style=\"margin-top: 0px;\"><span><p></p></span></section></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“所谓踵军者,去大军百里,期于会地,为三日熟食,前军而行,为战合之表。”</span></span><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">                                               ——《尉缭子》</span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>在先秦时期的兵法著作《尉缭子》中,记述了那个时代真实的行军速度,步兵日行仅为30-40里速度。虽然军事科技和道路条件在不断发展,但是自秦汉到明清,关于行军速度这一方面,一直没能取得太大的进步,《尉缭子》中提到的行军速度,也是古代军队普遍的速度,要了解这个问题,首先要从古代行军条件身上说起。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>军队规模、道路系统以及辎重补给,都是决定军队行军速度的重要因素,但这些条件在古代都饱受制约。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KmDsjU5D5IWvuoRTCvl3OGxmheKOBqV0bEKWEkLlECqUgOLzFicKQ55g/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span start=\"start\"><span><br /></span></span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span start=\"start\"><span>在古代,道路条件相对十分恶劣,一支庞大的军队行进时会面临诸多困难。而行军速度的快慢往往取决于其中最慢的部分,</span><span>也就是辎重运输的速度。古代行军辎重的运输一般使用车辆、驮马,位于军队的后方,当辎重部队行进时,道路已然经过大部队踩踏,更加崎岖难行,势必会拖累行军的整体速度。</span></span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span start=\"start\"><span><br /></span></span><span start=\"start\"><span start=\"start\"></span></span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>除此之外,行军路上的各种防护、探查等</span><span><span start=\"start\">必要的安全措施,</span></span><span><span>也会显著延缓军队的行进速度</span></span><span>。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span><span start=\"start\"></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span>在影视剧中,士兵们甲胄齐整地行军是常见的场景,但在古代战场上,这种情况却很少出现。古代的甲胄重量很大,即便是明清时期流行起来的、因较为轻便而被推广的布面甲,也有20多斤的重量</span></span><span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(《明会典》:“造甲,每副重二十四斤至二十五斤……”)</span></span></span><span>,加上其他的武器装备,长途行军对于士兵的体</span><span>力会是一个不小的消耗。因而,古代的士兵并不会穿着盔甲行军,一般行军中,盔甲通常由牲畜或民夫驮着。至于兵士,则需要尽量节省行军中的体力以保证在肉搏战中能拼尽全力。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KoOdeN5JK3FLz9zja0cMASQQS3OI8Fose66lPvBB2q4icdxicBAibMJffQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"width: 537px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiaJ0LmCLjVX1RTQuWNKiao19ReWyhuGGAbU2gtia0TGATJ6ibRJAa3SSHEw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span>古代士兵在行军时不穿盔甲,也是偷袭战术屡屡奏效的重要原因之一。一旦遭遇突袭,未穿甲胄的军队往往会在装备精良的敌军面前遭受单方面的屠杀,结果自然是大败亏输。所以,如何防备敌军的偷袭十分考验古代将领的能力,通过游骑、侦骑等散布四方,从而来侦察敌情是否有埋伏成为防范偷袭的主要手段。</span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span><br /></span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>以明朝为例,明军中的塘报骑兵就是专门执行防范偷袭、探查敌情、汇报信息这类任务的。当军队开拔离开营寨之后,明军塘骑就要外出侦查。塘骑以塘为编制,每个塘有五人,这五个人在侦查时不能离开彼此的视线。同时,每人都要装备信炮,以便遭遇突发事件时给大军报警。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-align: center;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4Kswp3icIdmmeat2bic5aKeAkjc5RfgZbfRVaJTCCU0W2ibZXhSCEfTuorw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 340px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiarNuWXl3AVdrQN9iaVflA8Qg5q9MYCpICnb5jradRIMEuEFMYQE4YZmA/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span><br /></span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>明军大军在行军时,不管军队兵分几路,每一路都要设置二十四塘骑兵,这些塘骑每人之间相距一里,广泛散布遥相呼应,最多可散布二十余里,之后游骑再将探查到的情况汇集给大部队,确保前路没有敌军的埋伏。此外,塘骑作为军队的眼睛侦测四方,行军前方的道路情况、水源情况等问题也需要了解清楚,在做到这些后,大部队才可以加速行军。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>游骑的探查措施在行军中尤为必要,在历史上,即便是军事经验丰富的将官也会在这个问题上碰壁。洪武五年</span><span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(1372)</span></span></span><span>,明军名将李文忠率军远征漠北,当李文忠在土剌河一带击败北元将领哈剌章、蛮子后,翻过燕然山一路追击元军至称海。在李文忠携胜而还的路上,李文忠军因为游骑探查工作不到位,夜里走错了路,一度找不到水源,数万百战之师险些尽数陨落草原。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-align: center;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4K4n3aicnFnNicW9FF8TyJyoEuymlPRgSKx96lV9B7AlExV2iaENu5pIUvg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"width: 435px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiayu5sVgDh32pJUWQfH2ngVHBU2TibfwPK6icmic6PibfpugcH2KQ0Ah5b9g/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>游骑、侦骑的探查确保了大军行军路上的安全,也迟滞了大军整体行军的速度。不过事有例外,如果遇上某些特殊情况,轻装上路的军队也可能达到日行百里。一支规模不大的部队舍弃辎重,缩小探查范围,只是为了某个迫切的目标进行急行军,这在古代战争史上也算不上稀奇。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>同光元年</span><span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(923)</span></span></span><span>十月,梁晋争霸进入后期,李存勖自杨刘渡河,进抵郓州,命令李嗣源为前锋,攻破中都,擒获王彦章后。李存勖否决了唐军诸将都认为应先攻占青州、齐州、徐州、兖州等地后窥伺梁军的建议。下令李嗣源丢弃辎重、攻城器械等物资,轻骑奔袭汴州,攻取后梁国都。李嗣源前军倍道兼行,初九日抵达汴州,不到十日内后唐前军纵横数百里疾进,完全打破了梁末帝朱友贞的部署,兵临城下之际,朱友贞自杀,后梁灭亡。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KEYfWPhTmbhwl2suu62gIsppABe00RxYllkicUw9zXFzFV5cjxzHtjcQ/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiazxXk63ia9gLwbcG6ll9wC2GzweibwAzcvrVqzqHEzT0ibGDXIpyMGbDKg/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>李存勖挥斥方遒、李嗣源奔袭灭梁的故事磅礴至今,不过李存勖、李嗣源此举并不冒进,而是审时度势之后的决定。彼时后梁各路大军在外难以支援,后唐军又素来耐苦,李存勖才得以灭梁成功,如果没有训练有素的军队和特殊的战场形势,这样丢弃辎重强行军的战法几乎是自取灭亡。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>总的来说,在种种制约下,古代军队“常行军”的每日不过三十里到四十里左右,而一日行军一百多里,几乎是丢弃物资、轻装简行之后所能达到的行军速度极限。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KEa2GdEKZUngJhf8RToFnDiaH6wjibD0ZWbHZ5HuTEv5SXP7dhiblZF6bw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section><section><p style=\"margin-top: 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-top: 0px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><font face=\"宋体\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><b><strong><span>困难重重:被制约的行军速度</span></strong></b></font></b><span><br /></span></font></font></b></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>《孙子兵法》说:</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“倍道兼行,百里而争利,则擒三将军,劲者先,疲者后,其法十一而至。”</span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>也就是说,每天一百里的强行军,只有体力好的士卒可以跟上,体力差的只能落在后面,高强度的急行军会导致大量的士卒掉队。</span><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KLHLuCptxX2F3uDnsc1Ka8Md4ZgTGmUmq2qoCQbpGDPKYqDVQD518qg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" style=\"width: 495px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>在浩繁的史籍资料中,“倍道”一词频频出现,倍道,也就是用加倍的速度行进、兼程赶路的意思。历史上,诸如嘉靖时期仇鸾部众一昼夜的行军速度达到一百五十里的倍道行军并不鲜见,但能在急行军之后,像仇鸾军一样保持战斗力的却不多。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KmPUgibIZ1yAYiaDuAKHwscgMasbXwqt88Bkw3V0YmXlq9eoFCXUpm1Hw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiaXtpUTBFInk9z0AjJ5zy7BM6GN8bP8FficZVuLVkEia2ep5Crfbs7hwdw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><h2 style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></h2><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>《三国志·诸葛亮传》中记载了曹操在当阳时急行军追击刘备的情况:</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“曹操之众,远来疲弊,闻追豫州,轻骑一日一夜行三百馀里,此所谓‘强弩之末,势不能穿鲁缟’者也。故兵法忌之,曰‘必蹶上将军’。”</span></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>在此次追击战中,曹操的轻骑兵一天一夜急行300里</span><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(汉里的距离短于明里,大约相当于后世的120公里)</span></span><span>。对此,诸葛亮曾形容其为“强弩之末,势不能穿鲁缟”,认为这样的军队难以保持强大的战斗力。事实上,曹操军能够达到如此惊人的行军速度,很可能是因为他们派出的是一支舍弃了辎重、一人多马的精锐轻骑兵。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4Kvaw832pVmYsY47fCsIeQUd0hTCyAlE5cT6qgZ0eoZYxzr93YLiaB20w/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiaHOeo5UOdBLwDAUXn0vwpgp3etp7j1iccGhjFyCXQiczv2rTg9omEt1iag/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>而无论什么样的军队,在</span><span>长途奔袭后</span><span>也很难维持后续作战能力。尽管轻骑兵在装备上尽量精简,但仍需配备基本的甲胄、弓箭和武器等。这些装备加上骑士本身的重量,对马匹来说是不小的负担。而在骑兵作战中,马匹的耐力极为有限,其优势主要在于奔跑时的冲击力。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>在当今的马匹耐力赛中,无负重的最优秀赛马在接近一天的奔跑中可以保持每小时近二十公里的速度,但即便如此,一天下来,大量马匹会掉队,只有部分马匹能够完成一百多公里的赛程。在两汉三国时期,如果曹军轻骑兵敢于面对大量骑兵掉队、到达的骑兵马匹无力冲刺、甚至事后大量马匹残废报废等惨重损耗,他们确实可以实现如此高速的急行军,但代价极为惨烈。因此,长途奔袭之后,一方面由于舍弃了补给辎重,另一方面人马困乏,曹军的战斗力急剧下降几乎是必然的。所谓“强弩之末,势不能穿鲁缟”,恐怕并非诸葛亮对曹军的贬低,而是基于实际情况的描述。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4K0oPMBaNaZGjXJ57gJgQglcOLicFPdEuWBTqTEFibFGQX84r5G0cUmhUw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiaOjZzQEDZg2hQkzbZ5xL9G8kOOb3spkl1DCFPHkbQ8GibsMhGTeKZOAA/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>《三国志》正史中记载,张飞仅率二十骑兵便敢在长坂桥拦截曹军,曹军之中“敌皆无敢近者”。这一记载或许并非过分夸张。经过高强度行军后,曹军已然疲惫不堪,而张飞则占据有利地形,以逸待劳,体力充沛。尽管张飞身边只有数十骑士,但曹军虽然数量众多,却怯于一战,面对张飞的阻击,只能逡巡不前。</span><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>因此,避免行军后作战,是古代军队的重中之重,即便是以耐力颇佳闻名的唐末五代第一强军“沙陀鸦儿军”也是一样,鸦儿军的最高指挥者李存勖就对此十分重视。</span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>在梁晋沿黄河对峙的时期,晋王李存勖在训练士卒和行军过程中,为了确保骑兵在作战时具备持续的作战能力,曾下令:“骑兵不见敌,不得骑马。”他严格约束士卒,对违反这一军令的军士,最高可处以斩刑。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KXEsDAwWBIvzOibBXfvfX5ucpslUtMmpKUsLMM0cdpYU0oq8ZER8sZfw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7fa2oUwasCIKSdBP2lzeyiaR6EGRicsgW92FoqPXDDB5qia7HpapsGZT2lo7GVhYl29ZCeiaOo6auBibA/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><h2 style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin: 0px 8px 8px;\"><span><br /></span></h2><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>李存勖并非不想利用马匹提高行军速度,而是为了保证骑兵在作战时能够发挥出足够的冲击力,才不得不做出这样的安排。这种政策虽有不便,但在两害相权之下,只能选择相对更优的方案,这实在是无奈之举。</span></p><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span>军队强行军下所产生的巨大损耗,实在需要古代将领慎重考虑。</span><span style=\"font-size: 16px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"></span><span>正所谓</span><span>“军无辎重则亡,无粮食则亡,无委积则亡</span><span>”。</span><span>古代行军</span><span>过</span><span>程中,并非随时随地都要</span><span>讲究“兵贵神速”</span><span>。</span></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-weight: bold;\">参考文献:</span></span></font></b><b><span><p></p></span></b></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">杨生民《中国里的长度演变考》</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">唐玉萍《简论明代庚戌之变》</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">陈寿《三国志》</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">*</span>本文系“国家</span></font><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">人文历史”独家稿件,欢迎读者转发朋友圈。</span></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\"><br /></span></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><span><br /></span></p><section><section><section><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4s6XTkV1zgY7Ndw3fVeyGpxIIj30oUzpUnwIcafcXhx66GztUhxGc2FM8I09uwLbMwUFOQfZVGcg/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section></section></section><section><span><span>END</span></span></section><section><span><span>作者 | </span><span>湘桥蓬蒿人</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span>‍‍‍‍‍‍‍</span></span></span></section><section><span><span>编辑 | 胡心雅</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span>‍</span></span></span></section><section><span><span>主编 | 周斌</span></span></section><section><span><span>排版 | 徐沁(实习)</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span>‍</span></span></span></section><section><span><span>校对 | 火炬 李栋 古月</span></span></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><span><span><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK6o0DTLAcjHUob1LlCbkiaCGeUicmbUPjIKiciad7l2ytYjz3bGBzNyAUu0aicCb4oWXbicQBJA96lk9Tug/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></span></span></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><strong><span><br /></span></strong></section><section><strong><span>国历好物</span></strong></section><p><span><strong><span><span>进击的士族</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>旁落的皇权</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>跨越五百年的权力对抗史</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>国民历史读物《国家人文历史》专业团队</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>最新力作</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>展现士族潮起潮落的史诗级历史画卷</span></span></strong></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><p><span><br /></span></p><section label=\"edit by 135editor\"><section><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK50l871IgvMuCSibrmOibSxicuassfQWcfhotQqH5lYBRPtichLu7A0vIGovAB5sRkicvnkQnT342127lA/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section><section><section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section></section><section><section><strong><span>点击下方封面,即可购买</span></strong></section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><span><strong><span><span>↓↓↓</span></span></strong></span></p><p><a class=\"weapp_image_link js_weapp_entry\"><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK5sbRbqWpNPCUYibIYbC7RFRAHn32PAWbKDIM6A4MkicYHOWIR0Hy6iamToAdrvvPDeu5T15EKXjC1Fg/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></a><span><br /></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><h2 src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPQbfYUk2lKRJbtAXIuZ0kjicBeKbKicn7picTvdbH5bfuaoiazGOfbm8kw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558\"><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPPS2Tl0L42giakAlUSsWM2hKsLfDwrNFcLNgFaxPhQng3E9mCRE3tkg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558px\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&amp;mid=2651035606&amp;idx=1&amp;sn=95e5b910a9c15c3b861b33b6a6da3866&amp;scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcaIgQkEibvERBOGAaoicFhgsfmibxDTGK2z3uLHbhcvWGEYibV0hom5VW8CA/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></a></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&amp;mid=2651035897&amp;idx=1&amp;sn=befda0705325843f84da3911012cad95&amp;scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcamtwvyMNyxgGfdgqCCu9GkBZl21VfOcYfkJRh5E0ArHl4UUBtbSzwRQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></a></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcaohkRZ9cGSGGPakn9lRTzm4qIA3pNHn3EVXrsicT3De6T2ib5Slw6GsRQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span><span><br /></span></span></section></section></section></h2></section></section></section><section><span><section><h2 src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPQbfYUk2lKRJbtAXIuZ0kjicBeKbKicn7picTvdbH5bfuaoiazGOfbm8kw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558\"><span><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages __bg_gif wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK6M7Nv6wvsPyLPCsN7uraAJ0nGCQhDMIIg0L5icbmcctmcTvsgM0HwBpkXTF9ztE2MsQ8Tso0exnicA/640?wx_fmt=gif\" /></span></h2><section><span><span><br /></span></span></section><section><span><span>“</span><strong><span>在看</span></strong><span>”的永远18岁~</span></span></section></section></span></section><section><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><section><section style=\"padding-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 1em; display: flex;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"></span></section></section></section></span></section><p style=\"display: none;\"></p></div>\n \n\n \n <br />\n\n \n <a class=\"media_tool_meta meta_primary\" href=\"http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&amp;mid=2651042227&amp;idx=1&amp;sn=78539ef43c196895172924630d17f28f&amp;chksm=bcf2be601a1f46f2652e834f93b73f1797bfe57fd69f0406238feaa3ec1ec7be4f10333d86ea&amp;scene=0#rd\" style=\"color: blue;\" target=\"_blank\">文章原文</a>\n <br />\n \n\n \n\n <img alt=\"\" class=\"\" height=\"1px\" src=\"http://www.jintiankansha.me/rss_static/13443/khhr4Bd7yN\" style=\"width: 1px; height: 1px; display: none;\" width=\"1px\" /></div></div>",
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{
"title": "为什么是“福如东海”“喝西北风”“指南”“败北”?",
"description": "<div><div><div class=\"rich_media_content\" id=\"js_content\"><section style=\"margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 8px; white-space: normal; font-size: 16px; text-align: center; line-height: 1.5em;\"><img class=\"rich_pages js_insertlocalimg wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK6M7Nv6wvsPyLPCsN7uraAJxdXiby5XB2BE6S0ulr9Fs213uZ85nlxAalcgRcLFiaSVdOVlrtCZRibIw/640?wx_fmt=gif\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span><br /></span></section></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KTrc6aSILibzFyVReW04jlwFXPibEyyYef4crFVHJrngep9lAVTOO77uw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span><br /></span></section></section><p><span><span>本 文 约 3000 字</span></span></p><section><section label=\"Powered by 135editor.com\"><p><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(178, 178, 178); font-size: 12px;\"><span>阅 读 需 要 10 分 钟</span></span><span><span> </span></span></span></p></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"黑体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>首先,大家来阅读</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>一下</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>这首古诗:</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">南巷有贵人,高盖驷马车。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">我问何所苦,四十垂白须。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">答云君不知</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">,位重多忧虞。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">北里有寒士,瓮牖绳为枢。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">出扶桑枣杖,入卧蜗牛庐。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">散贱无忧患,心安体亦舒。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">东邻有富翁,藏货遍五都。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">东京收粟帛,西市鬻金珠。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">朝营暮计算,昼夜不安居。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">西舍有贫者,匹妇配匹夫。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">布裙行赁舂,裋褐坐佣书。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">以此求口食,一饱欣有馀。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">……</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: right;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">——白居易《效陶潜体诗(其十五)》</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCpLTxjyRhMqPJrp3OSNib2LKQAWibL3LMrXIE8DiaGBHXiabwUqRL8dLNCg/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>我们知道,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>东、南、西、北是四个最基本的地理方位词,古时我们的祖先根据太阳确定四方,日出之向为东,日落之向为西,阳光正射之向为南,背阳之向为北。但从词源上说,这四个字与其古字本义都没有直接的关系,是后来假借为四方之名,用来表示方位的概念。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCfak0CIp8Rbgzu6QnZvImsfpLMLHmCyFJj0RMNQWHI4utHG55hwz7Hg/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 260px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KA5LiaayS2oFnGM5BibJRCYLYHsp2dCLgq4icJBcnnpCrUmcAcL09AQhLg/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>语言是社会的折射。从这首诗中我们不难看出</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“东”“南”常与富贵相伴,而“西”“北”又与贫寒相随。这一首诗用了四个方位词充分展现出人们的传统文化观念。就像国人常说 “福如东海,寿比南山”,而不说“西海”“北山”;说“喝西北风”而不说“喝东南风”,这其中都</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>潜藏</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>着深刻的社会文化心理。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><span>东、南为尊</span></font></b></p><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><span>西、北为卑</span></font></b></p></section></section></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><b><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></b><b><span><p></p></span></b></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>古往今来,在我们的文化观念中,方位总是和尊卑等级联系在一起。东西相对时,往往以东为尊,以西为卑。东方是太阳升起的方向,而太阳给人们带来光明、温暖和希望,因此在古人眼里,东方就意味着光明和新生</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>所以在传统风俗中以东为大,以东为尊。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCNkf0pjd2j6iaHIOTY4s18DI7WnzDYesgcPYepTeOHdYBc4m2V1MZ6SQ/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KiaeE3Uen066oT1WvOfkbwplZPaiaK4FoGhdQoRTotJLcw8aF0v2dYsVQ/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>古人将司春之神称为</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“东后”“东君”,就是因为春从东来,由东生。古代在五侯之上的皇帝及皇太子的居室要讲究“东位”,如“东内”是唐大明宫的别称,“东宫”则是太子的代称</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCOSZ5A1cspmiaCTIhjMsr8QkcbJ0e78DgV2ictYoTibaGM7J4kMla7G7tQ/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 262px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KiakmIdvv4iaBlGeicHqd9Z8RmiaHFKUS3jp5XOVXqjXubTg9V9YgksAwPw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">《旧唐书</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">·地理志一》:“东内曰大明宫,……高宗以后,天子常居东内</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">。</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">”</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">《诗</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">·卫风·硕人》:“东宫之妹,邢侯之姨。”孔颖达疏:“太子居东宫,因以东宫表太子。” </span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>古代皇宫和官舍在</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“东堂”,王侯显贵者要住“东第”,帝王行封禅事昭告天下太平谓“东对”,贵族子弟学校称“东横”,科举考试及第为“东堂桂”。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>这些词语十分直观地展现了东方的尊贵,可以说是当时人们社会理想的外化表现。《史记</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>·司马相如列传》中也有:“位为通侯,居列东第</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>。</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>”后来,“东第”便泛指富贵人家的住宅。这种尊东的观念一直影响至今,在农村父母子女同住时,父母必须居住在东边的房间,长幼尊卑划分得十分清楚。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCedpyZd7lydRbJhALwtpYsPvks5H9vBvAD2X4zMD5J2OuEQfxmsXdsA/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4K6sKHXuQnpYSprhnLzQWBubOiboRKA36lAqUJpO9dr3iaTJpF6B5Lgu3Q/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>与</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“东”相对的“西”</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>是太阳下山的地方,因此,它象征着黑暗、死亡,常常让人感到恐怖和不祥。《论衡</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>·四讳》</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>中有</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>:</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“俗有大讳四,一曰讳西益宅。西益宅之不祥,不祥必有死亡,相惧以此,故世莫敢西益宅。”</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>古人将西方与不祥、死亡联系在一起,今天我们把</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“死亡”称为“上西天”“驾鹤西去”,就是这种传统观念的反映。</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>纵观古代文学作品,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“西”也常被借用到古诗中,烘托悲痛、伤感的情绪。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCPcOcvhKFK4d5jRLUlGDhDseSIlXpWCcETzCuykiaAqBj35e5wZ5Qf5A/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>另外,古人还认为东属阳,西属阴,如此,东西方位还常与男女两性联系在一起。《古乐府</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>·日出东南隅行》:“东方千馀骑,夫骑居上头。”诗中女子罗敷自述其夫居官高贵,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>以</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“东方千骑”,形容夫婿的显赫。后</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>便</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>以</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“东方骑”指女子</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>找到一个极好的夫</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>婿。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4Kjf0QG4fXNicbVibA02eL7p54ibyObIwiaGkyCIwPe69rSTtV1OZAVx2Btw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KtTWBdAIewXnkzEdoMstjwlP7AtJZHDqoAkvxaUQibkbndr4Ek8n5zpA/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>文学作品中,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>女子所在的方位</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>也</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>常常写在西边。</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>如</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>南朝梁武帝《拟明月照高楼》:</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“君如东扶景,妾似西柳烟。”</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>还有</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“西厢”“西楼”都指女子的住所。这</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>些都是</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>西阴东阳文化内涵的反映。当然,一定程度上也是男尊女卑思想观念的体现。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>当南北相对时</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>南往往处于尊位。由于我国位于北半球,阳光是从南面照射过来的,人类都有喜暖恶寒的倾向,因此卑阴而尊阳。有诗云:</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>南枝向暖北枝寒,一种春风有两般。</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>”人的荣华富贵与草木的繁荣茂盛相似,所以“南”又有富贵的象征意义。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>再说北方,学者吕洪年认为,由于太阳一天的运行经过东、南、西三方,北方是太阳不到之处,所以,在四方位空间观念最初形成之际,北方就被认为是阴间地狱所在的方位。古代埋葬死人时大都埋在居住区的北面,而且有的还讲究要朝北。《礼记</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>·檀弓下》记载:</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“葬于北方,北首,三代之达礼也,之幽之故也。”</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>历史上有名的墓葬场就位于洛阳城北面的北邙山上。</span></font></p><section><span> </span></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KqaqsxvLFgOdPzR7zGibhia4vgM1ats4TRicsK1wsTJA6BtaGI6Bt1uuDQ/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4Kax4kdvia29wyqZRacakOAf4SnNnkh9Iqh27Cqj7OicUKRLoTap5iaKdcg/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section><span><br /></span></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>这也就很好地回答了文章开头提出的问题,因为东南为尊,因此常常象征着权力、光明、富贵和繁荣;西北为卑,则代表着贫瘠、寒微和穷困潦倒。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><span>我是谁,我在哪儿?</span></font></b></p></section></section></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><b><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></b><b><span><p></p></span></b></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>中国向来讲究礼仪</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>和秩序</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>古代封建社会中人与人之间的</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>高低尊卑泾渭分明,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>尊卑</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>在</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>座次</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>上也</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>有着鲜明的体现,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>而</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“东西南北”已经被人们赋予了尊卑</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>隐喻</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>,那么就有了以方位</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>安排座位</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>来区别尊卑。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>在</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>古代文献典籍</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>中</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>,以</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>方位体现尊卑观念的记载随处可见。</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>例如</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>《周礼</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>·曲礼上》有:</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“主人就东阶,客就西阶;主人坐东面西,客人坐西面东。”</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>所以,当家里来客人时,主人一般是将宾客安排在西边,面向东,而自己坐在东边,面向西,以此来表达对宾客的尊敬。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KkZuOzusREJmMiaWKuPWKVJVvrEzezU5RuG9EKicibT2CTLSwiaTh846yOA/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KP1JGfbib1B1bPjerUibR6TQCbHg632hDD9OzCNylLHwK1qtTMl2xXnIw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>古代中国常将老师称作</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“西席”“西宾”,就是这个道理。我们自古就有尊师重道的传统,因此一定会把老师安排在西边的座位。</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>东汉时期,汉明帝刘庄为太子刘炟<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(后为汉章帝)</span>聘请经学大师桓荣为太傅。据《后汉书</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>·桓荣传》记载,明帝亲临太学听桓荣讲经时,为表尊师之礼,特设坐席于讲堂西侧<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: #888888;\">(面朝东方)</span>,自居东面听讲。唐代以后,“西席”逐渐脱离具体场景,成为对私塾先生、</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>教师</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>的泛称。如《红楼梦》第二回</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>有</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(贾雨村)</span>做了林如海的西宾”,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>这里</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“西宾”即“西席”的同义表达。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>当然,如果有不喜欢、瞧</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>不起的人来赴宴,也可以反其道而行之把他安排在东边就座。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4Kz40WAJE8fJjbY7dwiaQhloZZLvmEutc7dgjE0FfSO9jCc2qlnmkMKuQ/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 270px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KFxHEXMZuaiball9wZtSTT2lo1xT9KqqbFcMdR3Crx9SsjNY7WBNDjdA/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>《史记</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>·项羽本纪》中记载:</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“项王、项伯东向坐,亚父南向坐,沛公北向坐,张良西向侍。”</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>这就是那场著名的</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“鸿门宴”上的座次安排。项羽设鸿门宴欲杀刘邦,将对方视为自己的囊中之物,并不把对方作为尊客嘉宾看待,因此在席位的安排上,把己方放在尊位,对方则在卑位。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KfzM4jUzK4ibIjfluAJAaiaXN4Ky3ZfMicBoibics9hal19m8eEQVSRKwCqg/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4Kp4hlWrV0m1NNZbd7kE2JhxRX5X7IibRWlV3AXPwboAWufzxFnz8oFCQ/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>这里值得一提的是,很多人会将</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“尊者东面,卑者西面”与现在人们请客吃饭时说的“做东”联系在一起。但</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>实际上,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“做东”一词与方位尊卑关系不大。“做东”是“做东道主”的简称。而“东道主”一词源于中国古代的一个著名历史事件。</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>《左传</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>·僖公三十年》</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>记载,春</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>秋时期,晋国联合秦国围攻郑国<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(今河南境内)</span>。郑国弱小,危在旦夕。郑国大夫烛之武夜见秦穆公,以利害关系游说秦国退兵。烛之武对秦穆公说:</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“若舍郑以为东道主,行李之往来,共其乏困,君亦无所害。”</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>意思是说如果秦国放过郑国,让郑国作为秦国东方道路上的主人<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(东道主)</span>,秦国的使者途经郑国时,郑国可提供物资补给,这对秦国有利无害。最终秦穆公被说服,撤兵并与郑国结盟。后来</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“东道主”逐渐开始泛指接待宾客的主人。 </span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KLftcY6jwbIICwuNvALgucU9mrzKEojka0NZYiaB5BY8YNkwVz9TX4Pg/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 310px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KwpfDGUgTcicibAo1R3F9IHeVFnIAlvoicYNX17dVQUgx9yLddnOwNIBsg/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>出于维护礼制秩序的需要,古代的人们十分重视自己在四方之中的</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“位置”,古时的“南面”<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(面朝南边)</span>“北面”<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(面向北边)</span>还有着特殊的意义。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>古代以坐北朝南为尊位,故天子、诸侯见群臣,或卿大夫见僚属,皆南面而坐,如《易经</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>·说卦》</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>说</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>圣人南面而听天下</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>”,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>《庄子</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>·盗跖》</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>也</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>以</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>南面称孤</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>”</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>指代君主权威</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>。</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>后来</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“南面”</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>便</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>引申为泛指帝王的统治</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>。</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>中国古代的宫殿、都城、住宅也多以坐北朝南为正向,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>南方成为权力</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>和正统的</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>象征</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>而臣子见天子或下属见诸侯、大夫则相反。</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>古代臣子面北朝拜君主,《史记</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>·郦生陆贾列传》载</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>君王宜郊迎,北面称臣</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>”</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>,强化</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>了</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>北方作为臣服方位的象征。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><span>人生指南:</span></font></b></p><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><span>犹豫,就会败北</span></font></b></p></section></section></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><b><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></b><b><span><p></p></span></b></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4Kj6ekibGHsz4HibsqUibSKQIiaRkFccH7icnhEeGawiaeg2I8BSXtGCppibzlw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>前文已述,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>在古代中国,南方被尊为至高无上的方位</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>在古代方位系统中,常以南作为基准。不过说到</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“指南”一词,我们就不得不提我国古代四大发明之一的指南针了。早在战国时期,我们聪明的祖先就制造出了初代指南针——司南。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KqBkQBfr4m0yzTFO2JukzLx85XrPhqXDLrInSSj4fhKNJFUJNTBLuLw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4Kh0ictrZ40QL7210hJIE1GGjBzMlWJ2Q5mgeXudyOxlDeUxVVmyMwk0w/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>东汉学者王充在《论衡》中记载:</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“司南之杓,投之于地,其柢指南。”</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>因此</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“指南”成为约定俗成的说法。</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>同时,从实用</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>和习惯</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>角度出发,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“指南”相较于“指北”更易被理解和记忆</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>。</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>古代海图多采用</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>上南下北</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>”</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>布局,以南方为正向基准更直观,如《郑和航海图》</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>就是</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>以指南定位为主导。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span></span><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>而</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“败北”一词则要从“</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>北</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>”的</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>甲骨文</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>说起。甲骨文中的</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“北”,就好像两个人背靠背站立着,而金文、小篆将“北”会意为二人相背,认为“北”是“背”的古字。许慎在《说文解字》解释道:“北,苝也。从二人相背。”段玉裁注:“军奔曰北,其引申之义也。”</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KLiaIEuWsdyPYico6DYia77g3crRCKtaTAeh256xUrKloJFL4LI5CZpAzw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>古代战争以战车和方阵为主,士兵转身逃跑会将后背暴露给敌人,是很危险的状态。因此</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“北”<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(背对敌人)</span>成为战败的象征。《史记·项羽本纪》中有“身七十余战,所当者破,未尝败北”。《韩非子·五蠹》说“仲尼赏而鲁民易降北”,这里的“降北”即为投降败逃之义。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>所以</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“败北”一词和方向本身关系不大。战败的关键动作是“转身背敌”,而非逃向南方或北方。即使败军向南跑,依然称为“败北”。古代汉语中,“北”已固定为“败逃”的专称,如“追亡逐北”<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(追赶败逃的敌人)</span>、“北军”<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(溃败的军队)</span>。</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KLA6icrk1xoncDZT9CiaNMIxUiclsJjO19xunAIKwWEbGMOlcsPQsK3uRQ/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 249px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KqL1zv0FCVrkYLich8ccVWicFKzTrPp2AckQic1O4UHxvIBll9iaarhx6yw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>中华</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>民族文化历史悠久,所以汉语中大部分的词语,都</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>与</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>历史文化</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>有着密不可分的联系</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>。</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>中国传统文化中</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>方位</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>”</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>不仅是地理概念,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>还</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>被赋予</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>了</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>多重意义</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>展现了我们的思想、观念、礼俗和情感,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>使汉语方位词承载了远超空间指示</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>功能</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>的丰富内涵</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>成为</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>打开传统文化的一把钥匙。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><b><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">参考文献:</span></span></font></b><b><span><p></p></span></b></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">[1]</span></span><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">段玉裁:《说文解字注》,上海</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">:上海古籍出版社,1981.</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">[2]</span></span><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">许慎</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">:《说文解字》,北京:中华书局,1963.</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">[3]</span></span><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">吴佳娣</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">.浅谈自然方位词的文化内涵[J].现代语文(语言研究版),2008,(02):28-29.</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">[4]</span></span><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">纪国泰</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">.试论《辞源》“西席”释义的引文不当[J].时代文学(理论学术版),2007,(05):43-44.</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">[5]</span></span><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">贾吉峰</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">.汉语空间方位词“东、西、南、北”浅论[J].现代语文(学术综合版),2012,(12):147-149.</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">[6]</span></span><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">程雅</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">.“败北”史料考源及意义流变[J].汉字文化,2024,(13):126-128.</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">[7]</span></span><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">靳雅姝</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">.“东西南北”与方位文化[D].延边大学,2003.</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">*</span>本文系“国家</span></font><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">人文历史”独家稿件,欢迎读者转发朋友圈。</span></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><span><br /></span></p><section><section><section><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4s6XTkV1zgY7Ndw3fVeyGpxIIj30oUzpUnwIcafcXhx66GztUhxGc2FM8I09uwLbMwUFOQfZVGcg/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section></section></section><section><span><span>END</span></span></section><section><span><span>作者 | 西洲</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span>‍‍‍‍‍‍‍</span></span></span></section><section><span><span>编辑 | 胡心雅</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span>‍</span></span></span></section><section><span><span>主编 | 周斌</span></span></section><section><span><span>排版 | 曲晨溪(实习)</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span>‍</span></span></span></section><section><span><span>校对 | 火炬 李栋 古月</span></span></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><span><span><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK6o0DTLAcjHUob1LlCbkiaCGeUicmbUPjIKiciad7l2ytYjz3bGBzNyAUu0aicCb4oWXbicQBJA96lk9Tug/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></span></span></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><strong><span><br /></span></strong></section><section><strong><span>国历好物</span></strong></section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK50l871IgvMuCSibrmOibSxicuB2xBPs1uQ2ZspQytHr1P0K7rUaKzSAg2CRzMr8ibAYhs2mSk7cLvZpQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section><p><span><strong><span><span>进击的士族</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>旁落的皇权</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>跨越五百年的权力对抗史</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>国民历史读物《国家人文历史》专业团队</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>最新力作</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>展现士族潮起潮落的史诗级历史画卷</span></span></strong></span></p><section label=\"edit by 135editor\"><section><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK50l871IgvMuCSibrmOibSxicuassfQWcfhotQqH5lYBRPtichLu7A0vIGovAB5sRkicvnkQnT342127lA/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section><section><section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section></section><section><section><strong><span>点击下方封面,即可购买</span></strong></section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><span><strong><span><span>↓↓↓</span></span></strong></span></p><p><a class=\"weapp_image_link js_weapp_entry\"><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK5sbRbqWpNPCUYibIYbC7RFRAHn32PAWbKDIM6A4MkicYHOWIR0Hy6iamToAdrvvPDeu5T15EKXjC1Fg/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></a><span><br /></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><h2 src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPQbfYUk2lKRJbtAXIuZ0kjicBeKbKicn7picTvdbH5bfuaoiazGOfbm8kw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558\"><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPPS2Tl0L42giakAlUSsWM2hKsLfDwrNFcLNgFaxPhQng3E9mCRE3tkg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558px\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&amp;mid=2651035606&amp;idx=1&amp;sn=95e5b910a9c15c3b861b33b6a6da3866&amp;scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcaIgQkEibvERBOGAaoicFhgsfmibxDTGK2z3uLHbhcvWGEYibV0hom5VW8CA/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></a></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&amp;mid=2651035897&amp;idx=1&amp;sn=befda0705325843f84da3911012cad95&amp;scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcamtwvyMNyxgGfdgqCCu9GkBZl21VfOcYfkJRh5E0ArHl4UUBtbSzwRQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></a></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcaohkRZ9cGSGGPakn9lRTzm4qIA3pNHn3EVXrsicT3De6T2ib5Slw6GsRQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span><span><br /></span></span></section></section></section></h2></section></section></section><section><span><section><h2 src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPQbfYUk2lKRJbtAXIuZ0kjicBeKbKicn7picTvdbH5bfuaoiazGOfbm8kw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558\"><span><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages __bg_gif wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK6M7Nv6wvsPyLPCsN7uraAJ0nGCQhDMIIg0L5icbmcctmcTvsgM0HwBpkXTF9ztE2MsQ8Tso0exnicA/640?wx_fmt=gif\" /></span></h2><section><span><span>“</span><strong><span>在看</span></strong><span>”的永远18岁~</span></span></section></section></span></section><section><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><section><section style=\"padding-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 1em; display: flex;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"></span></section></section></section></span></section><p style=\"display: none;\"></p></div>\n \n\n \n <br />\n\n \n <a class=\"media_tool_meta meta_primary\" href=\"http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&amp;mid=2651042201&amp;idx=1&amp;sn=8b950724324b357bec10b2210270f792&amp;chksm=bcfce3f66dd7bcf08b00e80a35e5ac0a7f6e7761f626da76c82bc9908dc92f86c8f64719306b&amp;scene=0#rd\" style=\"color: blue;\" target=\"_blank\">文章原文</a>\n <br />\n \n\n \n\n <img alt=\"\" class=\"\" height=\"1px\" src=\"http://www.jintiankansha.me/rss_static/13443/uaCWDOAccG\" style=\"width: 1px; height: 1px; display: none;\" width=\"1px\" /></div></div>",
"content": "<div><div><div class=\"rich_media_content\" id=\"js_content\"><section style=\"margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 8px; white-space: normal; font-size: 16px; text-align: center; line-height: 1.5em;\"><img class=\"rich_pages js_insertlocalimg wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK6M7Nv6wvsPyLPCsN7uraAJxdXiby5XB2BE6S0ulr9Fs213uZ85nlxAalcgRcLFiaSVdOVlrtCZRibIw/640?wx_fmt=gif\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span><br /></span></section></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KTrc6aSILibzFyVReW04jlwFXPibEyyYef4crFVHJrngep9lAVTOO77uw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span><br /></span></section></section><p><span><span>本 文 约 3000 字</span></span></p><section><section label=\"Powered by 135editor.com\"><p><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(178, 178, 178); font-size: 12px;\"><span>阅 读 需 要 10 分 钟</span></span><span><span> </span></span></span></p></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"黑体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>首先,大家来阅读</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>一下</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>这首古诗:</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">南巷有贵人,高盖驷马车。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">我问何所苦,四十垂白须。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">答云君不知</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">,位重多忧虞。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">北里有寒士,瓮牖绳为枢。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">出扶桑枣杖,入卧蜗牛庐。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">散贱无忧患,心安体亦舒。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">东邻有富翁,藏货遍五都。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">东京收粟帛,西市鬻金珠。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">朝营暮计算,昼夜不安居。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">西舍有贫者,匹妇配匹夫。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">布裙行赁舂,裋褐坐佣书。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">以此求口食,一饱欣有馀。</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: center;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">……</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; text-align: right;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">——白居易《效陶潜体诗(其十五)》</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCpLTxjyRhMqPJrp3OSNib2LKQAWibL3LMrXIE8DiaGBHXiabwUqRL8dLNCg/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>我们知道,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>东、南、西、北是四个最基本的地理方位词,古时我们的祖先根据太阳确定四方,日出之向为东,日落之向为西,阳光正射之向为南,背阳之向为北。但从词源上说,这四个字与其古字本义都没有直接的关系,是后来假借为四方之名,用来表示方位的概念。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCfak0CIp8Rbgzu6QnZvImsfpLMLHmCyFJj0RMNQWHI4utHG55hwz7Hg/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 260px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KA5LiaayS2oFnGM5BibJRCYLYHsp2dCLgq4icJBcnnpCrUmcAcL09AQhLg/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>语言是社会的折射。从这首诗中我们不难看出</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“东”“南”常与富贵相伴,而“西”“北”又与贫寒相随。这一首诗用了四个方位词充分展现出人们的传统文化观念。就像国人常说 “福如东海,寿比南山”,而不说“西海”“北山”;说“喝西北风”而不说“喝东南风”,这其中都</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>潜藏</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>着深刻的社会文化心理。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><span>东、南为尊</span></font></b></p><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><span>西、北为卑</span></font></b></p></section></section></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><b><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></b><b><span><p></p></span></b></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>古往今来,在我们的文化观念中,方位总是和尊卑等级联系在一起。东西相对时,往往以东为尊,以西为卑。东方是太阳升起的方向,而太阳给人们带来光明、温暖和希望,因此在古人眼里,东方就意味着光明和新生</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>所以在传统风俗中以东为大,以东为尊。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCNkf0pjd2j6iaHIOTY4s18DI7WnzDYesgcPYepTeOHdYBc4m2V1MZ6SQ/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KiaeE3Uen066oT1WvOfkbwplZPaiaK4FoGhdQoRTotJLcw8aF0v2dYsVQ/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>古人将司春之神称为</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“东后”“东君”,就是因为春从东来,由东生。古代在五侯之上的皇帝及皇太子的居室要讲究“东位”,如“东内”是唐大明宫的别称,“东宫”则是太子的代称</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCOSZ5A1cspmiaCTIhjMsr8QkcbJ0e78DgV2ictYoTibaGM7J4kMla7G7tQ/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 262px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KiakmIdvv4iaBlGeicHqd9Z8RmiaHFKUS3jp5XOVXqjXubTg9V9YgksAwPw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">《旧唐书</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">·地理志一》:“东内曰大明宫,……高宗以后,天子常居东内</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">。</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">”</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">《诗</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">·卫风·硕人》:“东宫之妹,邢侯之姨。”孔颖达疏:“太子居东宫,因以东宫表太子。” </span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>古代皇宫和官舍在</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“东堂”,王侯显贵者要住“东第”,帝王行封禅事昭告天下太平谓“东对”,贵族子弟学校称“东横”,科举考试及第为“东堂桂”。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>这些词语十分直观地展现了东方的尊贵,可以说是当时人们社会理想的外化表现。《史记</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>·司马相如列传》中也有:“位为通侯,居列东第</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>。</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>”后来,“东第”便泛指富贵人家的住宅。这种尊东的观念一直影响至今,在农村父母子女同住时,父母必须居住在东边的房间,长幼尊卑划分得十分清楚。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCedpyZd7lydRbJhALwtpYsPvks5H9vBvAD2X4zMD5J2OuEQfxmsXdsA/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4K6sKHXuQnpYSprhnLzQWBubOiboRKA36lAqUJpO9dr3iaTJpF6B5Lgu3Q/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>与</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“东”相对的“西”</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>是太阳下山的地方,因此,它象征着黑暗、死亡,常常让人感到恐怖和不祥。《论衡</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>·四讳》</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>中有</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>:</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“俗有大讳四,一曰讳西益宅。西益宅之不祥,不祥必有死亡,相惧以此,故世莫敢西益宅。”</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>古人将西方与不祥、死亡联系在一起,今天我们把</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“死亡”称为“上西天”“驾鹤西去”,就是这种传统观念的反映。</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>纵观古代文学作品,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“西”也常被借用到古诗中,烘托悲痛、伤感的情绪。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK42AM6SzO4VIZ1xftBTyNbCPcOcvhKFK4d5jRLUlGDhDseSIlXpWCcETzCuykiaAqBj35e5wZ5Qf5A/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>另外,古人还认为东属阳,西属阴,如此,东西方位还常与男女两性联系在一起。《古乐府</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>·日出东南隅行》:“东方千馀骑,夫骑居上头。”诗中女子罗敷自述其夫居官高贵,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>以</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“东方千骑”,形容夫婿的显赫。后</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>便</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>以</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“东方骑”指女子</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>找到一个极好的夫</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>婿。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4Kjf0QG4fXNicbVibA02eL7p54ibyObIwiaGkyCIwPe69rSTtV1OZAVx2Btw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KtTWBdAIewXnkzEdoMstjwlP7AtJZHDqoAkvxaUQibkbndr4Ek8n5zpA/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>文学作品中,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>女子所在的方位</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>也</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>常常写在西边。</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>如</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>南朝梁武帝《拟明月照高楼》:</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“君如东扶景,妾似西柳烟。”</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>还有</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“西厢”“西楼”都指女子的住所。这</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>些都是</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>西阴东阳文化内涵的反映。当然,一定程度上也是男尊女卑思想观念的体现。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>当南北相对时</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>南往往处于尊位。由于我国位于北半球,阳光是从南面照射过来的,人类都有喜暖恶寒的倾向,因此卑阴而尊阳。有诗云:</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>南枝向暖北枝寒,一种春风有两般。</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>”人的荣华富贵与草木的繁荣茂盛相似,所以“南”又有富贵的象征意义。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>再说北方,学者吕洪年认为,由于太阳一天的运行经过东、南、西三方,北方是太阳不到之处,所以,在四方位空间观念最初形成之际,北方就被认为是阴间地狱所在的方位。古代埋葬死人时大都埋在居住区的北面,而且有的还讲究要朝北。《礼记</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>·檀弓下》记载:</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“葬于北方,北首,三代之达礼也,之幽之故也。”</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>历史上有名的墓葬场就位于洛阳城北面的北邙山上。</span></font></p><section><span> </span></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KqaqsxvLFgOdPzR7zGibhia4vgM1ats4TRicsK1wsTJA6BtaGI6Bt1uuDQ/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4Kax4kdvia29wyqZRacakOAf4SnNnkh9Iqh27Cqj7OicUKRLoTap5iaKdcg/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section><span><br /></span></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>这也就很好地回答了文章开头提出的问题,因为东南为尊,因此常常象征着权力、光明、富贵和繁荣;西北为卑,则代表着贫瘠、寒微和穷困潦倒。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><span>我是谁,我在哪儿?</span></font></b></p></section></section></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><b><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></b><b><span><p></p></span></b></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>中国向来讲究礼仪</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>和秩序</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>古代封建社会中人与人之间的</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>高低尊卑泾渭分明,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>尊卑</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>在</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>座次</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>上也</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>有着鲜明的体现,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>而</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“东西南北”已经被人们赋予了尊卑</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>隐喻</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>,那么就有了以方位</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>安排座位</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>来区别尊卑。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>在</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>古代文献典籍</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>中</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>,以</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>方位体现尊卑观念的记载随处可见。</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>例如</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>《周礼</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>·曲礼上》有:</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“主人就东阶,客就西阶;主人坐东面西,客人坐西面东。”</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>所以,当家里来客人时,主人一般是将宾客安排在西边,面向东,而自己坐在东边,面向西,以此来表达对宾客的尊敬。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KkZuOzusREJmMiaWKuPWKVJVvrEzezU5RuG9EKicibT2CTLSwiaTh846yOA/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KP1JGfbib1B1bPjerUibR6TQCbHg632hDD9OzCNylLHwK1qtTMl2xXnIw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>古代中国常将老师称作</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“西席”“西宾”,就是这个道理。我们自古就有尊师重道的传统,因此一定会把老师安排在西边的座位。</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>东汉时期,汉明帝刘庄为太子刘炟<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(后为汉章帝)</span>聘请经学大师桓荣为太傅。据《后汉书</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>·桓荣传》记载,明帝亲临太学听桓荣讲经时,为表尊师之礼,特设坐席于讲堂西侧<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: #888888;\">(面朝东方)</span>,自居东面听讲。唐代以后,“西席”逐渐脱离具体场景,成为对私塾先生、</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>教师</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>的泛称。如《红楼梦》第二回</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>有</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(贾雨村)</span>做了林如海的西宾”,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>这里</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“西宾”即“西席”的同义表达。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>当然,如果有不喜欢、瞧</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>不起的人来赴宴,也可以反其道而行之把他安排在东边就座。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4Kz40WAJE8fJjbY7dwiaQhloZZLvmEutc7dgjE0FfSO9jCc2qlnmkMKuQ/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 270px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KFxHEXMZuaiball9wZtSTT2lo1xT9KqqbFcMdR3Crx9SsjNY7WBNDjdA/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>《史记</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>·项羽本纪》中记载:</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“项王、项伯东向坐,亚父南向坐,沛公北向坐,张良西向侍。”</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>这就是那场著名的</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“鸿门宴”上的座次安排。项羽设鸿门宴欲杀刘邦,将对方视为自己的囊中之物,并不把对方作为尊客嘉宾看待,因此在席位的安排上,把己方放在尊位,对方则在卑位。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KfzM4jUzK4ibIjfluAJAaiaXN4Ky3ZfMicBoibics9hal19m8eEQVSRKwCqg/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4Kp4hlWrV0m1NNZbd7kE2JhxRX5X7IibRWlV3AXPwboAWufzxFnz8oFCQ/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>这里值得一提的是,很多人会将</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“尊者东面,卑者西面”与现在人们请客吃饭时说的“做东”联系在一起。但</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>实际上,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“做东”一词与方位尊卑关系不大。“做东”是“做东道主”的简称。而“东道主”一词源于中国古代的一个著名历史事件。</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>《左传</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>·僖公三十年》</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>记载,春</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>秋时期,晋国联合秦国围攻郑国<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(今河南境内)</span>。郑国弱小,危在旦夕。郑国大夫烛之武夜见秦穆公,以利害关系游说秦国退兵。烛之武对秦穆公说:</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“若舍郑以为东道主,行李之往来,共其乏困,君亦无所害。”</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>意思是说如果秦国放过郑国,让郑国作为秦国东方道路上的主人<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(东道主)</span>,秦国的使者途经郑国时,郑国可提供物资补给,这对秦国有利无害。最终秦穆公被说服,撤兵并与郑国结盟。后来</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“东道主”逐渐开始泛指接待宾客的主人。 </span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KLftcY6jwbIICwuNvALgucU9mrzKEojka0NZYiaB5BY8YNkwVz9TX4Pg/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 310px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KwpfDGUgTcicibAo1R3F9IHeVFnIAlvoicYNX17dVQUgx9yLddnOwNIBsg/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>出于维护礼制秩序的需要,古代的人们十分重视自己在四方之中的</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“位置”,古时的“南面”<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(面朝南边)</span>“北面”<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(面向北边)</span>还有着特殊的意义。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>古代以坐北朝南为尊位,故天子、诸侯见群臣,或卿大夫见僚属,皆南面而坐,如《易经</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>·说卦》</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>说</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>圣人南面而听天下</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>”,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>《庄子</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>·盗跖》</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>也</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>以</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>南面称孤</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>”</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>指代君主权威</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>。</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>后来</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“南面”</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>便</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>引申为泛指帝王的统治</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>。</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>中国古代的宫殿、都城、住宅也多以坐北朝南为正向,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>南方成为权力</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>和正统的</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>象征</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>而臣子见天子或下属见诸侯、大夫则相反。</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>古代臣子面北朝拜君主,《史记</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>·郦生陆贾列传》载</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>君王宜郊迎,北面称臣</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>”</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>,强化</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>了</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>北方作为臣服方位的象征。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><section style=\"letter-spacing: 0.578px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: flex; width: 661px;\"><section style=\"display: flex;\"><section style=\"padding: 6px 12px; text-align: center; border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(98, 98, 98); border-bottom-color: rgb(98, 98, 98);\"><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><span>人生指南:</span></font></b></p><p style=\"font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><b><font face=\"宋体\"><span>犹豫,就会败北</span></font></b></p></section></section></section></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><b><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></b><b><span><p></p></span></b></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4Kj6ekibGHsz4HibsqUibSKQIiaRkFccH7icnhEeGawiaeg2I8BSXtGCppibzlw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>前文已述,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>在古代中国,南方被尊为至高无上的方位</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>在古代方位系统中,常以南作为基准。不过说到</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“指南”一词,我们就不得不提我国古代四大发明之一的指南针了。早在战国时期,我们聪明的祖先就制造出了初代指南针——司南。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KqBkQBfr4m0yzTFO2JukzLx85XrPhqXDLrInSSj4fhKNJFUJNTBLuLw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4Kh0ictrZ40QL7210hJIE1GGjBzMlWJ2Q5mgeXudyOxlDeUxVVmyMwk0w/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>东汉学者王充在《论衡》中记载:</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">“司南之杓,投之于地,其柢指南。”</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>因此</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“指南”成为约定俗成的说法。</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>同时,从实用</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>和习惯</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>角度出发,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“指南”相较于“指北”更易被理解和记忆</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>。</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>古代海图多采用</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>上南下北</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>”</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>布局,以南方为正向基准更直观,如《郑和航海图》</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>就是</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>以指南定位为主导。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span></span><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>而</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“败北”一词则要从“</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>北</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>”的</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>甲骨文</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>说起。甲骨文中的</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“北”,就好像两个人背靠背站立着,而金文、小篆将“北”会意为二人相背,认为“北”是“背”的古字。许慎在《说文解字》解释道:“北,苝也。从二人相背。”段玉裁注:“军奔曰北,其引申之义也。”</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KLiaIEuWsdyPYico6DYia77g3crRCKtaTAeh256xUrKloJFL4LI5CZpAzw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>古代战争以战车和方阵为主,士兵转身逃跑会将后背暴露给敌人,是很危险的状态。因此</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“北”<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(背对敌人)</span>成为战败的象征。《史记·项羽本纪》中有“身七十余战,所当者破,未尝败北”。《韩非子·五蠹》说“仲尼赏而鲁民易降北”,这里的“降北”即为投降败逃之义。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>所以</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“败北”一词和方向本身关系不大。战败的关键动作是“转身背敌”,而非逃向南方或北方。即使败军向南跑,依然称为“败北”。古代汉语中,“北”已固定为“败逃”的专称,如“追亡逐北”<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(追赶败逃的敌人)</span>、“北军”<span style=\"font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">(溃败的军队)</span>。</span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span> </span></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KLA6icrk1xoncDZT9CiaNMIxUiclsJjO19xunAIKwWEbGMOlcsPQsK3uRQ/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"width: 249px; height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7wnO28nePDzWZ2JcH27v4KqL1zv0FCVrkYLich8ccVWicFKzTrPp2AckQic1O4UHxvIBll9iaarhx6yw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>中华</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>民族文化历史悠久,所以汉语中大部分的词语,都</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>与</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>历史文化</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>有着密不可分的联系</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>。</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>中国传统文化中</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>“</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>方位</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>”</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>不仅是地理概念,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>还</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>被赋予</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>了</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>多重意义</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>展现了我们的思想、观念、礼俗和情感,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>使汉语方位词承载了远超空间指示</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>功能</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>的丰富内涵</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>,</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>成为</span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span>打开传统文化的一把钥匙。</span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><b><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">参考文献:</span></span></font></b><b><span><p></p></span></b></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">[1]</span></span><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">段玉裁:《说文解字注》,上海</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">:上海古籍出版社,1981.</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">[2]</span></span><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">许慎</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">:《说文解字》,北京:中华书局,1963.</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">[3]</span></span><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">吴佳娣</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">.浅谈自然方位词的文化内涵[J].现代语文(语言研究版),2008,(02):28-29.</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">[4]</span></span><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">纪国泰</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">.试论《辞源》“西席”释义的引文不当[J].时代文学(理论学术版),2007,(05):43-44.</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">[5]</span></span><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">贾吉峰</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">.汉语空间方位词“东、西、南、北”浅论[J].现代语文(学术综合版),2012,(12):147-149.</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">[6]</span></span><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">程雅</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">.“败北”史料考源及意义流变[J].汉字文化,2024,(13):126-128.</span></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">[7]</span></span><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">靳雅姝</span></span></font><font face=\"仿宋\"><span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">.“东西南北”与方位文化[D].延边大学,2003.</span></span></font></p><p style=\"line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span><br /></span></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">*</span>本文系“国家</span></font><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">人文历史”独家稿件,欢迎读者转发朋友圈。</span></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><span><br /></span></p><section><section><section><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK4s6XTkV1zgY7Ndw3fVeyGpxIIj30oUzpUnwIcafcXhx66GztUhxGc2FM8I09uwLbMwUFOQfZVGcg/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section></section></section><section><span><span>END</span></span></section><section><span><span>作者 | 西洲</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span>‍‍‍‍‍‍‍</span></span></span></section><section><span><span>编辑 | 胡心雅</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span>‍</span></span></span></section><section><span><span>主编 | 周斌</span></span></section><section><span><span>排版 | 曲晨溪(实习)</span><span style=\"display: none; line-height: 0px;\"><span>‍</span></span></span></section><section><span><span>校对 | 火炬 李栋 古月</span></span></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><span><span><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK6o0DTLAcjHUob1LlCbkiaCGeUicmbUPjIKiciad7l2ytYjz3bGBzNyAUu0aicCb4oWXbicQBJA96lk9Tug/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></span></span></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><strong><span><br /></span></strong></section><section><strong><span>国历好物</span></strong></section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK50l871IgvMuCSibrmOibSxicuB2xBPs1uQ2ZspQytHr1P0K7rUaKzSAg2CRzMr8ibAYhs2mSk7cLvZpQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section><p><span><strong><span><span>进击的士族</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>旁落的皇权</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>跨越五百年的权力对抗史</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>国民历史读物《国家人文历史》专业团队</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>最新力作</span></span></strong></span></p><p><span><strong><span><span>展现士族潮起潮落的史诗级历史画卷</span></span></strong></span></p><section label=\"edit by 135editor\"><section><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK50l871IgvMuCSibrmOibSxicuassfQWcfhotQqH5lYBRPtichLu7A0vIGovAB5sRkicvnkQnT342127lA/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></section><section><section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section></section><section><section><strong><span>点击下方封面,即可购买</span></strong></section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section><section><section><span><br /></span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><span><strong><span><span>↓↓↓</span></span></strong></span></p><p><a class=\"weapp_image_link js_weapp_entry\"><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK5sbRbqWpNPCUYibIYbC7RFRAHn32PAWbKDIM6A4MkicYHOWIR0Hy6iamToAdrvvPDeu5T15EKXjC1Fg/640?wx_fmt=png\" /></a><span><br /></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><h2 src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPQbfYUk2lKRJbtAXIuZ0kjicBeKbKicn7picTvdbH5bfuaoiazGOfbm8kw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558\"><section><section><section><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPPS2Tl0L42giakAlUSsWM2hKsLfDwrNFcLNgFaxPhQng3E9mCRE3tkg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558px\" /></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&amp;mid=2651035606&amp;idx=1&amp;sn=95e5b910a9c15c3b861b33b6a6da3866&amp;scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcaIgQkEibvERBOGAaoicFhgsfmibxDTGK2z3uLHbhcvWGEYibV0hom5VW8CA/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></a></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 0px;\"><a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&amp;mid=2651035897&amp;idx=1&amp;sn=befda0705325843f84da3911012cad95&amp;scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcamtwvyMNyxgGfdgqCCu9GkBZl21VfOcYfkJRh5E0ArHl4UUBtbSzwRQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span></a></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7iaxaicJuUPlzYlI45OCsXcaohkRZ9cGSGGPakn9lRTzm4qIA3pNHn3EVXrsicT3De6T2ib5Slw6GsRQ/640?wx_fmt=png\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" /></span><span><br /></span></span></section></section></section></h2></section></section></section><section><span><section><h2 src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/laADTC8BCK5DrcJEwiatFLAOuvLJJ52DPPQbfYUk2lKRJbtAXIuZ0kjicBeKbKicn7picTvdbH5bfuaoiazGOfbm8kw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg\" width=\"558\"><span><img alt=\"图片\" class=\"rich_pages __bg_gif wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK6M7Nv6wvsPyLPCsN7uraAJ0nGCQhDMIIg0L5icbmcctmcTvsgM0HwBpkXTF9ztE2MsQ8Tso0exnicA/640?wx_fmt=gif\" /></span></h2><section><span><span>“</span><strong><span>在看</span></strong><span>”的永远18岁~</span></span></section></section></span></section><section><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><section><section style=\"padding-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 1em; display: flex;\"><section style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 1px;\"></span></section></section></section></span></section><p style=\"display: none;\"></p></div>\n \n\n \n <br />\n\n \n <a class=\"media_tool_meta meta_primary\" href=\"http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&amp;mid=2651042201&amp;idx=1&amp;sn=8b950724324b357bec10b2210270f792&amp;chksm=bcfce3f66dd7bcf08b00e80a35e5ac0a7f6e7761f626da76c82bc9908dc92f86c8f64719306b&amp;scene=0#rd\" style=\"color: blue;\" target=\"_blank\">文章原文</a>\n <br />\n \n\n \n\n <img alt=\"\" class=\"\" height=\"1px\" src=\"http://www.jintiankansha.me/rss_static/13443/uaCWDOAccG\" style=\"width: 1px; height: 1px; display: none;\" width=\"1px\" /></div></div>",
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"title": "Backlog.md – 在 git 仓库中用 .md 生成并管理项目看板",
"description": "Backlog.md 是一款专为使用 git 的开发者设计的本地项目看板工具,拥有命令行与网页版两种操作模式。 它的思路很直接:每个任务都用一个 .md 文件保存在 git 仓库里,所有进度、分配、归 ",
"content": "\n<p><strong>Backlog.md</strong> 是一款专为使用 git 的开发者设计的本地项目看板工具,拥有<strong>命令行</strong>与<strong>网页版</strong>两种操作模式。</p>\n\n\n\n<p>它的思路很直接:每个任务都用一个 .md 文件保存在 git 仓库里,所有进度、分配、归档都靠 git 协作同步。没有云端、没有账号、没有复杂配置,只要你会用 git,就能用它把项目管理和代码管理合二为一。@<a href=\"https://www.appinn.com/backlog-md/\">Appinn</a></p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1608\" height=\"700\" src=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Copy-of-appinn-homework-2025-07-08T000113.982.jpg\" alt=\"Backlog.md - 在 git 仓库中用 .md 生成并管理项目看板 1\" class=\"wp-image-52725\" title=\"Backlog.md - 在 git 仓库中用 .md 生成并管理项目看板 1\" srcset=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Copy-of-appinn-homework-2025-07-08T000113.982.jpg 1608w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Copy-of-appinn-homework-2025-07-08T000113.982-768x334.jpg 768w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Copy-of-appinn-homework-2025-07-08T000113.982-1536x669.jpg 1536w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Copy-of-appinn-homework-2025-07-08T000113.982-804x350.jpg 804w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1608px) 100vw, 1608px\" /></figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">一个例子</h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-syntaxhighlighter-code \"><pre class=\"brush: plain; title: ; notranslate\">\n# 安装 Backlog.md\nbun/npm i -g backlog.md\n\n# 初始化 backlog 仓库,hello- 为前缀\nbacklog init hello-\n\n# 新建一个任务\nbacklog task create &quot;Render markdown as kanban&quot;\n\n# 查看当前项目看板\nbacklog board view\n</pre></div>\n\n\n<p>它就会在你的 git 项目中,自动创建 <code>backlog</code> 文件夹以及 .md 文件:</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1022\" height=\"980\" src=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Screen-20250707235002@2x.avif\" alt=\"Backlog.md - 在 git 仓库中用 .md 生成并管理项目看板 2\" class=\"wp-image-52726\" title=\"Backlog.md - 在 git 仓库中用 .md 生成并管理项目看板 2\" srcset=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Screen-20250707235002@2x.avif 1022w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Screen-20250707235002@2x-768x736.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1022px) 100vw, 1022px\" /></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>动起来是这样的:</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-video\"><video autoplay loop muted src=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Backlog.md_.mp4\"></video></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>它还有一个网页模式 <code>backlog browser</code> 可以查看,并且这个网页还能像真的看板一样直接添加新任务、拖拽使用、实时更新:</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"728\" src=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/web.avif\" alt=\"Backlog.md - 在 git 仓库中用 .md 生成并管理项目看板 3\" class=\"wp-image-52728\" title=\"Backlog.md - 在 git 仓库中用 .md 生成并管理项目看板 3\" srcset=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/web.avif 1280w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/web-768x437.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" /></figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">主要特色</h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>任务全用 Markdown 文件保存</strong><br />每个任务就是一个独立的 .md 文件,内容随手编辑,查找、归档、版本回溯都靠 git,简单透明。</li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>终端+网页双模式看板</strong><br />支持命令行下直接看进度,也可以一键打开现代化 Web 看板,拖拽、分组、状态切换一应俱全。</li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>AI 助手集成</strong><br />命令行内置 AI 支持,可以让 AI 协助分配和跟进任务,省心省力。</li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>数据全在自己手里</strong><br />所有任务、协作信息都只保存在本地 git 仓库,不用担心隐私和断网问题,适合对数据安全有要求的团队。</li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>跨平台支持</strong><br />macOS、Linux、Windows 都能用,MIT 协议开源,个人、公司都能免费用。</li>\n</ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">获取</h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https://github.com/MrLesk/Backlog.md\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">GitHub</a></li>\n</ul>\n\n\n\n<p>感兴趣的开发者快去试试吧。</p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"/>\n\n\n\n<p>原文:https://www.appinn.com/backlog-md/</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.appinn.com/backlog-md/\">[ 点击前往获取链接 ]</a></p><hr/>",
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"title": "Windows 重装大师:装完系统要付费怎么办?",
"description": "今天看到梨子分享的一张离谱图片: #当时我就震惊 里面的图片是这样的: 别管你信不信,肯定有人信啊。 而且,这让我想起另外两张经典图片: 每次看到,都忍不住想问一句:谁!买了! 有没有中招的同学,来让 ",
"content": "\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1608\" height=\"700\" src=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Copy-of-appinn-homework-2025-07-07T194838.012.jpg\" alt=\"Windows 重装大师:装完系统要付费怎么办? 4\" class=\"wp-image-52706\" title=\"Windows 重装大师:装完系统要付费怎么办? 4\" srcset=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Copy-of-appinn-homework-2025-07-07T194838.012.jpg 1608w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Copy-of-appinn-homework-2025-07-07T194838.012-768x334.jpg 768w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Copy-of-appinn-homework-2025-07-07T194838.012-1536x669.jpg 1536w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Copy-of-appinn-homework-2025-07-07T194838.012-804x350.jpg 804w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1608px) 100vw, 1608px\" /></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>今天看到梨子分享的一张离谱图片:</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"908\" height=\"1118\" src=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Screen-20250707171145@2x.avif\" alt=\"Windows 重装大师:装完系统要付费怎么办? 5\" class=\"wp-image-52707\" title=\"Windows 重装大师:装完系统要付费怎么办? 5\" srcset=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Screen-20250707171145@2x.avif 908w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Screen-20250707171145@2x-768x946.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 908px) 100vw, 908px\" /></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>#<a href=\"https://www.appinn.com/tag/%e5%bd%93%e6%97%b6%e6%88%91%e5%b0%b1%e9%9c%87%e6%83%8a/\" data-type=\"post_tag\" data-id=\"6989\">当时我就震惊</a></p>\n\n\n\n<p>里面的图片是这样的:</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1484\" height=\"942\" src=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Screen-20250707170952@2x.avif\" alt=\"Windows 重装大师:装完系统要付费怎么办? 6\" class=\"wp-image-52708\" title=\"Windows 重装大师:装完系统要付费怎么办? 6\" srcset=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Screen-20250707170952@2x.avif 1484w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Screen-20250707170952@2x-768x488.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1484px) 100vw, 1484px\" /></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>别管你信不信,肯定有人信啊。</p>\n\n\n\n<p>而且,这让我想起另外两张经典图片:</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1044\" height=\"750\" src=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Screen-20250707171730@2x.avif\" alt=\"Windows 重装大师:装完系统要付费怎么办? 7\" class=\"wp-image-52715\" title=\"Windows 重装大师:装完系统要付费怎么办? 7\" srcset=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Screen-20250707171730@2x.avif 1044w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Screen-20250707171730@2x-768x552.jpg 768w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Screen-20250707171730@2x-300x215.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1044px) 100vw, 1044px\" /></figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1430\" height=\"1134\" src=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Screen-20250707171819@2x.avif\" alt=\"Windows 重装大师:装完系统要付费怎么办? 8\" class=\"wp-image-52710\" title=\"Windows 重装大师:装完系统要付费怎么办? 8\" srcset=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Screen-20250707171819@2x.avif 1430w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Screen-20250707171819@2x-768x609.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1430px) 100vw, 1430px\" /></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>每次看到,都忍不住想问一句:谁!买了!</p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>有没有中招的同学,来让我们乐一下</strong></p>\n\n\n\n<p>不过,这两个有所不同,后面两个纯粹是骗,把免费的东西包装一下卖给你,纯骗啊。</p>\n\n\n\n<p>但前面那个 Windows,实际上是<strong>重装服务费用</strong>!</p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>这就不离谱了&#8230;吗</strong></h2>\n\n\n\n<p>是啊,这是重装服务费用,和你把电脑搬去电脑城,找人重装系统,干的是同一件事啊。只不过,曾经需要线下操作,现如今全在线完成了&#8230;</p>\n\n\n\n<p>你看页面提示,上面写着「恭喜您已完成Windows系统的重装」,很有礼貌的告诉你,我帮你重装完系统啦,付钱吧</p>\n\n\n\n<p>这让青小蛙有一个不好的感觉:<strong>这种服务,它可能还是合法的</strong>。</p>\n\n\n\n<p>在宝上,有很多类似的安装服务,这是一个很古老的行业,他们都能实现远程重装系统,甚至 macOS、路由器等等,都能装:</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"894\" height=\"421\" src=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Screen-20250707174644@2x.avif\" alt=\"Windows 重装大师:装完系统要付费怎么办? 9\" class=\"wp-image-52711\" title=\"Windows 重装大师:装完系统要付费怎么办? 9\" srcset=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Screen-20250707174644@2x.avif 894w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Screen-20250707174644@2x-768x362.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 894px) 100vw, 894px\" /></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>所以&#8230;你挑不出人家毛病</p>\n\n\n\n<p>而 PotPlayer 和 VS Code 不用考虑,妥妥的诈骗行为。</p>\n\n\n\n<p>只不过,唯一能吐槽的,就是事前没有和你商量价格,而且通过各种途径,让你安装了这个重装大师,先装机,再付费。</p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>真是一个完美的商业模式啊。</strong></p>\n\n\n\n<p>青小蛙没有测试这个程序,猜测应该是修改了安装镜像,除了增加付款这个界面,还捆绑了一大堆垃圾软件,不光赚你的服务费用,连后期的弹窗广告费都赚走了。</p>\n\n\n\n<p>有一种吃了苍蝇的感觉&#8230;.</p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>这吃像&#8230;</strong></h2>\n\n\n\n<p>我想到了什么呢,去年3月份的这个:</p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https://www.appinn.com/lenovo-usb-recovery-creator/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"47833\">重装系统 99 元一次?联想原厂系统镜像这么贵的?</a></li>\n</ul>\n\n\n\n<p>刚刚,2025年7月7日,我又去了联想官网:</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1334\" height=\"1156\" src=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Screen-20250707175635@2x.avif\" alt=\"Windows 重装大师:装完系统要付费怎么办? 10\" class=\"wp-image-52712\" title=\"Windows 重装大师:装完系统要付费怎么办? 10\" srcset=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Screen-20250707175635@2x.avif 1334w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Screen-20250707175635@2x-768x666.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1334px) 100vw, 1334px\" /></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>是的,它还涨价了&#8230;也是远程重装服务。</p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>再回过头看图片,人家只要98块&#8230;</strong></p>\n\n\n\n<p>我有点不知道该说什么好了,50块钱就行,有人要找青小蛙重装系统吗?</p>\n\n\n\n<p><img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/1f440.png\" alt=\"👀\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" /></p>\n\n\n\n<p>对了,以上没提到 Windows 本身的授权情况,就&#8230;还是有东西的:</p>\n\n\n\n<p>stacksocial 这两天正在特价售卖 Windows 11 Pro <strong>正版授权</strong>,只需要 15 刀:</p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https://www.stacksocial.com/sales/microsoft-windows-11-pro-7?rid=697643\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https://www.stacksocial.com/sales/microsoft-windows-11-pro-7?rid=697643</a></li>\n</ul>\n\n\n\n<p>有需要的同学可以找青小蛙代购,加群就好:</p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"329\" height=\"364\" src=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/photo_2025-07-07_18-03-51.avif\" alt=\"Windows 重装大师:装完系统要付费怎么办? 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"title": "DockFlow – 分组切换 Mac 程序坞",
"description": "DockFlow 是一款非常实用的 macOS 工具,支持创建多套程序坞图标组合,并可随场景一键切换。比如在工作时显示多个工作软件,娱乐时切换为游戏或影音应用。@Appinn 数码荔枝上新,买断产品。 ",
"content": "\n<p><strong>DockFlow</strong> 是一款非常实用的 macOS 工具,支持创建多套程序坞图标组合,并可随场景一键切换。比如在工作时显示多个工作软件,娱乐时切换为游戏或影音应用。@<a href=\"https://www.appinn.com/dockflow/\">Appinn</a></p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1608\" height=\"700\" src=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Copy-of-appinn-homework-2025-07-07T144356.567.jpg\" alt=\"DockFlow - 分组切换 Mac 程序坞 12\" class=\"wp-image-52701\" title=\"DockFlow - 分组切换 Mac 程序坞 12\" srcset=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Copy-of-appinn-homework-2025-07-07T144356.567.jpg 1608w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Copy-of-appinn-homework-2025-07-07T144356.567-768x334.jpg 768w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Copy-of-appinn-homework-2025-07-07T144356.567-1536x669.jpg 1536w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Copy-of-appinn-homework-2025-07-07T144356.567-804x350.jpg 804w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1608px) 100vw, 1608px\" /></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>数码荔枝上新,买断产品。</p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">购买地址</h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https://lizhi.shop/products/dockflow?cid=jxlwguir\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https://lizhi.shop/products/dockflow?cid=jxlwguir</a></li>\n\n\n\n<li>新用户免费加入会员,首单立减 5 元</li>\n\n\n\n<li>结算页面输入“APPINN”优惠码,额外再享 95 折优惠;</li>\n</ul>\n\n\n\n<p>专为 Mac 用户打造的<strong>工作区切换</strong>工具,可通过创建和切换 Dock 栏<strong>图标方案</strong>,轻松适应<strong>不同使用场景</strong>。</p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"aspect-ratio\">\n<iframe src=\"//player.bilibili.com/player.html?isOutside=true&#038;aid=114810616284907&#038;bvid=BV1HX3kzTEBQ&#038;cid=30897602874&#038;p=1&#038;autoplay=0\" scrolling=\"no\" border=\"0\" frameborder=\"no\" framespacing=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"true\"></iframe>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">快速切换,适应不同场景</h3>\n\n\n\n<p>无论是开发、办公还是娱乐,只需设置不同<strong>图标组合</strong>方案,通过快捷键或菜单栏图标<strong>一键切换</strong>。让你的工作流不再混乱,轻松专注当前任务。</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1080\" height=\"632\" src=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/lizhi-dockflow-2.avif\" alt=\"DockFlow - 分组切换 Mac 程序坞 13\" class=\"wp-image-52699\" title=\"DockFlow - 分组切换 Mac 程序坞 13\" srcset=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/lizhi-dockflow-2.avif 1080w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/lizhi-dockflow-2-768x449.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1080px) 100vw, 1080px\" /></figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">自由布局,添加多种项目</h3>\n\n\n\n<p>支持添加文件夹、文件、网址链接(见视频)到程序坞,甚至还能插入<strong>空白间隔</strong>,让布局更整洁。常用应用一触即达,效率直线提升!</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1080\" height=\"646\" src=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/lizhi-dockflow-3.avif\" alt=\"DockFlow - 分组切换 Mac 程序坞 14\" class=\"wp-image-52700\" title=\"DockFlow - 分组切换 Mac 程序坞 14\" srcset=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/lizhi-dockflow-3.avif 1080w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/lizhi-dockflow-3-768x459.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1080px) 100vw, 1080px\" /></figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">配置导入导出,使用更灵活</h3>\n\n\n\n<p>个性化设置可以备份导出,方便系统迁移或分享使用。并支持<strong>自动关闭</strong>非布局内应用,让切换更加智能。</p>\n\n\n\n<p>开发者可以在编程工具与设计软件间快速切换,商务人士可以从会议状态流畅进入工作模式,不被无关的图标打扰。</p>\n\n\n\n<p>新品上架,通过<a href=\"https://lizhi.shop/products/dockflow?cid=jxlwguir\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">专属链接</a>下单 <strong>DockFlow</strong>,到手仅 <strong>35 元</strong>,买断制永久使用!</p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">购买地址</h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https://lizhi.shop/products/dockflow?cid=jxlwguir\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https://lizhi.shop/products/dockflow?cid=jxlwguir</a></li>\n\n\n\n<li>新用户免费加入会员,首单立减 5 元</li>\n\n\n\n<li>结算页面输入“APPINN”优惠码,额外再享 95 折优惠;</li>\n</ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"/>\n\n\n\n<p>原文:https://www.appinn.com/dockflow/</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.appinn.com/dockflow/\">[ 点击前往获取链接 ]</a></p><hr/>",
"category": "macOS",
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"pubDate": "Mon, 07 Jul 2025 06:56:26 +0000",
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{
"title": "BackWay – 一张照片,帮你找到与过往的距离",
"description": "与其说 BackWay 帮你找到回去的路,不如说它只是悄悄为你标记下那些曾经踏足的地方,让你知晓自己与过往的距离。 BackWay 是一款简单、小巧的 iPhone 应用,只有 4 MB 大小,它通过 ",
"content": "\n<p>与其说 <strong>BackWay</strong> 帮你找到回去的路,不如说它只是悄悄为你标记下那些曾经踏足的地方,让你知晓自己与过往的距离。</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1608\" height=\"700\" src=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Copy-of-appinn-homework-2025-07-06T163751.209.jpg\" alt=\"BackWay - 一张照片,帮你找到与过往的距离 15\" class=\"wp-image-52697\" title=\"BackWay - 一张照片,帮你找到与过往的距离 15\" srcset=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Copy-of-appinn-homework-2025-07-06T163751.209.jpg 1608w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Copy-of-appinn-homework-2025-07-06T163751.209-768x334.jpg 768w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Copy-of-appinn-homework-2025-07-06T163751.209-1536x669.jpg 1536w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Copy-of-appinn-homework-2025-07-06T163751.209-804x350.jpg 804w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1608px) 100vw, 1608px\" /></figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>BackWay</strong> 是一款简单、小巧的 iPhone 应用,只有 4 MB 大小,它通过一张照片,以及记录的地理位置,帮你导航回去的路。@<a href=\"https://www.appinn.com/backway-for-iphone\">Appinn</a></p>\n\n\n\n<p>这是一款与 <a href=\"https://www.appinn.com/daily-sparks/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"52689\">Daily Sparks</a> 同开发者的应用,他们家的应用主打的就是小巧、单一功能。</p>\n\n\n\n<p>BackWay 非常简单,就是在当前位置下,拍摄一张照片,添加文字(可选),结束。它会自动帮你记录下地理位置(本身照片也带地理位置 <img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/1f602.png\" alt=\"😂\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />),然后你就可以离开了。</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1058\" height=\"799\" src=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/460x0w.avif\" alt=\"BackWay - 一张照片,帮你找到与过往的距离 16\" class=\"wp-image-52696\" title=\"BackWay - 一张照片,帮你找到与过往的距离 16\" srcset=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/460x0w.avif 1058w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/460x0w-768x580.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1058px) 100vw, 1058px\" /></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>当然了,作为一款帮你找到回家的路的应用,它还是可以当做导航使用的。只不过青小蛙觉得,它的这个导航太弱,可有可无啊。</p>\n\n\n\n<p>还是将 BackWay 当作一张图旅行日志,比较好。</p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">获取</h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https://apps.apple.com/cn/app/backway/id526043740\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">App Store</a></li>\n</ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"/>\n\n\n\n<p>原文:https://www.appinn.com/backway-for-iphone</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.appinn.com/backway-for-iphone/\">[ 点击前往获取链接 ]</a></p><hr/>",
"category": "iOS",
"link": "https://www.appinn.com/backway-for-iphone/",
"creator": "青小蛙",
"pubDate": "Sun, 06 Jul 2025 08:42:24 +0000",
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{
"title": "Daily Sparks – 在 iPhone 屏幕上显示重要的事,并不断重复",
"description": "Daily Sparks 是一款简单、小巧的免费 iPhone 应用,只有 2.7 MB,它通过桌面小组件的方式,显示重要的事情。甚至还能设置每日 16 次提醒通知,让重要的事情变成真的重要。@App ",
"content": "\n<p><strong>Daily Sparks</strong> 是一款简单、小巧的免费 iPhone 应用,只有 2.7 MB,它通过桌面小组件的方式,显示重要的事情。甚至还能设置每日 16 次提醒通知,让重要的事情变成真的重要。@<a href=\"https://www.appinn.com/daily-sparks/\">Appinn</a></p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1608\" height=\"700\" src=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Copy-of-appinn-homework-2025-07-06T145659.186.jpg\" alt=\"Daily Sparks - 在 iPhone 屏幕上显示重要的事,并不断重复 17\" class=\"wp-image-52693\" title=\"Daily Sparks - 在 iPhone 屏幕上显示重要的事,并不断重复 17\" srcset=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Copy-of-appinn-homework-2025-07-06T145659.186.jpg 1608w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Copy-of-appinn-homework-2025-07-06T145659.186-768x334.jpg 768w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Copy-of-appinn-homework-2025-07-06T145659.186-1536x669.jpg 1536w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Copy-of-appinn-homework-2025-07-06T145659.186-804x350.jpg 804w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1608px) 100vw, 1608px\" /></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>青小蛙觉得,开发者的本意,是保存你最喜欢的语录,并不断的显示在屏幕上。</p>\n\n\n\n<p>但不断的重复,最终会成为你真正重要的事情。</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1549\" height=\"1157\" src=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/photo_2025-07-06_14-40-32.avif\" alt=\"Daily Sparks - 在 iPhone 屏幕上显示重要的事,并不断重复 18\" class=\"wp-image-52690\" title=\"Daily Sparks - 在 iPhone 屏幕上显示重要的事,并不断重复 18\" srcset=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/photo_2025-07-06_14-40-32.avif 1549w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/photo_2025-07-06_14-40-32-768x574.jpg 768w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/photo_2025-07-06_14-40-32-1536x1147.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1549px) 100vw, 1549px\" /></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>所以除了鸡汤语录,完全可以把重要的事情添加到这里,让它不断的提醒你。</p>\n\n\n\n<p>甚至,开发者还提供了每次最多 16 次的提醒,再次、不断的重复重要的事情。</p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"759\" height=\"1448\" src=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/photo_2025-07-06_14-44-32.avif\" alt=\"Daily Sparks - 在 iPhone 屏幕上显示重要的事,并不断重复 19\" class=\"wp-image-52691\" style=\"width:442px;height:auto\" title=\"Daily Sparks - 在 iPhone 屏幕上显示重要的事,并不断重复 19\"></figure></div>\n\n\n<p>不过,以青小蛙测试的大概1个小时内,还没看到通知,也不知道这个16次通知,是如何推送的,可别大半夜不停来扰啊 <img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/1f602.png\" alt=\"😂\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" /></p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">获取</h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https://apps.apple.com/cn/app/daily-sparks/id1080150260?utm_source=appinn.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">App Store</a></li>\n</ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"/>\n\n\n\n<p>原文:https://www.appinn.com/daily-sparks/</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.appinn.com/daily-sparks/\">[ 点击前往获取链接 ]</a></p><hr/>",
"category": "iOS",
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{
"title": "甲骨文技术人才发展部?Oracle University 免费送两门认证考试:Race to Certification 2025",
"description": "Oracle University 是著名的云服务商 Oracle(甲骨文)官方的培训与认证平台,主要目标是帮助用户掌握 Oracle Cloud 产品并提供考试认证。 最近有活动: 甲骨文技术人才发 ",
"content": "\n<p><strong>Oracle University</strong> 是著名的云服务商 <strong>Oracle</strong>(甲骨文)官方的培训与认证平台,主要目标是帮助用户掌握 Oracle Cloud 产品并提供考试认证。</p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">最近有活动:</h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>时间</strong>:7 月 1 日至 10 月 31 日</li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>认证</strong>:Race to Certification 2025(2025 年认证竞赛)</li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>价格</strong>:2 次免费考试机会(有效期至 2026 年 10 月 31 日)</li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>内容</strong>:AI、Oracle 云基础设施、多云产品、数据平台</li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>排行榜</strong>:提供排行榜、数字会长</li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>考试语言</strong>:主要为英语</li>\n</ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">甲骨文技术人才发展部</h2>\n\n\n\n<p>青小蛙随手切换了一下页面语言,当为简体中文时,标题中出现了<strong>甲骨文技术人才发展部</strong>字样。</p>\n\n\n\n<p>也不知道是哪个翻译鬼才,还是翻译AI干的,这个翻译&#8230;属实接地气啊 <img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/1f602.png\" alt=\"😂\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" /></p>\n\n\n\n<p>繁体中文中未翻译,依旧为 Oracle University。</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1608\" height=\"700\" src=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Copy-of-appinn-homework-2025-07-05T110856.081.jpg\" alt=\"甲骨文技术人才发展部?Oracle University 免费送两门认证考试:Race to Certification 2025 20\" class=\"wp-image-52685\" title=\"甲骨文技术人才发展部?Oracle University 免费送两门认证考试:Race to Certification 2025 20\" srcset=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Copy-of-appinn-homework-2025-07-05T110856.081.jpg 1608w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Copy-of-appinn-homework-2025-07-05T110856.081-768x334.jpg 768w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Copy-of-appinn-homework-2025-07-05T110856.081-1536x669.jpg 1536w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Copy-of-appinn-homework-2025-07-05T110856.081-804x350.jpg 804w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1608px) 100vw, 1608px\" /></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>来自小众软件论坛的 Tily 同学1个小时前发布消息称:<a href=\"https://meta.appinn.net/t/topic/72900\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https://meta.appinn.net/t/topic/72900</a></p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">佬们,甲骨文大学有考试活动了,上次错过的这次可别错过了</h2>\n\n\n\n<p>报名就送两次考试机会,应该是可以考两门,总共应该是可以考五个证书,具体大家可以先研究研究,不知道哪个含金量高。</p>\n\n\n\n<p>部分科目包括:</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1536\" height=\"1440\" src=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Screen-20250705111537@2x.avif\" alt=\"甲骨文技术人才发展部?Oracle University 免费送两门认证考试:Race to Certification 2025 21\" class=\"wp-image-52686\" title=\"甲骨文技术人才发展部?Oracle University 免费送两门认证考试:Race to Certification 2025 21\" srcset=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Screen-20250705111537@2x.avif 1536w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Screen-20250705111537@2x-768x720.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\" /></figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">人工智能</h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>OCI AI 基础</li>\n\n\n\n<li>OCI 生成式 AI</li>\n\n\n\n<li>Oracle AI 向量搜索</li>\n\n\n\n<li>OCI 数据科学</li>\n</ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Oracle 云基础设施</h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>OCI 基础</li>\n\n\n\n<li>OCI 架构师</li>\n\n\n\n<li>OCI 迁移架构师</li>\n\n\n\n<li>OCI 网络</li>\n\n\n\n<li>OCI 开发人员</li>\n\n\n\n<li>OCI 开发运营</li>\n\n\n\n<li>OCI 应用集成</li>\n\n\n\n<li>OCI 观测能力</li>\n\n\n\n<li>Oracle Redwood 应用开发人员</li>\n</ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">多云</h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>OCI 基础</li>\n\n\n\n<li>OCI 多云架构师</li>\n</ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">数据</h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Oracle 数据平台</li>\n\n\n\n<li>Oracle 自治数据库云</li>\n\n\n\n<li>Oracle 云数据库服务</li>\n\n\n\n<li>Oracle APEX 云开发人员</li>\n\n\n\n<li>Oracle 分析云</li>\n\n\n\n<li>MySQL HeatWave 实施助理</li>\n</ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">有什么用?</h2>\n\n\n\n<p>当然是找工作啦。</p>\n\n\n\n<p>不过 Oracle 在国内没什么存在感。但,如果你的公司有出海需求,或者你自己有这方面的需求,那么一证在手,尤其排行榜前列,找到合适的工作会更加方便。</p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">获取</h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https://education.oracle.com/zh_CN/race-to-certification-2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Race to Certification 2025 官网</a></li>\n</ul>\n\n\n\n<p>可以直接前往简体中文页面,围观<code>甲骨文技术人才发展部</code> <img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/1f602.png\" alt=\"😂\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" /></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.appinn.com/race-to-certification-2025/\">[ 点击前往获取链接 ]</a></p><hr/>",
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{
"title": "微信官宣:备份与恢复功能正式上线…了吗?",
"description": "还记得差不多半个月前,网传微信将提供备份聊天记录到 U 盘功能里提到,微信灰度上线了备份聊天记录到U盘功能。 今天早上,微信官方信息第一出口微信派发布了《聊天记录备份和迁移,更新!》,正式上线新的备份 ",
"content": "\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1608\" height=\"700\" src=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Copy-of-appinn-homework-2025-07-04T170908.735.jpg\" alt=\"微信官宣:备份与恢复功能正式上线...了吗? 22\" class=\"wp-image-52679\" title=\"微信官宣:备份与恢复功能正式上线...了吗? 22\" srcset=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Copy-of-appinn-homework-2025-07-04T170908.735.jpg 1608w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Copy-of-appinn-homework-2025-07-04T170908.735-768x334.jpg 768w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Copy-of-appinn-homework-2025-07-04T170908.735-1536x669.jpg 1536w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Copy-of-appinn-homework-2025-07-04T170908.735-804x350.jpg 804w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1608px) 100vw, 1608px\" /></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>还记得差不多半个月前,<a href=\"https://www.appinn.com/wechat-chat-backup-to-usb/\">网传微信将提供备份聊天记录到 U 盘功能</a>里提到,微信灰度上线了备份聊天记录到U盘功能。</p>\n\n\n\n<p>今天早上,微信官方信息第一出口<strong>微信派</strong>发布了《<a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5NjM4MDAxMg==&amp;mid=2655147856&amp;idx=1&amp;sn=ff243fcdb406a42ad5a7fae546eea191&amp;scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">聊天记录备份和迁移,更新!</a>》,正式上线新的备份与恢复功能</p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">点击“微信-我-设置-通用-聊天记录迁移与备份-备份与恢复”</h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1807\" src=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/640-scaled.avif\" alt=\"微信官宣:备份与恢复功能正式上线...了吗? 23\" class=\"wp-image-52680\" title=\"微信官宣:备份与恢复功能正式上线...了吗? 23\" srcset=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/640-scaled.avif 2560w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/640-768x542.jpg 768w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/640-1536x1084.jpg 1536w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/640-2048x1446.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" /></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>和上次的情况相同,还有自动备份功能、以及自定义备份:</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"2354\" height=\"2421\" src=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/640-3.avif\" alt=\"微信官宣:备份与恢复功能正式上线...了吗? 24\" class=\"wp-image-52681\" title=\"微信官宣:备份与恢复功能正式上线...了吗? 24\" srcset=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/640-3.avif 2354w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/640-3-768x790.jpg 768w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/640-3-1493x1536.jpg 1493w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/640-3-1991x2048.jpg 1991w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2354px) 100vw, 2354px\" /></figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">有什么用?</h2>\n\n\n\n<p>这有一个绝妙的好处啊,就是可以在备份之后,放心的<strong>清空一些群、联系人的聊天记录</strong>了。</p>\n\n\n\n<p>终于可以释放一些不必要的空间了。</p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>并且在需要的时候,有备份,能恢复!</strong></p>\n\n\n\n<p>我觉得,90%的微信聊天记录,都是这种情况:#<a href=\"https://www.appinn.com/tag/%e7%94%b5%e5%ad%90%e9%b8%a1%e8%82%8b/\" data-type=\"post_tag\" data-id=\"7630\">电子鸡肋</a>!</p>\n\n\n\n<p>删掉?舍不得,不删?空间不够。</p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">但是</h2>\n\n\n\n<p>青小蛙第一时间去更新了微信,发现有一个昨天的更新!</p>\n\n\n\n<p>妥了:</p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"591\" height=\"1280\" src=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/photo_2025-07-04_14-51-10.avif\" alt=\"微信官宣:备份与恢复功能正式上线...了吗? 25\" class=\"wp-image-52682\" style=\"width:381px;height:auto\" title=\"微信官宣:备份与恢复功能正式上线...了吗? 25\"></figure></div>\n\n\n<p>然而&#8230;命运不是那么好&#8230;</p>\n\n\n\n<p>打开之后,什么都没有&#8230;.什么都没有&#8230;.什么都没有&#8230;.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>所以问题来了,官宣了,它上线了么?</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.appinn.com/wechat-chat-backup-tools/\">[ 点击前往获取链接 ]</a></p><hr/>",
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{
"title": "BananaBin – 推荐一款电子鸡肋,超过 10GB 才有资格用",
"description": "先声明:纯付费#电子鸡肋,完全没用 看看就好 好难得碰到这样一款诚心如意的电子鸡肋。它是&#8230; BananaBin 好久没有见过这样有趣的 macOS 软件了。 BananaBin 是一个为 ",
"content": "\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>先声明</strong>:纯付费#<a href=\"https://www.appinn.com/tag/电子鸡肋/\">电子鸡肋</a>,完全没用</p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">看看就好</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1608\" height=\"700\" src=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Copy-of-appinn-homework-2025-07-03T212653.312.jpg\" alt=\"BananaBin - 推荐一款电子鸡肋,超过 10GB 才有资格用 26\" class=\"wp-image-52671\" title=\"BananaBin - 推荐一款电子鸡肋,超过 10GB 才有资格用 26\" srcset=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Copy-of-appinn-homework-2025-07-03T212653.312.jpg 1608w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Copy-of-appinn-homework-2025-07-03T212653.312-768x334.jpg 768w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Copy-of-appinn-homework-2025-07-03T212653.312-1536x669.jpg 1536w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Copy-of-appinn-homework-2025-07-03T212653.312-804x350.jpg 804w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1608px) 100vw, 1608px\" /></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>好难得碰到这样一款诚心如意的电子鸡肋。它是&#8230;</p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"aspect-ratio\">\n<iframe src=\"//player.bilibili.com/player.html?isOutside=true&#038;aid=114788755574644&#038;bvid=BV1TJ3uzDEs3&#038;cid=30828923523&#038;p=1&#038;autoplay=0\" scrolling=\"no\" border=\"0\" frameborder=\"no\" framespacing=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"true\"></iframe>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">BananaBin</h2>\n\n\n\n<p>好久没有见过这样有趣的 macOS 软件了。</p>\n\n\n\n<p>BananaBin 是一个为 macOS 的<code>废纸篓</code>添加图标特效的小工具。</p>\n\n\n\n<p>它还为此设置了门槛,只有在垃圾桶里超过 10GB 文件,才有资格做一名真正的垃圾囤积者!</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"2482\" height=\"1060\" src=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Screen-20250702170913@2x.avif\" alt=\"BananaBin - 推荐一款电子鸡肋,超过 10GB 才有资格用 27\" class=\"wp-image-52672\" title=\"BananaBin - 推荐一款电子鸡肋,超过 10GB 才有资格用 27\" srcset=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Screen-20250702170913@2x.avif 2482w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Screen-20250702170913@2x-768x328.jpg 768w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Screen-20250702170913@2x-1536x656.jpg 1536w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Screen-20250702170913@2x-2048x875.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2482px) 100vw, 2482px\" /></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>看到这个我都笑弯了腰。</p>\n\n\n\n<p>太离谱了太离谱了,不行我要再看一遍:</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-video\"><video autoplay loop muted src=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/07033.mp4\"></video></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>虽然完全不知道这样做有什么意义,但就是好玩呀。</p>\n\n\n\n<p>看着这个图标,我有一种&#8230;感觉把它们扔出去的冲动。</p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">获取</h2>\n\n\n\n<p>这是一款 macOS 软件,无 Windows 版本。并且,还是一款付费软件,售价 4.99 美金:</p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https://bananabin.app/?utm_source=appinn.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">官网</a></li>\n</ul>\n\n\n\n<p>有多少同学会为这样的设计和创意买单呢?</p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">投票结果</h3>\n\n\n\n<p>针对这款软件是否有用的投票结果,在小众软件的<a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/4VoeZQdKUX2zNF7O-lKTeA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">微信公众号</a>中,有 23% 的同学觉得有用,62%的同学表示感叹!</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1356\" height=\"762\" src=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Screen-20250704115651@2x.avif\" alt=\"BananaBin - 推荐一款电子鸡肋,超过 10GB 才有资格用 28\" class=\"wp-image-52674\" title=\"BananaBin - 推荐一款电子鸡肋,超过 10GB 才有资格用 28\" srcset=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Screen-20250704115651@2x.avif 1356w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Screen-20250704115651@2x-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1356px) 100vw, 1356px\" /></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>不过居然只有15%的同学表示没用 <img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/1f602.png\" alt=\"😂\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" /></p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"/>\n\n\n\n<p>原文:https://www.appinn.com/bananabin/</p>\n\n\n\n<p>新标签:#<a href=\"https://www.appinn.com/tag/电子鸡肋/\">电子鸡肋</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.appinn.com/bananabin/\">[ 点击前往获取链接 ]</a></p><hr/>",
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"title": "学到了:localhost 居然支持二级域名",
"description": "在任意浏览器打开 http://localhost/ 实际上访问的就是本机地址,即 127.0.0.1(如果你的设备上没有开启服务,那么还是打不开)。 内网地址不够怎么办 但如果家里有很多服务,用一个 ",
"content": "\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1608\" height=\"700\" src=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Copy-of-appinn-homework-2025-07-03T153126.940.jpg\" alt=\"学到了:localhost 居然支持二级域名 29\" class=\"wp-image-52661\" title=\"学到了:localhost 居然支持二级域名 29\" srcset=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Copy-of-appinn-homework-2025-07-03T153126.940.jpg 1608w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Copy-of-appinn-homework-2025-07-03T153126.940-768x334.jpg 768w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Copy-of-appinn-homework-2025-07-03T153126.940-1536x669.jpg 1536w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Copy-of-appinn-homework-2025-07-03T153126.940-804x350.jpg 804w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1608px) 100vw, 1608px\" /></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>在任意浏览器打开 <a href=\"http://localhost/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http://localhost/</a> 实际上访问的就是本机地址,即 127.0.0.1(如果你的设备上没有开启服务,那么还是打不开)。</p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">内网地址不够怎么办</h2>\n\n\n\n<p>但如果家里有很多服务,用一个地址就很不够了。于是,localhost 还能这样用:</p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>http://appinn.localhost</li>\n\n\n\n<li>http://123.localhost</li>\n\n\n\n<li>http://456.localhost</li>\n</ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1898\" height=\"980\" src=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Screen-20250701172337@2x.avif\" alt=\"学到了:localhost 居然支持二级域名 30\" class=\"wp-image-52662\" title=\"学到了:localhost 居然支持二级域名 30\" srcset=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Screen-20250701172337@2x.avif 1898w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Screen-20250701172337@2x-768x397.jpg 768w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Screen-20250701172337@2x-1536x793.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1898px) 100vw, 1898px\" /></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>不需要修改 hosts 文件,直接用就行。但是不支持 ping</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"2100\" height=\"1096\" src=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Screen-20250701173007@2x.avif\" alt=\"学到了:localhost 居然支持二级域名 31\" class=\"wp-image-52663\" title=\"学到了:localhost 居然支持二级域名 31\" srcset=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Screen-20250701173007@2x.avif 2100w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Screen-20250701173007@2x-768x401.jpg 768w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Screen-20250701173007@2x-1536x802.jpg 1536w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Screen-20250701173007@2x-2048x1069.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2100px) 100vw, 2100px\" /></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>青小蛙测试 macOS 与 Windows,都没有问题,随开随用。</p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"/>\n\n\n\n<p>青小蛙也研究了下 <a href=\"https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6761.html#page-8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">RFC 6771</a> 文档,里面有一条,虽然看不懂,但可以这样用。</p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>6.3 . “localhost” 域名预留注意事项</strong></h2>\n\n\n\n<p>域“localhost.”以及任何属于“.localhost.”的名称在以下方面具有特殊性:</p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>用户可以像使用其他域名一样自由使用本地主机名。用户可以假设对本地主机名的 IPv4 和 IPv6 地址查询始终会解析到相应的 IP 环回地址。</li>\n\n\n\n<li>应用软件可以将本地主机名识别为特殊名称,或者可以像对待其他域名一样将其传递给名称解析 API。</li>\n\n\n\n<li>名称解析 API 和库应该将本地主机名识别为特殊名称,并且应该始终为地址查询返回 IP 环回地址,为所有其他查询类型返回否定响应。</li>\n\n\n\n<li>名称解析 API 不应将本地主机名称的查询发送到其配置的缓存 DNS 服务器。</li>\n\n\n\n<li>缓存 DNS 服务器应该将本地主机名识别为特殊名称,并且不应该尝试查找它们的 NS 记录,或者以其他方式查询权威 DNS 服务器以尝试解析本地主机名。</li>\n</ol>\n\n\n\n<p>相反,对于所有此类地址查询,缓存 DNS 服务器应该立即生成一个提供 IP 环回地址的肯定响应,而对于所有其他查询类型,则立即生成一个否定响应。</p>\n\n\n\n<p>这是为了避免对根名称服务器和其他名称服务器造成不必要的负载。</p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"/>\n\n\n\n<p>首发于小众软件微信公众号:<a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/_36t6AkJDK5pjFFdGRi48w\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/_36t6AkJDK5pjFFdGRi48w</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.appinn.com/sub-localhost/\">[ 点击前往获取链接 ]</a></p><hr/>",
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{
"title": "小米互联服务:小米官方应用,将 iPhone 照片同步至小米手机",
"description": "小米有一个苹果应用,叫做小米互联服务: 可以非常方便的在 iPhone 与小米设备间传输文件。 最近更新了一个新功能:云相册这是一个由小米云服务提供的云相册。通过小米互联服务应用,可以将你的 iPho ",
"content": "\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1608\" height=\"700\" src=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Copy-of-appinn-homework-2025-07-02T170038.339.jpg\" alt=\"小米互联服务:小米官方应用,将 iPhone 照片同步至小米手机 32\" class=\"wp-image-52656\" title=\"小米互联服务:小米官方应用,将 iPhone 照片同步至小米手机 32\" srcset=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Copy-of-appinn-homework-2025-07-02T170038.339.jpg 1608w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Copy-of-appinn-homework-2025-07-02T170038.339-768x334.jpg 768w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Copy-of-appinn-homework-2025-07-02T170038.339-1536x669.jpg 1536w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Copy-of-appinn-homework-2025-07-02T170038.339-804x350.jpg 804w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1608px) 100vw, 1608px\" /></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>小米有一个苹果应用,叫做小米互联服务:</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1276\" height=\"492\" src=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Screen-20250702162921@2x.avif\" alt=\"小米互联服务:小米官方应用,将 iPhone 照片同步至小米手机 33\" class=\"wp-image-52652\" title=\"小米互联服务:小米官方应用,将 iPhone 照片同步至小米手机 33\" srcset=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Screen-20250702162921@2x.avif 1276w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Screen-20250702162921@2x-768x296.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1276px) 100vw, 1276px\" /></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>可以非常方便的在 iPhone 与小米设备间传输文件。</p>\n\n\n\n<p>最近更新了一个新功能:<strong>云相册</strong>这是一个由小米云服务提供的云相册。通过<strong>小米互联服务</strong>应用,可以将你的 iPhone 照片,同步至小米云相册中,然后再同步回小米手机中,最终实现了在小米手机中访问 iPhone 照片的目的。</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1276\" height=\"1374\" src=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/photo_2025-07-02_16-37-01-1.avif\" alt=\"小米互联服务:小米官方应用,将 iPhone 照片同步至小米手机 34\" class=\"wp-image-52653\" title=\"小米互联服务:小米官方应用,将 iPhone 照片同步至小米手机 34\" srcset=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/photo_2025-07-02_16-37-01-1.avif 1276w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/photo_2025-07-02_16-37-01-1-768x827.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1276px) 100vw, 1276px\" /></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>注意,如果想要将照片同步回小米手机,需要</p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>小米澎湃OS 2</strong></li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>跨屏协同服务</strong>版本号不低于16.00.50</li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>小米互传</strong>不低于3.3.0</li>\n</ul>\n\n\n\n<p>上传成功后,就可以在网页版的小米云服务中看到相册了:</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1504\" height=\"1009\" src=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Screen-20250702164129.avif\" alt=\"小米互联服务:小米官方应用,将 iPhone 照片同步至小米手机 35\" class=\"wp-image-52655\" title=\"小米互联服务:小米官方应用,将 iPhone 照片同步至小米手机 35\" srcset=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Screen-20250702164129.avif 1504w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Screen-20250702164129-768x515.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1504px) 100vw, 1504px\" /></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>再等待传输回小米手机中,就好了。</p>\n\n\n\n<p>青小蛙手上没有自己账号的小米手机,又不太方便改别人的手机账号&#8230;有没有 iPhone、小米双机党快来试试的。</p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>获取</strong>iPhone 用户只需要下载安装小米互联服务,然后登录小米账号,手动选择需要同步的照片,即可。下面是 App Store 链接,用 Safari 打开会自动跳转到 App Store:</p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https://apps.apple.com/cn/app/id6673908449\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">App Store</a></li>\n</ul>\n\n\n\n<p>以及,暂未发现自动同步功能。</p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"/>\n\n\n\n<p>原文:https://www.appinn.com/xiaomi-hulian-app/</p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">关注我们</h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>微博:<a href=\"https://weibo.com/appinncom\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https://weibo.com/appinncom</a></li>\n\n\n\n<li>B站:<a href=\"https://space.bilibili.com/10979326\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https://space.bilibili.com/10979326</a></li>\n\n\n\n<li>小红书:<a href=\"https://www.xiaohongshu.com/user/profile/61459ee9000000000201fae3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https://kutt.appinn.com/6QwshF</a></li>\n\n\n\n<li>Facebook:<a href=\"https://www.facebook.com/appinncom/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https://www.facebook.com/appinncom/</a></li>\n\n\n\n<li>BlueSky:<a href=\"https://bsky.app/profile/appinn.bsky.social\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https://bsky.app/profile/appinn.bsky.social</a></li>\n\n\n\n<li>X:<a href=\"https://x.com/appinn\">https://x.com/appinn</a></li>\n\n\n\n<li>微信公众号:搜索「小众软件」</li>\n\n\n\n<li>TG频道:@appinnfeed</li>\n</ul>\n\n\n\n<p>爱发电:<a href=\"https://afdian.com/a/qingxwa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https://afdian.com/a/qingxwa</a> (打赏我们,让我们更好的创作)</p>\n</div></div>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.appinn.com/xiaomi-hulian-app/\">[ 点击前往获取链接 ]</a></p><hr/>",
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