vault backup: 2025-10-13 00:27:29

.obsidian/plugins/cubox-sync/data.json

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.obsidian/plugins/rss-reader/data.json

@@ -996,28 +996,6 @@
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-          "title": "有没有嘴长得非常奇怪的生物？",
-          "description": "<div><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-d59c0743f6d2d0310c5124f24404c65f_fhd.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"头图\"/><div><div>\n<p>Hethidae，暂译为赫虫科，是一类寄生在马陆体内的线虫。这类线虫的雌虫极有辨识度，它们,体表有夸张的角质装饰，头部还有特殊的“盾”状结构。</p>\n<p>三种赫虫雌虫的电子显微镜照片（嘴在最上边的那道缝里）：</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-93db56e754514355f9c233f177929579_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>Heth pivari，文献：DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4861.4.2</figcaption></figure>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-f74c695565d33f506183cd18489a33c9_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption> Heth costata，文献：https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-synopsis-of-the-Hethidae-(Nematoda%3A-with-of-five-Hunt/1ec96d98b8da57ce89142cdefae8359ea5753105?utm_source=direct_link</figcaption></figure>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-71c92810aba8d25e7d54f58a40498a49_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>Heth xaniophora，文献：https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-synopsis-of-the-Hethidae-(Nematoda%3A-with-of-five-Hunt/1ec96d98b8da57ce89142cdefae8359ea5753105?utm_source=direct_link</figcaption></figure>\n<p>奇怪的是，赫虫科的雄虫就特别朴素：</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-8cfc5e8e68349622905ca39c15f0fa78_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>Heth pivari 的雄虫，文献：DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4861.4.2</figcaption></figure>\n<p>另一类寄生在马陆体内的线虫<em>Golovatchinema </em>sp.，它的成体平平无奇，但是幼体的嘴长这样：</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-0df2ffd2a82bb33be8519c7b1b2364b5_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>文献：https://www.globalsoilbiodiversity.org/blog-beneath-our-feet/2018/10/20/if-you-dont-look-youll-never-find-anything-nematode-biodiversity-where-you-least-expect-it</figcaption></figure>\n<p>不只是赫虫科，很多线虫的嘴都非常奇怪。</p>\n<p>比如在土壤里吃细菌的丽突属线虫<em>Acrobeles</em>，嘴是开花的：</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-12c03485ad629356d5d0149e452c0eed_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>文献：DOI: 10.1017/S0022149X21000316</figcaption></figure>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-feb8c267a215aa58cfe8b6391fe5b755_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>文献：DOI: 10.1017/S0022149X21000316</figcaption></figure>\n<p>矛线科 Dorylaimidae 线虫的嘴里有一根针头，用来刺穿植物的细胞壁吸食细胞液。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-226898795cc744384fcd9ddbcc0c0c43_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>图片来源自网络</figcaption></figure>\n<p>有些线虫捕食其他线虫和小动物。这是海生的<em>Halichoanolaimus</em>属捕食性线虫的嘴，里面密密麻麻的都是牙齿：</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-64d1f27c537dc4519575926ef82aafb0_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>文献：Många nya arter av nematoder i bottenslammet</figcaption></figure>\n<p>线虫类的进食结构是非常有意思的话题。以后有机会再详细写吧。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-7e421d290e2e4b662afff07a1107f48b_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>线虫的嘴部结构。</figcaption></figure>\n<p>2025.1.9</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n\n\n<div><a href=\"https://www.zhihu.com/question/8731899013\">查看知乎讨论<span></span></a></div>\n\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n</div><br><hr><div>获取更多RSS：<br><a href=\"https://feedx.net\" style=\"color:orange\" target=\"_blank\">https://feedx.net</a> <br><a href=\"https://feedx.site\" style=\"color:orange\" target=\"_blank\">https://feedx.site</a><br></div>",
-          "content": "<div><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-d59c0743f6d2d0310c5124f24404c65f_fhd.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"头图\"/><div><div>\n<p>Hethidae，暂译为赫虫科，是一类寄生在马陆体内的线虫。这类线虫的雌虫极有辨识度，它们,体表有夸张的角质装饰，头部还有特殊的“盾”状结构。</p>\n<p>三种赫虫雌虫的电子显微镜照片（嘴在最上边的那道缝里）：</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-93db56e754514355f9c233f177929579_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>Heth pivari，文献：DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4861.4.2</figcaption></figure>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-f74c695565d33f506183cd18489a33c9_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption> Heth costata，文献：https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-synopsis-of-the-Hethidae-(Nematoda%3A-with-of-five-Hunt/1ec96d98b8da57ce89142cdefae8359ea5753105?utm_source=direct_link</figcaption></figure>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-71c92810aba8d25e7d54f58a40498a49_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>Heth xaniophora，文献：https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-synopsis-of-the-Hethidae-(Nematoda%3A-with-of-five-Hunt/1ec96d98b8da57ce89142cdefae8359ea5753105?utm_source=direct_link</figcaption></figure>\n<p>奇怪的是，赫虫科的雄虫就特别朴素：</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-8cfc5e8e68349622905ca39c15f0fa78_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>Heth pivari 的雄虫，文献：DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4861.4.2</figcaption></figure>\n<p>另一类寄生在马陆体内的线虫<em>Golovatchinema </em>sp.，它的成体平平无奇，但是幼体的嘴长这样：</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-0df2ffd2a82bb33be8519c7b1b2364b5_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>文献：https://www.globalsoilbiodiversity.org/blog-beneath-our-feet/2018/10/20/if-you-dont-look-youll-never-find-anything-nematode-biodiversity-where-you-least-expect-it</figcaption></figure>\n<p>不只是赫虫科，很多线虫的嘴都非常奇怪。</p>\n<p>比如在土壤里吃细菌的丽突属线虫<em>Acrobeles</em>，嘴是开花的：</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-12c03485ad629356d5d0149e452c0eed_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>文献：DOI: 10.1017/S0022149X21000316</figcaption></figure>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-feb8c267a215aa58cfe8b6391fe5b755_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>文献：DOI: 10.1017/S0022149X21000316</figcaption></figure>\n<p>矛线科 Dorylaimidae 线虫的嘴里有一根针头，用来刺穿植物的细胞壁吸食细胞液。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-226898795cc744384fcd9ddbcc0c0c43_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>图片来源自网络</figcaption></figure>\n<p>有些线虫捕食其他线虫和小动物。这是海生的<em>Halichoanolaimus</em>属捕食性线虫的嘴，里面密密麻麻的都是牙齿：</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-64d1f27c537dc4519575926ef82aafb0_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>文献：Många nya arter av nematoder i bottenslammet</figcaption></figure>\n<p>线虫类的进食结构是非常有意思的话题。以后有机会再详细写吧。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-7e421d290e2e4b662afff07a1107f48b_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>线虫的嘴部结构。</figcaption></figure>\n<p>2025.1.9</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n\n\n<div><a href=\"https://www.zhihu.com/question/8731899013\">查看知乎讨论<span></span></a></div>\n\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n</div><br><hr><div>获取更多RSS：<br><a href=\"https://feedx.net\" style=\"color:orange\" target=\"_blank\">https://feedx.net</a> <br><a href=\"https://feedx.site\" style=\"color:orange\" target=\"_blank\">https://feedx.site</a><br></div>",
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         {
           "title": "用「剪刀大法」找猫是什么原理？",
           "description": "<div><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-45dd3f8ff6b34da2b4ae9d6ba03b7089_fhd.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"头图\"/><div><div>\n<p>所谓“剪刀大法”，其实是古代“禳灶神寻猫法”的故事新编，“剪刀”本原指祭祀灶神用的贡品“慈姑”。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pica.zhimg.com/v2-e81c19d921f36a849b99a8848a326107_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>元明时代在养猫时，也会单方面签署一张“猫儿契”，很大程度就是因为猫不太恋家，喜欢主动逃跑。</p>\n<p>这是为何“猫儿契”上明文写着“西王母证见北不游，东王公证见南不去”，并且威胁道：“如有故违走外去，堂前引过受笞鞭”的原因。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-0b79eabc594e082ac5667cfa2cec9467_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>当然，“猫儿契”也仅是起到安抚猫主的作用，猫真丢了，那“猫儿契”自然是报废了，猫主人只能祈神寻猫。</p>\n<p>在江南一带，祈神寻猫的历史并不算短。元《至顺镇江志》中，便记载了一处专门寻猫的“广惠庵”，庵内有专门寻猫的“黑哥哥”神像：</p>\n<blockquote>广惠庵……在大围桥东巷内，庵中有土偶名黑哥哥，居民失猫，祷之多应，今俗呼为黑哥哥庵，巷亦以此得名焉。</blockquote>\n<p>随着民间养猫的增多，到了清代后，猫的身价大打折扣。又因猫畏惧寒冷，喜欢睡在温暖的灶炉边，纳猫、寻猫的祈祷对象也打了个折扣，从天上的神佛，变成了家里的灶神。</p>\n<p>新的猫主人接猫回家后，会先带猫拜一下灶王爷的神像，再带猫拜一下家中养的狗，就完事了。当然灶王被拜了码头，那猫跑了，灶神自然得负责帮忙找回了。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-a56e39fe2074e5ec2d3772341dc91c1d_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>黄汉《猫苑》</figcaption></figure>\n<p>清代中期的杭州才女孙荪意，在《衔蝉小录》中辑录了《江淮记》记载的“捆灶追猫”：</p>\n<blockquote>“失猫者，禳灶神，乃以绳绠围捆于灶囱，数日猫反”。</blockquote>\n<p>也就是猫跑了之后，先拜灶神，并且用绳子绑住炉灶上方的烟囱（一般旁边就是灶王像），几天后，猫就会（被灶王爷拎）回来了。</p>\n<p><strong>这种寻猫方式，应当便是现代的“剪刀大法”在灶台周边大动干戈的起源。</strong></p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-a6a309ccdf8d92d677decc77da4ae94b_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>孙荪意《衔蝉小录》</figcaption></figure>\n<p>至于“剪刀”，我觉得很可能是起源自灶神的祭品“慈姑”。</p>\n<p>慈姑是一种泽泻科的水生植物，叶子外形独特，类似剪刀，早在宋代，便被叫作“<strong>剪刀</strong>”、“箭搭”。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-fef63cdbc3f93a8291172f3d28479a53_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>慈姑，又称茨菰、葃菇、燕尾草、白地栗</figcaption></figure>\n<p>宋人苏颂曾对慈姑作过形象的描绘：“剪刀草，茎干似嫩蒲，又似三棱草，其色深青，每丛十余茎，内抽出一两茎，上分枝，开四瓣小白花，蕊深黄色，根大者如杏，小者如栗。”</p>\n<p>在淮河以南的地区，民间一般会食用慈姑的肉制球茎。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-ea741c2feee7fd3da5d736aad2c24f8b_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>古代冬天上市的果蔬很少，而慈姑则正好是冬末春初上市的时令果蔬，于是在江南一带，在腊月二十四日送灶时，慈姑会被当做贡品摆在灶神神像之前，表示诚意。</p>\n<p>景象一如清末《上海竹枝词》所写的那样：</p>\n<blockquote>柏子冬于插遍檐，灶神酒果送朝天。胶牙买得糖元宝，更荐茨茹免奏愆。</blockquote>\n<p>慈姑本身有些苦涩，加上淀粉含量高，有些黏糊，很多人不太理解为何一边为灶神上供甜的胶牙糖，一边上供苦涩的慈姑。便又新解释说，胶牙糖是用来黏住灶神的嘴的，而吴语中“慈姑”与“是个”谐音，祭灶用慈姑的目的，就是希望灶神在打报告时，只应“是个”二字。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pica.zhimg.com/v2-5c935a86c5c5b8c3a4a877c055b38398_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>我怀疑是不是民间最早在灶前摆几个慈姑（剪刀）上供，希望工具人灶王爷能帮忙把猫找回来。</p>\n<p>后来由于现代不流行贴灶神像了，慈姑也因不好吃被很多人嫌弃。因此就在民间讹传成了“在灶前摆个碗，碗里放个剪刀”的寻猫法。</p>\n<p>至于现在网上最流行的“剪刀寻猫法”，其实是豆瓣用户“墨吉”<sup>[1]</sup>在 2Line truncated
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-        {
-          "title": "威海网友发视频称池塘惊现无头鱼，身首分离后仍在池中游动，游了好几天，鱼没头了为什么还能存活？",
-          "description": "<div><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-3c4b14319d9cceb40b3bade551436b6b_fhd.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"头图\"/><div><div>\n<p>有趣的是，没有头很可怕这件事正是“头”告诉你的。</p>\n<p>对有些动物来说，头的重要性体现在它拥有一个进食的器官，没有进食器官……会饿死。</p>\n<p>说到这里不如先给你讲讲无头鸡麦克的故事：</p>\n<p>1945 年 9 月 10 日，一个普通的下午。</p>\n<p>美国科罗拉多州一个普通的农民劳埃德·奥尔森一斧头砍下去一只 5 个半月大，取名叫麦克的怀恩多特鸡时，意外发生了。</p>\n<p><strong>鸡的头掉了，身子跑开了！</strong></p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-2e3f0974483871189b2f9aa6b8606c5a_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><strong>然后无头鸡麦克的传奇故事就这么开始了。</strong></p>\n<p><strong>这只没有头的鸡在主人的精心照顾下（</strong>用滴管对着砍掉的部位喂食<strong>）居然活了足足 18 个月！</strong></p>\n<p><strong>（详见</strong><a href=\"https://www.zhihu.com/question/306750589/answer/12247340379\">有什么关于鸡的冷知识吗？</a><strong>）</strong></p>\n<p>所以你看，对所有动物来说，头都一样的重要。</p>\n<p>但是对部分动物来说，只要还能摄入食物，不被饿死，有头没头都是一样的。</p>\n<p>头最重要的几个功能：</p>\n<p>1 呼吸</p>\n<p>2 神经调节</p>\n<p>3 进食</p>\n<p>以刚才的无头鸡麦克举例，农夫砍掉的位置非常精妙，只砍掉了喙的部分影响了进食功能，而保留了最重要的脑干，使得身体还能继续进行呼吸、进食等调节，甚至还能在木桩上保持平衡。</p>\n<p>而砍掉的位置也露出了气道，所以呼吸也没受到影响。</p>\n<p>因此能存活这么长的时间。</p>\n<p>这条鱼估计也是类似的情况，首先，鱼的很多基本生命活动（游泳反射、鳃的呼吸等）由<strong>脊髓和脑干下部</strong>调控，被咬掉头部时，只要脑干还在，鳃还能动，心脏还在跳，就能继续供氧，维持游泳等基本的运动。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-a83fcf089ba9da5be7289c42c9239d01_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>可以看出如果吃掉的是眼睛部分的位置，没有影响到脑干</figcaption></figure>\n<p>而且鱼类是变温动物，新陈代谢相对低，组织细胞对缺氧和损伤的耐受性更强，可以拖延死亡时间。</p>\n<p><strong>并且鱼类心脏没有大脑也能跳动。</strong></p>\n<p>这叫做<strong>自动节律性（自律性）</strong>，即心肌细胞能自发产生电信号引发收缩。这种特性源于心脏内部的<strong>特殊传导系统</strong>，无需外部神经输入即可维持规律跳动。离体的鲤鱼心脏在适宜条件下仍能持续跳动数十分钟至数小时。自主心跳确保鱼类在缺氧、低温或受伤时维持基础循环。</p>\n<p>无独有偶，2022 年的时候一条看起来没头没脑的橙斑鳢也曾经走红过：</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pica.zhimg.com/v2-d4bbc819a7dd330e09df6a12a603f736_720w.gif?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>仔细看会发现这条鱼只不过是没了上下颌以及眼睛，最关键的脑干和腮还在的。</p>\n<p>另外杀鱼的时候大家应该有印象，即便是鱼砍掉了头，切掉了内脏，剩下的躯体部分仍然能够动，甚至能动十几个小时，正是因为它们新陈代谢低，可以在失去中枢神经控制的情况下继续搏动一段时间。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pica.zhimg.com/v2-3b5ddd3cb68c672e1e98e8cda442352d_720w.gif?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>也就是说，如果给这条没头的鱼补充营养说不定能够存活更长的时间。</p>\n<p>但是跟无头鸡不一样的是，无头鱼是在水生环境，更容易受到感染，因此很难撑到无头鸡这么长的时间。</p>\n<p>如果能在无菌环境做实验，估计能有有趣的发现。</p>\n<p>另外大家可能听说过一个说法，没头的蟑螂不会马上死，过了几天最后是饿死的。</p>\n<p>原因就在于蟑螂、螳螂、蝗虫等昆虫，神经节分布在全身，不依赖单一大脑（不像哺乳动物主要由中枢神经调控），身体的神经节可短时间维持运动和气门呼吸。</p>\n<p>而且它们身体的体液（血淋巴）压力能维持循环，不需要封闭的血管系统。</p>\n<p>所以螳螂交配的时候母螳螂会先吃公螳螂的头，因为身体还能交配，可以留着交配完了再吃。</p>\n<p>那为什么哺乳动物断头就不行呢？</p>\n<p>我们还是从神经、呼吸、进食三个方面来考虑：</p>\n<p><strong>首先最重要的是哺乳动物的呼吸、心跳、血压维持等关键生命活动由<strong>延髓和脑干等中枢神经</strong>调控。</strong></p>Line truncated
-          "content": "<div><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-3c4b14319d9cceb40b3bade551436b6b_fhd.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"头图\"/><div><div>\n<p>有趣的是，没有头很可怕这件事正是“头”告诉你的。</p>\n<p>对有些动物来说，头的重要性体现在它拥有一个进食的器官，没有进食器官……会饿死。</p>\n<p>说到这里不如先给你讲讲无头鸡麦克的故事：</p>\n<p>1945 年 9 月 10 日，一个普通的下午。</p>\n<p>美国科罗拉多州一个普通的农民劳埃德·奥尔森一斧头砍下去一只 5 个半月大，取名叫麦克的怀恩多特鸡时，意外发生了。</p>\n<p><strong>鸡的头掉了，身子跑开了！</strong></p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-2e3f0974483871189b2f9aa6b8606c5a_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><strong>然后无头鸡麦克的传奇故事就这么开始了。</strong></p>\n<p><strong>这只没有头的鸡在主人的精心照顾下（</strong>用滴管对着砍掉的部位喂食<strong>）居然活了足足 18 个月！</strong></p>\n<p><strong>（详见</strong><a href=\"https://www.zhihu.com/question/306750589/answer/12247340379\">有什么关于鸡的冷知识吗？</a><strong>）</strong></p>\n<p>所以你看，对所有动物来说，头都一样的重要。</p>\n<p>但是对部分动物来说，只要还能摄入食物，不被饿死，有头没头都是一样的。</p>\n<p>头最重要的几个功能：</p>\n<p>1 呼吸</p>\n<p>2 神经调节</p>\n<p>3 进食</p>\n<p>以刚才的无头鸡麦克举例，农夫砍掉的位置非常精妙，只砍掉了喙的部分影响了进食功能，而保留了最重要的脑干，使得身体还能继续进行呼吸、进食等调节，甚至还能在木桩上保持平衡。</p>\n<p>而砍掉的位置也露出了气道，所以呼吸也没受到影响。</p>\n<p>因此能存活这么长的时间。</p>\n<p>这条鱼估计也是类似的情况，首先，鱼的很多基本生命活动（游泳反射、鳃的呼吸等）由<strong>脊髓和脑干下部</strong>调控，被咬掉头部时，只要脑干还在，鳃还能动，心脏还在跳，就能继续供氧，维持游泳等基本的运动。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-a83fcf089ba9da5be7289c42c9239d01_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>可以看出如果吃掉的是眼睛部分的位置，没有影响到脑干</figcaption></figure>\n<p>而且鱼类是变温动物，新陈代谢相对低，组织细胞对缺氧和损伤的耐受性更强，可以拖延死亡时间。</p>\n<p><strong>并且鱼类心脏没有大脑也能跳动。</strong></p>\n<p>这叫做<strong>自动节律性（自律性）</strong>，即心肌细胞能自发产生电信号引发收缩。这种特性源于心脏内部的<strong>特殊传导系统</strong>，无需外部神经输入即可维持规律跳动。离体的鲤鱼心脏在适宜条件下仍能持续跳动数十分钟至数小时。自主心跳确保鱼类在缺氧、低温或受伤时维持基础循环。</p>\n<p>无独有偶，2022 年的时候一条看起来没头没脑的橙斑鳢也曾经走红过：</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pica.zhimg.com/v2-d4bbc819a7dd330e09df6a12a603f736_720w.gif?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>仔细看会发现这条鱼只不过是没了上下颌以及眼睛，最关键的脑干和腮还在的。</p>\n<p>另外杀鱼的时候大家应该有印象，即便是鱼砍掉了头，切掉了内脏，剩下的躯体部分仍然能够动，甚至能动十几个小时，正是因为它们新陈代谢低，可以在失去中枢神经控制的情况下继续搏动一段时间。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pica.zhimg.com/v2-3b5ddd3cb68c672e1e98e8cda442352d_720w.gif?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>也就是说，如果给这条没头的鱼补充营养说不定能够存活更长的时间。</p>\n<p>但是跟无头鸡不一样的是，无头鱼是在水生环境，更容易受到感染，因此很难撑到无头鸡这么长的时间。</p>\n<p>如果能在无菌环境做实验，估计能有有趣的发现。</p>\n<p>另外大家可能听说过一个说法，没头的蟑螂不会马上死，过了几天最后是饿死的。</p>\n<p>原因就在于蟑螂、螳螂、蝗虫等昆虫，神经节分布在全身，不依赖单一大脑（不像哺乳动物主要由中枢神经调控），身体的神经节可短时间维持运动和气门呼吸。</p>\n<p>而且它们身体的体液（血淋巴）压力能维持循环，不需要封闭的血管系统。</p>\n<p>所以螳螂交配的时候母螳螂会先吃公螳螂的头，因为身体还能交配，可以留着交配完了再吃。</p>\n<p>那为什么哺乳动物断头就不行呢？</p>\n<p>我们还是从神经、呼吸、进食三个方面来考虑：</p>\n<p><strong>首先最重要的是哺乳动物的呼吸、心跳、血压维持等关键生命活动由<strong>延髓和脑干等中枢神经</strong>调控。</strong></p>\n<pLine truncated
-          "category": "",
-          "link": "https://daily.zhihu.com/story/9783965",
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-          "pubDate": "Mon, 15 Sep 2025 00:27:02 +0000",
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         {
           "title": "蜜蜂是如何制作出那么完美的六边形蜂巢的？",
           "description": "<div><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-9d11d063918d147eb79fac5c6a063c45_fhd.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"头图\"/><div><div>\n<p>一个很反直觉的事实：蜜蜂（蜜蜂属<em>Apis spp.</em>）并不是主动将它们的蜂房做成六边形的。</p>\n<p>要想知道其中的缘由，我们需要了解一下蜂巢的结构，以及蜂房建造的过程。</p>\n<p>我们有时会听到养蜂人喊几脾蜂几脾蜂，这个脾指的是巢脾，这是一种板状、垂直的蜡质结构，构成了蜂巢的地基和墙壁。较为基干的大蜜蜂亚属和小蜜蜂亚属的蜂巢都仅由单个巢脾构成，而蜜蜂亚属，包括我们熟悉的西方蜜蜂和东方蜜蜂，拥有多个巢脾排列而成的蜂巢。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-4df63d5b17eff6fb4eb4a5796ceb88cc_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>大蜜蜂迁徙后留下的空巢脾，它们的巢穴仅由单个巢脾构成。</figcaption></figure>\n<p>巢脾的两侧排列着蜂房。蜂房的底部互相交错，形成一面凹凸不平的墙壁，这堵墙构成了巢脾的主干。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-1f5c5b2009585655c9ef0f0a9ef13975_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>图片仅供参考示意，不代表蜜蜂真实建筑水平。本人绘制</figcaption></figure>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-0400919327b4f212c966932e227482ac_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>从侧面切开的巢脾。图源 alamy</figcaption></figure>\n<p>在自然状态下，巢脾是倒挂的，因此蜜蜂在扩建巢脾时都是从下方或侧面着手。这个过程起始于蜜蜂在末端的两个蜂房之间铺设一小块蜂蜡，作为墙壁的延伸，同时它也是新蜂房的地基。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pica.zhimg.com/v2-fb3295daf048bfb366c9475d20bc2c00_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>图片仅供参考示意，不代表蜜蜂真实建筑水平。本人绘制</figcaption></figure>\n<p>蜜蜂会用触角测量地基的尺寸，确保大小和其他蜂房别无二致。在准备无误之后，它们开始在地基周围用蜂蜡建造墙壁。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-847e1f8d4e26e00d08208dcba4fe5229_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>图片仅供参考示意，不代表蜜蜂真实建筑水平。本人绘制</figcaption></figure>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-a0e723148ae894b24a50e8d5e7b55a1d_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>巢脾边缘新建的蜂巢。图源网络</figcaption></figure>\n<p>墙壁建设到与其他蜂房深度一致后，新蜂房便大功告成。这个时候，新蜂房是圆柱形的。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-8e8c188e8dfa223fb402e40c890fd9eb_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>图片仅供参考示意，不代表蜜蜂真实建筑水平。本人绘制</figcaption></figure>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-a45f649a17c7ac8da52be89355b86b24_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>巢脾的扩建过程，左侧为计算机模拟。图源网络</figcaption></figure>\n<p>在这个时候，我们可以发现，新蜂房上方的蜂房墙壁会向其施加压力，这会使得新蜂房靠上的边被挤压，由于蜡是柔软且可塑的，它们会逐步变得平直。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-4af881a7b8fda8df755577298bf8d9a0_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>图片仅供参考示意，不代表蜜蜂真实建筑水平。本人绘制</figcaption></figure>\n<p>如果蜜蜂继续向下扩建巢脾，那么新蜂房最终会被包围。由于蜜蜂在蜂房的空隙间新建蜂房，那么它注定会被六个蜂房围绕：一个圆最多只能被六个和它一样大的圆相切。这时候，由于每个蜂房大小和结构都几乎一致，新蜂房受到的来自六个方向的力几乎一样大，最终会使它的墙壁形成六条边，成为类似六边形的结构。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-88665d929e7699c858ad360af668ede3_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>图片仅供参考示意，不代表蜜蜂真实建筑水平。本人绘制</figcaption></figure>\n<p>这种六边形互相交错的模式即为圆在平面上的最密堆积。在自然界，这种情况不少见，例如火成岩收缩时形成的<span>柱状节理</span>。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-efdf178d470788d2b2f9eff500ec638b_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>北爱尔兰巨人堤道的柱状节理，图源网络</figcaption></figure>\n<p>但是可以发现，上面的岩石有些并不是六边形，蜂巢也一样。理想条件下，蜂房六条边受到的力相同才可以形成正六边形，但是蜜蜂毕竟是动物不是机器，建造时出现偏差是难免的。这会导致不时出现一些歪七扭八的蜂房：</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2Line truncated
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-        {
-          "title": "研究发现「睡够 8 小时」可能是很多人的认知误区，过度追求八小时反增风险，怎么「睡」才最健康？",
-          "description": "<div><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-8651719dc3be5d8519672450713b1446_fhd.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"头图\"/><div><div>\n<p>这项来自 2021 年的研究只能提示相关性，不能证明因果，实际上原文结果只提示了 7 小时附近风险最低，过短或过长都可能提示潜在健康问题，并没有进一步说明“8 小时就是误区”。<strong>而且要注意，这个研究人群平均年龄 54.5 岁，结果并不适合一刀切推广到所有群体</strong>，对于我国大部分年轻人每天能睡满 8 小时的比例本来就很低，我不明白为什么新闻却好像在提醒大家「别睡太多」？？？</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-fa9eaa508607bdbe0451175ca4ae3119_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>下面我们细品这个新闻</p>\n<hr>\n<p>睡眠这个话题绝对是一个永恒的痛点。它既关乎生理健康，也关乎社会环境，甚至成了当代人最普遍的焦虑来源。看看身边，你会发现真正能躺平到“睡太多”的少之又少，大多数人反而都在为“睡不够”发愁。能安稳睡满 8 小时，已经是成年人心里的“小奢侈”，而不是“误区”。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-f9e4a40ce12034c772b1d6f98697db99_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>准确来说，并没有 8 小时这么精准的睡眠时间需求，事实上，国际医学与睡眠专家的共识<sup>[1]</sup><strong>对成年人的一般建议是每晚睡 7-9 小时，注意这是针对成年人。</strong></p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-17f4bf819608989c826cd600778dd5f7_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>不对啊柯南，学生睡得更少啊</figcaption></figure>\n<p>目前关于这些最佳睡眠时间的研究，多数也只是强调了<em>相关关系</em>而不是<em>因果关系</em>。</p>\n<p>观察性研究能虽然能发现“某些现象经常结伴出现”，但这并不意味着一个导致另一个。这里的关系可以有很多种情况，可以是 A 引起 B 或 B 引起 A；又或者 A 和 B 都是由 C 引起的等情况。就像在小区门口蹲点，发现“拎垃圾袋的人更容易穿拖鞋”，真正的原因是“家里垃圾满 / 要去倒垃圾”，而不是垃圾袋让人换了鞋。</p>\n<p>放到睡眠上也一样：数据里看到“长睡眠”和“更高风险”经常绑在一起，但这更可能是身体本来就有慢病或压力——它们既让人嗜睡，也带来更高风险。实际上，标题中这篇研究的作者自己也提示了局限：有残余混杂变量（比如没纳入睡眠质量、抑郁、社会经济因素），也存在反向因果的可能（只排除了自报的心血管病和癌症，其他慢病慢性炎症等可能仍然在样本里会导致睡眠延长），因此结论只能提示相关，不能证明因果。</p>\n<p>也正由此，比起去纠结“到底是 7 小时还是 8 小时最好”，现实里更值得关注的是——真正的睡眠时长有没有被高估，是否真正掌握了自己的睡眠需求。</p>\n<p>实际上，考虑到我们入睡和<span>半夜醒来</span>所花费的时间，我们的<strong>睡眠时间往往少于预期的理论时间，睡眠效率不会达到百分百</strong>。</p>\n<p>哪怕你算准了在 23 点就寝，而在早上 7 点闹钟响起，精准在理论上算好了八个小时。但实际上当我们躺下去时一般不会立即睡着，也许会花大约 30 分钟玩手机，然后，再经过大约 30 分钟的辗转反侧，才最终进入深度睡眠。</p>\n<p>而这些都还没算上平常不断积累的疲惫和身体状态，比如当你生病了，就可能需要更多睡眠以支持机体康复，毕竟睡眠和免疫系统的运作密不可分<sup>[2]</sup>。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-88760daad4da9c7db745c9a8b14e83ce_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>实际上不用研究也能从生活的经历中清晰地看到：</p>\n<ul>\n<li>有些人工作压力更大，可能需要更多的睡眠时间才能得到充分休息，</li>\n<li>而有些人闲来无事钓钓鱼，那所需要的睡眠时间当然更少就能获得充分休息。</li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>因此，睡眠需求因人而异，受年龄、基因、生活方式和整体健康状况等因素的影响。重要的是要了解我们身体的睡眠需求，以支持我们的整体健康状态</strong>。</p>\n<p><strong><strong>如何弄清自己的睡眠需求？睡多睡少都不好</strong></strong></p>\n<p>睡得少肯定不舒服，这已经有很多研究证明了，睡眠不足使人极度疲劳、注意力下降、推理能力下降，这些情况并不会按顺序出现，根据个体差异性，可能同时发生<sup>[3]</sup>。生活经历也告诉我们睡得少不仅不健康，而且不安全（比如高危作业时）。</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.zhiLine truncated
-          "content": "<div><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-8651719dc3be5d8519672450713b1446_fhd.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"头图\"/><div><div>\n<p>这项来自 2021 年的研究只能提示相关性，不能证明因果，实际上原文结果只提示了 7 小时附近风险最低，过短或过长都可能提示潜在健康问题，并没有进一步说明“8 小时就是误区”。<strong>而且要注意，这个研究人群平均年龄 54.5 岁，结果并不适合一刀切推广到所有群体</strong>，对于我国大部分年轻人每天能睡满 8 小时的比例本来就很低，我不明白为什么新闻却好像在提醒大家「别睡太多」？？？</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-fa9eaa508607bdbe0451175ca4ae3119_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>下面我们细品这个新闻</p>\n<hr>\n<p>睡眠这个话题绝对是一个永恒的痛点。它既关乎生理健康，也关乎社会环境，甚至成了当代人最普遍的焦虑来源。看看身边，你会发现真正能躺平到“睡太多”的少之又少，大多数人反而都在为“睡不够”发愁。能安稳睡满 8 小时，已经是成年人心里的“小奢侈”，而不是“误区”。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-f9e4a40ce12034c772b1d6f98697db99_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>准确来说，并没有 8 小时这么精准的睡眠时间需求，事实上，国际医学与睡眠专家的共识<sup>[1]</sup><strong>对成年人的一般建议是每晚睡 7-9 小时，注意这是针对成年人。</strong></p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-17f4bf819608989c826cd600778dd5f7_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>不对啊柯南，学生睡得更少啊</figcaption></figure>\n<p>目前关于这些最佳睡眠时间的研究，多数也只是强调了<em>相关关系</em>而不是<em>因果关系</em>。</p>\n<p>观察性研究能虽然能发现“某些现象经常结伴出现”，但这并不意味着一个导致另一个。这里的关系可以有很多种情况，可以是 A 引起 B 或 B 引起 A；又或者 A 和 B 都是由 C 引起的等情况。就像在小区门口蹲点，发现“拎垃圾袋的人更容易穿拖鞋”，真正的原因是“家里垃圾满 / 要去倒垃圾”，而不是垃圾袋让人换了鞋。</p>\n<p>放到睡眠上也一样：数据里看到“长睡眠”和“更高风险”经常绑在一起，但这更可能是身体本来就有慢病或压力——它们既让人嗜睡，也带来更高风险。实际上，标题中这篇研究的作者自己也提示了局限：有残余混杂变量（比如没纳入睡眠质量、抑郁、社会经济因素），也存在反向因果的可能（只排除了自报的心血管病和癌症，其他慢病慢性炎症等可能仍然在样本里会导致睡眠延长），因此结论只能提示相关，不能证明因果。</p>\n<p>也正由此，比起去纠结“到底是 7 小时还是 8 小时最好”，现实里更值得关注的是——真正的睡眠时长有没有被高估，是否真正掌握了自己的睡眠需求。</p>\n<p>实际上，考虑到我们入睡和<span>半夜醒来</span>所花费的时间，我们的<strong>睡眠时间往往少于预期的理论时间，睡眠效率不会达到百分百</strong>。</p>\n<p>哪怕你算准了在 23 点就寝，而在早上 7 点闹钟响起，精准在理论上算好了八个小时。但实际上当我们躺下去时一般不会立即睡着，也许会花大约 30 分钟玩手机，然后，再经过大约 30 分钟的辗转反侧，才最终进入深度睡眠。</p>\n<p>而这些都还没算上平常不断积累的疲惫和身体状态，比如当你生病了，就可能需要更多睡眠以支持机体康复，毕竟睡眠和免疫系统的运作密不可分<sup>[2]</sup>。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-88760daad4da9c7db745c9a8b14e83ce_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>实际上不用研究也能从生活的经历中清晰地看到：</p>\n<ul>\n<li>有些人工作压力更大，可能需要更多的睡眠时间才能得到充分休息，</li>\n<li>而有些人闲来无事钓钓鱼，那所需要的睡眠时间当然更少就能获得充分休息。</li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>因此，睡眠需求因人而异，受年龄、基因、生活方式和整体健康状况等因素的影响。重要的是要了解我们身体的睡眠需求，以支持我们的整体健康状态</strong>。</p>\n<p><strong><strong>如何弄清自己的睡眠需求？睡多睡少都不好</strong></strong></p>\n<p>睡得少肯定不舒服，这已经有很多研究证明了，睡眠不足使人极度疲劳、注意力下降、推理能力下降，这些情况并不会按顺序出现，根据个体差异性，可能同时发生<sup>[3]</sup>。生活经历也告诉我们睡得少不仅不健康，而且不安全（比如高危作业时）。</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.zhihu.cLine truncated
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-          "pubDate": "Sun, 14 Sep 2025 00:27:02 +0000",
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         {
           "title": "孙悟空的筋斗云属于哪种云，积云、卷云还是其他云？",
           "description": "<div><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-6f19f6c5e593a925864c70229b06f0a3_fhd.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"头图\"/><div><div>\n<p>孙悟空的筋斗云既不是积云，也不是卷云。</p>\n<p><strong>让我们来看原著。</strong></p>\n<p>第四十九回《三藏有灾沉水宅 观音救难现鱼篮》通天河一战，唐僧师徒夜宿陈家庄时撞上灵感大王索要童男童女，孙悟空化身童男后，发现灵感大王是体制内的，原是观音菩萨莲花池中的金鱼精，于是便不打了，去找观音。</p>\n<p>原文是这么写的：</p>\n<blockquote>好大圣，急纵祥光，躲离河口，径赴南海。那里消半个时辰，早望见落伽山不远，低下云头，径至普陀崖上。</blockquote>\n<p>也就是说，从通天河到普陀崖，孙悟空的筋斗云用了 1 个小时左右。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-d90b985d8ede499d1f3486f54bddcb16_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><strong>那这个距离有多远呢？</strong></p>\n<p>在第四十七回，师徒二人三兽刚到通天河 check in 时，入住地的老施主是这么说的：</p>\n<blockquote>东土大唐到我这里，有五万四千里路。</blockquote>\n<p>通天河是整个取经路的中点，到长安 5.4 万里。按照唐《令》规定“一步五尺，三百步为一里”以及唐代名将郭子仪之孙郭锜墓志给出的信息、以及《长安志·唐京城》的记载，可以推算出 1 唐大里约为 500 多米，1 唐小里约为 400 多米，这里不管唐里、市里和华里的区别了，就粗糙地按 1 公里为 2 里来看数量级，那么通天河距长安约 2.7 万公里。</p>\n<p>虽然吧，地球的赤道周长也就 4 万公里，这 2.7 万公里的通天河，都能到密西西比河一个来回了，但既然猪都能说话，这说明不是我们这个平行宇宙的地球版本。</p>\n<p>西安到普陀山码头大约 1500 公里，考虑到三角形一边长小于另两边长之和，那么从通天河到普陀山也就 2.8 万公里左右。</p>\n<p><strong>筋斗云的空速</strong></p>\n<p>师傅被妖怪抓去了，悟空去搬救兵应该是全速飞行，所以可知其筋斗云的最大速度是 2.8 万公里 / 小时左右。</p>\n<p>这相当于 22～23 马赫左右，也就是音速的 22～23 倍。</p>\n<p>当然，如果按照实际情况，长安到天竺（今印度）的取经路中间，应该在新疆西藏青海一带，那里到普陀山码头大约 3000 公里左右，那么就相当于 2～3 马赫。</p>\n<p>我们知道，自然云都是靠风推着走的，地球上的台风再猛，也超不过音速，这几天正好有台风杨柳，按历史数据，在台风中的云，时速最多也就 100 公里 / 小时左右，远远不及声速，更赶不上悟空。</p>\n<p>再者说，自然云都有“根”。积云生于水汽凝结，卷云来自冰晶沉积，可筋斗云呢？在《西游记》里，它是随叫随到，呼之即来。</p>\n<p>所以结论就有了：筋斗云绝非积云、卷云之流。</p>\n<p>所以我猜，筋斗云可能是一种特殊的云：</p>\n<p><strong>“凝结云”</strong></p>\n<p>我们知道，物体以超音速在空气中运动时，周围空气会因为突然被压缩又膨胀，会导致水蒸气瞬间凝结成小水滴，形成一团可见的“云”。这种现象常见于飞机突破音障的瞬间，俗称“音爆云”。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-26d8910642cfc3fe5adb8682c8d80d7f_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>你看，这个像虎皮裙一样的蒸汽锥，不就跟孙悟空的筋斗云对上号了吗？一个筋斗十万八千里，速度远超音速，空气“炸”出云来也不稀奇。</p>\n<p>这个成云的关键，在于空气的“绝热膨胀”。当悟空高速移动时，前头的空气被猛烈压缩，压力骤增，温度飙升，但当悟空一飞过，后方空气又急速膨胀，压力暴跌，温度骤降。温度下降到低于<span>饱和温度</span>后，如果空气中湿度够高，水蒸气就会凝结成小水滴，聚成一团白雾——这就是凝结云。</p>\n<p>这里多说一句。冷凝云并不意味着一定得超音速。只要有足够高的湿度，凝结云就可以在机翼上或翼尖处产生，所以有时会在机场附近的亚音速飞行的飞机周围也能看到这种白色的云雾生成，或者在较低温的高空出现。</p>\n<p>另外，卷云的形成比较慢，通常需要长达小时计的时长才能在零下几十度形成冰晶沉积。积云的话，它靠太阳加热地面，水汽上升凝结，速度也很慢。而凝结云跟速度挂钩，是“运动造云”，符合孙大圣的筋斗的特性——动则生云，静则散。更妙的是，凝结云不持久，一飞过很快就消散了，这也对应《西游记》里筋斗云“来无影去无踪”的描述。</p>\n<p><strong>为什么Line truncated
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-        {
-          "title": "为什么我总是会因为有事情未完成而焦虑不安？",
-          "description": "<div><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-c8b3d7cdca2916e51a43831e77f7b1a9_fhd.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"头图\"/><div><div>\n<p>其实这非常正常，每个人天生就有一种做事要有始有终的驱动力，所以会因为事情被打断无法完成而焦虑不安，这就是蔡格尼克效应（Zeigarnik effect）带来的影响。</p>\n<p><strong>蔡格尼克效应指：当人们专注于某项任务时，若突然被打断工作，则会表现出强烈的意愿想要继续完成任务。</strong></p>\n<p>蔡格尼克效应的发现，最早还要从一个心理学实验说起……</p>\n<p><strong>蔡森尼克效应</strong><strong><strong>1.记忆“时好时坏”的服务员</strong></strong></p>\n<p>心理学家 Kurt Lewin 在餐馆和朋友们聚餐时发现，尽管他们已经点完单很久了，结账时服务员却依然清晰地记得他们都点过什么菜；可结完账后没多久，Lewin 再次询问服务员，却发现他已经完全不记得账单了[1]。</p>\n<p>这件事引起了她的学生 Bluma Zeigarnik 的注意。</p>\n<p><strong>对于未完成事件和对于已完成事件之间，人们的记忆是否存在着显著差异呢？</strong></p>\n<p>因此，她做了一系列的实验来验证这个假设。</p>\n<p>她先是给参与者布置了一系列的小任务，诸如制作硬纸板、猜谜等等。</p>\n<p>当参与者完成一半任务之后，研究者会突然打断他们的工作（专挑参与者最为专注的时候），让其转而进行其他任务。</p>\n<p>在实验结束后，研究者会让参与者尽可能回忆自己做过的任务，并统计其中已完成和未完成任务的数量。</p>\n<p>结果发现，<strong>参与者回忆起的未完成任务数量在统计学上的平均值来计算达到了已完成任务的 1.9 倍</strong>！在个别参与者身上，这个比例甚至达到了 5 倍。并且，许多参与者在被打断时表现出了较为强烈的情绪反应，执着地想要把任务继续做完[2]。后来的学者便将这种现象称为蔡格尼克效应。</p>\n<p>因此，当我们沉浸于某项任务时，外界强迫中断会让我们更加想要完成任务，这种冲动将会持续一段时间才慢慢褪去，甚至在你接着做其他事情的时候还继续干扰着你的注意。</p>\n<p><strong><strong>2.心理张力的存储与释放</strong></strong></p>\n<p>Zeigarnik 用<strong>“心理张力”（psychological tension）</strong>的概念来解释这一现象。心理张力是存在于我们内心的一种能量，比如我们所产生的需求，它如弓弦紧绷，促使我们行动起来。而我们就像架在弓弦上的箭，在心理张力的驱使下奔向目标。而当行为被完成后，张力便会得到释放[3]，就像弓弦松了下来。</p>\n<p>研究者认为，正是因为任务被突然打断，因需求而产生的心理张力没能完全得到释放，残余的力量使我们不愿停下，进而占据了我们的记忆[2]。</p>\n<p>当某项工作吸引了我们的注意时，完成工作得到反馈的需要就产生了。我们储满了心理张力，正蓄势待发之时却陡然被打断，残留的张力无法被释放。因此在回忆任务时，剩余的张力系统对我们回想未完成的任务起了帮助，使我们的记忆更深刻。</p>\n<p><strong><strong>什么会影响蔡格尼克效应的强度？</strong></strong><strong><strong>1.差一点，却难忘“亿点”</strong></strong></p>\n<p>回忆一下，只差一步就做出来的题，是否让你懊恼许久？只差一点儿就播完的歌，是不是更想把它听完？</p>\n<p>早在 Zeigarnik 的研究中，实验结果就显示，<strong>那些在最后关头被打断的任务被回忆起的程度更高</strong>；近几年的另一项研究也发现，中断时剩余的任务越少，参与者继续完成任务的动机就越强[4]。换言之，“只差一点儿了”往往会使人对未能完成的事件留下更深的执念。</p>\n<p><strong><strong>2.假如制定了计划</strong></strong></p>\n<p>如果提前让参与者描述自己在未来几天内需要完成的重要事情，所带来的蔡格尼克效应会使得他们在当前任务中的专注程度明显下降。</p>\n<p>但如果在参与者描述完未完成的事情后要求他们详细说明他们将在何时、何地、以何种方式完成它，以及有多大的期望顺利完成它，则会使得他们在当前任务中走神的次数显著减少[5]。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-059527667fd85c65f444521be47ff757_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>(图源网络，侵删)</figcaption></figure>\n<p>想象一下，假如下周有一场非常重要的考试，此时你需要专注地复习，却由于担忧而总是分神去想象考试那天的情景；又或者在工作时总是回想起没有做完的琐事、没追完的剧……此时就可以通过为Line truncated
-          "content": "<div><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-c8b3d7cdca2916e51a43831e77f7b1a9_fhd.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"头图\"/><div><div>\n<p>其实这非常正常，每个人天生就有一种做事要有始有终的驱动力，所以会因为事情被打断无法完成而焦虑不安，这就是蔡格尼克效应（Zeigarnik effect）带来的影响。</p>\n<p><strong>蔡格尼克效应指：当人们专注于某项任务时，若突然被打断工作，则会表现出强烈的意愿想要继续完成任务。</strong></p>\n<p>蔡格尼克效应的发现，最早还要从一个心理学实验说起……</p>\n<p><strong>蔡森尼克效应</strong><strong><strong>1.记忆“时好时坏”的服务员</strong></strong></p>\n<p>心理学家 Kurt Lewin 在餐馆和朋友们聚餐时发现，尽管他们已经点完单很久了，结账时服务员却依然清晰地记得他们都点过什么菜；可结完账后没多久，Lewin 再次询问服务员，却发现他已经完全不记得账单了[1]。</p>\n<p>这件事引起了她的学生 Bluma Zeigarnik 的注意。</p>\n<p><strong>对于未完成事件和对于已完成事件之间，人们的记忆是否存在着显著差异呢？</strong></p>\n<p>因此，她做了一系列的实验来验证这个假设。</p>\n<p>她先是给参与者布置了一系列的小任务，诸如制作硬纸板、猜谜等等。</p>\n<p>当参与者完成一半任务之后，研究者会突然打断他们的工作（专挑参与者最为专注的时候），让其转而进行其他任务。</p>\n<p>在实验结束后，研究者会让参与者尽可能回忆自己做过的任务，并统计其中已完成和未完成任务的数量。</p>\n<p>结果发现，<strong>参与者回忆起的未完成任务数量在统计学上的平均值来计算达到了已完成任务的 1.9 倍</strong>！在个别参与者身上，这个比例甚至达到了 5 倍。并且，许多参与者在被打断时表现出了较为强烈的情绪反应，执着地想要把任务继续做完[2]。后来的学者便将这种现象称为蔡格尼克效应。</p>\n<p>因此，当我们沉浸于某项任务时，外界强迫中断会让我们更加想要完成任务，这种冲动将会持续一段时间才慢慢褪去，甚至在你接着做其他事情的时候还继续干扰着你的注意。</p>\n<p><strong><strong>2.心理张力的存储与释放</strong></strong></p>\n<p>Zeigarnik 用<strong>“心理张力”（psychological tension）</strong>的概念来解释这一现象。心理张力是存在于我们内心的一种能量，比如我们所产生的需求，它如弓弦紧绷，促使我们行动起来。而我们就像架在弓弦上的箭，在心理张力的驱使下奔向目标。而当行为被完成后，张力便会得到释放[3]，就像弓弦松了下来。</p>\n<p>研究者认为，正是因为任务被突然打断，因需求而产生的心理张力没能完全得到释放，残余的力量使我们不愿停下，进而占据了我们的记忆[2]。</p>\n<p>当某项工作吸引了我们的注意时，完成工作得到反馈的需要就产生了。我们储满了心理张力，正蓄势待发之时却陡然被打断，残留的张力无法被释放。因此在回忆任务时，剩余的张力系统对我们回想未完成的任务起了帮助，使我们的记忆更深刻。</p>\n<p><strong><strong>什么会影响蔡格尼克效应的强度？</strong></strong><strong><strong>1.差一点，却难忘“亿点”</strong></strong></p>\n<p>回忆一下，只差一步就做出来的题，是否让你懊恼许久？只差一点儿就播完的歌，是不是更想把它听完？</p>\n<p>早在 Zeigarnik 的研究中，实验结果就显示，<strong>那些在最后关头被打断的任务被回忆起的程度更高</strong>；近几年的另一项研究也发现，中断时剩余的任务越少，参与者继续完成任务的动机就越强[4]。换言之，“只差一点儿了”往往会使人对未能完成的事件留下更深的执念。</p>\n<p><strong><strong>2.假如制定了计划</strong></strong></p>\n<p>如果提前让参与者描述自己在未来几天内需要完成的重要事情，所带来的蔡格尼克效应会使得他们在当前任务中的专注程度明显下降。</p>\n<p>但如果在参与者描述完未完成的事情后要求他们详细说明他们将在何时、何地、以何种方式完成它，以及有多大的期望顺利完成它，则会使得他们在当前任务中走神的次数显著减少[5]。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-059527667fd85c65f444521be47ff757_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>(图源网络，侵删)</figcaption></figure>\n<p>想象一下，假如下周有一场非常重要的考试，此时你需要专注地复习，却由于担忧而总是分神去想象考试那天的情景；又或者在工作时总是回想起没有做完的琐事、没追完的剧……此时就可以通过为待办Line truncated
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-          "link": "https://daily.zhihu.com/story/9783919",
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-          "pubDate": "Sat, 13 Sep 2025 00:27:03 +0000",
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         {
           "title": "为什么灯有电就会亮呢？",
           "description": "<div><img src=\"http://pica.zhimg.com/v2-1800486b794746baabe40bbac5ed5a21_fhd.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"头图\"/><div><div>\n<p>有意思的问题。虽然看似十分粗浅，且真想回答好却很不容易。我来科普一番吧。</p>\n<hr>\n<p><strong>先说答案：电流流过照明灯具，因为焦耳发热（白炽灯）和辉光放电（日光灯）的原因，产生光线而发光。目前使用更多的 LED 灯，则是利用发光二极管的原理来产生光线。由此可见，不管是哪种照明灯具，电流流过灯具而产生发光现象，是让灯具亮起来的必要条件。</strong></p>\n<p><strong>我们日常使用的家用电器，它们利用通电后的电动力效应（例如洗衣机和电冰箱）、发热效应（例如电烤炉和电饭锅）和辐射效应（例如微波炉）来为我们服务，可见它们离不开电。至于手机，则是利用集成电路的数字通信技术来工作，其内部安装了电池。如果手机使用时间过长且未充电，手机就会因为缺少电能供应而停机。</strong></p>\n<p>可见，电为家用电器和手机提供了能量，这就是“<strong>灯有电就会亮</strong>”的原因。</p>\n<p>以下，我们来探讨一番白炽灯和日光灯的工作原理。</p>\n<p><strong>1.白炽灯通电后就会亮起来的原理</strong></p>\n<p>我们看下图：</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-be98881cc80df7f8b8ba5784d70445e7_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>图 1：白炽灯</figcaption></figure>\n<p>白炽灯目前很少见到了。在我小时候，那时候白炽灯可是主要照明灯具。不管是家里，还是幼儿园和小学，还有商场，都使用白炽灯。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-317b1b69a6af78f28c7c185f52740a83_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>图 2：上世纪灯具商店内部布置的景象，大多数都是白炽灯</figcaption></figure>\n<p>记得小时候进入灯具店，感到非常热。为何？因为白炽灯是靠电流流过钨丝产生发热而发光的，当然很热了。</p>\n<p>我们看下图：</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-6e3ffad3af82608879b9e21aba1911a5_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>图 3：白炽灯一通电就亮起来了</figcaption></figure>\n<p>我们注意看图 3 左侧的白炽信号灯，它内部的灯丝是钨丝，电阻率相对较大。</p>\n<p>图 3 右侧繁星所指的信号灯额定电压是 12V 额定功率是 1W，我们用初中物理来计算它的额定电流：</p>\n<p><img src=\"https://www.zhihu.com/equation?tex=I_n%3DP_n%2FU_n%3D1%2F12%5Capprox+0.08333A\" alt=\"\" eeimg=\"1\"></p>\n<p>信号灯钨丝的电阻是：</p>\n<p><img src=\"https://www.zhihu.com/equation?tex=R%3D%5Cfrac%7BU_n%5E2%7D%7BP_n%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7B12%5E2%7D%7B1%7D%3D144%5COmega\" alt=\"\" eeimg=\"1\"></p>\n<p>别看电流这么小，但灯丝（钨丝）的电阻相对较大，故电流流过灯丝（钨丝）时也足以让其升温到 1700℃‌左右。</p>\n<p>关于导体流过电流后的表面温度计算，其方法远远超过初中物理知识的范畴。以下给出计算式，我们来浏览一番：</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-7c31fd2b144c39a0f2bc3937fa5caec3_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>图 4：导线表面瞬时温度的计算式</figcaption></figure>\n<p>利用图 4 的计算式就能算出钨丝的表面温度。既然繁星都怕怕，我们就不算了吧，笑！</p>\n<p>我小时候看过铁匠打铁。铁匠把铁放到炉内加热，当铁的温度上升后，铁发出黄红色光芒并变软，此时铁匠就把铁取出来敲打成产品。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-5c74605980dfd7efd8ef3c0d572ebb57_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>图 5：铁匠打铁</figcaption></figure>\n<p>图 5 中铁的温度在 1300℃左右，发出黄红色的光。</p>\n<p>同样的道理，钨丝在 1700℃高温下其内部钨原子发生电子跃迁继而产生的光辐射，发出黄白色的光。‌</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-49551b9e19dcdbabb62080623c7826af_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>图 6：白炽灯的钨丝流过电流后发出黄白色光</figcaption></figure>\n<p>由于白炽灯耗能很大，故随着技术发展，到了现在白炽灯几乎绝迹。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-2a09e5a2a03276394bd01be2b79188e5_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>图 7：白炽灯被淘汰了，几乎绝迹</figcaption></figure>\n<p>所以，我们现在很少看到白炽灯了。</p>\n<p><strong>2.关于日光灯通电后亮起来的原理</strong></p>\n<p>日光灯通电后亮起来的原理，与气体击穿有关。</p>\n<p>由于日光灯的工作原理相对复杂，我就以之前的回答帖来链接回答吧。</p>\n<p>关于气体的击穿，可参阅以下帖子：</p>\n<p><a href=Line truncated
@@ -1172,28 +1084,6 @@
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-        {
-          "title": "为什么电风扇没有设计成像人扇扇子那样上下扇动，而是旋转吹风？",
-          "description": "<div><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-5bc25f2d4b199ef3d2446239c6ae964c_fhd.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"头图\"/><div><div>\n<p>好吧，我们来搓个会摇扇子的电风扇。</p>\n<p>首先我们要考虑如何将马达的回转运动转变成往复运动。</p>\n<p>这点不复杂，只需要一个曲柄摇杆即可。</p>\n<p><strong>听着曲柄摇杆有点不知所以然是不是？</strong></p>\n<p>真不复杂，只需要四根长度不同的木条，然后用铰链链接。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-da71ccf5d0f6e183133327d113c84247_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>分别是 a 曲柄，负责绑上马达转。b 连杆，负责连起来，c 摇杆，负责摇，d 机架，负责机啊不对负责固定。</p>\n<p><strong>要求是最短杆必须是连架杆，一般是曲柄</strong></p>\n<p><strong>最短杆与最长杆的长度之和，要比其他两个杆的和小，比如：<em>a</em>+<em>d</em>≤<em>b</em>+<em>c。</em></strong></p>\n<p><em>不然曲柄无法做 360°转动。</em></p>\n<p><em>然后启动马达，就可以看到 c 摇杆开始疯狂摆动了。</em></p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pica.zhimg.com/v2-42f0d662ab82d04be56c6fbd3de3a7b8_720w.gif?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>那有小伙伴讲啊，</p>\n<p>这只能看到他在前后摇摆练铁山靠，没摇扇子啊。</p>\n<p>你把它竖起来，延长摇杆不就得了。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-ff925606d9b62b3b435290da3c412b79_720w.gif?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>恭喜，雨刷也是这么工作的。</p>\n<p>不光雨刷，风扇里的摇头装置也是个典型的曲柄摇杆。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-86c79a642e8b92a8f93241ad68163ae7_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>不复杂吧？你看这个结构运行会会划出漂亮的圆三角，比较稳定。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-8b734412a55eb65530b02a55f71b7f8f_720w.gif?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>那咱在用这个进行组合，</p>\n<p>组合出切比雪夫连杆......你看这玩意走起来了。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-01f8daeac49d34813365bdee097c34b2_720w.gif?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>用曲柄摇杆就能做出巴掌风扇，只是有点占地。</p>\n<p><strong>那能不能换个不咋占地的方案呢？</strong></p>\n<p>也不难，咱稍微改改，将原来的摇杆给拔了，换成一个装在机架上可以前后滑动的滑块，组成一个对心曲柄滑块结构。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-43f61d94542eb3927aeedfbe89bac8bf_720w.gif?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>好，收起你大胆的想法，</p>\n<p>让滑块来带动扇子前后运动，就成了这样，是不是好像也可以。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-5129409710df00b8e24ffdde6fd774ef_720w.gif?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>当然，我们还可以换个思路，</p>\n<p>将滑块固定，动的就是中间的杆子。</p>\n<p>做成一个移动导杆机构，嗯，总觉得有点似曾相识。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-1f800f4b5e008c5daa4611b406b753ea_720w.gif?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>然后....竖起来不光可以利用杆子扇扇子，还可以配合其他杆子整个活，</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-d52bffe230712abbfec8cbaffeec0a42_720w.gif?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>这总觉得在哪里见到过。</p>\n<p>当然正事要紧，我们还可以利用倾斜布局节省空间，</p>\n<p>整出一个看起来很极简，</p>\n<p>占地也很小的的斜曲柄摇杆机构，也能扇扇子。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-2fa9c9be399c4d4d48b67b6b603b1383_720w.gif?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><strong>以上，都是属于四连杆机构的相关应用。</strong></p>\n<hr>\n<p><strong>那么问题来了，明明仿真风扇并不复杂，为啥市面上见不着呢？</strong></p>\n<p><strong>假设咱用扇巴掌风扇。</strong></p>\n<p>用四连杆机构，链接的铰链轴承，滑块得有吧？加钱。</p>\n<p>各种杆得用材料吧？加钱。</p>\n<p>扇子是横着或者竖着扇动的，纵向占地比普通风扇大吧？</p>\n<p>为了安全得加保护网吧？加钱。</p>\n<p>四连杆机构比马达直连结构复杂，高速工作出故障的几率更高了吧？</p>\n<p>售后也得算成本吧？加钱。</p>\n<p>连杆用久了有磨损，风扇一开启跟拖拉机似的突突响，容易产生噪音吧？</p>\n<p>产生噪音后是不是得雇个客服小妹挨骂，</p>\n<p>再雇个售后小哥维修？还得加钱。</p>\n<p>而风扇只需要加四个桨叶，就可以完美规避以上大多数问题。</p>\n<p><strong>所以不是巴掌风扇造不出，只是普通风扇更有性价比。</strong></p>\n<p><strong>那要是不差钱呢?</strong></p>\n<pLine truncated
-          "content": "<div><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-5bc25f2d4b199ef3d2446239c6ae964c_fhd.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"头图\"/><div><div>\n<p>好吧，我们来搓个会摇扇子的电风扇。</p>\n<p>首先我们要考虑如何将马达的回转运动转变成往复运动。</p>\n<p>这点不复杂，只需要一个曲柄摇杆即可。</p>\n<p><strong>听着曲柄摇杆有点不知所以然是不是？</strong></p>\n<p>真不复杂，只需要四根长度不同的木条，然后用铰链链接。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-da71ccf5d0f6e183133327d113c84247_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>分别是 a 曲柄，负责绑上马达转。b 连杆，负责连起来，c 摇杆，负责摇，d 机架，负责机啊不对负责固定。</p>\n<p><strong>要求是最短杆必须是连架杆，一般是曲柄</strong></p>\n<p><strong>最短杆与最长杆的长度之和，要比其他两个杆的和小，比如：<em>a</em>+<em>d</em>≤<em>b</em>+<em>c。</em></strong></p>\n<p><em>不然曲柄无法做 360°转动。</em></p>\n<p><em>然后启动马达，就可以看到 c 摇杆开始疯狂摆动了。</em></p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pica.zhimg.com/v2-42f0d662ab82d04be56c6fbd3de3a7b8_720w.gif?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>那有小伙伴讲啊，</p>\n<p>这只能看到他在前后摇摆练铁山靠，没摇扇子啊。</p>\n<p>你把它竖起来，延长摇杆不就得了。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-ff925606d9b62b3b435290da3c412b79_720w.gif?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>恭喜，雨刷也是这么工作的。</p>\n<p>不光雨刷，风扇里的摇头装置也是个典型的曲柄摇杆。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-86c79a642e8b92a8f93241ad68163ae7_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>不复杂吧？你看这个结构运行会会划出漂亮的圆三角，比较稳定。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-8b734412a55eb65530b02a55f71b7f8f_720w.gif?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>那咱在用这个进行组合，</p>\n<p>组合出切比雪夫连杆......你看这玩意走起来了。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-01f8daeac49d34813365bdee097c34b2_720w.gif?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>用曲柄摇杆就能做出巴掌风扇，只是有点占地。</p>\n<p><strong>那能不能换个不咋占地的方案呢？</strong></p>\n<p>也不难，咱稍微改改，将原来的摇杆给拔了，换成一个装在机架上可以前后滑动的滑块，组成一个对心曲柄滑块结构。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-43f61d94542eb3927aeedfbe89bac8bf_720w.gif?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>好，收起你大胆的想法，</p>\n<p>让滑块来带动扇子前后运动，就成了这样，是不是好像也可以。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-5129409710df00b8e24ffdde6fd774ef_720w.gif?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>当然，我们还可以换个思路，</p>\n<p>将滑块固定，动的就是中间的杆子。</p>\n<p>做成一个移动导杆机构，嗯，总觉得有点似曾相识。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-1f800f4b5e008c5daa4611b406b753ea_720w.gif?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>然后....竖起来不光可以利用杆子扇扇子，还可以配合其他杆子整个活，</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-d52bffe230712abbfec8cbaffeec0a42_720w.gif?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>这总觉得在哪里见到过。</p>\n<p>当然正事要紧，我们还可以利用倾斜布局节省空间，</p>\n<p>整出一个看起来很极简，</p>\n<p>占地也很小的的斜曲柄摇杆机构，也能扇扇子。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-2fa9c9be399c4d4d48b67b6b603b1383_720w.gif?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><strong>以上，都是属于四连杆机构的相关应用。</strong></p>\n<hr>\n<p><strong>那么问题来了，明明仿真风扇并不复杂，为啥市面上见不着呢？</strong></p>\n<p><strong>假设咱用扇巴掌风扇。</strong></p>\n<p>用四连杆机构，链接的铰链轴承，滑块得有吧？加钱。</p>\n<p>各种杆得用材料吧？加钱。</p>\n<p>扇子是横着或者竖着扇动的，纵向占地比普通风扇大吧？</p>\n<p>为了安全得加保护网吧？加钱。</p>\n<p>四连杆机构比马达直连结构复杂，高速工作出故障的几率更高了吧？</p>\n<p>售后也得算成本吧？加钱。</p>\n<p>连杆用久了有磨损，风扇一开启跟拖拉机似的突突响，容易产生噪音吧？</p>\n<p>产生噪音后是不是得雇个客服小妹挨骂，</p>\n<p>再雇个售后小哥维修？还得加钱。</p>\n<p>而风扇只需要加四个桨叶，就可以完美规避以上大多数问题。</p>\n<p><strong>所以不是巴掌风扇造不出，只是普通风扇更有性价比。</strong></p>\n<p><strong>那要是不差钱呢?</strong></p>\n<p>也Line truncated
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-          "link": "https://daily.zhihu.com/story/9783896",
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-          "pubDate": "Fri, 12 Sep 2025 00:27:02 +0000",
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         {
           "title": "现实中没有原型的怪物是如何被设计出来的？",
           "description": "<div><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-7505f3e56735fe499583b0c72001b46c_fhd.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"头图\"/><div><div>\n<p>怪物设计可能是整个世界观设计中，最难的一环。</p>\n<ul>\n<li>它既要「怪」：有足够的特色和辨识度；</li>\n<li>又要「不怪」：整体形象不能太过模糊。</li>\n<li>既要避免「修脚」：如果体型太大，玩家殴打它的时候，只能修脚，体验就不好。</li>\n<li>又要有「压迫感」：要提升 Boss 的威压，增大又是最简单的办法。</li>\n<li>要结合世界观：不能武侠世界出科幻怪</li>\n<li>还要能做出来：不能设计太过复杂，导致优化崩了</li>\n</ul>\n<p>更重要的是，它还得结合玩法，每个怪物基本上都会考验玩家的某方面数值或者能力……</p>\n<p>这是一种结合了<strong>玩法功能、世界观叙事</strong>和<strong>视觉语言</strong>的系统性工程，绝非一两篇文章就能讲清楚的，我也不敢说就精通这方面的技艺，只能结合一些实际的案例，来浅浅分享一下我的经验。</p>\n<p><strong>第一步：从定位开始——这个怪物是干什么用的？</strong></p>\n<p>在动笔之前，我们首先要问的不是「它长什么样」，而是「它在游戏里扮演什么角色」？这是所有设计的基石。</p>\n<p><strong>功能决定基本形态！</strong></p>\n<p>一个需要承受大量伤害的坦克型怪物，它的设计直觉上就应该导向厚重、庞大、充满钝感。</p>\n<p>比如巨大的岩石外壳、厚实的甲壳、笨重的轮廓，就是在向玩家传递“这家伙很难缠，防御很高”的信号；反之，一个需要高速移动、进行骚扰攻击的敏捷型怪物，则会更倾向于流线型、轻量化的设计，比如类似昆虫的肢体、纤细的骨架，让玩家一看就知道“它会很快，要优先处理”。</p>\n<p>这是最基础的设计逻辑，先确定怪物的“重量级”，再进行后续的细化。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-ea20dc62b5a9988c7d91c6aa85acf6fc_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>33 号远征队的源色六棱，一看就很硬</figcaption></figure>\n<p><strong>第二步：整体外形的拟合——这个怪物看起来像是个啥？</strong></p>\n<p>这是建立「<strong>识别度</strong>」的第一步。</p>\n<p>如果一个怪物的外形复杂到离谱，玩家的大脑就会拒绝识别，把它认为是一种「乱七八糟的东西」。比如有十七八只触手，身上二三十个导弹巢，七八条胳膊，每种装着不同武器……且不说这玩意儿做起来有多麻烦，玩家多半不会觉得它的设计很妙，因为这根本记不住。</p>\n<p>在这一步，最常见的办法就是拿一个现有的东西做底子：最最常见的当然就是人类。</p>\n<p>你看，矮人不就是矮点和敦实点的人类，哥布林是小型的、绿色的、脸部做了一些调整的人类，兽人是壮实、长毛、有獠牙的人类……它们都是在人类这个模板上进行调整的。但我们不能只有人形怪，对吧？</p>\n<p>那么可以尝试各种动物，昆虫，甚至植物跟人体的组合。比如半人马，就是人 + 马；或者是单纯的鲸鱼、鸟类作为基本模板。当然，这个过程中为了强调特色，还可以把部分肢体缩小或者膨胀。</p>\n<p>注意，这时候就要结合第一步了。33 号远征队的疾刃在我看来不算是个很好的设计，但它基本的需求是做了的：纤细的肢体代表高速，利刃化的胳膊代表攻击方式，很清晰明了。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-614d6273f5173bb5a8753acaf2cec3b5_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>33 号远征队的源色疾刃，很明显是人形 + 巨大化眼球 + 刀刃手臂，但眼球这个特色没用上</figcaption></figure>\n<p><strong>第三步：建立视觉重心——它的核心特色是什么？</strong></p>\n<p>到这一步，世界观就必须介入了。</p>\n<p>怪物的核心特色通常应该是跟世界观强相关的，<strong>在设计上，这又分为几个不断递进的层次：</strong></p>\n<p><strong>一、 共通的视觉母题</strong></p>\n<p>最直观的手段是赋予怪物统一的视觉元素，例如共通的「皮肤」质感——但这绝非简单的颜色与花纹的堆砌，更重要的是其肢体设计上的统一符号，比如不对称、假面等等，《猎天使魔女》中的天使设计，以及最后生还者里的真菌僵尸，都是此道的典范。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-3950f112df77a45e108988651478ff20_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>猎天使魔女里的 Boss 无论长什么鬼样子，都会有大理石般的洁白外壳、华丽的金色饰边，以及看似神圣的假面，营造出一种庄严而神圣的统一</p>\n<figure><img src=Line truncated
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-          "title": "002CHINA - Briefly",
-          "description": "<div></div><p>  <b>Shanxi ex-governor expelled from CPC</b></p>\n<p>  Jin Xiangjun, former governor of Shanxi province, has been expelled from the Communist Party of China and dismissed from public office for serious violations, according to a decision made by China&#39;s top anti-corruption watchdogs. The decision was disclosed online by the CPC Central Commission for Discipline Inspection and the National Commission of Supervision on Friday after their investigation. The commissions pointed out that Jin had seriously violated the Party&#39;s disciplines and was suspected of duty-related crimes, leading to the decision to expel him from the Party, remove him from public office and confiscate his illicit gains. His case will be referred to prosecutors for further review and prosecution, they added.</p>\n<p>  <b>Former securities official under probe</b></p>\n<p>  Guo Xudong, a former senior official of China Securities Regulatory Commission, is being investigated for suspected serious misconduct in office, the country&#39;s anti-corruption watchdogs announced on Friday. Guo voluntarily turned herself in and is currently under the investigation by the team from the Communist Party of China Central Commission for Discipline Inspection and the National Commission of Supervision stationed at the China Securities Regulatory Commission, as well as the supervisory body in Taizhou, Zhejiang province. Public information shows that Guo graduated from Nankai University in Tianjin and joined the China Securities Regulatory Commission in 1998. She previously worked on the commission&#39;s issuance examination committee and served as deputy head of the issuance supervision department.</p>\n<p>  <b>Court grants divorce to cliff push survivor</b></p>\n<p>  A Chinese woman, who miraculously survived a 2019 attempt on her life when her husband pushed her from a 34-meter-high cliff in Thailand while she was pregnant, has been granted a divorce from her imprisoned attacker. A Nanjing court on Friday ruled in her favor, dissolving the marriage and ordering her former husband to pay substantial damages of 500,000 yuan ($69,000) in divorce damages. The Qinhuai district people&#39;s court in Nanjing, Jiangsu province, announced the verdict, concluding the long-running divorce dispute between Wang Nuannuan and her former husband, surnamed Yu. He was convicted of attempted murder in Thailand and sentenced to 33 years and four months in prison.</p>\n<p></p>",
-          "content": "<div></div><p>  <b>Shanxi ex-governor expelled from CPC</b></p>\n<p>  Jin Xiangjun, former governor of Shanxi province, has been expelled from the Communist Party of China and dismissed from public office for serious violations, according to a decision made by China&#39;s top anti-corruption watchdogs. The decision was disclosed online by the CPC Central Commission for Discipline Inspection and the National Commission of Supervision on Friday after their investigation. The commissions pointed out that Jin had seriously violated the Party&#39;s disciplines and was suspected of duty-related crimes, leading to the decision to expel him from the Party, remove him from public office and confiscate his illicit gains. His case will be referred to prosecutors for further review and prosecution, they added.</p>\n<p>  <b>Former securities official under probe</b></p>\n<p>  Guo Xudong, a former senior official of China Securities Regulatory Commission, is being investigated for suspected serious misconduct in office, the country&#39;s anti-corruption watchdogs announced on Friday. Guo voluntarily turned herself in and is currently under the investigation by the team from the Communist Party of China Central Commission for Discipline Inspection and the National Commission of Supervision stationed at the China Securities Regulatory Commission, as well as the supervisory body in Taizhou, Zhejiang province. Public information shows that Guo graduated from Nankai University in Tianjin and joined the China Securities Regulatory Commission in 1998. She previously worked on the commission&#39;s issuance examination committee and served as deputy head of the issuance supervision department.</p>\n<p>  <b>Court grants divorce to cliff push survivor</b></p>\n<p>  A Chinese woman, who miraculously survived a 2019 attempt on her life when her husband pushed her from a 34-meter-high cliff in Thailand while she was pregnant, has been granted a divorce from her imprisoned attacker. A Nanjing court on Friday ruled in her favor, dissolving the marriage and ordering her former husband to pay substantial damages of 500,000 yuan ($69,000) in divorce damages. The Qinhuai district people&#39;s court in Nanjing, Jiangsu province, announced the verdict, concluding the long-running divorce dispute between Wang Nuannuan and her former husband, surnamed Yu. He was convicted of attempted murder in Thailand and sentenced to 33 years and four months in prison.</p>\n<p></p>",
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           "title": "006WORLD - Briefly",
           "description": "<div></div><p>  <b>UNITED STATES</b></p>\n<p>  <b>Trump threatens to expel Spain from NATO</b></p>\n<p>  US President Donald Trump suggested on Thursday that Spain be expelled from NATO for refusing to increase its defense spending. &quot;They have no excuse not to do this,&quot; Trump told reporters at the White House during a meeting with visiting Finnish President Alexander Stubb. &quot;Maybe you should throw them out of NATO frankly. You people are gonna have to start speaking to Spain,&quot; Trump said. &quot;You have to call them and find why are they a laggard.&quot; Under pressure from Trump, NATO members in June agreed to raise their military spending to 5 percent of gross domestic product by 2035. Spain on Friday rejected Trump&#39;s suggestion it should be expelled from NATO for failing to meet his ramped-up defense spending target. &quot;Spain is a committed and full member of NATO. And it meets its capacity targets as much as the United States,&quot; Spanish government sources said.</p>\n<p>  <b>EUROPE</b></p>\n<p>  <b>EU chief survives 2 no-confidence votes</b></p>\n<p>  European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen survived two motions of no-confidence in the European Parliament on Thursday, following accusations ranging from an alleged unfair trade deal with the United States to inaction over Israel. A total of 594 Members of the European Parliament took part in the vote, accounting for 82.5 percent of all 720 members. The first motion was rejected with 179 votes in favor, 378 against, and 37 abstentions. The second motion was also rejected with 133 votes in favor, 383 against, and 78 abstentions. According to the Parliament&#39;s rules, a motion of no confidence can only be adopted if supported by more than two-thirds of the voting members.</p>\n<p>  <b>THE PHILIPPINES</b></p>\n<p>  <b>7.4-magnitude quake kills at least 3</b></p>\n<p>  A powerful 7.4-magnitude earthquake struck off the southern Philippines on Friday, killing at least three people and triggering regional tsunami warnings that were later lifted. The quake hit about 20 kilometers off Manay town in the Mindanao region at 9:43 am, according to the United States Geological Survey. One person was killed when a wall collapsed in Mati city, the largest population hub near the quake&#39;s epicenter, while a local man suffered a fatal heart attack, local officials said. Another person was killed in Davao city, more than 100 kilometers west of the epicenter, a city government statement said without giving details.</p>\n<p></p>",
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-          "title": "001FRONT - Intl community welcomes &#39;first phase&#39; of Gaza truce",
-          "description": "<div></div><img src=\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-10-10/001/20251010_001_03_66.png\" /><p>Palestinians celebrate in Khan Younis in the southern Gaza Strip on Thursday following news of a new Gaza ceasefire deal.</p>\n<img src=\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-10-10/001/20251010_001_03_73.png\" /><p>Einav Zangauker, the mother of hostage Matan Zangauker, rejoices on Thursday at the &quot;Hostages Square&quot; in Tel Aviv, Israel, after US President Donald Trump announced that Israel and Hamas had agreed on the first phase of a Gaza ceasefire.</p>\n<p>  The international community has expressed hope for peace and urged Israel and Hamas to fulfill their commitments after the two parties agreed to the &quot;first phase&quot; of a deal signaling a breakthrough in the two-year conflict in Gaza.</p>\n<p>  The initial phase of the plan involves the release of all 20 living Israeli hostages remaining in Gaza in the coming days, the release of nearly 2,000 Palestinian prisoners and the retreat of Israeli troops from the majority of Gaza.</p>\n<p>  It was yielded from indirect talks in Egypt, based on a 20-point framework offered by United States President Donald Trump.</p>\n<p>  &quot;This means that all of the hostages will be released very soon, and Israel will withdraw their troops to an agreed-upon line as the first steps toward a strong, durable, and everlasting peace,&quot; Trump wrote on social media platform Truth Social on Wednesday, first announcing the deal.</p>\n<p>  Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said he would convene his government later on Thursday to approve the agreement, adding in a statement that it was &quot;a great day for Israel&quot;.</p>\n<p>  Hamas also confirmed the accord, but called on Trump and the guarantor states to ensure that Israel fully implements the ceasefire.</p>\n<p>  Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas, in a statement published by the Wafa news agency on Thursday, praised all mediators and stressed the need for all parties to commit to the immediate implementation of the agreement and reiterated that sovereignty over the Gaza Strip belongs to the State of Palestine.</p>\n<p>  Abbas reiterated that the connection between the West Bank and the Gaza Strip must be achieved through unified Palestinian government institutions, including an administrative committee and Palestinian security forces, within the framework of a single system and law, and with Arab and international support.</p>\n<p>  While the mediators had widely been praised, Mustafa Barghouti, founder of the Palestinian National Initiative, said that the primary credit for halting the war in Gaza and &quot;ethnic cleansing of its people&quot; goes to the heroism, steadfastness and bravery of the Palestinian people.</p>\n<p>  Barghouti also said that caution must be maintained against the schemes of Netanyahu and his government, and that efforts should &quot;focus on supporting the resilience of our people in the Gaza Strip&quot;, rebuilding what has been destroyed there, and confronting the colonial settlement onslaught in the West Bank and Jerusalem.</p>\n<p>  A similar view was echoed by the Palestinian Islamic Jihad. The second-largest armed group in Gaza said that the ceasefire agreement and prisoner exchange are not a &quot;gift from anyone&quot; and cited the sacrifices of the Palestinian people, although the group noted international efforts in securing the deal.</p>\n<p>  News of the deal prompted celebrations in Israel, Gaza, and beyond, with Israeli families of hostages letting off fireworks, while Palestinians clapped and cheered in hopes of an end to their sufferings, though many are in doubt of Israeli commitments.</p>\n<p>  UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres commended the diplomatic efforts.</p>\n<p>  &quot;I urge all stakeholders to seize this momentous opportunity to establish a credible political path forward toward ending the occupation, recognizing the right to self-determination of the Palestinian people and achieving a two-state solution that enables Israelis and Palestinians to live in peace and security,&quot; Guterres said in a statement on Thursday.</p>\n<p>  Qatar said the deal was the &quot;first phase of the Gaza ceasefire agreement, which will lead to ending the war, the release of Israeli hostages and Palestinian prisoners, and the entry of aid&quot;.</p>\n<p>  In a televised speech on Wednesday, Egyptian President Abdel-Fattah al-Sisi said that the talks in Sharm el-Sheikh were &quot;progressing positively&quot;, Xinhua News Agency reported.</p>\n<p>  British Prime Minister Keir Starmer welcomed the agreement and said the agreement must now be implemented &quot;in full, without delay, and accompanied by the immediate lifting of all restrictions on lifesaving humanitarian aid to Gaza&quot;.</p>\n<p>  Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi said New Delhi welcomes the agreement on the first phase of President Trump&#3Line truncated
-          "content": "<div></div><img src=\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-10-10/001/20251010_001_03_66.png\" /><p>Palestinians celebrate in Khan Younis in the southern Gaza Strip on Thursday following news of a new Gaza ceasefire deal.</p>\n<img src=\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-10-10/001/20251010_001_03_73.png\" /><p>Einav Zangauker, the mother of hostage Matan Zangauker, rejoices on Thursday at the &quot;Hostages Square&quot; in Tel Aviv, Israel, after US President Donald Trump announced that Israel and Hamas had agreed on the first phase of a Gaza ceasefire.</p>\n<p>  The international community has expressed hope for peace and urged Israel and Hamas to fulfill their commitments after the two parties agreed to the &quot;first phase&quot; of a deal signaling a breakthrough in the two-year conflict in Gaza.</p>\n<p>  The initial phase of the plan involves the release of all 20 living Israeli hostages remaining in Gaza in the coming days, the release of nearly 2,000 Palestinian prisoners and the retreat of Israeli troops from the majority of Gaza.</p>\n<p>  It was yielded from indirect talks in Egypt, based on a 20-point framework offered by United States President Donald Trump.</p>\n<p>  &quot;This means that all of the hostages will be released very soon, and Israel will withdraw their troops to an agreed-upon line as the first steps toward a strong, durable, and everlasting peace,&quot; Trump wrote on social media platform Truth Social on Wednesday, first announcing the deal.</p>\n<p>  Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said he would convene his government later on Thursday to approve the agreement, adding in a statement that it was &quot;a great day for Israel&quot;.</p>\n<p>  Hamas also confirmed the accord, but called on Trump and the guarantor states to ensure that Israel fully implements the ceasefire.</p>\n<p>  Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas, in a statement published by the Wafa news agency on Thursday, praised all mediators and stressed the need for all parties to commit to the immediate implementation of the agreement and reiterated that sovereignty over the Gaza Strip belongs to the State of Palestine.</p>\n<p>  Abbas reiterated that the connection between the West Bank and the Gaza Strip must be achieved through unified Palestinian government institutions, including an administrative committee and Palestinian security forces, within the framework of a single system and law, and with Arab and international support.</p>\n<p>  While the mediators had widely been praised, Mustafa Barghouti, founder of the Palestinian National Initiative, said that the primary credit for halting the war in Gaza and &quot;ethnic cleansing of its people&quot; goes to the heroism, steadfastness and bravery of the Palestinian people.</p>\n<p>  Barghouti also said that caution must be maintained against the schemes of Netanyahu and his government, and that efforts should &quot;focus on supporting the resilience of our people in the Gaza Strip&quot;, rebuilding what has been destroyed there, and confronting the colonial settlement onslaught in the West Bank and Jerusalem.</p>\n<p>  A similar view was echoed by the Palestinian Islamic Jihad. The second-largest armed group in Gaza said that the ceasefire agreement and prisoner exchange are not a &quot;gift from anyone&quot; and cited the sacrifices of the Palestinian people, although the group noted international efforts in securing the deal.</p>\n<p>  News of the deal prompted celebrations in Israel, Gaza, and beyond, with Israeli families of hostages letting off fireworks, while Palestinians clapped and cheered in hopes of an end to their sufferings, though many are in doubt of Israeli commitments.</p>\n<p>  UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres commended the diplomatic efforts.</p>\n<p>  &quot;I urge all stakeholders to seize this momentous opportunity to establish a credible political path forward toward ending the occupation, recognizing the right to self-determination of the Palestinian people and achieving a two-state solution that enables Israelis and Palestinians to live in peace and security,&quot; Guterres said in a statement on Thursday.</p>\n<p>  Qatar said the deal was the &quot;first phase of the Gaza ceasefire agreement, which will lead to ending the war, the release of Israeli hostages and Palestinian prisoners, and the entry of aid&quot;.</p>\n<p>  In a televised speech on Wednesday, Egyptian President Abdel-Fattah al-Sisi said that the talks in Sharm el-Sheikh were &quot;progressing positively&quot;, Xinhua News Agency reported.</p>\n<p>  British Prime Minister Keir Starmer welcomed the agreement and said the agreement must now be implemented &quot;in full, without delay, and accompanied by the immediate lifting of all restrictions on lifesaving humanitarian aid to Gaza&quot;.</p>\n<p>  Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi said New Delhi welcomes the agreement on the first phase of President Trump&#39;s Line truncated
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         {
           "title": "007VISUAL - SHADOW PUPPETRY CASTS A SPELL GLOBALLY",
           "description": "<div></div><img src=\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-10-10/007/20251010_007_01_30.png\" /><p>A visitor experiences performing shadow puppets in Xiaoyi city, Shanxi province.</p>\n<img src=\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-10-10/007/20251010_007_01_23.png\" /><p>Members of a shadow puppetry troupe prepare to start a show at a theater in Xiaoyi.</p>\n<img src=\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-10-10/007/20251010_007_01_18.png\" /><p>Hou Jianchuan (center) and two of his colleagues perform a traditional production at the shadow puppetry theater in Xiaoyi.</p>\n<img src=\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-10-10/007/20251010_007_01_69.png\" /><p>Hou checks his shadow puppets at his studio in Xiaoyi.</p>\n<img src=\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-10-10/007/20251010_007_01_60.png\" /><p>Hou (right) and a colleague operate a shadow puppet together during a show.</p>\n<img src=\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-10-10/007/20251010_007_01_44.png\" /><p>The audience watches a show at a shadow puppetry theater in Xiaoyi.</p>\n<img src=\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-10-10/007/20251010_007_01_51.png\" /><p>Hou displays traditional Xiaoyi shadow puppets at his studio.</p>\n<img src=\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-10-10/007/20251010_007_01_37.png\" /><p>Hou observes and carves the head of a shadow puppet.</p>\n<img src=\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-10-10/007/20251010_007_01_76.png\" /><p>A painting of Huanglong Zhenren (center), a deity in Taoism who is believed to be the creator of shadow puppetry in China, decorates the wall of an artist&#39;s home in Xiaoyi.</p>\n<img src=\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-10-10/007/20251010_007_01_85.png\" /><p>A shadow puppetry artist teaches children to play with puppets.</p>\n<p>  As one of China&#39;s oldest theatrical forms, shadow puppetry boasts a history spanning over 2,200 years. In 2011, Chinese shadow puppetry was inscribed on the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, with Xiaoyi city in Shanxi province recognized as a vital birthplace.</p>\n<p>  &quot;The Xiaoyi shadow puppetry is one of the cultural treasures of the Chinese people,&quot; said Hou Jianchuan, a 64-year-old practitioner from Xiaoyi. &quot;I am dedicated to preserving and innovating this ancient art form.&quot;</p>\n<p>  Born into a farming family steeped in the local tradition, Hou is breathing new life into this ancient art. &quot;Growing up immersed in the world of shadow puppetry, listening to the stories and watching the performances, the cultural heritage became deeply ingrained in my being,&quot; he said. &quot;My first encounter with shadow puppetry at a temple fair as a child left me utterly captivated.&quot;</p>\n<p>  Chinese shadow puppetry utilizes light to project silhouette figures onto a screen, creating a captivating theatrical experience. By the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368), the art form had spread to West Asia and Europe, bringing joy and artistic appreciation to audiences worldwide.</p>\n<p>  To elevate the visibility and impact of Xiaoyi shadow puppetry, Hou and his colleagues have undertaken multiple performance tours in the United States, the Netherlands, and elsewhere, showcasing the allure of Chinese shadow puppetry on the global stage.</p>\n<p>  &quot;During our performances in Europe and the US, we incorporated percussion and integrated melodies from (Chinese movie) Red Sorghum, and classical music from (musical) Romeo and Juliet into traditional productions like Pigsy Marries a Bride to bridge language barriers and enable Western audiences to connect with the essence of Chinese shadow puppetry through familiar music,&quot; Hou said. &quot;This cultural fusion has been widely lauded and has emerged as a highlight of cross-cultural exchange.&quot;</p>\n<p>  With the establishment of the Xiaoyi Shadow Puppetry Museum and the inclusion of this art form in local schools&#39; extracurricular programs, shadow puppetry has been gaining popularity in the area.</p>\n<p>  <span>Contact the writers at zhuxingxin@chinadaily.com.cn</span></p>\n<p></p>",
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-          "title": "012WORLD - Economy &#39;better than feared&#39;, IMF chief says",
-          "description": "<div></div><p>  The world economy is &quot;better than feared&quot;, slowing only slightly this year and next, while global trade appeared more resilient than expected, although it may still deteriorate as the full impact of higher US tariffs kicks in, major international organizations have said.</p>\n<p>  &quot;How is the world economy coping? Short answer: better than feared, but worse than we need,&quot; IMF Managing Director Kristalina Georgieva said at a curtain-raiser event on Wednesday ahead of the annual meetings of the IMF and the World Bank next week in Washington.</p>\n<p>  In her speech, Georgieva seemed to frame next week&#39;s agenda around one unifying challenge: steering a global economy undergoing historic transformations &mdash; technological, demographic, geopolitical and environmental &mdash; through an era where uncertainty is &quot;the new normal and it is here to stay&quot;.</p>\n<p>  &quot;As our World Economic Outlook will explain next week, we see global growth slowing only slightly this year and next. All signs point to a world economy that has generally withstood acute strains from multiple shocks,&quot; she said.</p>\n<p>  Global growth is forecast at roughly 3 percent over the medium term &mdash; down from 3.7 percent pre-pandemic, Georgieva said.</p>\n<p>  That resilience is a result of improved policy fundamentals, private sector adaptability and supportive financial conditions, as well as less severe tariff outcomes than initially feared &mdash; for now, according to the IMF chief.</p>\n<p>  &quot;The US trade-weighted tariff rate has fallen from 23 percent in April to 17.5 percent now &mdash; still much higher than before. The US effective rate is now far above the rest of the world&#39;s,&quot; she said.</p>\n<p>  The world has avoided a tit-for-tat slide into a trade war so far &mdash; but openness has nonetheless &quot;taken a big hit&quot;, she added.</p>\n<p>  The IMF chief proposed three medium-term policy goals: to durably lift growth, repair governments&#39; finances and address excessive imbalances, both domestic and external.</p>\n<p>  &quot;Durably lifting growth requires higher private sector productivity,&quot; she said. &quot;Governments must provide and protect the basic building blocks of free markets, including property rights, rule of law, good data, effective bankruptcy codes, strong financial sector oversight and independent yet accountable institutions.&quot;</p>\n<p>  <b>Resilient trade</b></p>\n<p>  In another development, the World Trade Organization released its latest forecast, indicating that global trade has proven more resilient than anticipated so far this year, though the outlook for 2026 has worsened as the full impact of higher US tariffs becomes apparent.</p>\n<p>  Global merchandise trade exceeded expectations in the first half of 2025 due to increased spending on AI products, a surge in North American imports before tariff hikes, and strong international trade, the WTO said in an update of &quot;Global Trade Outlook and Statistics&quot; released on Tuesday.</p>\n<p>  As a result, economists at the Geneva-based organization raised the 2025 merchandise trade growth forecast to 2.4 percent, up from the previous 0.9 percent forecast in August.</p>\n<p>  But they noted that with higher tariffs, elevated policy uncertainty and cooling growth, momentum is expected to ebb in 2026 &mdash; the projection for next year&#39;s growth is lowered to just 0.5 percent from a previous estimate of 1.8 percent, according to the WTO report.</p>\n<p>  The organization also forecast slower growth in the trade of services, saying that global services export growth is now expected to slow to 4.6 percent in 2025 and to 4.4 percent next year. In 2024, the growth rate was 6.8 percent.</p>\n<p>  Regionally, Asia is expected to make the largest positive contribution to world trade growth in 2025, but that impulse fades next year as the global economy cools and the full-year effect of higher tariffs materializes.</p>\n<p>  Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, the WTO&#39;s director-general, said trade resilience in 2025 is thanks &quot;in no small part&quot; to the stability provided by the rules-based multilateral trading system.</p>\n<p>  &quot;Yet complacency is not an option. Today&#39;s disruptions to the global trade system are a call to action for nations to reimagine trade and together lay a stronger foundation that delivers greater prosperity for people everywhere,&quot; Okonjo-Iweala said.</p>\n<p>  <span>huanxinzhao@chinadailyusa.com</span></p>\n<p></p><br><hr><div>获取更多RSS：<br><a href=\"https://feedx.net\" style=\"color:orange\" target=\"_blank\">https://feedx.net</a> <br><a href=\"https://feedx.site\" style=\"color:orange\" target=\"_blank\">https://feedx.site</a><br></div>",
-          "content": "<div></div><p>  The world economy is &quot;better than feared&quot;, slowing only slightly this year and next, while global trade appeared more resilient than expected, although it may still deteriorate as the full impact of higher US tariffs kicks in, major international organizations have said.</p>\n<p>  &quot;How is the world economy coping? Short answer: better than feared, but worse than we need,&quot; IMF Managing Director Kristalina Georgieva said at a curtain-raiser event on Wednesday ahead of the annual meetings of the IMF and the World Bank next week in Washington.</p>\n<p>  In her speech, Georgieva seemed to frame next week&#39;s agenda around one unifying challenge: steering a global economy undergoing historic transformations &mdash; technological, demographic, geopolitical and environmental &mdash; through an era where uncertainty is &quot;the new normal and it is here to stay&quot;.</p>\n<p>  &quot;As our World Economic Outlook will explain next week, we see global growth slowing only slightly this year and next. All signs point to a world economy that has generally withstood acute strains from multiple shocks,&quot; she said.</p>\n<p>  Global growth is forecast at roughly 3 percent over the medium term &mdash; down from 3.7 percent pre-pandemic, Georgieva said.</p>\n<p>  That resilience is a result of improved policy fundamentals, private sector adaptability and supportive financial conditions, as well as less severe tariff outcomes than initially feared &mdash; for now, according to the IMF chief.</p>\n<p>  &quot;The US trade-weighted tariff rate has fallen from 23 percent in April to 17.5 percent now &mdash; still much higher than before. The US effective rate is now far above the rest of the world&#39;s,&quot; she said.</p>\n<p>  The world has avoided a tit-for-tat slide into a trade war so far &mdash; but openness has nonetheless &quot;taken a big hit&quot;, she added.</p>\n<p>  The IMF chief proposed three medium-term policy goals: to durably lift growth, repair governments&#39; finances and address excessive imbalances, both domestic and external.</p>\n<p>  &quot;Durably lifting growth requires higher private sector productivity,&quot; she said. &quot;Governments must provide and protect the basic building blocks of free markets, including property rights, rule of law, good data, effective bankruptcy codes, strong financial sector oversight and independent yet accountable institutions.&quot;</p>\n<p>  <b>Resilient trade</b></p>\n<p>  In another development, the World Trade Organization released its latest forecast, indicating that global trade has proven more resilient than anticipated so far this year, though the outlook for 2026 has worsened as the full impact of higher US tariffs becomes apparent.</p>\n<p>  Global merchandise trade exceeded expectations in the first half of 2025 due to increased spending on AI products, a surge in North American imports before tariff hikes, and strong international trade, the WTO said in an update of &quot;Global Trade Outlook and Statistics&quot; released on Tuesday.</p>\n<p>  As a result, economists at the Geneva-based organization raised the 2025 merchandise trade growth forecast to 2.4 percent, up from the previous 0.9 percent forecast in August.</p>\n<p>  But they noted that with higher tariffs, elevated policy uncertainty and cooling growth, momentum is expected to ebb in 2026 &mdash; the projection for next year&#39;s growth is lowered to just 0.5 percent from a previous estimate of 1.8 percent, according to the WTO report.</p>\n<p>  The organization also forecast slower growth in the trade of services, saying that global services export growth is now expected to slow to 4.6 percent in 2025 and to 4.4 percent next year. In 2024, the growth rate was 6.8 percent.</p>\n<p>  Regionally, Asia is expected to make the largest positive contribution to world trade growth in 2025, but that impulse fades next year as the global economy cools and the full-year effect of higher tariffs materializes.</p>\n<p>  Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, the WTO&#39;s director-general, said trade resilience in 2025 is thanks &quot;in no small part&quot; to the stability provided by the rules-based multilateral trading system.</p>\n<p>  &quot;Yet complacency is not an option. Today&#39;s disruptions to the global trade system are a call to action for nations to reimagine trade and together lay a stronger foundation that delivers greater prosperity for people everywhere,&quot; Okonjo-Iweala said.</p>\n<p>  <span>huanxinzhao@chinadailyusa.com</span></p>\n<p></p><br><hr><div>获取更多RSS：<br><a href=\"https://feedx.net\" style=\"color:orange\" target=\"_blank\">https://feedx.net</a> <br><a href=\"https://feedx.site\" style=\"color:orange\" target=\"_blank\">https://feedx.site</a><br></div>",
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-          "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-10/10/content_012_68e824feed50ccabe151ad93.htm#012WORLD",
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-          "pubDate": "Fri, 10 Oct 2025 00:21:04 +0000",
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         {
           "title": "FossFLOW：轻松创建精美的3D等距技术图表",
           "description": "FossFLOW 是一个开源的渐进式 Web 应用程序 (PWA)，用于创建美观的等距基础设施图表。",

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