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这些年来，时尚潮流来了又去，戴帽子的习惯似乎也在不经意间发生着改变。回顾20世纪60-80年代的老照片，还可以看到许多赵本山同款鸭舌帽，和年轻人青睐的草绿色仿军帽。但在几十年后的今天，已经很难找到真正的“群众性”帽子了。



如今，除了军人、警察、医护等职业需要，或是取得学位时履行拨穗仪式，大多数人在正式场合通常不会戴帽子。平时如果戴帽子，主要也是为了保暖、防晒的实际需要，或是和衣服搭配，甚至用来掩盖没洗头等情况。这一习惯和秉承“冠礼”的古代似乎正好相反。

 

为什么现代人，特别是男性不如古人爱戴帽子了？

 

“冠”与“巾”：构成古人头上的风景

 

大概为了修饰脸型，今天的古装剧男主角（清代背景除外）不是潇洒地披散着及腰长发，就是活泼地扎着高马尾，但在现实中，古人并不会以这些发型示人。看似简单的“衣冠”二字，在中国传统文化中被赋予了特殊意义，既是缙绅阶层的代指，又能衍生出文明礼教的含义。

  

究其根源，在宗法制度森严的古代中国，自上而下都需秉承服饰礼制，头上的帽子和身上的着装不仅要满足实际的保暖、装饰功能，更是不同社会地位的直观体现。《礼记》载：

 

“礼义之始在于正容体，齐颜色，顺辞令……故冠而后服备，服备而后容体正，颜色齐，辞令顺。故曰:冠者礼之始也。”



从西周到清代初年，冠帽或巾帻始终是华夏成年男子头顶必备之物。与之对应的“散发”，甚至成为放浪形骸的代称，如袁闳“散发绝世”、李白“散发弄扁舟”等。

 

《说文》对冠的字形和字意做出诠释：

 

“冠，絭也，所以絭发，弁冕之总名也。”

 

冠中的“元”不仅表声，也有“首”的含义，表示冠的作用。《释名》谓：“冠，贯也，所以贯韬发也。”早在周代，“加冠之礼”已经成为贵族男子专属的成年仪式，在二十岁（天子、诸侯可提前至十二岁）举行，改变儿童时梳的“总角”发型，将头发聚拢在头顶束成发髻，髻上戴冠。冠需要用横穿发髻的“簪”和系在下巴下的“缨”来固定，“气昂昂头戴簪缨”便成为显贵者的代指。孔子弟子子路（仲由）任卫国大夫孔悝的邑宰，因反对孔悝叛乱而遭到袭击，交战中冠缨被打断，子路说：“君子死而冠不免。”于是正冠结缨而死，体现出“冠”对于彰显士大夫身份和气节的意义。

 


《后汉书·舆服志》记载的冠式有十九种，后来历代冠式更为多样，形制各异。从周代到西汉，冠的形制还比较小，装饰性大于实用性，《淮南子》总结为“寒不能暖，风不能障，暴不能蔽”。东汉时，冠的形制变大，文官戴“进贤冠”，公侯冠上有三梁，官职越低，梁数越少。武官则戴“武弁大冠”，无需插簪固定。

 


作为礼冠的“冕”，曾是帝王、诸侯、公卿所戴的礼帽，后来专指皇冠。冕由束发的冕圈“武”、绕在颔下固定的冕带“紘”、覆在冕圈上的冕板“延”、延前垂下的玉珠串“旒”组成，周天子之冕十二旒（十二根丝绳，分别串十二枚玉珠），诸侯九旒、上大夫七旒、下大夫五旒。

 



在“礼不下庶人”的古代，平民百姓不能戴冠，但也不能直接袒露着头顶，头巾成为他们必备的覆盖发髻之物，又名“帻”，《仪礼》称：


“二十成人，士冠，庶人巾。”


《方言》记载了头巾的不同别名：


“自关以西，秦、晋之郊曰络头，南楚、江、湘之间曰陌头；自河以北，赵、魏之间曰幧头。”


古代称平民为“黔首”，并不是因为他们头发尚未变白，而是用黑布头巾裹头。“苍头”在战国时原指用青布裹头的军队士卒，汉代因为仆役戴青色头巾，也用此词来代指奴仆，后来才衍生出白头老人的含义。东汉末年，太平道首领张角等发动农民起义，以头裹黄巾作为标志，史称“黄巾军”。甚至在后世道教关于天界的传说里，值勤神将也都是“黄巾力士”。

 

原本地位低下的头巾，随着时间的推移逐渐从民间进入上层，和冠帽悄然融合。汉元帝“额有壮发”，发际线过低，王莽头秃，两人虽然面临的困扰不一样，解决方法却是相同的，都是用巾帻裹住头再戴冠。好在这时冠的形制变大了，可以盖住整个头顶。东汉后期，王公名士“以幅巾为雅”，“袁绍、崔豹之徒，虽为将帅，皆着缣巾”。这和老庄谈玄影响下的不拘礼节的社会风气有一定关系。东汉郭泰（东汉时期名士）的品学为时人所重，一日外出遇雨，折起头巾一角垫着遮雨，人们争相仿效，都将头巾的一角折起来，称为“林宗巾”（郭泰字林宗），侧面体现出头巾在各阶层的普及。


现在熟悉的“帽”字，原本写作“冃（mào）”，含义为“小儿及蛮夷头衣也”，字形也是一顶帽子的形状。北方少数民族的御寒帽子古名“搭耳帽”，用牛皮制作，以羔毛络缝，能够护住头顶和耳朵。赵武灵王实施“胡服骑射”改革，以绫绢仿制搭耳帽，取名“爪牙帽子”，作为赵国军服。汉乐府诗《陌上桑》中，有“少年见罗敷，脱帽著帩头”的诗句，侧面反映出那时的帽子还不登大雅之堂，不如头巾体面。

 


两晋南北朝时期，“帽”已经不局限于便帽，开始具有和“冠”相近的含义。如南朝梁皇帝平时习惯戴白纱帽，百姓戴杂色纱帽，南朝宋的官员戴乌纱帽，隋朝也沿袭此制。但冠与帽毕竟有所区别，即使在古人的口语中帽逐渐取代了冠，诗中“冠”“帽”可为互文，“羞将短发还吹帽，笑倩旁人为正冠”，但在成语中也很难完全替换，比如“怒发冲冠”可以形容愤怒时头发上竖的形态，但“怒发冲帽”别人根本看不见。

 

古代关于帽子最著名的典故之一“侧帽”，来自西魏“八柱国”之一的独孤信，他是北周明帝宇文毓、隋朝开国皇帝隋文帝杨坚的岳父，也是唐高祖李渊的外祖父，在历史上实在罕见。独孤信以“美风仪”著称，在秦州做官时，有一天出城打猎，日暮时骑马入城，帽子被风吹斜了也来不及扶正。很快，全城人都学着他的样子戴帽子，成为独特的风景。《新唐书》称：“天宝初，贵族及士民好为胡服胡帽。”长孙无忌曾用乌羊毛作浑脱毡帽，“浑脱”意为盛装乳酪的牛皮囊。产于扬州的毡帽可能是模仿“胡帽”的创制，唐宪宗时，御史中丞裴度曾遭李师道派来的杀手刺杀，头上挨了一刀，质地厚实的扬州毡帽救了他一命，仅受轻伤。唐代舞女表演从西域传来的“柘枝舞”时，头戴尖顶帽，帽侧缀有铃铛，装饰珠子图案，又名“珠帽”。士人穿便服时多以“乌帽”和“白衣”搭配。



早期头巾的包头方法是从脑后拢起，在前额打结，类似近代陕北农民在头上系手巾的方法。汉代梁冀对头巾进行改制，从前向后包头，折起上角，叫“折上巾”，到北周武帝时，将折上巾裁出四脚（四带），二带系脑后下垂，二带反系头上，发展成巾的一种新类型“襆头”。

 


幞头问世后，经历了材质从软到硬的演变，外形也从头巾变得越来越像帽子。在电影《长安的荔枝》里以反派身份出现的宦官鱼朝恩，曾任“天下观军容宣慰处置使”，专典神策军，权宠一时，其头饰“军容”幞头，时人争效，称为“军容头”。流行头饰“军容头”，应当就是这种权势的视觉展现。



五代末期，更加轻巧的漆纱幞头得以流行，宋代已经直接称幞头为“幞头帽子”。幞头系在脑后的带子，原有“短脚”“长脚”的区别，后来又改制为用竹木或铁丝为骨的硬脚，可以方便地将它们固定成各种形状：平直展开、弯曲、交叉、一上一下、两脚偏向同一侧……显得很有创意。“展脚幞头”是士大夫阶层的象征，伸出的两根长脚可以有效防止官员上朝时交头接耳。明代官员戴的乌纱帽成为幞头最后的一个变体，帽主体由前低后高的两部分组成，称为前屋和后山，后山下固定着两个外伸的帽翅，和幞头帽子的结构相似。

 


元代，在蒙古族服饰的影响下，帽子的种类更为多样，“官民皆戴帽，其檐或圆，或前圆后方，或楼子，盖兜鍪之遗制也”。明代皇帝和官员继承了“直檐大帽”的传统，普通人常戴六瓣合缝的瓜皮小帽，别名“六合一统帽”。《金瓶梅》中，富甲一方的西门庆在送人出门时说：“你休怪我不送你，我戴着小帽不好出去。”体现出小帽在当时通常象征庶民身份。

 


在帽子流行的同时，头巾也在同步使用，明代士人服饰以“方巾圆领”为主要特点，儒巾通常以黑绉纱为表，漆藤丝或麻布为里，质坚而轻。秀才以上士绅惯戴“四方平定巾”，它是一种四角黑漆方巾，据说是杨维祯见明太祖朱元璋时所戴。太祖问：“此巾何名？”杨维桢回答：“此四方平定巾也。”朱元璋认为此名甚佳，便诏令天下士人戴此巾。

 

冠巾之下，明代男性还要戴一种“基本款”束发网巾，以黑丝结成，形如渔网，上有总绳拴紧，意为“一统山河”。据传也是明太祖看到道士以茧丝结网约发后，询问缘由，得知“裹以头，则万发俱齐”，下旨要求推广的。从达官贵人到生员吏隶，都必须在冠下戴网巾，催生了专门的市场，南京有地名“网巾市”，就是制作和出售网巾的集散地。明朝灭亡后，时人笔记中记载了一位在福建邵武被捕的抗清者，坚持不改衣冠，从容赴死，临刑前让仆人用笔墨在他额上画了网巾，表示不忘明制。清将杨名高问他姓名，他回答：“叫我‘画网巾’就可以了。”


清代由于男性发型特殊，剃过的头上更需要帽子挡风遮阳，方巾就无法再用了。官员的官帽用不同的“顶珠”体现官职高低，共有东珠、红宝石、红珊瑚、蓝宝石、青金石、水晶、砗磲（chē qú）、金和银9种。特别在清朝廷看来，产于东北地区松花江流域的东珠有着特殊的地位，一品官以下不得以此做顶戴，否则将以僭越罪论处。其实明代也有关于帽饰的制度，洪武六年（1373）曾规定：职官一品、二品的帽顶、帽珠用玉，三品至五品的帽顶用金，帽珠除玉外都可用，六品至九品帽顶用银，帽珠用玛瑙、水晶、香木。

 


在走向现代化的过程里

帽子曾经仍是国家规定的礼服

 

随着中国走向近代化、现代化的过程，帽子并不是在封建王朝覆灭后的一夜之间离开了人们的头顶，而是经历了较长的演变过程。辛亥革命后，伴随着政治、经济、文化的巨变，普通人的服饰、发型也不可避免地发生了变革。曾作为等级符号而存在的官帽、不同材质的帽顶珠，随着帝制的废除失去了社会基础。在西方潮流的冲击下，与我国传统冠帽不同的西式礼帽甚至一度成为国家规定的礼服组成部分。

 

在欧美的社会传统里，帽子曾经同样和穿着者的地位紧密相关，并衍生出了相关礼仪。一些流行段子称，西方男人戴礼帽，是因为中世纪的欧洲人不讲卫生，经常从城堡高处往下倒垃圾，高礼帽正好可以起到遮挡效果。实际上，这种高顶礼帽在18世纪末才出现。

 


1912年，中华民国临时参议院通过《服制案》，规定了男女礼服制度，其中男子礼服分为大礼服和常礼服两种，大礼服需搭配高而有檐的平顶黑色礼帽，常礼服需搭配较低而有檐的圆顶黑色礼帽。1929年，民国政府重新颁布《民国服制条例》，男子礼服在冬季搭配凹顶椭圆边黑色软礼帽，夏天则是平顶白色硬草帽。

 

尽管基于民国的实际，关于服制的规章并不能普及到全体民众，仍然对礼帽的流行起到了促进作用。头戴西式礼帽、身穿长衫或西服的成年男性，在老照片中定格成特有的“民国范儿”。学生常戴帽围较坚实的鸭舌帽，俗称“学生帽”。陈鸿年著《北平风物》中，写到自己在民国读书时流行的冬季穿戴：


“一条毛围脖儿，一件短大衣，一顶鸭舌帽。俏皮小伙儿不穿棉，耍的是这个漂亮劲儿！”


1938年，民国政府颁布了《学生制服规程》，规定小学、中学学生帽为圆形，大学学生帽为正方形。



为了凸显民族自豪感，政府要求礼帽的制作材料均为国货。市场的需求催生了制帽业的繁荣，各大城市都有专门经营帽子的老字号店铺，如“盛锡福”“马聚源”等等，现代人已经很难想象帽子生意也有过如此繁荣的气象。在北平前门外鲜鱼口，相传有两家从清代开始经营的帽店开展过“logo商战”，一家帽店在门口摆了个捧着元宝的黑漆木猴做招牌，见它生意兴隆，旁边的一家店也摆了个一模一样的木猴，借以迷惑顾客。


与西式礼帽相映成趣的是，广大农民仍然习惯戴清代沿袭下来的瓜皮帽、毡帽，夏季劳动时戴草帽。鲁迅笔下，结实耐用的“乌毡帽”是绍兴农民必备之物——


“是一种黑色的、半圆形的东西，将那帽边翻起一寸多，戴在头上的。”


闰土从小戴到老，阿Q没钱的时候就用乌毡帽抵押几个钱喝酒。陕北农民习惯用白羊肚手巾缠头代替帽子，既能遮挡黄土高原的漫天尘土，又方便解下来擦汗。



民国时期，军人、警察、护士等职业的制服在西方影响下配备了专门的制式帽子。1910年，清末“新军”模仿德国普鲁士风格设计了军服和大檐军帽，北伐战争时期，不同军阀势力的军帽常有模仿日式军帽造型，但源头仍然是西方的军帽。抗战时期，国民党部队佩戴的仿德国式军帽前面有两枚扣子，用来固定护耳，在国共合作阶段，八路军戴的帽子也是这一款式。解放战争期间，国民党军配发仿美式军帽，在相关题材的影视剧里经常有所体现。民国警服样式经历多次改变，配备的帽子主要沿袭了德国、日本等国家的制式。


在1928年召开的全国护士代表大会上，规定护士统一佩戴白色燕尾帽作为行业标志，这一制式一直流传到当代，有些高校的护理专业还会在学生进入临床实习或毕业时专门举办授帽仪式。


现在的中国男性为啥大多不戴帽子了？

 

新中国成立后，帽子经历了一段流行期。但和过去的时代最大不同的是，除了军人、警察等职业规范和统一了制服和对应的帽子外，国家层面并没有面向民众规定专门的“礼服”形制。尽管如此，大众的着装选择很自然地受到社会大潮的影响，帽子也不例外。

 

民国盛行的西式礼帽在1949年后逐渐退出了历史舞台，男性群体特别是城市居民群体中流行戴外形类似军帽的“解放帽”，灵感源于列宁在十月革命期间戴过的八角帽，也叫列宁帽，和当时的“干部服”“人民装”搭配协调。冬季，同样源自军人制服的护耳剪绒帽在北方几乎人手一顶，既保暖又显示出威武之气。因为雷锋最为人熟知的照片上戴着这种帽子，它又名“雷锋帽”。对军帽的推崇在20世纪60、70年代达到了顶峰，在那个特殊的历史时期，群众的服装款式、色彩趋于整齐划一，民谚称：“远看一大堆，近看蓝绿灰。”由于军人受到尊崇，绿军帽在此时最受欢迎，成为独特的身份象征而广受追捧，在反映“大院子弟”生活的影视剧里，身穿父兄军装、头戴军帽的年轻人骑着二八大杠（自行车的一种），在街头呼啸而过，囿于“出身”而没有资格戴的人只能望而生羡。

 


改革开放后，国外和港澳台影视剧的陆续热播，让观众见识到了风格更多的帽子。市场经济的繁荣为人们带来了更多的选择余地，城乡居民之间原本的落差可以通过购买力来弥补，民众对帽子的选择进一步趋于多样化，不再千篇一律。《平凡的世界》里，成为“农民企业家”的孙少安给自己置备了城里人穿戴的毛料制服和单帽，为的是更加自如地谈生意。进入90年代，港台明星影响下发型时尚的不断变化，也潜移默化地影响着人们对帽子的态度。“四大天王”火遍大江南北的时候，同款发型在年轻人里备受追捧，如果在精心打理的四六分“郭富城头”上扣一顶帽子，反而影响了帅气的外观。

 

而在这个大变迁的时期，需要佩戴统一帽子的行业却在增多。不仅军装和警服经历了数次变化，其他职业的帽子也逐渐走向统一化。比如，在20世纪70年代，工地施工者戴的“安全帽”还是柳条编的头盔，具有一定硬度和弹性，常常被工人扣过来当小凳子坐，但这种安全帽比较笨重，保护效果也难以实现，甚至有人因为不戴而发生了事故。80年代后，随着安全管理相关规章制度的完善，安全帽经历了塑胶材质、高密度聚乙烯材质、玻璃钢材质的不断演化，现在已经出现了带有智能芯片和物联网卡的智能安全帽，让安全系数再上一个台阶。中国传统厨师行业并没有戴帽子的习惯，1984年，中国成立了第一个厨师帽会组织，象征卫生的白色工作帽逐渐成为“官方认证”的标志，成为现在人们最熟悉的厨师形象。帽子越高、褶皱越多，代表等级越高。总厨、大厨佩戴29.5厘米高的厨师长帽，普通厨工的帽子高度仅有10.5厘米。这些职业帽向着规范化的演变，正是高速发展的中国社会现代化的缩影。

 



和“职业帽”的普及相映成趣的是，成年男性群体的“生活帽”少了。私家车、公共交通等便捷的出行工具，让人们的上班之路不再有风吹日晒之苦，不断提高的卫生条件和城市环境也减少了灰尘弄脏头发的烦恼，即使遇到降温，连帽外套也可以基本解决需要。可能只有头发稀疏的老年人，还在降温后保留着戴帽子的习惯。农民虽然劳动时还会戴帽子，这一习惯也在悄然发生着变化。有关报道称，近年来陕北黄土高原全面绿化，原本农民出门必扎的白羊肚手巾正在宣告“退休”。

 


不过，时尚常常是轮回的。由于现代人在快节奏的生活和较大的工作压力下常常面临脱发的困扰，或许某个时候需要继续重拾帽子来修饰外表也未可知。

 

参考文献：

1、蒋栋元.帽子民俗的文化解读[J].西北民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2005(01).

2、牛佳鑫.古代头衣常用字“帽、冠、巾”的演变研究[J].文教资料,2017(12).

3、滕维雅.帽文化之瑰宝──巾[J].上海大学学报(社会科学版),1997(03).

4、钟林轩.冠巾纵横谈──历史剧服装设计杂谈之一[J].戏剧(中央戏剧学院学报),1994(03).

5、骆文.巾帽 头上的“革命”[J].中华遗产,2015,(第2期).

6、刘小方.中华冕冠与欧美自由帽——帽子旅行记[J].百科知识,2021(13).


*本文系“国家人文历史”独家稿件，欢迎读者转发朋友圈。



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END
作者 | 瑶华
编辑 | 胡心雅 
 主编 | 周斌
排版 | 刘是琪（实习）
校对 |  火炬 李栋 张斌 古月 戈雨
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“在看”的永远18岁~

\n \n\n \n
\n\n \n 文章原文\n
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", @@ -6077,28 +6055,6 @@ "hash": "e008df0007c80068e87275a9f99e029a", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "001FRONT - GRASSROOTS SOCCER FEVER SPREADS ACROSS NATION", - "description": "

Nanchang and Jingdezhen players compete during the opening match of the Jiangxi Super League on July 13 in Nanchang, Jiangxi province. The two teams drew 0-0.

\n

Fans play drums and cheer from the stands during the first round of the Victory Football Super Cup match between teams representing Weicheng and Kuiwen districts in Weifang on July 2.

\n

Players from teams representing two districts of Weifang, Shandong province, compete during the Victory Football Super Cup, the province's first prefecture-wide league, on July 26.

\n

Visitors watch a televised Suchao match at a shopping plaza in Lianyungang, Jiangsu province, on Aug 3.

\n

Fans of the Jiujiang team from Jiangxi province practice chants and slogans on the province's first soccer-dedicated high-speed train from Jiujiang to Yingtan on Aug 2.

\n

A lion dance performance entertains the crowd during the opening ceremony of the Jiangxi Super League in Nanchang on July 12.

\n

The Jiangsu Football City League phenomenon has ignited a nationwide wave of popular grassroots soccer leagues this summer, and rekindled supporters' passion for the sport.

\n

Dubbed the "Jiangsu Super League" or "Suchao", the amateur provincial league has been a sensation — both online and in stadiums — loved for its huge crowds, exciting play, lively fan exchanges and viral memes.

\n

Now soccer leagues in Jiangxi, Guangdong, and other provinces are also vying for the national spotlight by focusing on fierce inter-city rivalries, innovative formats, or rebranding existing competitions.

\n

During the fourth round of the 2025 Jiangxi City Football Super League on Aug 2-3, more than 70,000 spectators packed stadiums across Yingtan, Shangrao, and Xinyu, with stands echoing with the roars of proud supporters.

\n

The marquee match on Aug 2, when Yingtan hosted Jiujiang, drew 19,108 spectators. Over 1,100 Jiujiang fans traveled on Jiangxi's first soccer-dedicated high-speed train scheduled for the game.

\n

"It was timely aid," said Huang Ruilu, vice-chairman of the Jiangxi Football Association. "Originally we planned to organize fan buses to Yingtan, but a one-way trip takes four hours. With matches ending around 10 pm, same-day return was nearly impossible. The special train arrived like coal in a snowstorm," he said.

\n

Team chants and slogans reverberated through the train with no fear of disturbing other passengers. Among the fans was a 100-strong cheer squad of relatives and friends of Nie Haotian, a Jiujiang player.

\n

The 22-year-old Renmin University student scored a crucial goal in a prior match against Jingdezhen.

\n

"We've watched him grow up — we're so proud!" said one of Nie's neighbors "Sister Bao". "We were desperate to cheer him on during the match, to cheer for our city. Because Nie represents Jiujiang, all his loved ones have become fans of the Jiujiang team," she said.

\n

Jiujiang triumphed 4-2 over the home side.

\n

The imitation game

\n

Jiangxi is now promoting its own inter-city league. The province's abbreviated name is "Gan" and the new league is nicknamed "Ganchao", or the Jiangxi Super League.

\n

Since it kicked off on July 12, soccer fever has erupted in the 11 participating cities. The opening round's five matches sold out instantly, attracting 66,960 spectators in total.

\n

One of the Ganchao's aims is to promote city pride and the cultural, tourism and culinary attractions of each participating team. A video posted by the Jiangxi Provincial Culture and Tourism Department on the Douyin platform garnered more than 24,000 likes and 12,000 comments.

\n

Netizens from Jiangsu, famous for their cheeky fan banter, have now set their sights on the upstarts from Jiangxi.

\n

"Finally, it's my turn to ask: What is Jiangxi's provincial capital?" one post read. Another alluded to Jiangsu's economic muscle and better infrastructure by saying, "How many Olympic Sports Centers does Jiangxi have?"

\n

Despite the taunts, Jiangxi's city officials have not taken the bait. However, soccer teams in Jiangxi are carrying on Jiangsu's humorous tradition of ribbing each other.

\n

After a match in Ganzhou, Pingxiang's official WeChat account published an open letter affectionately addressing Ganzhou as "Gan Gan", praising its navel oranges and recounting shared cultural and historical bonds.

\n

Hours later, Ganzhou's account replied warmly to "Ping Ping", saying they were eagerly awaiting their next match in Pingxiang.

\n

Netizens were moved by the cities' overly polite exchanges.

\n

"LOL (laughing out loud), reading this feels like Gan Gan and Ping Ping are in a romantic relationship," commented one netizen. "The warmth in their interaction perfectly captures that blend of competition and intimacy between cities — like bickering lovers in a down-to-earth courtship. It's so warm and romantic."

\n

The Jiangxi league's official slogan is: "In the name of football, fight for our city". Jin Ziwei, deputy director of the Jiangxi Provincial Sports Bureau, said the slogan aims to enhance urban pride among players and spectators, while showcasing the province's attractions.

\n

The teams are made up of amateur players, with the average age 23, Jin said. Sixty percent are students while the others include teachers, chefs, taxi drivers, railway workers, businessmen, employees and civil servants.

\n

Starting on July 12 and running for 110 days, the league's 66 matches are mostly played on weekends to facilitate fan travel and tourism.

\n

After only four rounds, soaring attendance has triggered stadium upgrades across multiple host cities — from temporary stands to 20,000-seat sports centers.

\n

Awaiting new memes

\n

The viral success of Suchao is closely linked to its funny memes, and emerging leagues are cultivating their own humorous banter.

\n

On July 29, the Hunan Provincial Sports Bureau released regulations for the 2025 Hunan Football League, scheduled to run from September to December.

\n

The youth-focused tournament will showcase "Xiang-style" soccer through sports-education and sports-tourism integration, while stimulating urban economies and regional cultural exchanges. The province is also known as Xiang, and the league is dubbed "Xiangchao", or the Hunan Super League.

\n

However, even before a ball has been kicked taunts are being widely circulated on social media. Zhuzhou players face the ignominy of being referred to as "Zhu teammates" — a pun on "useless teammates" — and Zhangjiajie is being labeled "Global Zhang", an allusion to its national park's UNESCO World Heritage status and visits by 1.83 million international tourists in 2024.

\n

Provincial capital Changsha (in Chinese, "sha" has the same pronunciation as "kill") faces relentless online teasing, with jokes about being "slaughtered by Zhuzhou", "swept by Hengyang", or "sliced by Shaoyang". The humorous digs are fueled by Changsha's economic dominance over the other cities and Hunan people's competitiveness.

\n

"Watching Suchao feels like touring a city expo; watching Xiangchao feels like witnessing the defense of Changsha," quipped one netizen.

\n

Referencing Suchao's most famous jibe — "Competition first, friendship fourteenth" — they joked Xiangchao follows "Friendship first, competition second, Changsha fourteenth".

\n

Preparations are already underway for the start of the competition, with players enduring summer heat to hone their skills, embodying Hunan people's reputation for being able to endure hardship with a resolute fighting spirit.

\n

Meanwhile, cities nationwide are also following the Suchao model.

\n

Harbin, Heilongjiang province, launched its seven-a-side "Hachao "tournament on July 12, which features 32 teams in youth, adult, and senior divisions.

\n

In Weifang, Shandong province, the "Victory Football Super Cup", dubbed "V Chao", ignited citywide passion with its core philosophy: "For every citizen, fight for our hometown".

\n

As Shandong's first prefecture-wide home-and-away league, it includes teams from all 16 Weifang counties or districts. The opening match drew nearly 30,000 fans.

\n

"This tops watching the Chinese Super League!" exclaimed fan Zhang Lei. "These players are our neighbors — delivery guys, teachers, factory workers… Seeing them pour their hearts out for our hometown is electrifying!"

\n

Games without frontiers

\n

The latest provincial league to launch is the 2025 Guangdong Football Super League which started on Saturday and runs for four months.

\n

The competition has taken a different approach by calling itself the "Shengchao", or Provincial Super League and undertaking a qualification and knockout format. It was organized by the Guangdong Football Association with municipal sports bureaus and local soccer associations as co-organizers.

\n

Unlike the city-based format in Jiangsu, the new Guangdong league features amateur clubs.

\n

"Registration enthusiasm was extraordinary this year. By late June, we had 26 teams applying — 18 more than last year," said Liang Junjie, head of the association's commercial development department. Two teams from the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region sought entry but couldn't join due to procedural complexities, he said.

\n

After rigorous vetting, 22 teams from 13 of Guangdong's 21 prefecture-level cities were selected. From Aug 9 to 17, matches will be played in two venues in Meizhou and Zhaoqing, to select 11 teams who did not participate in the provincial league last year.

\n

Those 11 teams, and five teams who participated in last year's competition, will play each other from Aug 23 to Sept 27 to decide the top four.

\n

The semifinalists will play home-and-away games from Nov 2 to Nov 29, to determine the winner and have the chance to represent the province in the 2026 Chinese Football Association Member Association Champions League, the highest-level national amateur soccer competition. Nearly 70 matches will be played to determine the finalists.

\n

"Previously, all matches used home-and-away formats, burdening teams with high venue rental, security, and travel costs," said Liang. "This year, only the semifinalists play home-and-away fixtures, drastically reducing expenses."

\n

In 1999, Guangdong staged China's first regional competition organized by a provincial soccer association.

\n

Xie Changjing, chairman of the Guangdong Football Association, said the new competition serves as the primary platform for amateur clubs to advance into professional leagues.

\n

The league enforces strict amateur eligibility rules to ensure fair competition. Each team may register up to three players from Hong Kong, Macao, or Taiwan, with two permitted on the field at the same time.

\n

Off the field, the league will collaborate with municipal culture and tourism departments to integrate sports, culture, tourism, agriculture and commerce.

\n

An innovation

\n

"The popularity of the Suchao is a remarkable development in China's grassroots sports scene," said Micha�0�0 Dahl, an associate professor from Alberta International School of Recreation, Sport and Tourism of Beijing Sport University.

\n

"It has rightly gained attention not only across the country but internationally as well," he said.

\n

The total number of spectators for the first eight rounds of Suchao exceeded 1 million. At Nanjing's sixth-round home game, the crowd reached 60,396, a new attendance record for an amateur soccer match in China.

\n

Dahl said leagues such as the Suchao offer a refreshing model grounded in community spirit and shared joy.

\n

"Its success speaks to a growing appetite for community-based, inclusive sports experiences that go beyond elite performance and commercial spectacle," he said.

\n

"While competition is at the heart of the league, what truly matters is the emotional bond that fans form with their cities and teams — this deep connection fosters civic pride and a sense of belonging," he said.

\n

Dahl said he believes the relative wealth of Jiangsu's cities has played a vital role in the league's rise. With 13 cities of comparable economic strength, all ranking among China's top 100 cities by GDP, the province has long nurtured a spirit of regional competition.

\n

"The Suchao has simply channeled this energy into sport, creating a healthy, celebratory form of rivalry that fuels both passion and pride," he said.

\n

The development of amateur leagues like the Suchao is a valuable contribution to both national well-being and global sports culture, he said.

\n

"Rooted in inclusivity, diversity, and shared passion, this model offers a vision of sport that is more community-centered and accessible. It opens the field to everyone — not just professionals or celebrities," he said.

\n

He said that other provinces in China would do well to follow this model. With over 100 cities having more than 1 million residents and only 16 professional soccer teams in the top-tier league, there is enormous potential to engage untapped fan bases. However, he said it's important to recognize that replicating Jiangsu's success may require careful adaptation to local situations.

\n

"Establishing similar leagues could help popularize soccer and expand its reach," said Dahl.

\n

Contact the writers at zhangxiaomin@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", - "content": "

Nanchang and Jingdezhen players compete during the opening match of the Jiangxi Super League on July 13 in Nanchang, Jiangxi province. The two teams drew 0-0.

\n

Fans play drums and cheer from the stands during the first round of the Victory Football Super Cup match between teams representing Weicheng and Kuiwen districts in Weifang on July 2.

\n

Players from teams representing two districts of Weifang, Shandong province, compete during the Victory Football Super Cup, the province's first prefecture-wide league, on July 26.

\n

Visitors watch a televised Suchao match at a shopping plaza in Lianyungang, Jiangsu province, on Aug 3.

\n

Fans of the Jiujiang team from Jiangxi province practice chants and slogans on the province's first soccer-dedicated high-speed train from Jiujiang to Yingtan on Aug 2.

\n

A lion dance performance entertains the crowd during the opening ceremony of the Jiangxi Super League in Nanchang on July 12.

\n

The Jiangsu Football City League phenomenon has ignited a nationwide wave of popular grassroots soccer leagues this summer, and rekindled supporters' passion for the sport.

\n

Dubbed the "Jiangsu Super League" or "Suchao", the amateur provincial league has been a sensation — both online and in stadiums — loved for its huge crowds, exciting play, lively fan exchanges and viral memes.

\n

Now soccer leagues in Jiangxi, Guangdong, and other provinces are also vying for the national spotlight by focusing on fierce inter-city rivalries, innovative formats, or rebranding existing competitions.

\n

During the fourth round of the 2025 Jiangxi City Football Super League on Aug 2-3, more than 70,000 spectators packed stadiums across Yingtan, Shangrao, and Xinyu, with stands echoing with the roars of proud supporters.

\n

The marquee match on Aug 2, when Yingtan hosted Jiujiang, drew 19,108 spectators. Over 1,100 Jiujiang fans traveled on Jiangxi's first soccer-dedicated high-speed train scheduled for the game.

\n

"It was timely aid," said Huang Ruilu, vice-chairman of the Jiangxi Football Association. "Originally we planned to organize fan buses to Yingtan, but a one-way trip takes four hours. With matches ending around 10 pm, same-day return was nearly impossible. The special train arrived like coal in a snowstorm," he said.

\n

Team chants and slogans reverberated through the train with no fear of disturbing other passengers. Among the fans was a 100-strong cheer squad of relatives and friends of Nie Haotian, a Jiujiang player.

\n

The 22-year-old Renmin University student scored a crucial goal in a prior match against Jingdezhen.

\n

"We've watched him grow up — we're so proud!" said one of Nie's neighbors "Sister Bao". "We were desperate to cheer him on during the match, to cheer for our city. Because Nie represents Jiujiang, all his loved ones have become fans of the Jiujiang team," she said.

\n

Jiujiang triumphed 4-2 over the home side.

\n

The imitation game

\n

Jiangxi is now promoting its own inter-city league. The province's abbreviated name is "Gan" and the new league is nicknamed "Ganchao", or the Jiangxi Super League.

\n

Since it kicked off on July 12, soccer fever has erupted in the 11 participating cities. The opening round's five matches sold out instantly, attracting 66,960 spectators in total.

\n

One of the Ganchao's aims is to promote city pride and the cultural, tourism and culinary attractions of each participating team. A video posted by the Jiangxi Provincial Culture and Tourism Department on the Douyin platform garnered more than 24,000 likes and 12,000 comments.

\n

Netizens from Jiangsu, famous for their cheeky fan banter, have now set their sights on the upstarts from Jiangxi.

\n

"Finally, it's my turn to ask: What is Jiangxi's provincial capital?" one post read. Another alluded to Jiangsu's economic muscle and better infrastructure by saying, "How many Olympic Sports Centers does Jiangxi have?"

\n

Despite the taunts, Jiangxi's city officials have not taken the bait. However, soccer teams in Jiangxi are carrying on Jiangsu's humorous tradition of ribbing each other.

\n

After a match in Ganzhou, Pingxiang's official WeChat account published an open letter affectionately addressing Ganzhou as "Gan Gan", praising its navel oranges and recounting shared cultural and historical bonds.

\n

Hours later, Ganzhou's account replied warmly to "Ping Ping", saying they were eagerly awaiting their next match in Pingxiang.

\n

Netizens were moved by the cities' overly polite exchanges.

\n

"LOL (laughing out loud), reading this feels like Gan Gan and Ping Ping are in a romantic relationship," commented one netizen. "The warmth in their interaction perfectly captures that blend of competition and intimacy between cities — like bickering lovers in a down-to-earth courtship. It's so warm and romantic."

\n

The Jiangxi league's official slogan is: "In the name of football, fight for our city". Jin Ziwei, deputy director of the Jiangxi Provincial Sports Bureau, said the slogan aims to enhance urban pride among players and spectators, while showcasing the province's attractions.

\n

The teams are made up of amateur players, with the average age 23, Jin said. Sixty percent are students while the others include teachers, chefs, taxi drivers, railway workers, businessmen, employees and civil servants.

\n

Starting on July 12 and running for 110 days, the league's 66 matches are mostly played on weekends to facilitate fan travel and tourism.

\n

After only four rounds, soaring attendance has triggered stadium upgrades across multiple host cities — from temporary stands to 20,000-seat sports centers.

\n

Awaiting new memes

\n

The viral success of Suchao is closely linked to its funny memes, and emerging leagues are cultivating their own humorous banter.

\n

On July 29, the Hunan Provincial Sports Bureau released regulations for the 2025 Hunan Football League, scheduled to run from September to December.

\n

The youth-focused tournament will showcase "Xiang-style" soccer through sports-education and sports-tourism integration, while stimulating urban economies and regional cultural exchanges. The province is also known as Xiang, and the league is dubbed "Xiangchao", or the Hunan Super League.

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However, even before a ball has been kicked taunts are being widely circulated on social media. Zhuzhou players face the ignominy of being referred to as "Zhu teammates" — a pun on "useless teammates" — and Zhangjiajie is being labeled "Global Zhang", an allusion to its national park's UNESCO World Heritage status and visits by 1.83 million international tourists in 2024.

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Provincial capital Changsha (in Chinese, "sha" has the same pronunciation as "kill") faces relentless online teasing, with jokes about being "slaughtered by Zhuzhou", "swept by Hengyang", or "sliced by Shaoyang". The humorous digs are fueled by Changsha's economic dominance over the other cities and Hunan people's competitiveness.

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"Watching Suchao feels like touring a city expo; watching Xiangchao feels like witnessing the defense of Changsha," quipped one netizen.

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Referencing Suchao's most famous jibe — "Competition first, friendship fourteenth" — they joked Xiangchao follows "Friendship first, competition second, Changsha fourteenth".

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Preparations are already underway for the start of the competition, with players enduring summer heat to hone their skills, embodying Hunan people's reputation for being able to endure hardship with a resolute fighting spirit.

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Meanwhile, cities nationwide are also following the Suchao model.

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Harbin, Heilongjiang province, launched its seven-a-side "Hachao "tournament on July 12, which features 32 teams in youth, adult, and senior divisions.

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In Weifang, Shandong province, the "Victory Football Super Cup", dubbed "V Chao", ignited citywide passion with its core philosophy: "For every citizen, fight for our hometown".

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As Shandong's first prefecture-wide home-and-away league, it includes teams from all 16 Weifang counties or districts. The opening match drew nearly 30,000 fans.

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"This tops watching the Chinese Super League!" exclaimed fan Zhang Lei. "These players are our neighbors — delivery guys, teachers, factory workers… Seeing them pour their hearts out for our hometown is electrifying!"

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Games without frontiers

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The latest provincial league to launch is the 2025 Guangdong Football Super League which started on Saturday and runs for four months.

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The competition has taken a different approach by calling itself the "Shengchao", or Provincial Super League and undertaking a qualification and knockout format. It was organized by the Guangdong Football Association with municipal sports bureaus and local soccer associations as co-organizers.

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Unlike the city-based format in Jiangsu, the new Guangdong league features amateur clubs.

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"Registration enthusiasm was extraordinary this year. By late June, we had 26 teams applying — 18 more than last year," said Liang Junjie, head of the association's commercial development department. Two teams from the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region sought entry but couldn't join due to procedural complexities, he said.

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After rigorous vetting, 22 teams from 13 of Guangdong's 21 prefecture-level cities were selected. From Aug 9 to 17, matches will be played in two venues in Meizhou and Zhaoqing, to select 11 teams who did not participate in the provincial league last year.

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Those 11 teams, and five teams who participated in last year's competition, will play each other from Aug 23 to Sept 27 to decide the top four.

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The semifinalists will play home-and-away games from Nov 2 to Nov 29, to determine the winner and have the chance to represent the province in the 2026 Chinese Football Association Member Association Champions League, the highest-level national amateur soccer competition. Nearly 70 matches will be played to determine the finalists.

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"Previously, all matches used home-and-away formats, burdening teams with high venue rental, security, and travel costs," said Liang. "This year, only the semifinalists play home-and-away fixtures, drastically reducing expenses."

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In 1999, Guangdong staged China's first regional competition organized by a provincial soccer association.

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Xie Changjing, chairman of the Guangdong Football Association, said the new competition serves as the primary platform for amateur clubs to advance into professional leagues.

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The league enforces strict amateur eligibility rules to ensure fair competition. Each team may register up to three players from Hong Kong, Macao, or Taiwan, with two permitted on the field at the same time.

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Off the field, the league will collaborate with municipal culture and tourism departments to integrate sports, culture, tourism, agriculture and commerce.

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An innovation

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"The popularity of the Suchao is a remarkable development in China's grassroots sports scene," said Micha�0�0 Dahl, an associate professor from Alberta International School of Recreation, Sport and Tourism of Beijing Sport University.

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"It has rightly gained attention not only across the country but internationally as well," he said.

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The total number of spectators for the first eight rounds of Suchao exceeded 1 million. At Nanjing's sixth-round home game, the crowd reached 60,396, a new attendance record for an amateur soccer match in China.

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Dahl said leagues such as the Suchao offer a refreshing model grounded in community spirit and shared joy.

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"Its success speaks to a growing appetite for community-based, inclusive sports experiences that go beyond elite performance and commercial spectacle," he said.

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"While competition is at the heart of the league, what truly matters is the emotional bond that fans form with their cities and teams — this deep connection fosters civic pride and a sense of belonging," he said.

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Dahl said he believes the relative wealth of Jiangsu's cities has played a vital role in the league's rise. With 13 cities of comparable economic strength, all ranking among China's top 100 cities by GDP, the province has long nurtured a spirit of regional competition.

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"The Suchao has simply channeled this energy into sport, creating a healthy, celebratory form of rivalry that fuels both passion and pride," he said.

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The development of amateur leagues like the Suchao is a valuable contribution to both national well-being and global sports culture, he said.

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"Rooted in inclusivity, diversity, and shared passion, this model offers a vision of sport that is more community-centered and accessible. It opens the field to everyone — not just professionals or celebrities," he said.

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He said that other provinces in China would do well to follow this model. With over 100 cities having more than 1 million residents and only 16 professional soccer teams in the top-tier league, there is enormous potential to engage untapped fan bases. However, he said it's important to recognize that replicating Jiangsu's success may require careful adaptation to local situations.

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"Establishing similar leagues could help popularize soccer and expand its reach," said Dahl.

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Contact the writers at zhangxiaomin@chinadaily.com.cn

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