diff --git a/.obsidian/plugins/cubox-sync/data.json b/.obsidian/plugins/cubox-sync/data.json
index 539833ec..4ed2dda2 100644
--- a/.obsidian/plugins/cubox-sync/data.json
+++ b/.obsidian/plugins/cubox-sync/data.json
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
"contentTemplate": "# {{{title}}}\n\n{{{description}}}\n\n{{{article_title}}} //文章内容标题\n{{{content}}} //文章正文\n\n\n[Read in Cubox]({{{cubox_url}}}) \n[Read Original]({{{url}}}) \n\n---\n\n{{#highlights.length}}\n## Annotations \n\n{{#highlights}}\n> {{{text}}} \n\n{{#note}}\n{{{note}}}\n{{/note}}\n[Link️]({{{cubox_url}}}) \n\n{{/highlights}}\n{{/highlights.length}}",
"highlightInContent": true,
"dateFormat": "yyyy-MM-dd",
- "lastSyncTime": 1757281300490,
+ "lastSyncTime": 1757284866945,
"lastSyncCardId": "7362485231795834846",
"lastCardUpdateTime": "2025-09-02T17:21:26.574+0800",
"syncing": false
diff --git a/.obsidian/plugins/recent-files-obsidian/data.json b/.obsidian/plugins/recent-files-obsidian/data.json
index fed8df73..e06d89df 100644
--- a/.obsidian/plugins/recent-files-obsidian/data.json
+++ b/.obsidian/plugins/recent-files-obsidian/data.json
@@ -1,5 +1,25 @@
{
"recentFiles": [
+ {
+ "basename": "2025-09-08",
+ "path": "01-工作日记/2025-09-08.md"
+ },
+ {
+ "basename": "CrazyJasonwellCSBook计算机类常用电子书整理计算机等书籍",
+ "path": "20-我的收藏夹/21-浏览器收藏/ClipperBox/CrazyJasonwellCSBook计算机类常用电子书整理计算机等书籍.md"
+ },
+ {
+ "basename": "Mac 与 win 之间的云同步处理",
+ "path": "20-我的收藏夹/21-浏览器收藏/ClipperBox/Mac 与 win 之间的云同步处理.md"
+ },
+ {
+ "basename": "Podginatoromnivore Omnivore is a complete, open source read-it-later solution for people who like reading",
+ "path": "20-我的收藏夹/21-浏览器收藏/ClipperBox/Podginatoromnivore Omnivore is a complete, open source read-it-later solution for people who like reading.md"
+ },
+ {
+ "basename": "jgchristopherobsidian-clipper Obsidian plugin that allows users to clip parts of a website into their obsidian daily note (or new note)",
+ "path": "20-我的收藏夹/21-浏览器收藏/ClipperBox/jgchristopherobsidian-clipper Obsidian plugin that allows users to clip parts of a website into their obsidian daily note (or new note).md"
+ },
{
"basename": "2025-09-07",
"path": "01-工作日记/2025-09-07.md"
@@ -136,22 +156,6 @@
"basename": "新手需要知道的 DEVONthink 知识-2-AI 技术 - 分享 - #UNTAG 官方社区",
"path": "10-WebClipper/新手需要知道的 DEVONthink 知识-2-AI 技术 - 分享 - #UNTAG 官方社区.md"
},
- {
- "basename": "CrazyJasonwellCSBook计算机类常用电子书整理计算机等书籍",
- "path": "20-我的收藏夹/21-浏览器收藏/ClipperBox/CrazyJasonwellCSBook计算机类常用电子书整理计算机等书籍.md"
- },
- {
- "basename": "Podginatoromnivore Omnivore is a complete, open source read-it-later solution for people who like reading",
- "path": "20-我的收藏夹/21-浏览器收藏/ClipperBox/Podginatoromnivore Omnivore is a complete, open source read-it-later solution for people who like reading.md"
- },
- {
- "basename": "Mac 与 win 之间的云同步处理",
- "path": "20-我的收藏夹/21-浏览器收藏/ClipperBox/Mac 与 win 之间的云同步处理.md"
- },
- {
- "basename": "jgchristopherobsidian-clipper Obsidian plugin that allows users to clip parts of a website into their obsidian daily note (or new note)",
- "path": "20-我的收藏夹/21-浏览器收藏/ClipperBox/jgchristopherobsidian-clipper Obsidian plugin that allows users to clip parts of a website into their obsidian daily note (or new note).md"
- },
{
"basename": "女人会嫁给谁，其实是命中注定的，看她的父母就知道了",
"path": "20-我的收藏夹/21-浏览器收藏/ClipperBox/女人会嫁给谁，其实是命中注定的，看她的父母就知道了.md"
@@ -195,10 +199,6 @@
{
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"path": "01-工作日记/2025-09-03.md"
- },
- {
- "basename": "免费使用Gemini 2.5 Pro的完整教程",
- "path": "02-技术评测/AI专题/免费使用Gemini 2.5 Pro的完整教程.md"
}
],
"omittedPaths": [],
diff --git a/.obsidian/plugins/rss-reader/data.json b/.obsidian/plugins/rss-reader/data.json
index ba156568..d797c54b 100644
--- a/.obsidian/plugins/rss-reader/data.json
+++ b/.obsidian/plugins/rss-reader/data.json
@@ -1451,8 +1451,8 @@
"items": [
{
"title": "阅兵式上的东风系列导弹，为什么用“东风”命名？",
- "description": "![](\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK6M7Nv6wvsPyLPCsN7uraAJxdXiby5XB2BE6S0ulr9Fs213uZ85nlxAalcgRcLFiaSVdOVlrtCZRibIw/640?wx_fmt=gif\")
![](\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7svIfnB1OffCWS1W7EB1uHsNRZTFnQibEssNW9TOGHCWGicaJRQrCLJJdiaPg96LGXmcoJzoUUTCa2Q/640?wx_fmt=png\")
2025年9月3日上午9时，明媚的阳光洒在天安门广场，温暖着十四万万同胞的心。此时此刻，不仅中国人，全世界爱好和平的人们都在共同纪念伟大胜利时刻，凝聚正义和平的力量。
在这场阅兵式上，诸多“首次亮相”出现，其中最为人关注的无疑是“东风”系列，尤其是东风-5C液体洲际战略核导弹与东风-61陆基洲际导弹。这是我们守卫和平的底气，代表了中国战略核力量的最新成就，也是东风系列导弹漫长发展历程的辉煌见证。
《三国演义》中，面对虎视眈眈的曹操大军跃马望江东，诸葛亮缓步登上七星台开始“祭风”，成就了后世熟知的“借东风”之典。
一千多年后，新中国的“东风”到来，成为扭转劣势地位、守卫祖国和平的关键。
1945年，美国向日本广岛和长崎相继投下“小男孩”和“胖子”两枚原子弹，这是核武器在世界上的首次实战使用，基本等于宣告：世界军事进入核武时代。
![](\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK7svIfnB1OffCWS1W7EB1uHo9TA3rHxiaHHzkCWm2RNhBjia4TS2r5FHG9HbSicVRccF1UjU2zhgwQ2w/640?wx_fmt=png\")
1949年，苏联也拥有了核武器，这意味着两大阵营的军事核威慑对抗彻底成型。核武器与投放核武器的重要载具导弹的研发，受到了各大国的重视。
刚刚成立的中华人民共和国，则亟须从千疮百孔的战争遗存下努力建设家园。新中国奉行“一边倒”政策的同时，仍坚持独立自主，积极发展重工业，而核战略武器和导弹的研发制造也是其中的重要内容之一。
新中国“东风”导弹的问世离不开钱学森先生。1955年，钱学森回到祖国怀抱，神州大地起风了，正是千载难逢的“东风”。
1956年10月8日，中国航天科技集团与中国航天科工集团前身的国防部第五研究院成立，钱学森出任院长，重点负责研发导弹工作。研究院的绝大多数成员都是其他领域抽调而来，甚至不知道弹道导弹内部是什么结构。为解决研发问题，聂荣臻与钱学森共赴苏联进行访问，签订了《中华人民共和国政府和苏维埃社会主义共和国联盟政府关于生产新式武器和军事技术装备以及在中国建立综合性原子工业的协定》，商定引进R-1弹道导弹。随后苏联提供了两枚R-1弹道导弹给中国，供五院人员拆卸学习。然而，经过研究发现，R-1（射程270公里，弹头约0.8–1.0 t）的性能实际上与德国的V-2（射程250公里，战斗部略高于R-1）相差不大，射程和弹量相对有限。因此，钱学森决定直接研发预计射程600公里、弹头1.5吨的R-2。随后又经过同苏联谈判，开展对R-2导弹的引进与学习。
1960年7月，中国的导弹研究进入自主研发阶段。10月23日，中国成功仿制出3枚P-2导弹，并在次月试射成功，这一条路中国只走了两年，堪称“传奇”。研发成功时，大家想起了毛主席在《1957年莫斯科共产党和工人党代表会议讲话》时提出的那句著名战略论断——“东风压倒西风”，而且东风在中国传统文化里代表着春天的温暖和希望，因此这些导弹便有了兼具革命意志与文化艺术气息的雅号——“东风一号”。这标志着中国迈出了导弹技术的第一步。
随着形势的变化，原本射程六百公里的“东风一号”，已不能满足国家安全的战略需要，必须抓紧研发射程在一千公里以上的“东风二号”，并能够搭载卫星的“东风二号”。当时，周总理亲自为导弹研制者们筹集粮食物资，举全国之力推进导弹研制。经过四年的努力，完全自主设计的“东风二号”试验成功，这枚导弹的发动机组件从一号的62件，推进到二号的168件，可谓变革巨大，也是中国导弹技术的重要里程碑。随后在“东风二号”的基础上又有了改良版“东风二号甲”，实现两弹结合。随着罗布泊的蘑菇云升腾，中国向世界宣告，我们不再受任何国家的核威胁与核讹诈，中国人的腰杆子硬了。
1965年3月11日，钱学森在《地地导弹发展规划》中，明确提出了“八年四弹”计划，即包括中近程弹道导弹、中程导弹、中远程弹道导弹、洲际导弹。第一种中近程弹道导弹——东风二甲与第二种中程导弹——东风三号的研发已经没有太多问题，基本可以随着时间推移而实现。然而，能够覆盖莫斯科与关岛，并且具有发射卫星功能的中远程弹道导弹——东风四号的研发则相对困难。
这是中国第一种洲际弹道导弹，也是第一种两级液体导弹，研发难度空前。1970年1月，中国首次成功发射东风四号远程弹道导弹，其射程超过4000公里，标志着中国拥有了覆盖太平洋大部分地区的战略打击能力。三个月后，东风四号改装的长征-1号运载火箭又搭载我国第一颗人造卫星东方红一号试射成功。当太空中“东方红太阳升，中国出了个毛泽东”的音乐响起时，无数国人为之震撼。中国成为继苏美法日之后，第五个能够独立研制并发射人造卫星的国家，也顺理成章地加入“太空俱乐部”。这也成为2025年九三阅兵中首次亮相的军事航天部队方队得以问世的重要根基。
相较于东风四号，东风五号承担的战略使命更为重大，其研发难度、技术难度成倍增长。武器研发的资料往往涉密，但根据部分资料显示，1972年是“八年四弹”规划的时间终点，计划射程8000公里的东风五号虽然立在发射场，却因推进剂舱的泄露而成为“哑弹”。为了保住这枚研究成果，现场技术人员在几乎没有防毒的准备下，冒着红烟硝酸等剧毒侵害风险，舍身抢救这枚导弹。1973年，东风5号再次试射，又因主动段仪器舱外压失衡而自毁。此后，研发工作进入了五年沉淀期。经过科研人员的不懈探索，最终在1978—1979年的四次飞行测试中，东风五号洲际导弹均获成功。1980年，中国第一枚洲际导弹向南太平洋试射成功，东风五号也成为国庆35周年阅兵的重磅嘉宾。东风导弹作为核武器的重要载具，自此，中国有了保卫长久和平的核威慑能力。
中国的导弹研发，事关国防安全，事关维护和平。1984年，随着新技术的注入，中国开始了新一代机动式战略导弹的研发，即东风-31项目，这也是中国第二代洲际地地战略导弹。然而，每项技术革新都需要投入极大的人力物力与时间，而大口径固体火箭发动机的燃烧室铸造技术始终是一大技术难题。经过中国军工技术人员的不断努力，东风系列导弹的打击精度、突防能力、生存性能等获得全方位的史诗级加强。1989年，第一枚东风-31原型弹完成生产，又经过十年探索，1999年，东风-31试射成功，并首次亮相于国庆50周年阅兵式，并在2006年开始服役，成为“镇国重器”的典型代表。
2025年9月3日，十多台大型导弹运输车载着东风-5C液体洲际战略核导弹浩荡通过天安门广场。与此同时，东风-61陆基洲际导弹也首次公开亮相，继续书写着“东风传奇”。大国重器背后，是几代航天人六十多年的艰苦奋斗，更是中国人民不屈的精神。
中国始终强调，东风系列导弹完全用于自卫目的，中国始终奉行自卫防御的核战略，承诺不首先使用核武器。中国的核武器数量虽少，但非常可靠、非常有效。一旦发生核冲突，失败的一定是挑衅者而不是中国。这种克制而坚定的核政策，赢得了国际社会的广泛尊重。中国的核力量是和平之盾、正义之剑，将为维护世界和平稳定发挥不可替代的作用。
从1960年仿制苏联导弹而来的东风-1，到1980年试验成功的东风-5，再到如今亮相的东风-5C、东风-61，中国战略导弹技术实现了从无到有、从弱到强的历史性跨越。九三阅兵已经落幕，但东风导弹划过的轨迹永远留在世界心中。这场阅兵不仅展示了中国国防科技的巨大进步，更传递出中国维护世界和平的坚定决心。
参考文献：
1、陈家新：《两弹一星》，新世纪出版社，2020年。
2、教育部高等学校社会科学发展研究中心：《两弹一星精神》，中共党史出版社，2020年。
3、张学亮：《导弹》，辽宁美术出版社，2022年。
4、高同声：《东风起舞——中国战略导弹部队初创纪实》，国防工业出版社，2016年。
5、当代中国研究所：《中华人民共和国史稿》，人民出版社，2012年。
本文系“国家人文历史”独家稿件，欢迎读者转发朋友圈。
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![\"图片\"](\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK5sbRbqWpNPCUYibIYbC7RFRAHn32PAWbKDIM6A4MkicYHOWIR0Hy6iamToAdrvvPDeu5T15EKXjC1Fg/640?wx_fmt=png\")
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文章原文\n
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2025年9月3日上午9时，明媚的阳光洒在天安门广场，温暖着十四万万同胞的心。此时此刻，不仅中国人，全世界爱好和平的人们都在共同纪念伟大胜利时刻，凝聚正义和平的力量。
在这场阅兵式上，诸多“首次亮相”出现，其中最为人关注的无疑是“东风”系列，尤其是东风-5C液体洲际战略核导弹与东风-61陆基洲际导弹。这是我们守卫和平的底气，代表了中国战略核力量的最新成就，也是东风系列导弹漫长发展历程的辉煌见证。
《三国演义》中，面对虎视眈眈的曹操大军跃马望江东，诸葛亮缓步登上七星台开始“祭风”，成就了后世熟知的“借东风”之典。
一千多年后，新中国的“东风”到来，成为扭转劣势地位、守卫祖国和平的关键。
1945年，美国向日本广岛和长崎相继投下“小男孩”和“胖子”两枚原子弹，这是核武器在世界上的首次实战使用，基本等于宣告：世界军事进入核武时代。
1949年，苏联也拥有了核武器，这意味着两大阵营的军事核威慑对抗彻底成型。核武器与投放核武器的重要载具导弹的研发，受到了各大国的重视。
刚刚成立的中华人民共和国，则亟须从千疮百孔的战争遗存下努力建设家园。新中国奉行“一边倒”政策的同时，仍坚持独立自主，积极发展重工业，而核战略武器和导弹的研发制造也是其中的重要内容之一。
新中国“东风”导弹的问世离不开钱学森先生。1955年，钱学森回到祖国怀抱，神州大地起风了，正是千载难逢的“东风”。
1956年10月8日，中国航天科技集团与中国航天科工集团前身的国防部第五研究院成立，钱学森出任院长，重点负责研发导弹工作。研究院的绝大多数成员都是其他领域抽调而来，甚至不知道弹道导弹内部是什么结构。为解决研发问题，聂荣臻与钱学森共赴苏联进行访问，签订了《中华人民共和国政府和苏维埃社会主义共和国联盟政府关于生产新式武器和军事技术装备以及在中国建立综合性原子工业的协定》，商定引进R-1弹道导弹。随后苏联提供了两枚R-1弹道导弹给中国，供五院人员拆卸学习。然而，经过研究发现，R-1（射程270公里，弹头约0.8–1.0 t）的性能实际上与德国的V-2（射程250公里，战斗部略高于R-1）相差不大，射程和弹量相对有限。因此，钱学森决定直接研发预计射程600公里、弹头1.5吨的R-2。随后又经过同苏联谈判，开展对R-2导弹的引进与学习。
1960年7月，中国的导弹研究进入自主研发阶段。10月23日，中国成功仿制出3枚P-2导弹，并在次月试射成功，这一条路中国只走了两年，堪称“传奇”。研发成功时，大家想起了毛主席在《1957年莫斯科共产党和工人党代表会议讲话》时提出的那句著名战略论断——“东风压倒西风”，而且东风在中国传统文化里代表着春天的温暖和希望，因此这些导弹便有了兼具革命意志与文化艺术气息的雅号——“东风一号”。这标志着中国迈出了导弹技术的第一步。
随着形势的变化，原本射程六百公里的“东风一号”，已不能满足国家安全的战略需要，必须抓紧研发射程在一千公里以上的“东风二号”，并能够搭载卫星的“东风二号”。当时，周总理亲自为导弹研制者们筹集粮食物资，举全国之力推进导弹研制。经过四年的努力，完全自主设计的“东风二号”试验成功，这枚导弹的发动机组件从一号的62件，推进到二号的168件，可谓变革巨大，也是中国导弹技术的重要里程碑。随后在“东风二号”的基础上又有了改良版“东风二号甲”，实现两弹结合。随着罗布泊的蘑菇云升腾，中国向世界宣告，我们不再受任何国家的核威胁与核讹诈，中国人的腰杆子硬了。
1965年3月11日，钱学森在《地地导弹发展规划》中，明确提出了“八年四弹”计划，即包括中近程弹道导弹、中程导弹、中远程弹道导弹、洲际导弹。第一种中近程弹道导弹——东风二甲与第二种中程导弹——东风三号的研发已经没有太多问题，基本可以随着时间推移而实现。然而，能够覆盖莫斯科与关岛，并且具有发射卫星功能的中远程弹道导弹——东风四号的研发则相对困难。
这是中国第一种洲际弹道导弹，也是第一种两级液体导弹，研发难度空前。1970年1月，中国首次成功发射东风四号远程弹道导弹，其射程超过4000公里，标志着中国拥有了覆盖太平洋大部分地区的战略打击能力。三个月后，东风四号改装的长征-1号运载火箭又搭载我国第一颗人造卫星东方红一号试射成功。当太空中“东方红太阳升，中国出了个毛泽东”的音乐响起时，无数国人为之震撼。中国成为继苏美法日之后，第五个能够独立研制并发射人造卫星的国家，也顺理成章地加入“太空俱乐部”。这也成为2025年九三阅兵中首次亮相的军事航天部队方队得以问世的重要根基。
相较于东风四号，东风五号承担的战略使命更为重大，其研发难度、技术难度成倍增长。武器研发的资料往往涉密，但根据部分资料显示，1972年是“八年四弹”规划的时间终点，计划射程8000公里的东风五号虽然立在发射场，却因推进剂舱的泄露而成为“哑弹”。为了保住这枚研究成果，现场技术人员在几乎没有防毒的准备下，冒着红烟硝酸等剧毒侵害风险，舍身抢救这枚导弹。1973年，东风5号再次试射，又因主动段仪器舱外压失衡而自毁。此后，研发工作进入了五年沉淀期。经过科研人员的不懈探索，最终在1978—1979年的四次飞行测试中，东风五号洲际导弹均获成功。1980年，中国第一枚洲际导弹向南太平洋试射成功，东风五号也成为国庆35周年阅兵的重磅嘉宾。东风导弹作为核武器的重要载具，自此，中国有了保卫长久和平的核威慑能力。
中国的导弹研发，事关国防安全，事关维护和平。1984年，随着新技术的注入，中国开始了新一代机动式战略导弹的研发，即东风-31项目，这也是中国第二代洲际地地战略导弹。然而，每项技术革新都需要投入极大的人力物力与时间，而大口径固体火箭发动机的燃烧室铸造技术始终是一大技术难题。经过中国军工技术人员的不断努力，东风系列导弹的打击精度、突防能力、生存性能等获得全方位的史诗级加强。1989年，第一枚东风-31原型弹完成生产，又经过十年探索，1999年，东风-31试射成功，并首次亮相于国庆50周年阅兵式，并在2006年开始服役，成为“镇国重器”的典型代表。
2025年9月3日，十多台大型导弹运输车载着东风-5C液体洲际战略核导弹浩荡通过天安门广场。与此同时，东风-61陆基洲际导弹也首次公开亮相，继续书写着“东风传奇”。大国重器背后，是几代航天人六十多年的艰苦奋斗，更是中国人民不屈的精神。
中国始终强调，东风系列导弹完全用于自卫目的，中国始终奉行自卫防御的核战略，承诺不首先使用核武器。中国的核武器数量虽少，但非常可靠、非常有效。一旦发生核冲突，失败的一定是挑衅者而不是中国。这种克制而坚定的核政策，赢得了国际社会的广泛尊重。中国的核力量是和平之盾、正义之剑，将为维护世界和平稳定发挥不可替代的作用。
从1960年仿制苏联导弹而来的东风-1，到1980年试验成功的东风-5，再到如今亮相的东风-5C、东风-61，中国战略导弹技术实现了从无到有、从弱到强的历史性跨越。九三阅兵已经落幕，但东风导弹划过的轨迹永远留在世界心中。这场阅兵不仅展示了中国国防科技的巨大进步，更传递出中国维护世界和平的坚定决心。
参考文献：
1、陈家新：《两弹一星》，新世纪出版社，2020年。
2、教育部高等学校社会科学发展研究中心：《两弹一星精神》，中共党史出版社，2020年。
3、张学亮：《导弹》，辽宁美术出版社，2022年。
4、高同声：《东风起舞——中国战略导弹部队初创纪实》，国防工业出版社，2016年。
5、当代中国研究所：《中华人民共和国史稿》，人民出版社，2012年。
本文系“国家人文历史”独家稿件，欢迎读者转发朋友圈。
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2025年9月3日上午9时，明媚的阳光洒在天安门广场，温暖着十四万万同胞的心。此时此刻，不仅中国人，全世界爱好和平的人们都在共同纪念伟大胜利时刻，凝聚正义和平的力量。
在这场阅兵式上，诸多“首次亮相”出现，其中最为人关注的无疑是“东风”系列，尤其是东风-5C液体洲际战略核导弹与东风-61陆基洲际导弹。这是我们守卫和平的底气，代表了中国战略核力量的最新成就，也是东风系列导弹漫长发展历程的辉煌见证。
《三国演义》中，面对虎视眈眈的曹操大军跃马望江东，诸葛亮缓步登上七星台开始“祭风”，成就了后世熟知的“借东风”之典。
一千多年后，新中国的“东风”到来，成为扭转劣势地位、守卫祖国和平的关键。
1945年，美国向日本广岛和长崎相继投下“小男孩”和“胖子”两枚原子弹，这是核武器在世界上的首次实战使用，基本等于宣告：世界军事进入核武时代。
1949年，苏联也拥有了核武器，这意味着两大阵营的军事核威慑对抗彻底成型。核武器与投放核武器的重要载具导弹的研发，受到了各大国的重视。
刚刚成立的中华人民共和国，则亟须从千疮百孔的战争遗存下努力建设家园。新中国奉行“一边倒”政策的同时，仍坚持独立自主，积极发展重工业，而核战略武器和导弹的研发制造也是其中的重要内容之一。
新中国“东风”导弹的问世离不开钱学森先生。1955年，钱学森回到祖国怀抱，神州大地起风了，正是千载难逢的“东风”。
1956年10月8日，中国航天科技集团与中国航天科工集团前身的国防部第五研究院成立，钱学森出任院长，重点负责研发导弹工作。研究院的绝大多数成员都是其他领域抽调而来，甚至不知道弹道导弹内部是什么结构。为解决研发问题，聂荣臻与钱学森共赴苏联进行访问，签订了《中华人民共和国政府和苏维埃社会主义共和国联盟政府关于生产新式武器和军事技术装备以及在中国建立综合性原子工业的协定》，商定引进R-1弹道导弹。随后苏联提供了两枚R-1弹道导弹给中国，供五院人员拆卸学习。然而，经过研究发现，R-1（射程270公里，弹头约0.8–1.0 t）的性能实际上与德国的V-2（射程250公里，战斗部略高于R-1）相差不大，射程和弹量相对有限。因此，钱学森决定直接研发预计射程600公里、弹头1.5吨的R-2。随后又经过同苏联谈判，开展对R-2导弹的引进与学习。
1960年7月，中国的导弹研究进入自主研发阶段。10月23日，中国成功仿制出3枚P-2导弹，并在次月试射成功，这一条路中国只走了两年，堪称“传奇”。研发成功时，大家想起了毛主席在《1957年莫斯科共产党和工人党代表会议讲话》时提出的那句著名战略论断——“东风压倒西风”，而且东风在中国传统文化里代表着春天的温暖和希望，因此这些导弹便有了兼具革命意志与文化艺术气息的雅号——“东风一号”。这标志着中国迈出了导弹技术的第一步。
随着形势的变化，原本射程六百公里的“东风一号”，已不能满足国家安全的战略需要，必须抓紧研发射程在一千公里以上的“东风二号”，并能够搭载卫星的“东风二号”。当时，周总理亲自为导弹研制者们筹集粮食物资，举全国之力推进导弹研制。经过四年的努力，完全自主设计的“东风二号”试验成功，这枚导弹的发动机组件从一号的62件，推进到二号的168件，可谓变革巨大，也是中国导弹技术的重要里程碑。随后在“东风二号”的基础上又有了改良版“东风二号甲”，实现两弹结合。随着罗布泊的蘑菇云升腾，中国向世界宣告，我们不再受任何国家的核威胁与核讹诈，中国人的腰杆子硬了。
1965年3月11日，钱学森在《地地导弹发展规划》中，明确提出了“八年四弹”计划，即包括中近程弹道导弹、中程导弹、中远程弹道导弹、洲际导弹。第一种中近程弹道导弹——东风二甲与第二种中程导弹——东风三号的研发已经没有太多问题，基本可以随着时间推移而实现。然而，能够覆盖莫斯科与关岛，并且具有发射卫星功能的中远程弹道导弹——东风四号的研发则相对困难。
这是中国第一种洲际弹道导弹，也是第一种两级液体导弹，研发难度空前。1970年1月，中国首次成功发射东风四号远程弹道导弹，其射程超过4000公里，标志着中国拥有了覆盖太平洋大部分地区的战略打击能力。三个月后，东风四号改装的长征-1号运载火箭又搭载我国第一颗人造卫星东方红一号试射成功。当太空中“东方红太阳升，中国出了个毛泽东”的音乐响起时，无数国人为之震撼。中国成为继苏美法日之后，第五个能够独立研制并发射人造卫星的国家，也顺理成章地加入“太空俱乐部”。这也成为2025年九三阅兵中首次亮相的军事航天部队方队得以问世的重要根基。
相较于东风四号，东风五号承担的战略使命更为重大，其研发难度、技术难度成倍增长。武器研发的资料往往涉密，但根据部分资料显示，1972年是“八年四弹”规划的时间终点，计划射程8000公里的东风五号虽然立在发射场，却因推进剂舱的泄露而成为“哑弹”。为了保住这枚研究成果，现场技术人员在几乎没有防毒的准备下，冒着红烟硝酸等剧毒侵害风险，舍身抢救这枚导弹。1973年，东风5号再次试射，又因主动段仪器舱外压失衡而自毁。此后，研发工作进入了五年沉淀期。经过科研人员的不懈探索，最终在1978—1979年的四次飞行测试中，东风五号洲际导弹均获成功。1980年，中国第一枚洲际导弹向南太平洋试射成功，东风五号也成为国庆35周年阅兵的重磅嘉宾。东风导弹作为核武器的重要载具，自此，中国有了保卫长久和平的核威慑能力。
中国的导弹研发，事关国防安全，事关维护和平。1984年，随着新技术的注入，中国开始了新一代机动式战略导弹的研发，即东风-31项目，这也是中国第二代洲际地地战略导弹。然而，每项技术革新都需要投入极大的人力物力与时间，而大口径固体火箭发动机的燃烧室铸造技术始终是一大技术难题。经过中国军工技术人员的不断努力，东风系列导弹的打击精度、突防能力、生存性能等获得全方位的史诗级加强。1989年，第一枚东风-31原型弹完成生产，又经过十年探索，1999年，东风-31试射成功，并首次亮相于国庆50周年阅兵式，并在2006年开始服役，成为“镇国重器”的典型代表。
2025年9月3日，十多台大型导弹运输车载着东风-5C液体洲际战略核导弹浩荡通过天安门广场。与此同时，东风-61陆基洲际导弹也首次公开亮相，继续书写着“东风传奇”。大国重器背后，是几代航天人六十多年的艰苦奋斗，更是中国人民不屈的精神。
中国始终强调，东风系列导弹完全用于自卫目的，中国始终奉行自卫防御的核战略，承诺不首先使用核武器。中国的核武器数量虽少，但非常可靠、非常有效。一旦发生核冲突，失败的一定是挑衅者而不是中国。这种克制而坚定的核政策，赢得了国际社会的广泛尊重。中国的核力量是和平之盾、正义之剑，将为维护世界和平稳定发挥不可替代的作用。
从1960年仿制苏联导弹而来的东风-1，到1980年试验成功的东风-5，再到如今亮相的东风-5C、东风-61，中国战略导弹技术实现了从无到有、从弱到强的历史性跨越。九三阅兵已经落幕，但东风导弹划过的轨迹永远留在世界心中。这场阅兵不仅展示了中国国防科技的巨大进步，更传递出中国维护世界和平的坚定决心。
参考文献：
1、陈家新：《两弹一星》，新世纪出版社，2020年。
2、教育部高等学校社会科学发展研究中心：《两弹一星精神》，中共党史出版社，2020年。
3、张学亮：《导弹》，辽宁美术出版社，2022年。
4、高同声：《东风起舞——中国战略导弹部队初创纪实》，国防工业出版社，2016年。
5、当代中国研究所：《中华人民共和国史稿》，人民出版社，2012年。
本文系“国家人文历史”独家稿件，欢迎读者转发朋友圈。
进击的士族
旁落的皇权
跨越五百年的权力对抗史
国民历史读物《国家人文历史》专业团队
最新力作
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2025年9月3日上午9时，明媚的阳光洒在天安门广场，温暖着十四万万同胞的心。此时此刻，不仅中国人，全世界爱好和平的人们都在共同纪念伟大胜利时刻，凝聚正义和平的力量。
在这场阅兵式上，诸多“首次亮相”出现，其中最为人关注的无疑是“东风”系列，尤其是东风-5C液体洲际战略核导弹与东风-61陆基洲际导弹。这是我们守卫和平的底气，代表了中国战略核力量的最新成就，也是东风系列导弹漫长发展历程的辉煌见证。
《三国演义》中，面对虎视眈眈的曹操大军跃马望江东，诸葛亮缓步登上七星台开始“祭风”，成就了后世熟知的“借东风”之典。
一千多年后，新中国的“东风”到来，成为扭转劣势地位、守卫祖国和平的关键。
1945年，美国向日本广岛和长崎相继投下“小男孩”和“胖子”两枚原子弹，这是核武器在世界上的首次实战使用，基本等于宣告：世界军事进入核武时代。
1949年，苏联也拥有了核武器，这意味着两大阵营的军事核威慑对抗彻底成型。核武器与投放核武器的重要载具导弹的研发，受到了各大国的重视。
刚刚成立的中华人民共和国，则亟须从千疮百孔的战争遗存下努力建设家园。新中国奉行“一边倒”政策的同时，仍坚持独立自主，积极发展重工业，而核战略武器和导弹的研发制造也是其中的重要内容之一。
新中国“东风”导弹的问世离不开钱学森先生。1955年，钱学森回到祖国怀抱，神州大地起风了，正是千载难逢的“东风”。
1956年10月8日，中国航天科技集团与中国航天科工集团前身的国防部第五研究院成立，钱学森出任院长，重点负责研发导弹工作。研究院的绝大多数成员都是其他领域抽调而来，甚至不知道弹道导弹内部是什么结构。为解决研发问题，聂荣臻与钱学森共赴苏联进行访问，签订了《中华人民共和国政府和苏维埃社会主义共和国联盟政府关于生产新式武器和军事技术装备以及在中国建立综合性原子工业的协定》，商定引进R-1弹道导弹。随后苏联提供了两枚R-1弹道导弹给中国，供五院人员拆卸学习。然而，经过研究发现，R-1（射程270公里，弹头约0.8–1.0 t）的性能实际上与德国的V-2（射程250公里，战斗部略高于R-1）相差不大，射程和弹量相对有限。因此，钱学森决定直接研发预计射程600公里、弹头1.5吨的R-2。随后又经过同苏联谈判，开展对R-2导弹的引进与学习。
1960年7月，中国的导弹研究进入自主研发阶段。10月23日，中国成功仿制出3枚P-2导弹，并在次月试射成功，这一条路中国只走了两年，堪称“传奇”。研发成功时，大家想起了毛主席在《1957年莫斯科共产党和工人党代表会议讲话》时提出的那句著名战略论断——“东风压倒西风”，而且东风在中国传统文化里代表着春天的温暖和希望，因此这些导弹便有了兼具革命意志与文化艺术气息的雅号——“东风一号”。这标志着中国迈出了导弹技术的第一步。
随着形势的变化，原本射程六百公里的“东风一号”，已不能满足国家安全的战略需要，必须抓紧研发射程在一千公里以上的“东风二号”，并能够搭载卫星的“东风二号”。当时，周总理亲自为导弹研制者们筹集粮食物资，举全国之力推进导弹研制。经过四年的努力，完全自主设计的“东风二号”试验成功，这枚导弹的发动机组件从一号的62件，推进到二号的168件，可谓变革巨大，也是中国导弹技术的重要里程碑。随后在“东风二号”的基础上又有了改良版“东风二号甲”，实现两弹结合。随着罗布泊的蘑菇云升腾，中国向世界宣告，我们不再受任何国家的核威胁与核讹诈，中国人的腰杆子硬了。
1965年3月11日，钱学森在《地地导弹发展规划》中，明确提出了“八年四弹”计划，即包括中近程弹道导弹、中程导弹、中远程弹道导弹、洲际导弹。第一种中近程弹道导弹——东风二甲与第二种中程导弹——东风三号的研发已经没有太多问题，基本可以随着时间推移而实现。然而，能够覆盖莫斯科与关岛，并且具有发射卫星功能的中远程弹道导弹——东风四号的研发则相对困难。
这是中国第一种洲际弹道导弹，也是第一种两级液体导弹，研发难度空前。1970年1月，中国首次成功发射东风四号远程弹道导弹，其射程超过4000公里，标志着中国拥有了覆盖太平洋大部分地区的战略打击能力。三个月后，东风四号改装的长征-1号运载火箭又搭载我国第一颗人造卫星东方红一号试射成功。当太空中“东方红太阳升，中国出了个毛泽东”的音乐响起时，无数国人为之震撼。中国成为继苏美法日之后，第五个能够独立研制并发射人造卫星的国家，也顺理成章地加入“太空俱乐部”。这也成为2025年九三阅兵中首次亮相的军事航天部队方队得以问世的重要根基。
相较于东风四号，东风五号承担的战略使命更为重大，其研发难度、技术难度成倍增长。武器研发的资料往往涉密，但根据部分资料显示，1972年是“八年四弹”规划的时间终点，计划射程8000公里的东风五号虽然立在发射场，却因推进剂舱的泄露而成为“哑弹”。为了保住这枚研究成果，现场技术人员在几乎没有防毒的准备下，冒着红烟硝酸等剧毒侵害风险，舍身抢救这枚导弹。1973年，东风5号再次试射，又因主动段仪器舱外压失衡而自毁。此后，研发工作进入了五年沉淀期。经过科研人员的不懈探索，最终在1978—1979年的四次飞行测试中，东风五号洲际导弹均获成功。1980年，中国第一枚洲际导弹向南太平洋试射成功，东风五号也成为国庆35周年阅兵的重磅嘉宾。东风导弹作为核武器的重要载具，自此，中国有了保卫长久和平的核威慑能力。
中国的导弹研发，事关国防安全，事关维护和平。1984年，随着新技术的注入，中国开始了新一代机动式战略导弹的研发，即东风-31项目，这也是中国第二代洲际地地战略导弹。然而，每项技术革新都需要投入极大的人力物力与时间，而大口径固体火箭发动机的燃烧室铸造技术始终是一大技术难题。经过中国军工技术人员的不断努力，东风系列导弹的打击精度、突防能力、生存性能等获得全方位的史诗级加强。1989年，第一枚东风-31原型弹完成生产，又经过十年探索，1999年，东风-31试射成功，并首次亮相于国庆50周年阅兵式，并在2006年开始服役，成为“镇国重器”的典型代表。
2025年9月3日，十多台大型导弹运输车载着东风-5C液体洲际战略核导弹浩荡通过天安门广场。与此同时，东风-61陆基洲际导弹也首次公开亮相，继续书写着“东风传奇”。大国重器背后，是几代航天人六十多年的艰苦奋斗，更是中国人民不屈的精神。
中国始终强调，东风系列导弹完全用于自卫目的，中国始终奉行自卫防御的核战略，承诺不首先使用核武器。中国的核武器数量虽少，但非常可靠、非常有效。一旦发生核冲突，失败的一定是挑衅者而不是中国。这种克制而坚定的核政策，赢得了国际社会的广泛尊重。中国的核力量是和平之盾、正义之剑，将为维护世界和平稳定发挥不可替代的作用。
从1960年仿制苏联导弹而来的东风-1，到1980年试验成功的东风-5，再到如今亮相的东风-5C、东风-61，中国战略导弹技术实现了从无到有、从弱到强的历史性跨越。九三阅兵已经落幕，但东风导弹划过的轨迹永远留在世界心中。这场阅兵不仅展示了中国国防科技的巨大进步，更传递出中国维护世界和平的坚定决心。
参考文献：
1、陈家新：《两弹一星》，新世纪出版社，2020年。
2、教育部高等学校社会科学发展研究中心：《两弹一星精神》，中共党史出版社，2020年。
3、张学亮：《导弹》，辽宁美术出版社，2022年。
4、高同声：《东风起舞——中国战略导弹部队初创纪实》，国防工业出版社，2016年。
5、当代中国研究所：《中华人民共和国史稿》，人民出版社，2012年。
本文系“国家人文历史”独家稿件，欢迎读者转发朋友圈。
进击的士族
旁落的皇权
跨越五百年的权力对抗史
国民历史读物《国家人文历史》专业团队
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南澳岛，隶属于南澳县这广东省唯一的海岛县及渔业县，地处闽粤交界的海面，为北回归线所横穿，因守于高雄-厦门-香港这三大港口的中心点，素有“东南门户，漳潮锁匙”的美称，遂成为海上丝绸之路的重要港口和兵家必争之地。它的本名意为“南方泊船之海湾”。相传南澳一词始载于南宋孝宗淳熙七年（1180）间，广东提举杨万里率军平定侵犯南澳的海盗沈师一事。“盗沈师犯南粤，帅师往平之”。此后，寇乱、兵戈还有各色宝藏的传说，在这座小岛的历史中常常回响。
至元八年（1271），元世祖忽必烈在大都建立元朝后，旋即大规模向南方进军，至元十三年（1276）正月，元军直逼临安，宋廷在战和不定中乱成一团，太皇太后即封宋恭帝赵㬎（xiǎn）之弟赵昰为益王，判福州、福建安抚大使；封赵禺为广王，判泉州兼外宗正事，由陆秀夫、杨镇等人护送往婺州、温州一路南逃，成为传递失落火种的希望小队。三月，临安城破，朝廷奉玺降元，南宋灭亡，而陈宜中、张世杰、陆秀夫等人则效仿昔日南宋宋高宗之旧例，拥立赵昰成立都元帅府，以赵昰为天下兵马都元帅，改福州为福安府，号召天下军民相投。五月，赵昰于福州即位，号端宗，改元景炎，封杨淑妃为太后，世称“行朝”。此后，都元帅府这一抵抗中心便开启了流亡抗元之旅，也为后世留下了不少遗迹。
景炎元年（1276）六月，“行朝”从水路南下泉州、厦门入广东，11月，“帝舟迁于潮州，初泊红螺山（属饶平县），旋移南澳”。在南澳岛上，都元帅府于澳前村东面修建行宫，也便是太子楼，他们还在东南面的沙滩上挖井，据说共有三口，供皇室饮用的叫“龙井”，供文武官员饮用的叫“虎井”，供将士军马饮用的叫“马井”。如今南澳岛上还有它们的遗址，其间刻字患漫难辨。因此，便有传闻说，当时小皇帝赵昰和他弟弟赵昺（bǐng）见追兵逼近，就将随身所携的金银珠宝留在南澳岛，于石壁上做出记号以便日后再来寻找。只是可惜，景炎二年（1277）正月，他们乘舟离岛赴惠州后，便就此一去不复返。祥兴元年（1278）四月，端宗病死，年仅十一岁，八岁的赵昺被拥立为帝。祥兴二年（1279）正月，元军进攻崖山，二月初六日，崖海决战宋败，陆秀夫抱末帝赵昺投海死，“后宫及诸臣多从死者，七日，浮尸出于海十余万人”，南宋彻底灭亡，而所谓的宝藏也失去了它的主人。
1962年的夏天，一位到海边捞虾的青年发现海滩上有一口水井，还在井石四角的石缝中捡到四枚宋代铜钱，分别镌刻了“圣宋元宝”“政和通宝”“淳熙元宝”“嘉定通宝”的字样。这口古水井便是曾经的马井。经专家考察分析，它原本应该挖在坡地，只是因为陆地下沉，才为海沙所吞没，只有当由台风引起的大型海潮到来卷走沙层时，才会显露真身，这便是井露现象。虽然宝藏没能随着一同浮出水面，但当地很快便发现了宋井的另一神奇之处：被海水淹没过的它竟然有清甜的淡水！甚至据说即便将苦咸的海水倒入其中，其水质也不会有过多改变。于是，又有很多人坚信此井有灵，其水或有延年益寿之能，不惜千里到访，取水冲茶珍藏。
那么，对此有什么科学的解释吗？此地的降水会渗入地下，并因重力作用向地势更低的古井海滩处汇集，形成淡水为主的地下水。井露发生后，地下水便会因形成的水位差而通过砂砾井底上升泉涌，由于沙质的孔隙较小，淡水和原留在井内的海水相互融合的非常缓慢，又因为海水密度更大，淡水会浮在海水表层，为人所打捞起。这便是它被认为是淡水井的缘由。
尽管南宋宝藏实属无稽之谈，但南澳的确有上天赐予它的财富，那便是它在航海贸易中得天独厚，“为诸夷贡道所必经”的地理位置。明代的《南澳赋》便称颂道：
“故大国小邦，外趋内附。吕宋、琉球南金大赂，占城、暹罗随波飞赴，佛齐、阇婆弗敢互顾(贾),真腊、彭坑疾驰如鹜。”
南澳成为远洋贸易的驿站和地文标志，就连郑和七次下西洋都经过了这里。
然而，在明初，朝廷却并没有好好地经营此南澳，他们“或墟其地，或徙其民”。明太祖朱元璋数次颁发禁令，严禁海民私自制造二桅以上船舶，出海诸国并与之互市。明洪武二十年（1387）、永乐二年（1404）和永乐七年（1409）还来回搬离过当地的所有居民，当时南澳当地本来人就不多，此后更为荒凉焦土。该做法背后确有“以伪吴张士诚据宁、绍、杭、苏、通、泰，及方国珍据温、台等处，皆在海上。张、方既灭，诸贼强豪者悉航纠岛倭人寇”的因素，但也有明廷希望推行市舶司制度来垄断贸易的意图。无疑，这加剧了沿海居民的苦难，也无法真正巩固空虚的边疆：
“寇与商同是人也。市通则寇转而为商；市禁则商转而为寇。始之禁禁商，后之禁禁寇， 寇势盛。”
南澳逐渐发展成为真正的海盗渊薮（sǒu）和番舶互市之地。
当时，主要来到南澳进行走私的民船，多来自暹罗和安南等东南亚国家，葡萄牙商人在16世纪后也开始频繁到访。随着走私市场的开拓，海禁渐渐名存实亡。
“成、弘之际，豪门巨室间有乘巨舰贸易海外者。奸人阴开其利窦，而官人不得显收其利权。初亦渐享奇赢，久乃勾引为乱……至嘉靖而弊极矣。”
其原因之一是葡萄牙人东来后，“有司自是将安南、满剌加诸番舶尽行阻绝，皆往漳州府海面地方私自驻剖”，南澳正是往漳州海面的要津。另一件事是嘉靖二年（1522）日本的争贡动乱，唯一合法的市舶司被撤，“番船无所容，乃之南澳互市”。公无管束，私贼遂起。
嘉靖、隆庆年间，相继有许朝光、林国宪、吴平、曾一本等海寇以南澳岛为巢，修起楼寨，私行贸易，并“修船、制器、市药、裹粮，百无所忌”，号称“毒害东南者十余年”。而这群海盗倒还真为南澳滋生了另一则宝藏传说：据闻，当年的巨盗吴平，似乎就在岛屿最北端由几块礁石组成的小岛屿上私藏了十八坛金银，该地也因而得名金银岛。
嘉靖四十三年（1564），戚继光奉命率兵5000人自浙来援，与潮州总兵俞大猷水陆夹攻，讨伐了盘踞在南澳岛的吴平势力，荡平海寇。朝廷吸取教训，南澳政策也为之一变。隆庆元年（1567），南澳有限制地开放了海禁。万历三年（1575），福建巡抚刘尧诲和广东总督殷正茂联合上奏朝廷《请设南澳副总兵疏》，潮州知府郭子章也表示为固海防，应当再设南澳为镇，他们的建议得到采纳。万历设“闽粤南澳镇”，置副总兵，下辖左、右营，兼领福建南路和广东东路水师，南澳岛就此从“海外荒域”变成东南沿海的军事重镇。设镇后，原属广东潮州府饶平县太平乡信宁都的南澳岛，就此分广东饶平、福建诏安两县共管，这一两省共管南澳的想法最先还是戚继光鉴于此前海盗们“福建捕急，则奔广东；广东捕急，则奔福建”的情况 提出的。
方案实行后，“……树兵列胪，海防肃矣。崇垒突沟城守固矣。垦田构室，民趋众矣。昔之鲸鲵依崇，今则海波不扬而为商旅之坦途矣。昔之孤鼠恣睢，今则戴柞而为生民之乐土矣。”
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如今的深澳古镇之中，还留有南澳总兵府。明时，南澳总兵府“坐南朝北，高二丈二尺，皆甃以石。壕深八尺”。然而，随着明的由盛转衰，南澳也渐渐荒废，“郑芝龙麾下士卒皆芝龙散金以养，芝龙时为南澳副总兵，是启祯以后，南澳之兵盖有兵而无饷”，因此，南澳逐渐为郑芝龙家族所据，于明清之交再起狂澜。
顺治三年（1646），南明皇帝朱聿键殉国，郑芝龙降清，但其子郑成功带着80人，由陈辉、张进陪同，自福建乘舟“止南澳，招兵制械，得数千人 ”，往来于厦门、铜山、金门、澎湖和台湾诸岛屿间，开启了复台抗清的道路。在南澳岛上，他和文武大臣于澳属猎屿（古称“烈屿”）设高宗皇帝神位定盟复明，遂延南明之正朔十八载。如今的明、清总兵府旧址前，还有一棵大榕树，主干18米，树冠南北近28米，相传便是昔日郑成功的招兵处，被称为“招兵树”。
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永历十五年（1661），郑成功从荷兰殖民者手中收复台湾，建立郑氏政权。康熙元年（1662），郑氏部下陈豹降清，杨金木、杜辉继续经营据守南澳岛。康熙三年（1664），在黄冈总兵吴六奇的招降下，最后的杜辉也投降清朝，明朝制度的影响在南澳落下帷幕，其部众迁往揭阳、黄冈，南澳遭到废弃。直到康熙十九年（1680）才准民复垦，“五年起税”。此时，康熙已经充分认识到了南澳对海防的价值，该政策正是为了后续的设镇驻兵做准备。
康熙二十四年（1685），清廷“诏设南澳总兵，移厦门镇总兵官并中、左、右三营官兵驻南澳，旋裁中营，改为左、右二营，左为福营，右为广营”，其中左营派驻台湾、淡水、澎湖，三年一调防。南澳岛分属饶平、诏安二县。次年，“澄海协、达濠营水汛官兵船只改归南澳水师镇就近统辖”。
康熙四十二年（1703），清廷又设立海门营。至此，南澳镇所辖便包括左、右二营，澄海协二营、海门营、达濠营等五营，其中左营由闽浙总督节制，其他四营隶属于两广总督节制。康熙五十六年（1717），时任广东总督杨琳在全省范围修筑炮台，并提到了粤东海域防御的重要性，“惠、潮之洋盗绝，而全粤之海面宁”。这一提议背后的部分原因，可能是南澳作为南北远洋贸易中途停泊，以及肩负造船，燂洗（火燎涂灰以避海蛆）、产糖等其他功能之所的地位逐渐得到恢复。
同样是康熙四十二年（1703），清廷下令“各处商船往东洋者，必由定海镇所辖要汛挂号，往噶喇吧 (今印度尼西亚雅加达，又泛指爪哇等岛) 、 吕宋(今菲律宾吕宋岛，又泛指菲律宾群岛) 等处出洋，必由澎湖、南澳所辖之要汛挂号”。然而，由于当地的军事化管理体制越来越难以应对招民开垦，商渔云集，豪强势大，粮饷失控这一系列的新问题，康熙五十六年（1717），朝廷禁贩南洋，并开始思考进一步的管理革新。
雍正十年（1723），清廷诏设“粤闽南澳海防同知”，又称南澳厅，等同州县，受广东督抚两院、三司及潮州府节制。其时，据清人齐翀《南澳志》记载：
“南澳，一名井澳；一名白城；一名岛南；一名瀛南。地分四澳：深澳、隆澳、云澳、青澳。深澳、隆澳属粤；云澳、青澳属闽。”
至此，南澳也正式成为行政上的区划地理单元。
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清朝末年，南澳再一次与走私贸易和王朝终局结合在了一起。道光年间，英国的鸦片商人曾买通南澳总兵沈镇邦在南澳交货。道光十九年（1839）三月，林则徐抵广州查禁鸦片，连撰《会札南澳镇谕令长山尾等洋夷船一律全缴鸦片稿》和《札饬严办东路烟卖夷船由》要求配合。最终，南澳镇总兵赖恩爵会同陆丰、碣石镇守军，在广大渔民的配合下，于该年八月在海面截获英国走私鸦片船，缴获鸦片二万多斤，连同毒贩一起押解广州。此后英鸦片船仍试图以南澳长山尾洋为秘密交货点，但都被打断收缴。虎门销烟的白雾中，湮没了南澳的辉煌过往，也将在硝烟散尽后迎来它的新生。
20世纪90年代，南澳成为广东省对外开放的重点区域，和汕头经济特区的改革前沿。如今，它身上的南宋遗藏、明清旧迹也被视作旅游资源，得到重视和开发。或许，那些人从来没有留下真正的宝藏，它只是藏在潮来潮往的天地间，留在勤恳工作的人民手心里。
参考文献：
1、林俊聪：《现存南澳岛四部方志评介》，《岭南文史》1993年。
2、徐明德：《南澳岛在明清中外关系史上的重要地位》，《杭州大学学报》(哲学社会科学版)1995年
3、林俊聪、袁宏国：《郑成功“招兵树”》，《源流》1996年
4、柯理平：《初探南澳岛》，《环境》1998年
5、姜永兴：《南宋行朝 崖海烈魂(上)》，《岭南文史》1999年
6、刘建铭：《海滩古井之迷》，《航海》1999年
7、胡宝柱、肖文帅、普塔克：《明永乐至隆庆南澳的海上活动》，《海交史研究》2014年
8、王潞：《论16～18世纪南澳岛的王朝经略与行政建置演变》，《广东社会科学》2018年
9、范霄鹏、薛碧怡：《粤东屏障 北回归线东端之南澳岛》，《室内设计与装修》2022年
10、李智君、邬文斌：《明清南澳岛海防区分界线的形成与变迁》，《海交史研究》2024年
11、宋可达：《明代海域经界与“划界治海”实践》，《社会科学》2025年
12、许国,张进盛：《郑成功“招兵树”》，《国土绿化》2004年
本文系“国家人文历史”独家稿件，欢迎读者转发朋友圈。
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南澳岛，隶属于南澳县这广东省唯一的海岛县及渔业县，地处闽粤交界的海面，为北回归线所横穿，因守于高雄-厦门-香港这三大港口的中心点，素有“东南门户，漳潮锁匙”的美称，遂成为海上丝绸之路的重要港口和兵家必争之地。它的本名意为“南方泊船之海湾”。相传南澳一词始载于南宋孝宗淳熙七年（1180）间，广东提举杨万里率军平定侵犯南澳的海盗沈师一事。“盗沈师犯南粤，帅师往平之”。此后，寇乱、兵戈还有各色宝藏的传说，在这座小岛的历史中常常回响。
至元八年（1271），元世祖忽必烈在大都建立元朝后，旋即大规模向南方进军，至元十三年（1276）正月，元军直逼临安，宋廷在战和不定中乱成一团，太皇太后即封宋恭帝赵㬎（xiǎn）之弟赵昰为益王，判福州、福建安抚大使；封赵禺为广王，判泉州兼外宗正事，由陆秀夫、杨镇等人护送往婺州、温州一路南逃，成为传递失落火种的希望小队。三月，临安城破，朝廷奉玺降元，南宋灭亡，而陈宜中、张世杰、陆秀夫等人则效仿昔日南宋宋高宗之旧例，拥立赵昰成立都元帅府，以赵昰为天下兵马都元帅，改福州为福安府，号召天下军民相投。五月，赵昰于福州即位，号端宗，改元景炎，封杨淑妃为太后，世称“行朝”。此后，都元帅府这一抵抗中心便开启了流亡抗元之旅，也为后世留下了不少遗迹。
景炎元年（1276）六月，“行朝”从水路南下泉州、厦门入广东，11月，“帝舟迁于潮州，初泊红螺山（属饶平县），旋移南澳”。在南澳岛上，都元帅府于澳前村东面修建行宫，也便是太子楼，他们还在东南面的沙滩上挖井，据说共有三口，供皇室饮用的叫“龙井”，供文武官员饮用的叫“虎井”，供将士军马饮用的叫“马井”。如今南澳岛上还有它们的遗址，其间刻字患漫难辨。因此，便有传闻说，当时小皇帝赵昰和他弟弟赵昺（bǐng）见追兵逼近，就将随身所携的金银珠宝留在南澳岛，于石壁上做出记号以便日后再来寻找。只是可惜，景炎二年（1277）正月，他们乘舟离岛赴惠州后，便就此一去不复返。祥兴元年（1278）四月，端宗病死，年仅十一岁，八岁的赵昺被拥立为帝。祥兴二年（1279）正月，元军进攻崖山，二月初六日，崖海决战宋败，陆秀夫抱末帝赵昺投海死，“后宫及诸臣多从死者，七日，浮尸出于海十余万人”，南宋彻底灭亡，而所谓的宝藏也失去了它的主人。
1962年的夏天，一位到海边捞虾的青年发现海滩上有一口水井，还在井石四角的石缝中捡到四枚宋代铜钱，分别镌刻了“圣宋元宝”“政和通宝”“淳熙元宝”“嘉定通宝”的字样。这口古水井便是曾经的马井。经专家考察分析，它原本应该挖在坡地，只是因为陆地下沉，才为海沙所吞没，只有当由台风引起的大型海潮到来卷走沙层时，才会显露真身，这便是井露现象。虽然宝藏没能随着一同浮出水面，但当地很快便发现了宋井的另一神奇之处：被海水淹没过的它竟然有清甜的淡水！甚至据说即便将苦咸的海水倒入其中，其水质也不会有过多改变。于是，又有很多人坚信此井有灵，其水或有延年益寿之能，不惜千里到访，取水冲茶珍藏。
那么，对此有什么科学的解释吗？此地的降水会渗入地下，并因重力作用向地势更低的古井海滩处汇集，形成淡水为主的地下水。井露发生后，地下水便会因形成的水位差而通过砂砾井底上升泉涌，由于沙质的孔隙较小，淡水和原留在井内的海水相互融合的非常缓慢，又因为海水密度更大，淡水会浮在海水表层，为人所打捞起。这便是它被认为是淡水井的缘由。
尽管南宋宝藏实属无稽之谈，但南澳的确有上天赐予它的财富，那便是它在航海贸易中得天独厚，“为诸夷贡道所必经”的地理位置。明代的《南澳赋》便称颂道：
“故大国小邦，外趋内附。吕宋、琉球南金大赂，占城、暹罗随波飞赴，佛齐、阇婆弗敢互顾(贾),真腊、彭坑疾驰如鹜。”
南澳成为远洋贸易的驿站和地文标志，就连郑和七次下西洋都经过了这里。
然而，在明初，朝廷却并没有好好地经营此南澳，他们“或墟其地，或徙其民”。明太祖朱元璋数次颁发禁令，严禁海民私自制造二桅以上船舶，出海诸国并与之互市。明洪武二十年（1387）、永乐二年（1404）和永乐七年（1409）还来回搬离过当地的所有居民，当时南澳当地本来人就不多，此后更为荒凉焦土。该做法背后确有“以伪吴张士诚据宁、绍、杭、苏、通、泰，及方国珍据温、台等处，皆在海上。张、方既灭，诸贼强豪者悉航纠岛倭人寇”的因素，但也有明廷希望推行市舶司制度来垄断贸易的意图。无疑，这加剧了沿海居民的苦难，也无法真正巩固空虚的边疆：
“寇与商同是人也。市通则寇转而为商；市禁则商转而为寇。始之禁禁商，后之禁禁寇， 寇势盛。”
南澳逐渐发展成为真正的海盗渊薮（sǒu）和番舶互市之地。
当时，主要来到南澳进行走私的民船，多来自暹罗和安南等东南亚国家，葡萄牙商人在16世纪后也开始频繁到访。随着走私市场的开拓，海禁渐渐名存实亡。
“成、弘之际，豪门巨室间有乘巨舰贸易海外者。奸人阴开其利窦，而官人不得显收其利权。初亦渐享奇赢，久乃勾引为乱……至嘉靖而弊极矣。”
其原因之一是葡萄牙人东来后，“有司自是将安南、满剌加诸番舶尽行阻绝，皆往漳州府海面地方私自驻剖”，南澳正是往漳州海面的要津。另一件事是嘉靖二年（1522）日本的争贡动乱，唯一合法的市舶司被撤，“番船无所容，乃之南澳互市”。公无管束，私贼遂起。
嘉靖、隆庆年间，相继有许朝光、林国宪、吴平、曾一本等海寇以南澳岛为巢，修起楼寨，私行贸易，并“修船、制器、市药、裹粮，百无所忌”，号称“毒害东南者十余年”。而这群海盗倒还真为南澳滋生了另一则宝藏传说：据闻，当年的巨盗吴平，似乎就在岛屿最北端由几块礁石组成的小岛屿上私藏了十八坛金银，该地也因而得名金银岛。
嘉靖四十三年（1564），戚继光奉命率兵5000人自浙来援，与潮州总兵俞大猷水陆夹攻，讨伐了盘踞在南澳岛的吴平势力，荡平海寇。朝廷吸取教训，南澳政策也为之一变。隆庆元年（1567），南澳有限制地开放了海禁。万历三年（1575），福建巡抚刘尧诲和广东总督殷正茂联合上奏朝廷《请设南澳副总兵疏》，潮州知府郭子章也表示为固海防，应当再设南澳为镇，他们的建议得到采纳。万历设“闽粤南澳镇”，置副总兵，下辖左、右营，兼领福建南路和广东东路水师，南澳岛就此从“海外荒域”变成东南沿海的军事重镇。设镇后，原属广东潮州府饶平县太平乡信宁都的南澳岛，就此分广东饶平、福建诏安两县共管，这一两省共管南澳的想法最先还是戚继光鉴于此前海盗们“福建捕急，则奔广东；广东捕急，则奔福建”的情况 提出的。
方案实行后，“……树兵列胪，海防肃矣。崇垒突沟城守固矣。垦田构室，民趋众矣。昔之鲸鲵依崇，今则海波不扬而为商旅之坦途矣。昔之孤鼠恣睢，今则戴柞而为生民之乐土矣。”
如今的深澳古镇之中，还留有南澳总兵府。明时，南澳总兵府“坐南朝北，高二丈二尺，皆甃以石。壕深八尺”。然而，随着明的由盛转衰，南澳也渐渐荒废，“郑芝龙麾下士卒皆芝龙散金以养，芝龙时为南澳副总兵，是启祯以后，南澳之兵盖有兵而无饷”，因此，南澳逐渐为郑芝龙家族所据，于明清之交再起狂澜。
顺治三年（1646），南明皇帝朱聿键殉国，郑芝龙降清，但其子郑成功带着80人，由陈辉、张进陪同，自福建乘舟“止南澳，招兵制械，得数千人 ”，往来于厦门、铜山、金门、澎湖和台湾诸岛屿间，开启了复台抗清的道路。在南澳岛上，他和文武大臣于澳属猎屿（古称“烈屿”）设高宗皇帝神位定盟复明，遂延南明之正朔十八载。如今的明、清总兵府旧址前，还有一棵大榕树，主干18米，树冠南北近28米，相传便是昔日郑成功的招兵处，被称为“招兵树”。
永历十五年（1661），郑成功从荷兰殖民者手中收复台湾，建立郑氏政权。康熙元年（1662），郑氏部下陈豹降清，杨金木、杜辉继续经营据守南澳岛。康熙三年（1664），在黄冈总兵吴六奇的招降下，最后的杜辉也投降清朝，明朝制度的影响在南澳落下帷幕，其部众迁往揭阳、黄冈，南澳遭到废弃。直到康熙十九年（1680）才准民复垦，“五年起税”。此时，康熙已经充分认识到了南澳对海防的价值，该政策正是为了后续的设镇驻兵做准备。
康熙二十四年（1685），清廷“诏设南澳总兵，移厦门镇总兵官并中、左、右三营官兵驻南澳，旋裁中营，改为左、右二营，左为福营，右为广营”，其中左营派驻台湾、淡水、澎湖，三年一调防。南澳岛分属饶平、诏安二县。次年，“澄海协、达濠营水汛官兵船只改归南澳水师镇就近统辖”。
康熙四十二年（1703），清廷又设立海门营。至此，南澳镇所辖便包括左、右二营，澄海协二营、海门营、达濠营等五营，其中左营由闽浙总督节制，其他四营隶属于两广总督节制。康熙五十六年（1717），时任广东总督杨琳在全省范围修筑炮台，并提到了粤东海域防御的重要性，“惠、潮之洋盗绝，而全粤之海面宁”。这一提议背后的部分原因，可能是南澳作为南北远洋贸易中途停泊，以及肩负造船，燂洗（火燎涂灰以避海蛆）、产糖等其他功能之所的地位逐渐得到恢复。
同样是康熙四十二年（1703），清廷下令“各处商船往东洋者，必由定海镇所辖要汛挂号，往噶喇吧 (今印度尼西亚雅加达，又泛指爪哇等岛) 、 吕宋(今菲律宾吕宋岛，又泛指菲律宾群岛) 等处出洋，必由澎湖、南澳所辖之要汛挂号”。然而，由于当地的军事化管理体制越来越难以应对招民开垦，商渔云集，豪强势大，粮饷失控这一系列的新问题，康熙五十六年（1717），朝廷禁贩南洋，并开始思考进一步的管理革新。
雍正十年（1723），清廷诏设“粤闽南澳海防同知”，又称南澳厅，等同州县，受广东督抚两院、三司及潮州府节制。其时，据清人齐翀《南澳志》记载：
“南澳，一名井澳；一名白城；一名岛南；一名瀛南。地分四澳：深澳、隆澳、云澳、青澳。深澳、隆澳属粤；云澳、青澳属闽。”
至此，南澳也正式成为行政上的区划地理单元。
清朝末年，南澳再一次与走私贸易和王朝终局结合在了一起。道光年间，英国的鸦片商人曾买通南澳总兵沈镇邦在南澳交货。道光十九年（1839）三月，林则徐抵广州查禁鸦片，连撰《会札南澳镇谕令长山尾等洋夷船一律全缴鸦片稿》和《札饬严办东路烟卖夷船由》要求配合。最终，南澳镇总兵赖恩爵会同陆丰、碣石镇守军，在广大渔民的配合下，于该年八月在海面截获英国走私鸦片船，缴获鸦片二万多斤，连同毒贩一起押解广州。此后英鸦片船仍试图以南澳长山尾洋为秘密交货点，但都被打断收缴。虎门销烟的白雾中，湮没了南澳的辉煌过往，也将在硝烟散尽后迎来它的新生。
20世纪90年代，南澳成为广东省对外开放的重点区域，和汕头经济特区的改革前沿。如今，它身上的南宋遗藏、明清旧迹也被视作旅游资源，得到重视和开发。或许，那些人从来没有留下真正的宝藏，它只是藏在潮来潮往的天地间，留在勤恳工作的人民手心里。
参考文献：
1、林俊聪：《现存南澳岛四部方志评介》，《岭南文史》1993年。
2、徐明德：《南澳岛在明清中外关系史上的重要地位》，《杭州大学学报》(哲学社会科学版)1995年
3、林俊聪、袁宏国：《郑成功“招兵树”》，《源流》1996年
4、柯理平：《初探南澳岛》，《环境》1998年
5、姜永兴：《南宋行朝 崖海烈魂(上)》，《岭南文史》1999年
6、刘建铭：《海滩古井之迷》，《航海》1999年
7、胡宝柱、肖文帅、普塔克：《明永乐至隆庆南澳的海上活动》，《海交史研究》2014年
8、王潞：《论16～18世纪南澳岛的王朝经略与行政建置演变》，《广东社会科学》2018年
9、范霄鹏、薛碧怡：《粤东屏障 北回归线东端之南澳岛》，《室内设计与装修》2022年
10、李智君、邬文斌：《明清南澳岛海防区分界线的形成与变迁》，《海交史研究》2024年
11、宋可达：《明代海域经界与“划界治海”实践》，《社会科学》2025年
12、许国,张进盛：《郑成功“招兵树”》，《国土绿化》2004年
本文系“国家人文历史”独家稿件，欢迎读者转发朋友圈。
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南澳岛，隶属于南澳县这广东省唯一的海岛县及渔业县，地处闽粤交界的海面，为北回归线所横穿，因守于高雄-厦门-香港这三大港口的中心点，素有“东南门户，漳潮锁匙”的美称，遂成为海上丝绸之路的重要港口和兵家必争之地。它的本名意为“南方泊船之海湾”。相传南澳一词始载于南宋孝宗淳熙七年（1180）间，广东提举杨万里率军平定侵犯南澳的海盗沈师一事。“盗沈师犯南粤，帅师往平之”。此后，寇乱、兵戈还有各色宝藏的传说，在这座小岛的历史中常常回响。
至元八年（1271），元世祖忽必烈在大都建立元朝后，旋即大规模向南方进军，至元十三年（1276）正月，元军直逼临安，宋廷在战和不定中乱成一团，太皇太后即封宋恭帝赵㬎（xiǎn）之弟赵昰为益王，判福州、福建安抚大使；封赵禺为广王，判泉州兼外宗正事，由陆秀夫、杨镇等人护送往婺州、温州一路南逃，成为传递失落火种的希望小队。三月，临安城破，朝廷奉玺降元，南宋灭亡，而陈宜中、张世杰、陆秀夫等人则效仿昔日南宋宋高宗之旧例，拥立赵昰成立都元帅府，以赵昰为天下兵马都元帅，改福州为福安府，号召天下军民相投。五月，赵昰于福州即位，号端宗，改元景炎，封杨淑妃为太后，世称“行朝”。此后，都元帅府这一抵抗中心便开启了流亡抗元之旅，也为后世留下了不少遗迹。
景炎元年（1276）六月，“行朝”从水路南下泉州、厦门入广东，11月，“帝舟迁于潮州，初泊红螺山（属饶平县），旋移南澳”。在南澳岛上，都元帅府于澳前村东面修建行宫，也便是太子楼，他们还在东南面的沙滩上挖井，据说共有三口，供皇室饮用的叫“龙井”，供文武官员饮用的叫“虎井”，供将士军马饮用的叫“马井”。如今南澳岛上还有它们的遗址，其间刻字患漫难辨。因此，便有传闻说，当时小皇帝赵昰和他弟弟赵昺（bǐng）见追兵逼近，就将随身所携的金银珠宝留在南澳岛，于石壁上做出记号以便日后再来寻找。只是可惜，景炎二年（1277）正月，他们乘舟离岛赴惠州后，便就此一去不复返。祥兴元年（1278）四月，端宗病死，年仅十一岁，八岁的赵昺被拥立为帝。祥兴二年（1279）正月，元军进攻崖山，二月初六日，崖海决战宋败，陆秀夫抱末帝赵昺投海死，“后宫及诸臣多从死者，七日，浮尸出于海十余万人”，南宋彻底灭亡，而所谓的宝藏也失去了它的主人。
1962年的夏天，一位到海边捞虾的青年发现海滩上有一口水井，还在井石四角的石缝中捡到四枚宋代铜钱，分别镌刻了“圣宋元宝”“政和通宝”“淳熙元宝”“嘉定通宝”的字样。这口古水井便是曾经的马井。经专家考察分析，它原本应该挖在坡地，只是因为陆地下沉，才为海沙所吞没，只有当由台风引起的大型海潮到来卷走沙层时，才会显露真身，这便是井露现象。虽然宝藏没能随着一同浮出水面，但当地很快便发现了宋井的另一神奇之处：被海水淹没过的它竟然有清甜的淡水！甚至据说即便将苦咸的海水倒入其中，其水质也不会有过多改变。于是，又有很多人坚信此井有灵，其水或有延年益寿之能，不惜千里到访，取水冲茶珍藏。
那么，对此有什么科学的解释吗？此地的降水会渗入地下，并因重力作用向地势更低的古井海滩处汇集，形成淡水为主的地下水。井露发生后，地下水便会因形成的水位差而通过砂砾井底上升泉涌，由于沙质的孔隙较小，淡水和原留在井内的海水相互融合的非常缓慢，又因为海水密度更大，淡水会浮在海水表层，为人所打捞起。这便是它被认为是淡水井的缘由。
尽管南宋宝藏实属无稽之谈，但南澳的确有上天赐予它的财富，那便是它在航海贸易中得天独厚，“为诸夷贡道所必经”的地理位置。明代的《南澳赋》便称颂道：
“故大国小邦，外趋内附。吕宋、琉球南金大赂，占城、暹罗随波飞赴，佛齐、阇婆弗敢互顾(贾),真腊、彭坑疾驰如鹜。”
南澳成为远洋贸易的驿站和地文标志，就连郑和七次下西洋都经过了这里。
然而，在明初，朝廷却并没有好好地经营此南澳，他们“或墟其地，或徙其民”。明太祖朱元璋数次颁发禁令，严禁海民私自制造二桅以上船舶，出海诸国并与之互市。明洪武二十年（1387）、永乐二年（1404）和永乐七年（1409）还来回搬离过当地的所有居民，当时南澳当地本来人就不多，此后更为荒凉焦土。该做法背后确有“以伪吴张士诚据宁、绍、杭、苏、通、泰，及方国珍据温、台等处，皆在海上。张、方既灭，诸贼强豪者悉航纠岛倭人寇”的因素，但也有明廷希望推行市舶司制度来垄断贸易的意图。无疑，这加剧了沿海居民的苦难，也无法真正巩固空虚的边疆：
“寇与商同是人也。市通则寇转而为商；市禁则商转而为寇。始之禁禁商，后之禁禁寇， 寇势盛。”
南澳逐渐发展成为真正的海盗渊薮（sǒu）和番舶互市之地。
当时，主要来到南澳进行走私的民船，多来自暹罗和安南等东南亚国家，葡萄牙商人在16世纪后也开始频繁到访。随着走私市场的开拓，海禁渐渐名存实亡。
“成、弘之际，豪门巨室间有乘巨舰贸易海外者。奸人阴开其利窦，而官人不得显收其利权。初亦渐享奇赢，久乃勾引为乱……至嘉靖而弊极矣。”
其原因之一是葡萄牙人东来后，“有司自是将安南、满剌加诸番舶尽行阻绝，皆往漳州府海面地方私自驻剖”，南澳正是往漳州海面的要津。另一件事是嘉靖二年（1522）日本的争贡动乱，唯一合法的市舶司被撤，“番船无所容，乃之南澳互市”。公无管束，私贼遂起。
嘉靖、隆庆年间，相继有许朝光、林国宪、吴平、曾一本等海寇以南澳岛为巢，修起楼寨，私行贸易，并“修船、制器、市药、裹粮，百无所忌”，号称“毒害东南者十余年”。而这群海盗倒还真为南澳滋生了另一则宝藏传说：据闻，当年的巨盗吴平，似乎就在岛屿最北端由几块礁石组成的小岛屿上私藏了十八坛金银，该地也因而得名金银岛。
嘉靖四十三年（1564），戚继光奉命率兵5000人自浙来援，与潮州总兵俞大猷水陆夹攻，讨伐了盘踞在南澳岛的吴平势力，荡平海寇。朝廷吸取教训，南澳政策也为之一变。隆庆元年（1567），南澳有限制地开放了海禁。万历三年（1575），福建巡抚刘尧诲和广东总督殷正茂联合上奏朝廷《请设南澳副总兵疏》，潮州知府郭子章也表示为固海防，应当再设南澳为镇，他们的建议得到采纳。万历设“闽粤南澳镇”，置副总兵，下辖左、右营，兼领福建南路和广东东路水师，南澳岛就此从“海外荒域”变成东南沿海的军事重镇。设镇后，原属广东潮州府饶平县太平乡信宁都的南澳岛，就此分广东饶平、福建诏安两县共管，这一两省共管南澳的想法最先还是戚继光鉴于此前海盗们“福建捕急，则奔广东；广东捕急，则奔福建”的情况 提出的。
方案实行后，“……树兵列胪，海防肃矣。崇垒突沟城守固矣。垦田构室，民趋众矣。昔之鲸鲵依崇，今则海波不扬而为商旅之坦途矣。昔之孤鼠恣睢，今则戴柞而为生民之乐土矣。”
如今的深澳古镇之中，还留有南澳总兵府。明时，南澳总兵府“坐南朝北，高二丈二尺，皆甃以石。壕深八尺”。然而，随着明的由盛转衰，南澳也渐渐荒废，“郑芝龙麾下士卒皆芝龙散金以养，芝龙时为南澳副总兵，是启祯以后，南澳之兵盖有兵而无饷”，因此，南澳逐渐为郑芝龙家族所据，于明清之交再起狂澜。
顺治三年（1646），南明皇帝朱聿键殉国，郑芝龙降清，但其子郑成功带着80人，由陈辉、张进陪同，自福建乘舟“止南澳，招兵制械，得数千人 ”，往来于厦门、铜山、金门、澎湖和台湾诸岛屿间，开启了复台抗清的道路。在南澳岛上，他和文武大臣于澳属猎屿（古称“烈屿”）设高宗皇帝神位定盟复明，遂延南明之正朔十八载。如今的明、清总兵府旧址前，还有一棵大榕树，主干18米，树冠南北近28米，相传便是昔日郑成功的招兵处，被称为“招兵树”。
永历十五年（1661），郑成功从荷兰殖民者手中收复台湾，建立郑氏政权。康熙元年（1662），郑氏部下陈豹降清，杨金木、杜辉继续经营据守南澳岛。康熙三年（1664），在黄冈总兵吴六奇的招降下，最后的杜辉也投降清朝，明朝制度的影响在南澳落下帷幕，其部众迁往揭阳、黄冈，南澳遭到废弃。直到康熙十九年（1680）才准民复垦，“五年起税”。此时，康熙已经充分认识到了南澳对海防的价值，该政策正是为了后续的设镇驻兵做准备。
康熙二十四年（1685），清廷“诏设南澳总兵，移厦门镇总兵官并中、左、右三营官兵驻南澳，旋裁中营，改为左、右二营，左为福营，右为广营”，其中左营派驻台湾、淡水、澎湖，三年一调防。南澳岛分属饶平、诏安二县。次年，“澄海协、达濠营水汛官兵船只改归南澳水师镇就近统辖”。
康熙四十二年（1703），清廷又设立海门营。至此，南澳镇所辖便包括左、右二营，澄海协二营、海门营、达濠营等五营，其中左营由闽浙总督节制，其他四营隶属于两广总督节制。康熙五十六年（1717），时任广东总督杨琳在全省范围修筑炮台，并提到了粤东海域防御的重要性，“惠、潮之洋盗绝，而全粤之海面宁”。这一提议背后的部分原因，可能是南澳作为南北远洋贸易中途停泊，以及肩负造船，燂洗（火燎涂灰以避海蛆）、产糖等其他功能之所的地位逐渐得到恢复。
同样是康熙四十二年（1703），清廷下令“各处商船往东洋者，必由定海镇所辖要汛挂号，往噶喇吧 (今印度尼西亚雅加达，又泛指爪哇等岛) 、 吕宋(今菲律宾吕宋岛，又泛指菲律宾群岛) 等处出洋，必由澎湖、南澳所辖之要汛挂号”。然而，由于当地的军事化管理体制越来越难以应对招民开垦，商渔云集，豪强势大，粮饷失控这一系列的新问题，康熙五十六年（1717），朝廷禁贩南洋，并开始思考进一步的管理革新。
雍正十年（1723），清廷诏设“粤闽南澳海防同知”，又称南澳厅，等同州县，受广东督抚两院、三司及潮州府节制。其时，据清人齐翀《南澳志》记载：
“南澳，一名井澳；一名白城；一名岛南；一名瀛南。地分四澳：深澳、隆澳、云澳、青澳。深澳、隆澳属粤；云澳、青澳属闽。”
至此，南澳也正式成为行政上的区划地理单元。
清朝末年，南澳再一次与走私贸易和王朝终局结合在了一起。道光年间，英国的鸦片商人曾买通南澳总兵沈镇邦在南澳交货。道光十九年（1839）三月，林则徐抵广州查禁鸦片，连撰《会札南澳镇谕令长山尾等洋夷船一律全缴鸦片稿》和《札饬严办东路烟卖夷船由》要求配合。最终，南澳镇总兵赖恩爵会同陆丰、碣石镇守军，在广大渔民的配合下，于该年八月在海面截获英国走私鸦片船，缴获鸦片二万多斤，连同毒贩一起押解广州。此后英鸦片船仍试图以南澳长山尾洋为秘密交货点，但都被打断收缴。虎门销烟的白雾中，湮没了南澳的辉煌过往，也将在硝烟散尽后迎来它的新生。
20世纪90年代，南澳成为广东省对外开放的重点区域，和汕头经济特区的改革前沿。如今，它身上的南宋遗藏、明清旧迹也被视作旅游资源，得到重视和开发。或许，那些人从来没有留下真正的宝藏，它只是藏在潮来潮往的天地间，留在勤恳工作的人民手心里。
参考文献：
1、林俊聪：《现存南澳岛四部方志评介》，《岭南文史》1993年。
2、徐明德：《南澳岛在明清中外关系史上的重要地位》，《杭州大学学报》(哲学社会科学版)1995年
3、林俊聪、袁宏国：《郑成功“招兵树”》，《源流》1996年
4、柯理平：《初探南澳岛》，《环境》1998年
5、姜永兴：《南宋行朝 崖海烈魂(上)》，《岭南文史》1999年
6、刘建铭：《海滩古井之迷》，《航海》1999年
7、胡宝柱、肖文帅、普塔克：《明永乐至隆庆南澳的海上活动》，《海交史研究》2014年
8、王潞：《论16～18世纪南澳岛的王朝经略与行政建置演变》，《广东社会科学》2018年
9、范霄鹏、薛碧怡：《粤东屏障 北回归线东端之南澳岛》，《室内设计与装修》2022年
10、李智君、邬文斌：《明清南澳岛海防区分界线的形成与变迁》，《海交史研究》2024年
11、宋可达：《明代海域经界与“划界治海”实践》，《社会科学》2025年
12、许国,张进盛：《郑成功“招兵树”》，《国土绿化》2004年
本文系“国家人文历史”独家稿件，欢迎读者转发朋友圈。
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南澳岛，隶属于南澳县这广东省唯一的海岛县及渔业县，地处闽粤交界的海面，为北回归线所横穿，因守于高雄-厦门-香港这三大港口的中心点，素有“东南门户，漳潮锁匙”的美称，遂成为海上丝绸之路的重要港口和兵家必争之地。它的本名意为“南方泊船之海湾”。相传南澳一词始载于南宋孝宗淳熙七年（1180）间，广东提举杨万里率军平定侵犯南澳的海盗沈师一事。“盗沈师犯南粤，帅师往平之”。此后，寇乱、兵戈还有各色宝藏的传说，在这座小岛的历史中常常回响。
至元八年（1271），元世祖忽必烈在大都建立元朝后，旋即大规模向南方进军，至元十三年（1276）正月，元军直逼临安，宋廷在战和不定中乱成一团，太皇太后即封宋恭帝赵㬎（xiǎn）之弟赵昰为益王，判福州、福建安抚大使；封赵禺为广王，判泉州兼外宗正事，由陆秀夫、杨镇等人护送往婺州、温州一路南逃，成为传递失落火种的希望小队。三月，临安城破，朝廷奉玺降元，南宋灭亡，而陈宜中、张世杰、陆秀夫等人则效仿昔日南宋宋高宗之旧例，拥立赵昰成立都元帅府，以赵昰为天下兵马都元帅，改福州为福安府，号召天下军民相投。五月，赵昰于福州即位，号端宗，改元景炎，封杨淑妃为太后，世称“行朝”。此后，都元帅府这一抵抗中心便开启了流亡抗元之旅，也为后世留下了不少遗迹。
景炎元年（1276）六月，“行朝”从水路南下泉州、厦门入广东，11月，“帝舟迁于潮州，初泊红螺山（属饶平县），旋移南澳”。在南澳岛上，都元帅府于澳前村东面修建行宫，也便是太子楼，他们还在东南面的沙滩上挖井，据说共有三口，供皇室饮用的叫“龙井”，供文武官员饮用的叫“虎井”，供将士军马饮用的叫“马井”。如今南澳岛上还有它们的遗址，其间刻字患漫难辨。因此，便有传闻说，当时小皇帝赵昰和他弟弟赵昺（bǐng）见追兵逼近，就将随身所携的金银珠宝留在南澳岛，于石壁上做出记号以便日后再来寻找。只是可惜，景炎二年（1277）正月，他们乘舟离岛赴惠州后，便就此一去不复返。祥兴元年（1278）四月，端宗病死，年仅十一岁，八岁的赵昺被拥立为帝。祥兴二年（1279）正月，元军进攻崖山，二月初六日，崖海决战宋败，陆秀夫抱末帝赵昺投海死，“后宫及诸臣多从死者，七日，浮尸出于海十余万人”，南宋彻底灭亡，而所谓的宝藏也失去了它的主人。
1962年的夏天，一位到海边捞虾的青年发现海滩上有一口水井，还在井石四角的石缝中捡到四枚宋代铜钱，分别镌刻了“圣宋元宝”“政和通宝”“淳熙元宝”“嘉定通宝”的字样。这口古水井便是曾经的马井。经专家考察分析，它原本应该挖在坡地，只是因为陆地下沉，才为海沙所吞没，只有当由台风引起的大型海潮到来卷走沙层时，才会显露真身，这便是井露现象。虽然宝藏没能随着一同浮出水面，但当地很快便发现了宋井的另一神奇之处：被海水淹没过的它竟然有清甜的淡水！甚至据说即便将苦咸的海水倒入其中，其水质也不会有过多改变。于是，又有很多人坚信此井有灵，其水或有延年益寿之能，不惜千里到访，取水冲茶珍藏。
那么，对此有什么科学的解释吗？此地的降水会渗入地下，并因重力作用向地势更低的古井海滩处汇集，形成淡水为主的地下水。井露发生后，地下水便会因形成的水位差而通过砂砾井底上升泉涌，由于沙质的孔隙较小，淡水和原留在井内的海水相互融合的非常缓慢，又因为海水密度更大，淡水会浮在海水表层，为人所打捞起。这便是它被认为是淡水井的缘由。
尽管南宋宝藏实属无稽之谈，但南澳的确有上天赐予它的财富，那便是它在航海贸易中得天独厚，“为诸夷贡道所必经”的地理位置。明代的《南澳赋》便称颂道：
“故大国小邦，外趋内附。吕宋、琉球南金大赂，占城、暹罗随波飞赴，佛齐、阇婆弗敢互顾(贾),真腊、彭坑疾驰如鹜。”
南澳成为远洋贸易的驿站和地文标志，就连郑和七次下西洋都经过了这里。
然而，在明初，朝廷却并没有好好地经营此南澳，他们“或墟其地，或徙其民”。明太祖朱元璋数次颁发禁令，严禁海民私自制造二桅以上船舶，出海诸国并与之互市。明洪武二十年（1387）、永乐二年（1404）和永乐七年（1409）还来回搬离过当地的所有居民，当时南澳当地本来人就不多，此后更为荒凉焦土。该做法背后确有“以伪吴张士诚据宁、绍、杭、苏、通、泰，及方国珍据温、台等处，皆在海上。张、方既灭，诸贼强豪者悉航纠岛倭人寇”的因素，但也有明廷希望推行市舶司制度来垄断贸易的意图。无疑，这加剧了沿海居民的苦难，也无法真正巩固空虚的边疆：
“寇与商同是人也。市通则寇转而为商；市禁则商转而为寇。始之禁禁商，后之禁禁寇， 寇势盛。”
南澳逐渐发展成为真正的海盗渊薮（sǒu）和番舶互市之地。
当时，主要来到南澳进行走私的民船，多来自暹罗和安南等东南亚国家，葡萄牙商人在16世纪后也开始频繁到访。随着走私市场的开拓，海禁渐渐名存实亡。
“成、弘之际，豪门巨室间有乘巨舰贸易海外者。奸人阴开其利窦，而官人不得显收其利权。初亦渐享奇赢，久乃勾引为乱……至嘉靖而弊极矣。”
其原因之一是葡萄牙人东来后，“有司自是将安南、满剌加诸番舶尽行阻绝，皆往漳州府海面地方私自驻剖”，南澳正是往漳州海面的要津。另一件事是嘉靖二年（1522）日本的争贡动乱，唯一合法的市舶司被撤，“番船无所容，乃之南澳互市”。公无管束，私贼遂起。
嘉靖、隆庆年间，相继有许朝光、林国宪、吴平、曾一本等海寇以南澳岛为巢，修起楼寨，私行贸易，并“修船、制器、市药、裹粮，百无所忌”，号称“毒害东南者十余年”。而这群海盗倒还真为南澳滋生了另一则宝藏传说：据闻，当年的巨盗吴平，似乎就在岛屿最北端由几块礁石组成的小岛屿上私藏了十八坛金银，该地也因而得名金银岛。
嘉靖四十三年（1564），戚继光奉命率兵5000人自浙来援，与潮州总兵俞大猷水陆夹攻，讨伐了盘踞在南澳岛的吴平势力，荡平海寇。朝廷吸取教训，南澳政策也为之一变。隆庆元年（1567），南澳有限制地开放了海禁。万历三年（1575），福建巡抚刘尧诲和广东总督殷正茂联合上奏朝廷《请设南澳副总兵疏》，潮州知府郭子章也表示为固海防，应当再设南澳为镇，他们的建议得到采纳。万历设“闽粤南澳镇”，置副总兵，下辖左、右营，兼领福建南路和广东东路水师，南澳岛就此从“海外荒域”变成东南沿海的军事重镇。设镇后，原属广东潮州府饶平县太平乡信宁都的南澳岛，就此分广东饶平、福建诏安两县共管，这一两省共管南澳的想法最先还是戚继光鉴于此前海盗们“福建捕急，则奔广东；广东捕急，则奔福建”的情况 提出的。
方案实行后，“……树兵列胪，海防肃矣。崇垒突沟城守固矣。垦田构室，民趋众矣。昔之鲸鲵依崇，今则海波不扬而为商旅之坦途矣。昔之孤鼠恣睢，今则戴柞而为生民之乐土矣。”
如今的深澳古镇之中，还留有南澳总兵府。明时，南澳总兵府“坐南朝北，高二丈二尺，皆甃以石。壕深八尺”。然而，随着明的由盛转衰，南澳也渐渐荒废，“郑芝龙麾下士卒皆芝龙散金以养，芝龙时为南澳副总兵，是启祯以后，南澳之兵盖有兵而无饷”，因此，南澳逐渐为郑芝龙家族所据，于明清之交再起狂澜。
顺治三年（1646），南明皇帝朱聿键殉国，郑芝龙降清，但其子郑成功带着80人，由陈辉、张进陪同，自福建乘舟“止南澳，招兵制械，得数千人 ”，往来于厦门、铜山、金门、澎湖和台湾诸岛屿间，开启了复台抗清的道路。在南澳岛上，他和文武大臣于澳属猎屿（古称“烈屿”）设高宗皇帝神位定盟复明，遂延南明之正朔十八载。如今的明、清总兵府旧址前，还有一棵大榕树，主干18米，树冠南北近28米，相传便是昔日郑成功的招兵处，被称为“招兵树”。
永历十五年（1661），郑成功从荷兰殖民者手中收复台湾，建立郑氏政权。康熙元年（1662），郑氏部下陈豹降清，杨金木、杜辉继续经营据守南澳岛。康熙三年（1664），在黄冈总兵吴六奇的招降下，最后的杜辉也投降清朝，明朝制度的影响在南澳落下帷幕，其部众迁往揭阳、黄冈，南澳遭到废弃。直到康熙十九年（1680）才准民复垦，“五年起税”。此时，康熙已经充分认识到了南澳对海防的价值，该政策正是为了后续的设镇驻兵做准备。
康熙二十四年（1685），清廷“诏设南澳总兵，移厦门镇总兵官并中、左、右三营官兵驻南澳，旋裁中营，改为左、右二营，左为福营，右为广营”，其中左营派驻台湾、淡水、澎湖，三年一调防。南澳岛分属饶平、诏安二县。次年，“澄海协、达濠营水汛官兵船只改归南澳水师镇就近统辖”。
康熙四十二年（1703），清廷又设立海门营。至此，南澳镇所辖便包括左、右二营，澄海协二营、海门营、达濠营等五营，其中左营由闽浙总督节制，其他四营隶属于两广总督节制。康熙五十六年（1717），时任广东总督杨琳在全省范围修筑炮台，并提到了粤东海域防御的重要性，“惠、潮之洋盗绝，而全粤之海面宁”。这一提议背后的部分原因，可能是南澳作为南北远洋贸易中途停泊，以及肩负造船，燂洗（火燎涂灰以避海蛆）、产糖等其他功能之所的地位逐渐得到恢复。
同样是康熙四十二年（1703），清廷下令“各处商船往东洋者，必由定海镇所辖要汛挂号，往噶喇吧 (今印度尼西亚雅加达，又泛指爪哇等岛) 、 吕宋(今菲律宾吕宋岛，又泛指菲律宾群岛) 等处出洋，必由澎湖、南澳所辖之要汛挂号”。然而，由于当地的军事化管理体制越来越难以应对招民开垦，商渔云集，豪强势大，粮饷失控这一系列的新问题，康熙五十六年（1717），朝廷禁贩南洋，并开始思考进一步的管理革新。
雍正十年（1723），清廷诏设“粤闽南澳海防同知”，又称南澳厅，等同州县，受广东督抚两院、三司及潮州府节制。其时，据清人齐翀《南澳志》记载：
“南澳，一名井澳；一名白城；一名岛南；一名瀛南。地分四澳：深澳、隆澳、云澳、青澳。深澳、隆澳属粤；云澳、青澳属闽。”
至此，南澳也正式成为行政上的区划地理单元。
清朝末年，南澳再一次与走私贸易和王朝终局结合在了一起。道光年间，英国的鸦片商人曾买通南澳总兵沈镇邦在南澳交货。道光十九年（1839）三月，林则徐抵广州查禁鸦片，连撰《会札南澳镇谕令长山尾等洋夷船一律全缴鸦片稿》和《札饬严办东路烟卖夷船由》要求配合。最终，南澳镇总兵赖恩爵会同陆丰、碣石镇守军，在广大渔民的配合下，于该年八月在海面截获英国走私鸦片船，缴获鸦片二万多斤，连同毒贩一起押解广州。此后英鸦片船仍试图以南澳长山尾洋为秘密交货点，但都被打断收缴。虎门销烟的白雾中，湮没了南澳的辉煌过往，也将在硝烟散尽后迎来它的新生。
20世纪90年代，南澳成为广东省对外开放的重点区域，和汕头经济特区的改革前沿。如今，它身上的南宋遗藏、明清旧迹也被视作旅游资源，得到重视和开发。或许，那些人从来没有留下真正的宝藏，它只是藏在潮来潮往的天地间，留在勤恳工作的人民手心里。
参考文献：
1、林俊聪：《现存南澳岛四部方志评介》，《岭南文史》1993年。
2、徐明德：《南澳岛在明清中外关系史上的重要地位》，《杭州大学学报》(哲学社会科学版)1995年
3、林俊聪、袁宏国：《郑成功“招兵树”》，《源流》1996年
4、柯理平：《初探南澳岛》，《环境》1998年
5、姜永兴：《南宋行朝 崖海烈魂(上)》，《岭南文史》1999年
6、刘建铭：《海滩古井之迷》，《航海》1999年
7、胡宝柱、肖文帅、普塔克：《明永乐至隆庆南澳的海上活动》，《海交史研究》2014年
8、王潞：《论16～18世纪南澳岛的王朝经略与行政建置演变》，《广东社会科学》2018年
9、范霄鹏、薛碧怡：《粤东屏障 北回归线东端之南澳岛》，《室内设计与装修》2022年
10、李智君、邬文斌：《明清南澳岛海防区分界线的形成与变迁》，《海交史研究》2024年
11、宋可达：《明代海域经界与“划界治海”实践》，《社会科学》2025年
12、许国,张进盛：《郑成功“招兵树”》，《国土绿化》2004年
本文系“国家人文历史”独家稿件，欢迎读者转发朋友圈。
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新中国成立后进行的这几次阅兵可以说各有各的精彩，每一次都有新的看点和亮点，也给人们留下许多津津乐道的话题。
咱们先来看看历年的国庆阅兵，第一次的开国大典阅兵自不用说。第二次的国庆阅兵，是在1950年，那时，国内仍处在严峻的对敌斗争和战争硝烟的笼罩中。
「第二次」
1950年国庆阅兵时，朝鲜战争已经爆发。与此同时，国民党蒋介石也在鼓吹“反攻大陆”。国庆节前不久，北京市公安局破获了一起国外特务图谋在国庆庆典时炮轰天安门的案件，并查获一门新中国成立前遗留下的旧迫击炮。所以，这一年的国庆阅兵，毛泽东心里并不轻松，在上天安门前，他对周围的人说，如果真遇到打炮，谁也不许跑。
10月1日上午11时阅兵式开始。朱德总司令乘敞篷吉普车在另外一辆敞篷吉普车上的聂荣臻陪同下，检阅陆军、海军、空军，向受阅部队行举手礼表示问候，受阅部队则向阅兵首长行注目礼。这次阅兵，朱德和聂荣臻所乘的敞篷吉普车都是在战场上缴获的“美国造”，与前一年开国大典中的右舵检阅车不同的是改为了左舵车。
检阅中，当阅兵车行进到每一个方队前时，朱德总司令都向官兵们致以节日的祝贺，高呼：“中华人民共和国万岁!”“中国共产党万岁!”“毛主席万岁!”这时全体官兵响亮地回答：“万岁!万岁!万岁!”这种典礼仪式的口号对答形式，后成为国庆阅兵式上的一种规定程序被固定下来。其口号内容也一直延续到国庆10周年阅兵，直到1984年国庆阅兵时才有了新的改变。
开国大典上的阅兵中，解放军各兵种并没有统一的队列行进标准，海军方队走的是类似英军的高摆臂大齐步；而陆军沿袭的则是国民党陆军的小幅正步，这正是受德军队列训练影响的结果。这种混乱的情况在1950年阅兵时有所改观。解放军借鉴了苏联的经验并加以改动，俄罗斯正步的特点是踢出的腿要与地面成直角，而脚落地时必然产生冲击，因此行进时跳跃感很强，震荡很大，解放军将步幅调整到适合中国人体型的幅度；同时对俄罗斯军人踏步时要将下巴扬起受阅也进行了修改。
此次阅兵受阅武器仍然是战争年代的各色轻武器，但已不单纯以步兵为主，而是多军兵种的合成部队，表明中国人民解放军已经开始朝着多军兵种合成的现代化方向发展。本次阅兵受阅部队共２4209人……军马2899匹，飞机28架。
这次国庆阅兵结束后19天，中国人民志愿军便奉命开赴朝鲜参加抗美援朝战争。
1951年阅兵的亮点是首次出现民兵方队和由军事院校学员组成的方队。在这次受阅的炮兵方队中，一部分火炮由汽车牵引，一部分火炮由骡马牵引，这并不是汽车的牵引力量不够，而是以此象征着人民解放军由骡马化向摩托化、机械化的转变。
1952年，人民军队多了一个新成员——公安部队。1950年4月，中共中央政治局做出决定，人民解放军实行整编，将陆军统编为国防军和公安部队。到1952年，全国公安部队发展到50多万人，成为人民解放军的一个重要军种。
1952年国庆阅兵，规模宏大的民兵方队也是一个新的亮点。受阅民兵来自全国各省区，象征着我国民兵力量的全民性。他们分属汉族和蒙古族、回族、藏族、苗族、彝族、满族、朝鲜族、黎族等10多个少数民族。
1953年国庆阅兵中，最出风头的是苏制“喀秋莎”火箭炮。1953年，我军火箭炮兵首次参加国庆阅兵，“喀秋莎”闪亮登场，成为人们关注的焦点。在这次国庆阅兵式上，还出现了“拖拉机拖炮”的奇特景象，巨大的加榴炮在拖拉机牵引下，轰隆隆地穿过天安门广场接受检阅。“拖拉机拖炮”成为国庆4周年阅兵的一道独特风景线。另外，经过两年半的战争，这时朝鲜战争已经结束，志愿军作为“最可爱的人”，其代表团获邀登上天安门观礼台，为本次国庆阅兵增加了一种特别的意义。
1954年10月1日，新中国迎来成立5周年国庆。此次阅兵，受阅的武器装备由缴获的“万国牌”换成了型号、口径统一的引进或仿制的苏式武器，反映出我军武器装备的一大进步。
1955年国庆阅兵是解放军实行军衔制后首次阅兵。部队官兵穿着新制式军服，佩戴军衔、领章，刚刚被授衔的元帅和将军们也都佩戴着军衔、领章，在观礼台上检阅部队，使这次阅兵显得格外引人关注。而在这些将领中，最引人瞩目的就是年仅38岁的阅兵领队、高大帅气又充满阳刚的吴华夺。当年9月27日，授勋仪式后，周恩来宣布：
“国庆庆典之日，毛泽东主席将在天安门城楼阅兵，检阅三军将士，这次检阅将选一名将军作为阅兵的领队，以此向全世界人民宣布中国人民解放军结束有军无将的历史。”
此时，距阅兵只有几天时间了。于是阅兵总指挥杨成武上将开始了严格的挑选。最后挑中的是年仅38岁，当时我军最年轻的将军吴华夺。此后，吴华夺又连续多次担任国庆典礼受阅部队的领队，成为阅兵史上的传奇人物。
1956年国庆阅兵是新中国成立以来唯一一次在雨中举行的。尽管大雨滂沱，天安门广场上已是积水一片，受阅官兵们的军装也已经被雨淋透，但他们依然保持着庄重严肃的神情，昂首阔步，齐步向前，丝毫不受影响。阅兵部队乘坐的汽车是第一批出厂的国产解放牌汽车，雷达探照灯也初次公开亮相。但受天气影响，人们渴望已久的国产喷气式飞机未能按照原定计划参加受阅。
在1957年新中国成立8周年的国庆阅兵式上，最大的亮点来自于空中。那一年，人们惊喜地看到国产的伊尔－28喷气式轰炸机、歼击机第一次飞过天安门上空接受检阅。此外，85毫米高射炮、152毫米榴弹炮等新型武器装备也首次接受检阅。受阅坦克数量是新中国成立后历年阅兵中最多的一年，但这一年受阅总人数和飞机数量却是历次阅兵中最少的一次。此次国庆阅兵还是公安部队的最后亮相，此后不久，为贯彻军委有关裁减军队的决定，公安部队被取消，退出了人民解放军的兵种序列。
1958年，中国面临复杂的国际形势。9月29日，中共中央做出《关于民兵问题的决定》，指出：必须在全国范围内把能拿武器的男女公民武装起来，以民兵组织的形式，实行全民皆兵。随后，毛泽东在对新华社记者的谈话中亦指出：“我们不但要有强大的正规军，我们还要大办民兵师。”这次阅兵，受阅的民兵队伍，格外受人关注。
民兵方队来自全国各地的工人、农民、干部、学生代表，其中，不少人是来自太行山、白洋淀等革命老根据地的民兵杀敌英雄。他们装备着新式步枪，精神焕发，步伐整齐。这次还首次出现了女民兵方队。
1959年阅兵是新中国成立后的首次“逢十大阅”，阅兵规模比以往任何一次都大，也是毛泽东出席的最后一次国庆阅兵。
为准备这次阅兵，天安门广场进行了大规模扩建。毛泽东指示：改建天安门广场，要反映出我国历史悠久，地大物博，人口众多的特点，气魄要大，要使天安门广场成为庄严宏伟、能容纳100万人集会的世界上最大的广场。路面要修得坚固，要经得起60吨的坦克通过。国庆10周年阅兵时，按照上述标准改建的天安门广场的面积较国庆5周年时扩大了两倍半。
这天上午10时，林彪在阅兵总指挥杨勇陪同下检阅部队。这次阅兵与5周年国庆阅兵相比，受阅武器装备基本上都是国产的，标志着我军建设取得了巨大成就。最令人兴奋的是，人民解放军“五”字开头的新式武器——56式冲锋枪、56式半自动步枪、59式坦克、歼5型歼击机等新式武器纷纷亮相，这些武器基本上都是我国自行生产的。这次阅兵还首次使用了“红旗”牌检阅车。
再之后，就是1984年10月1日举行的新中国成立35周年国庆阅兵。邓小平为这次大阅兵定下的目标是：“世界一流，国际前茅”。
1984年10月1日上午10时，中央军委主席邓小平乘坐红旗CA770型阅兵车，在阅兵总指挥秦基伟的陪同下，检阅了受阅各方队。根据邓小平的指示，阅兵口号改为：“同志们好!”“同志们辛苦了!”受阅官兵们则应答：“首长好!”“为人民服务!”
随着转播技术的进步，很多人通过电视直播看到了这次阅兵的彩色画面，并被阅兵的气势所震撼。
这次阅兵中，首次出现女兵方队，也首次出现“阅兵村”，也是战略导弹部队首次向世界亮相，各种受阅武器装备共28种，全部由中国自行研制。
相信许多人还对1999年和2009年国庆阅兵的画面记忆犹新。1999年阅兵参阅军种全、兵种多，有陆、海、空、二炮、武警，还有地方武装，代表了我国武装力量构成的所有成分。陆军航空兵、海军航空兵、海军陆战队、特警和预备役部队首次受阅。所展示的武器装备，除一种型号的自行火箭炮和自行加农榴弹炮参加过1984年阅兵外，全部是新型武器装备。而且，地面装备由20世纪80年代的摩托化发展为机械化。战略导弹体积变小，威力变大，机动性能大大增强，并且有了类似法国“飞鱼”的海军导弹。特别是展示的空中加油机“H-6”，在世界上引起很大轰动，它表明我国空军由单一机种向多机种的发展，结束了没有空中加油机的历史。
据驾驶空中加油机参加1999年国庆阅兵的尹培强回忆，就在阅兵前一天，北京突然下雨，能见度小，云层厚，但天气再恶劣，“对我们来讲都没得选择，全国人民都看着我们，我们要随时准备接受检阅！”10月1日一早，阅兵指挥部就不断来电话，问我们这个梯队能不能上，怎么上。“我的回答是，按计划上。”尹培强说，当时云层很低，他们平时训练都在离地面七八百米以上，到达天安门附近时，云层更低了，只有500多米高。阅兵前，他们也到天安门上空演练了四次，阅兵那天飞行高度最低。快到天安门附近时，整个梯队高度下降。没想到这么一降，反而让天安门广场上的人们看得更清楚，效果更好了。
尹培强带着梯队飞越天安门上空，整个梯队由两架加油机、四架歼击机编成两个三机楔形。一架加油机后左右各跟一架歼击受油机，相互间距分别为20米，两楔队相距1500米。阅兵结束，喜报传来：整个梯队飞行高度不差1米，时速相差不到1公里，航向不差1度。时速550公里的加受油机梯队经过天安门不过几秒钟，但一下震惊了世界——中国成为继英、美、俄、法后第5个掌握空中加受油技术的国家。
与1999年国庆阅兵相比，2009年的阅兵随着国家综合实力和国家科技强军方针的贯彻，减少了徒步行进的人员，增加了机械化装备、信息化装备的方队。徒步方队基本上体现了陆海空军的平衡，同时二炮方队也出现在徒步方队里。对此，国防大学徐焰教授认为，这正是科技强军的成果，“天安门广场过去的阅兵每次大概有1万多人，但是这次阅兵只有8千多人，就是因为徒步方队减少了，装备方队不需要很多人，但是装备方队比以往都多。”他认为这次阅兵是科技含量最高、装备分队最多，也可以说是参阅的武器型号最齐全、最配套的一次。装备方队打头的99式主战坦克以及最后压阵的东风31甲战略导弹都达到世界领先水平。
2009年的国庆阅兵，陆海空三军女兵在阅兵式上首次“胜利会师”，混编受阅，成为新中国阅兵史上除仪仗队之外第二个以三军组合形式受阅的方队。武警部队首次带装受阅，在这支首次亮相的武警装备方队中，组建仅两年的中国武警“雪豹突击队”的公开亮相是另一大亮点。这次阅兵中，坦克方队还第一次“变形”，一改以往阅兵时的队形，以“箭形”全新亮相——第一排一辆，第二排两辆，第三排三辆，第四排至第六排各四辆，这是中国历次国庆阅兵车辆方队的首创队形。军方称，该队形寓意解放军是“打赢之箭、胜利之箭”。
「第十五次」
2019年10月1日，是中国特色社会主义进入新时代的首次国庆阅兵，也是中国人民解放军全面改革重塑后的首次整体亮相。这次阅兵总规模约1.5万人，各型飞机160余架，装备580台（套），是近几次阅兵中规模最大的一次。受阅队伍由15个徒步方队、32个装备方队和12个空中梯队组成，受阅装备全部为中国制造。包括东风-41核导弹、新型无人机等新装备在内，近一半为首次亮相，充分展示了国防科技工业的自主创新能力和现代化建设水平。阅兵过程中，联合军乐团现场奏乐，全程气势磅礴，秩序井然，集中展现了在中国共产党的坚强领导下，中国国防和军队建设所取得的历史性成就。
「纪念中国人民抗日战争暨世界反法西斯战争胜利70周年阅兵」
2015年９月３日上午，高亢嘹亮的检阅号角响起，红旗牌检阅车驶出天安门，习近平主席站在检阅车中央，向着受阅部队驶去。这是新中国成立以来首次以纪念中国人民抗日战争暨世界反法西斯战争胜利为主题举行阅兵。
这次阅兵安排了曾参加过抗日战争、现在仍健在的抗战老兵、支前模范和英烈子女代表参阅，充分展示对抗战老兵和支前模范的敬重，对抗日英烈的敬仰。参阅部队从7大军区，海军、空军、第二炮兵、武警部队，解放军四总部直属单位抽组。徒步方队是抗日战争中我党领导的英模部队群体所在的现役部队代表。装备方队展示的装备为国产现役主战装备，许多都是首次展示。
「纪念中国人民抗日战争暨世界反法西斯战争胜利80周年阅兵」
纪念中国人民抗日战争暨世界反法西斯战争胜利80周年大会在今天举行。大会包括约70分钟的盛大阅兵。
本次阅兵活动按照阅兵式、分列式两个步骤进行。其中，阅兵式环节，受阅部队在长安街列阵，光荣接受中共中央总书记、国家主席、中央军委主席习近平的检阅。分列式环节，按空中护旗梯队、徒步方队、战旗方队、装备方队、空中梯队的顺序，依次通过天安门广场。
作为展示国威和军事实力的重要形式，阅兵也在随着时代进步而不断发展，每一次阅兵都会给人们留下新的惊喜和记忆。
参考资料：
杨飞、杨剑：《新中国成立以来的十三次国庆大阅兵》
汤家玉、张久石、孙文彬：《新中国的十三次阅兵》
赵宏达：《揭秘国庆阅兵展示的新武器》
张小羁、刘十九：《为什么解放军的正步特别好看？》
中新网：《军事专家解读国庆受阅武器装备10大特点》
本文改编自《国家人文历史》2015年9月上，原标题为《军事现代化科技化之路 盘点新中国历次阅兵》，本文系“国家人文历史”独家稿件，欢迎读者转发朋友圈。
“没有国，哪来的家”
1944年初
台湾籍青年林正亨加入远征军赴缅对日作战
此时，他的第二个孩子正待出生……
在艰苦卓绝的抗日战争中
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团结一致，挺身共赴，汇聚成全民族抗战的洪流
本期，让我们一同走进“全民族抗战”的那段历史
看八路军战士、民兵、堡垒户、儿童团
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这一个个鲜活的生命
如何汇成全民抗战的磅礴全景
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新中国成立后进行的这几次阅兵可以说各有各的精彩，每一次都有新的看点和亮点，也给人们留下许多津津乐道的话题。
咱们先来看看历年的国庆阅兵，第一次的开国大典阅兵自不用说。第二次的国庆阅兵，是在1950年，那时，国内仍处在严峻的对敌斗争和战争硝烟的笼罩中。
「第二次」
1950年国庆阅兵时，朝鲜战争已经爆发。与此同时，国民党蒋介石也在鼓吹“反攻大陆”。国庆节前不久，北京市公安局破获了一起国外特务图谋在国庆庆典时炮轰天安门的案件，并查获一门新中国成立前遗留下的旧迫击炮。所以，这一年的国庆阅兵，毛泽东心里并不轻松，在上天安门前，他对周围的人说，如果真遇到打炮，谁也不许跑。
10月1日上午11时阅兵式开始。朱德总司令乘敞篷吉普车在另外一辆敞篷吉普车上的聂荣臻陪同下，检阅陆军、海军、空军，向受阅部队行举手礼表示问候，受阅部队则向阅兵首长行注目礼。这次阅兵，朱德和聂荣臻所乘的敞篷吉普车都是在战场上缴获的“美国造”，与前一年开国大典中的右舵检阅车不同的是改为了左舵车。
检阅中，当阅兵车行进到每一个方队前时，朱德总司令都向官兵们致以节日的祝贺，高呼：“中华人民共和国万岁!”“中国共产党万岁!”“毛主席万岁!”这时全体官兵响亮地回答：“万岁!万岁!万岁!”这种典礼仪式的口号对答形式，后成为国庆阅兵式上的一种规定程序被固定下来。其口号内容也一直延续到国庆10周年阅兵，直到1984年国庆阅兵时才有了新的改变。
开国大典上的阅兵中，解放军各兵种并没有统一的队列行进标准，海军方队走的是类似英军的高摆臂大齐步；而陆军沿袭的则是国民党陆军的小幅正步，这正是受德军队列训练影响的结果。这种混乱的情况在1950年阅兵时有所改观。解放军借鉴了苏联的经验并加以改动，俄罗斯正步的特点是踢出的腿要与地面成直角，而脚落地时必然产生冲击，因此行进时跳跃感很强，震荡很大，解放军将步幅调整到适合中国人体型的幅度；同时对俄罗斯军人踏步时要将下巴扬起受阅也进行了修改。
此次阅兵受阅武器仍然是战争年代的各色轻武器，但已不单纯以步兵为主，而是多军兵种的合成部队，表明中国人民解放军已经开始朝着多军兵种合成的现代化方向发展。本次阅兵受阅部队共２4209人……军马2899匹，飞机28架。
这次国庆阅兵结束后19天，中国人民志愿军便奉命开赴朝鲜参加抗美援朝战争。
1951年阅兵的亮点是首次出现民兵方队和由军事院校学员组成的方队。在这次受阅的炮兵方队中，一部分火炮由汽车牵引，一部分火炮由骡马牵引，这并不是汽车的牵引力量不够，而是以此象征着人民解放军由骡马化向摩托化、机械化的转变。
1952年，人民军队多了一个新成员——公安部队。1950年4月，中共中央政治局做出决定，人民解放军实行整编，将陆军统编为国防军和公安部队。到1952年，全国公安部队发展到50多万人，成为人民解放军的一个重要军种。
1952年国庆阅兵，规模宏大的民兵方队也是一个新的亮点。受阅民兵来自全国各省区，象征着我国民兵力量的全民性。他们分属汉族和蒙古族、回族、藏族、苗族、彝族、满族、朝鲜族、黎族等10多个少数民族。
1953年国庆阅兵中，最出风头的是苏制“喀秋莎”火箭炮。1953年，我军火箭炮兵首次参加国庆阅兵，“喀秋莎”闪亮登场，成为人们关注的焦点。在这次国庆阅兵式上，还出现了“拖拉机拖炮”的奇特景象，巨大的加榴炮在拖拉机牵引下，轰隆隆地穿过天安门广场接受检阅。“拖拉机拖炮”成为国庆4周年阅兵的一道独特风景线。另外，经过两年半的战争，这时朝鲜战争已经结束，志愿军作为“最可爱的人”，其代表团获邀登上天安门观礼台，为本次国庆阅兵增加了一种特别的意义。
1954年10月1日，新中国迎来成立5周年国庆。此次阅兵，受阅的武器装备由缴获的“万国牌”换成了型号、口径统一的引进或仿制的苏式武器，反映出我军武器装备的一大进步。
1955年国庆阅兵是解放军实行军衔制后首次阅兵。部队官兵穿着新制式军服，佩戴军衔、领章，刚刚被授衔的元帅和将军们也都佩戴着军衔、领章，在观礼台上检阅部队，使这次阅兵显得格外引人关注。而在这些将领中，最引人瞩目的就是年仅38岁的阅兵领队、高大帅气又充满阳刚的吴华夺。当年9月27日，授勋仪式后，周恩来宣布：
“国庆庆典之日，毛泽东主席将在天安门城楼阅兵，检阅三军将士，这次检阅将选一名将军作为阅兵的领队，以此向全世界人民宣布中国人民解放军结束有军无将的历史。”
此时，距阅兵只有几天时间了。于是阅兵总指挥杨成武上将开始了严格的挑选。最后挑中的是年仅38岁，当时我军最年轻的将军吴华夺。此后，吴华夺又连续多次担任国庆典礼受阅部队的领队，成为阅兵史上的传奇人物。
1956年国庆阅兵是新中国成立以来唯一一次在雨中举行的。尽管大雨滂沱，天安门广场上已是积水一片，受阅官兵们的军装也已经被雨淋透，但他们依然保持着庄重严肃的神情，昂首阔步，齐步向前，丝毫不受影响。阅兵部队乘坐的汽车是第一批出厂的国产解放牌汽车，雷达探照灯也初次公开亮相。但受天气影响，人们渴望已久的国产喷气式飞机未能按照原定计划参加受阅。
在1957年新中国成立8周年的国庆阅兵式上，最大的亮点来自于空中。那一年，人们惊喜地看到国产的伊尔－28喷气式轰炸机、歼击机第一次飞过天安门上空接受检阅。此外，85毫米高射炮、152毫米榴弹炮等新型武器装备也首次接受检阅。受阅坦克数量是新中国成立后历年阅兵中最多的一年，但这一年受阅总人数和飞机数量却是历次阅兵中最少的一次。此次国庆阅兵还是公安部队的最后亮相，此后不久，为贯彻军委有关裁减军队的决定，公安部队被取消，退出了人民解放军的兵种序列。
1958年，中国面临复杂的国际形势。9月29日，中共中央做出《关于民兵问题的决定》，指出：必须在全国范围内把能拿武器的男女公民武装起来，以民兵组织的形式，实行全民皆兵。随后，毛泽东在对新华社记者的谈话中亦指出：“我们不但要有强大的正规军，我们还要大办民兵师。”这次阅兵，受阅的民兵队伍，格外受人关注。
民兵方队来自全国各地的工人、农民、干部、学生代表，其中，不少人是来自太行山、白洋淀等革命老根据地的民兵杀敌英雄。他们装备着新式步枪，精神焕发，步伐整齐。这次还首次出现了女民兵方队。
1959年阅兵是新中国成立后的首次“逢十大阅”，阅兵规模比以往任何一次都大，也是毛泽东出席的最后一次国庆阅兵。
为准备这次阅兵，天安门广场进行了大规模扩建。毛泽东指示：改建天安门广场，要反映出我国历史悠久，地大物博，人口众多的特点，气魄要大，要使天安门广场成为庄严宏伟、能容纳100万人集会的世界上最大的广场。路面要修得坚固，要经得起60吨的坦克通过。国庆10周年阅兵时，按照上述标准改建的天安门广场的面积较国庆5周年时扩大了两倍半。
这天上午10时，林彪在阅兵总指挥杨勇陪同下检阅部队。这次阅兵与5周年国庆阅兵相比，受阅武器装备基本上都是国产的，标志着我军建设取得了巨大成就。最令人兴奋的是，人民解放军“五”字开头的新式武器——56式冲锋枪、56式半自动步枪、59式坦克、歼5型歼击机等新式武器纷纷亮相，这些武器基本上都是我国自行生产的。这次阅兵还首次使用了“红旗”牌检阅车。
再之后，就是1984年10月1日举行的新中国成立35周年国庆阅兵。邓小平为这次大阅兵定下的目标是：“世界一流，国际前茅”。
1984年10月1日上午10时，中央军委主席邓小平乘坐红旗CA770型阅兵车，在阅兵总指挥秦基伟的陪同下，检阅了受阅各方队。根据邓小平的指示，阅兵口号改为：“同志们好!”“同志们辛苦了!”受阅官兵们则应答：“首长好!”“为人民服务!”
随着转播技术的进步，很多人通过电视直播看到了这次阅兵的彩色画面，并被阅兵的气势所震撼。
这次阅兵中，首次出现女兵方队，也首次出现“阅兵村”，也是战略导弹部队首次向世界亮相，各种受阅武器装备共28种，全部由中国自行研制。
相信许多人还对1999年和2009年国庆阅兵的画面记忆犹新。1999年阅兵参阅军种全、兵种多，有陆、海、空、二炮、武警，还有地方武装，代表了我国武装力量构成的所有成分。陆军航空兵、海军航空兵、海军陆战队、特警和预备役部队首次受阅。所展示的武器装备，除一种型号的自行火箭炮和自行加农榴弹炮参加过1984年阅兵外，全部是新型武器装备。而且，地面装备由20世纪80年代的摩托化发展为机械化。战略导弹体积变小，威力变大，机动性能大大增强，并且有了类似法国“飞鱼”的海军导弹。特别是展示的空中加油机“H-6”，在世界上引起很大轰动，它表明我国空军由单一机种向多机种的发展，结束了没有空中加油机的历史。
据驾驶空中加油机参加1999年国庆阅兵的尹培强回忆，就在阅兵前一天，北京突然下雨，能见度小，云层厚，但天气再恶劣，“对我们来讲都没得选择，全国人民都看着我们，我们要随时准备接受检阅！”10月1日一早，阅兵指挥部就不断来电话，问我们这个梯队能不能上，怎么上。“我的回答是，按计划上。”尹培强说，当时云层很低，他们平时训练都在离地面七八百米以上，到达天安门附近时，云层更低了，只有500多米高。阅兵前，他们也到天安门上空演练了四次，阅兵那天飞行高度最低。快到天安门附近时，整个梯队高度下降。没想到这么一降，反而让天安门广场上的人们看得更清楚，效果更好了。
尹培强带着梯队飞越天安门上空，整个梯队由两架加油机、四架歼击机编成两个三机楔形。一架加油机后左右各跟一架歼击受油机，相互间距分别为20米，两楔队相距1500米。阅兵结束，喜报传来：整个梯队飞行高度不差1米，时速相差不到1公里，航向不差1度。时速550公里的加受油机梯队经过天安门不过几秒钟，但一下震惊了世界——中国成为继英、美、俄、法后第5个掌握空中加受油技术的国家。
与1999年国庆阅兵相比，2009年的阅兵随着国家综合实力和国家科技强军方针的贯彻，减少了徒步行进的人员，增加了机械化装备、信息化装备的方队。徒步方队基本上体现了陆海空军的平衡，同时二炮方队也出现在徒步方队里。对此，国防大学徐焰教授认为，这正是科技强军的成果，“天安门广场过去的阅兵每次大概有1万多人，但是这次阅兵只有8千多人，就是因为徒步方队减少了，装备方队不需要很多人，但是装备方队比以往都多。”他认为这次阅兵是科技含量最高、装备分队最多，也可以说是参阅的武器型号最齐全、最配套的一次。装备方队打头的99式主战坦克以及最后压阵的东风31甲战略导弹都达到世界领先水平。
2009年的国庆阅兵，陆海空三军女兵在阅兵式上首次“胜利会师”，混编受阅，成为新中国阅兵史上除仪仗队之外第二个以三军组合形式受阅的方队。武警部队首次带装受阅，在这支首次亮相的武警装备方队中，组建仅两年的中国武警“雪豹突击队”的公开亮相是另一大亮点。这次阅兵中，坦克方队还第一次“变形”，一改以往阅兵时的队形，以“箭形”全新亮相——第一排一辆，第二排两辆，第三排三辆，第四排至第六排各四辆，这是中国历次国庆阅兵车辆方队的首创队形。军方称，该队形寓意解放军是“打赢之箭、胜利之箭”。
「第十五次」
2019年10月1日，是中国特色社会主义进入新时代的首次国庆阅兵，也是中国人民解放军全面改革重塑后的首次整体亮相。这次阅兵总规模约1.5万人，各型飞机160余架，装备580台（套），是近几次阅兵中规模最大的一次。受阅队伍由15个徒步方队、32个装备方队和12个空中梯队组成，受阅装备全部为中国制造。包括东风-41核导弹、新型无人机等新装备在内，近一半为首次亮相，充分展示了国防科技工业的自主创新能力和现代化建设水平。阅兵过程中，联合军乐团现场奏乐，全程气势磅礴，秩序井然，集中展现了在中国共产党的坚强领导下，中国国防和军队建设所取得的历史性成就。
「纪念中国人民抗日战争暨世界反法西斯战争胜利70周年阅兵」
2015年９月３日上午，高亢嘹亮的检阅号角响起，红旗牌检阅车驶出天安门，习近平主席站在检阅车中央，向着受阅部队驶去。这是新中国成立以来首次以纪念中国人民抗日战争暨世界反法西斯战争胜利为主题举行阅兵。
这次阅兵安排了曾参加过抗日战争、现在仍健在的抗战老兵、支前模范和英烈子女代表参阅，充分展示对抗战老兵和支前模范的敬重，对抗日英烈的敬仰。参阅部队从7大军区，海军、空军、第二炮兵、武警部队，解放军四总部直属单位抽组。徒步方队是抗日战争中我党领导的英模部队群体所在的现役部队代表。装备方队展示的装备为国产现役主战装备，许多都是首次展示。
「纪念中国人民抗日战争暨世界反法西斯战争胜利80周年阅兵」
纪念中国人民抗日战争暨世界反法西斯战争胜利80周年大会在今天举行。大会包括约70分钟的盛大阅兵。
本次阅兵活动按照阅兵式、分列式两个步骤进行。其中，阅兵式环节，受阅部队在长安街列阵，光荣接受中共中央总书记、国家主席、中央军委主席习近平的检阅。分列式环节，按空中护旗梯队、徒步方队、战旗方队、装备方队、空中梯队的顺序，依次通过天安门广场。
作为展示国威和军事实力的重要形式，阅兵也在随着时代进步而不断发展，每一次阅兵都会给人们留下新的惊喜和记忆。
参考资料：
杨飞、杨剑：《新中国成立以来的十三次国庆大阅兵》
汤家玉、张久石、孙文彬：《新中国的十三次阅兵》
赵宏达：《揭秘国庆阅兵展示的新武器》
张小羁、刘十九：《为什么解放军的正步特别好看？》
中新网：《军事专家解读国庆受阅武器装备10大特点》
本文改编自《国家人文历史》2015年9月上，原标题为《军事现代化科技化之路 盘点新中国历次阅兵》，本文系“国家人文历史”独家稿件，欢迎读者转发朋友圈。
“没有国，哪来的家”
1944年初
台湾籍青年林正亨加入远征军赴缅对日作战
此时，他的第二个孩子正待出生……
在艰苦卓绝的抗日战争中
全体中华儿女以血肉之躯筑起新的长城
团结一致，挺身共赴，汇聚成全民族抗战的洪流
本期，让我们一同走进“全民族抗战”的那段历史
看八路军战士、民兵、堡垒户、儿童团
战地记者、文艺界人士、医护人员、科技工作者
爱国企业家、科普作家、宗教界人士……
这一个个鲜活的生命
如何汇成全民抗战的磅礴全景
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新中国成立后进行的这几次阅兵可以说各有各的精彩，每一次都有新的看点和亮点，也给人们留下许多津津乐道的话题。
咱们先来看看历年的国庆阅兵，第一次的开国大典阅兵自不用说。第二次的国庆阅兵，是在1950年，那时，国内仍处在严峻的对敌斗争和战争硝烟的笼罩中。
「第二次」
1950年国庆阅兵时，朝鲜战争已经爆发。与此同时，国民党蒋介石也在鼓吹“反攻大陆”。国庆节前不久，北京市公安局破获了一起国外特务图谋在国庆庆典时炮轰天安门的案件，并查获一门新中国成立前遗留下的旧迫击炮。所以，这一年的国庆阅兵，毛泽东心里并不轻松，在上天安门前，他对周围的人说，如果真遇到打炮，谁也不许跑。
10月1日上午11时阅兵式开始。朱德总司令乘敞篷吉普车在另外一辆敞篷吉普车上的聂荣臻陪同下，检阅陆军、海军、空军，向受阅部队行举手礼表示问候，受阅部队则向阅兵首长行注目礼。这次阅兵，朱德和聂荣臻所乘的敞篷吉普车都是在战场上缴获的“美国造”，与前一年开国大典中的右舵检阅车不同的是改为了左舵车。
检阅中，当阅兵车行进到每一个方队前时，朱德总司令都向官兵们致以节日的祝贺，高呼：“中华人民共和国万岁!”“中国共产党万岁!”“毛主席万岁!”这时全体官兵响亮地回答：“万岁!万岁!万岁!”这种典礼仪式的口号对答形式，后成为国庆阅兵式上的一种规定程序被固定下来。其口号内容也一直延续到国庆10周年阅兵，直到1984年国庆阅兵时才有了新的改变。
开国大典上的阅兵中，解放军各兵种并没有统一的队列行进标准，海军方队走的是类似英军的高摆臂大齐步；而陆军沿袭的则是国民党陆军的小幅正步，这正是受德军队列训练影响的结果。这种混乱的情况在1950年阅兵时有所改观。解放军借鉴了苏联的经验并加以改动，俄罗斯正步的特点是踢出的腿要与地面成直角，而脚落地时必然产生冲击，因此行进时跳跃感很强，震荡很大，解放军将步幅调整到适合中国人体型的幅度；同时对俄罗斯军人踏步时要将下巴扬起受阅也进行了修改。
此次阅兵受阅武器仍然是战争年代的各色轻武器，但已不单纯以步兵为主，而是多军兵种的合成部队，表明中国人民解放军已经开始朝着多军兵种合成的现代化方向发展。本次阅兵受阅部队共２4209人……军马2899匹，飞机28架。
这次国庆阅兵结束后19天，中国人民志愿军便奉命开赴朝鲜参加抗美援朝战争。
1951年阅兵的亮点是首次出现民兵方队和由军事院校学员组成的方队。在这次受阅的炮兵方队中，一部分火炮由汽车牵引，一部分火炮由骡马牵引，这并不是汽车的牵引力量不够，而是以此象征着人民解放军由骡马化向摩托化、机械化的转变。
1952年，人民军队多了一个新成员——公安部队。1950年4月，中共中央政治局做出决定，人民解放军实行整编，将陆军统编为国防军和公安部队。到1952年，全国公安部队发展到50多万人，成为人民解放军的一个重要军种。
1952年国庆阅兵，规模宏大的民兵方队也是一个新的亮点。受阅民兵来自全国各省区，象征着我国民兵力量的全民性。他们分属汉族和蒙古族、回族、藏族、苗族、彝族、满族、朝鲜族、黎族等10多个少数民族。
1953年国庆阅兵中，最出风头的是苏制“喀秋莎”火箭炮。1953年，我军火箭炮兵首次参加国庆阅兵，“喀秋莎”闪亮登场，成为人们关注的焦点。在这次国庆阅兵式上，还出现了“拖拉机拖炮”的奇特景象，巨大的加榴炮在拖拉机牵引下，轰隆隆地穿过天安门广场接受检阅。“拖拉机拖炮”成为国庆4周年阅兵的一道独特风景线。另外，经过两年半的战争，这时朝鲜战争已经结束，志愿军作为“最可爱的人”，其代表团获邀登上天安门观礼台，为本次国庆阅兵增加了一种特别的意义。
1954年10月1日，新中国迎来成立5周年国庆。此次阅兵，受阅的武器装备由缴获的“万国牌”换成了型号、口径统一的引进或仿制的苏式武器，反映出我军武器装备的一大进步。
1955年国庆阅兵是解放军实行军衔制后首次阅兵。部队官兵穿着新制式军服，佩戴军衔、领章，刚刚被授衔的元帅和将军们也都佩戴着军衔、领章，在观礼台上检阅部队，使这次阅兵显得格外引人关注。而在这些将领中，最引人瞩目的就是年仅38岁的阅兵领队、高大帅气又充满阳刚的吴华夺。当年9月27日，授勋仪式后，周恩来宣布：
“国庆庆典之日，毛泽东主席将在天安门城楼阅兵，检阅三军将士，这次检阅将选一名将军作为阅兵的领队，以此向全世界人民宣布中国人民解放军结束有军无将的历史。”
此时，距阅兵只有几天时间了。于是阅兵总指挥杨成武上将开始了严格的挑选。最后挑中的是年仅38岁，当时我军最年轻的将军吴华夺。此后，吴华夺又连续多次担任国庆典礼受阅部队的领队，成为阅兵史上的传奇人物。
1956年国庆阅兵是新中国成立以来唯一一次在雨中举行的。尽管大雨滂沱，天安门广场上已是积水一片，受阅官兵们的军装也已经被雨淋透，但他们依然保持着庄重严肃的神情，昂首阔步，齐步向前，丝毫不受影响。阅兵部队乘坐的汽车是第一批出厂的国产解放牌汽车，雷达探照灯也初次公开亮相。但受天气影响，人们渴望已久的国产喷气式飞机未能按照原定计划参加受阅。
在1957年新中国成立8周年的国庆阅兵式上，最大的亮点来自于空中。那一年，人们惊喜地看到国产的伊尔－28喷气式轰炸机、歼击机第一次飞过天安门上空接受检阅。此外，85毫米高射炮、152毫米榴弹炮等新型武器装备也首次接受检阅。受阅坦克数量是新中国成立后历年阅兵中最多的一年，但这一年受阅总人数和飞机数量却是历次阅兵中最少的一次。此次国庆阅兵还是公安部队的最后亮相，此后不久，为贯彻军委有关裁减军队的决定，公安部队被取消，退出了人民解放军的兵种序列。
1958年，中国面临复杂的国际形势。9月29日，中共中央做出《关于民兵问题的决定》，指出：必须在全国范围内把能拿武器的男女公民武装起来，以民兵组织的形式，实行全民皆兵。随后，毛泽东在对新华社记者的谈话中亦指出：“我们不但要有强大的正规军，我们还要大办民兵师。”这次阅兵，受阅的民兵队伍，格外受人关注。
民兵方队来自全国各地的工人、农民、干部、学生代表，其中，不少人是来自太行山、白洋淀等革命老根据地的民兵杀敌英雄。他们装备着新式步枪，精神焕发，步伐整齐。这次还首次出现了女民兵方队。
1959年阅兵是新中国成立后的首次“逢十大阅”，阅兵规模比以往任何一次都大，也是毛泽东出席的最后一次国庆阅兵。
为准备这次阅兵，天安门广场进行了大规模扩建。毛泽东指示：改建天安门广场，要反映出我国历史悠久，地大物博，人口众多的特点，气魄要大，要使天安门广场成为庄严宏伟、能容纳100万人集会的世界上最大的广场。路面要修得坚固，要经得起60吨的坦克通过。国庆10周年阅兵时，按照上述标准改建的天安门广场的面积较国庆5周年时扩大了两倍半。
这天上午10时，林彪在阅兵总指挥杨勇陪同下检阅部队。这次阅兵与5周年国庆阅兵相比，受阅武器装备基本上都是国产的，标志着我军建设取得了巨大成就。最令人兴奋的是，人民解放军“五”字开头的新式武器——56式冲锋枪、56式半自动步枪、59式坦克、歼5型歼击机等新式武器纷纷亮相，这些武器基本上都是我国自行生产的。这次阅兵还首次使用了“红旗”牌检阅车。
再之后，就是1984年10月1日举行的新中国成立35周年国庆阅兵。邓小平为这次大阅兵定下的目标是：“世界一流，国际前茅”。
1984年10月1日上午10时，中央军委主席邓小平乘坐红旗CA770型阅兵车，在阅兵总指挥秦基伟的陪同下，检阅了受阅各方队。根据邓小平的指示，阅兵口号改为：“同志们好!”“同志们辛苦了!”受阅官兵们则应答：“首长好!”“为人民服务!”
随着转播技术的进步，很多人通过电视直播看到了这次阅兵的彩色画面，并被阅兵的气势所震撼。
这次阅兵中，首次出现女兵方队，也首次出现“阅兵村”，也是战略导弹部队首次向世界亮相，各种受阅武器装备共28种，全部由中国自行研制。
相信许多人还对1999年和2009年国庆阅兵的画面记忆犹新。1999年阅兵参阅军种全、兵种多，有陆、海、空、二炮、武警，还有地方武装，代表了我国武装力量构成的所有成分。陆军航空兵、海军航空兵、海军陆战队、特警和预备役部队首次受阅。所展示的武器装备，除一种型号的自行火箭炮和自行加农榴弹炮参加过1984年阅兵外，全部是新型武器装备。而且，地面装备由20世纪80年代的摩托化发展为机械化。战略导弹体积变小，威力变大，机动性能大大增强，并且有了类似法国“飞鱼”的海军导弹。特别是展示的空中加油机“H-6”，在世界上引起很大轰动，它表明我国空军由单一机种向多机种的发展，结束了没有空中加油机的历史。
据驾驶空中加油机参加1999年国庆阅兵的尹培强回忆，就在阅兵前一天，北京突然下雨，能见度小，云层厚，但天气再恶劣，“对我们来讲都没得选择，全国人民都看着我们，我们要随时准备接受检阅！”10月1日一早，阅兵指挥部就不断来电话，问我们这个梯队能不能上，怎么上。“我的回答是，按计划上。”尹培强说，当时云层很低，他们平时训练都在离地面七八百米以上，到达天安门附近时，云层更低了，只有500多米高。阅兵前，他们也到天安门上空演练了四次，阅兵那天飞行高度最低。快到天安门附近时，整个梯队高度下降。没想到这么一降，反而让天安门广场上的人们看得更清楚，效果更好了。
尹培强带着梯队飞越天安门上空，整个梯队由两架加油机、四架歼击机编成两个三机楔形。一架加油机后左右各跟一架歼击受油机，相互间距分别为20米，两楔队相距1500米。阅兵结束，喜报传来：整个梯队飞行高度不差1米，时速相差不到1公里，航向不差1度。时速550公里的加受油机梯队经过天安门不过几秒钟，但一下震惊了世界——中国成为继英、美、俄、法后第5个掌握空中加受油技术的国家。
与1999年国庆阅兵相比，2009年的阅兵随着国家综合实力和国家科技强军方针的贯彻，减少了徒步行进的人员，增加了机械化装备、信息化装备的方队。徒步方队基本上体现了陆海空军的平衡，同时二炮方队也出现在徒步方队里。对此，国防大学徐焰教授认为，这正是科技强军的成果，“天安门广场过去的阅兵每次大概有1万多人，但是这次阅兵只有8千多人，就是因为徒步方队减少了，装备方队不需要很多人，但是装备方队比以往都多。”他认为这次阅兵是科技含量最高、装备分队最多，也可以说是参阅的武器型号最齐全、最配套的一次。装备方队打头的99式主战坦克以及最后压阵的东风31甲战略导弹都达到世界领先水平。
2009年的国庆阅兵，陆海空三军女兵在阅兵式上首次“胜利会师”，混编受阅，成为新中国阅兵史上除仪仗队之外第二个以三军组合形式受阅的方队。武警部队首次带装受阅，在这支首次亮相的武警装备方队中，组建仅两年的中国武警“雪豹突击队”的公开亮相是另一大亮点。这次阅兵中，坦克方队还第一次“变形”，一改以往阅兵时的队形，以“箭形”全新亮相——第一排一辆，第二排两辆，第三排三辆，第四排至第六排各四辆，这是中国历次国庆阅兵车辆方队的首创队形。军方称，该队形寓意解放军是“打赢之箭、胜利之箭”。
「第十五次」
2019年10月1日，是中国特色社会主义进入新时代的首次国庆阅兵，也是中国人民解放军全面改革重塑后的首次整体亮相。这次阅兵总规模约1.5万人，各型飞机160余架，装备580台（套），是近几次阅兵中规模最大的一次。受阅队伍由15个徒步方队、32个装备方队和12个空中梯队组成，受阅装备全部为中国制造。包括东风-41核导弹、新型无人机等新装备在内，近一半为首次亮相，充分展示了国防科技工业的自主创新能力和现代化建设水平。阅兵过程中，联合军乐团现场奏乐，全程气势磅礴，秩序井然，集中展现了在中国共产党的坚强领导下，中国国防和军队建设所取得的历史性成就。
「纪念中国人民抗日战争暨世界反法西斯战争胜利70周年阅兵」
2015年９月３日上午，高亢嘹亮的检阅号角响起，红旗牌检阅车驶出天安门，习近平主席站在检阅车中央，向着受阅部队驶去。这是新中国成立以来首次以纪念中国人民抗日战争暨世界反法西斯战争胜利为主题举行阅兵。
这次阅兵安排了曾参加过抗日战争、现在仍健在的抗战老兵、支前模范和英烈子女代表参阅，充分展示对抗战老兵和支前模范的敬重，对抗日英烈的敬仰。参阅部队从7大军区，海军、空军、第二炮兵、武警部队，解放军四总部直属单位抽组。徒步方队是抗日战争中我党领导的英模部队群体所在的现役部队代表。装备方队展示的装备为国产现役主战装备，许多都是首次展示。
「纪念中国人民抗日战争暨世界反法西斯战争胜利80周年阅兵」
纪念中国人民抗日战争暨世界反法西斯战争胜利80周年大会在今天举行。大会包括约70分钟的盛大阅兵。
本次阅兵活动按照阅兵式、分列式两个步骤进行。其中，阅兵式环节，受阅部队在长安街列阵，光荣接受中共中央总书记、国家主席、中央军委主席习近平的检阅。分列式环节，按空中护旗梯队、徒步方队、战旗方队、装备方队、空中梯队的顺序，依次通过天安门广场。
作为展示国威和军事实力的重要形式，阅兵也在随着时代进步而不断发展，每一次阅兵都会给人们留下新的惊喜和记忆。
参考资料：
杨飞、杨剑：《新中国成立以来的十三次国庆大阅兵》
汤家玉、张久石、孙文彬：《新中国的十三次阅兵》
赵宏达：《揭秘国庆阅兵展示的新武器》
张小羁、刘十九：《为什么解放军的正步特别好看？》
中新网：《军事专家解读国庆受阅武器装备10大特点》
本文改编自《国家人文历史》2015年9月上，原标题为《军事现代化科技化之路 盘点新中国历次阅兵》，本文系“国家人文历史”独家稿件，欢迎读者转发朋友圈。
“没有国，哪来的家”
1944年初
台湾籍青年林正亨加入远征军赴缅对日作战
此时，他的第二个孩子正待出生……
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新中国成立后进行的这几次阅兵可以说各有各的精彩，每一次都有新的看点和亮点，也给人们留下许多津津乐道的话题。
咱们先来看看历年的国庆阅兵，第一次的开国大典阅兵自不用说。第二次的国庆阅兵，是在1950年，那时，国内仍处在严峻的对敌斗争和战争硝烟的笼罩中。
「第二次」
1950年国庆阅兵时，朝鲜战争已经爆发。与此同时，国民党蒋介石也在鼓吹“反攻大陆”。国庆节前不久，北京市公安局破获了一起国外特务图谋在国庆庆典时炮轰天安门的案件，并查获一门新中国成立前遗留下的旧迫击炮。所以，这一年的国庆阅兵，毛泽东心里并不轻松，在上天安门前，他对周围的人说，如果真遇到打炮，谁也不许跑。
10月1日上午11时阅兵式开始。朱德总司令乘敞篷吉普车在另外一辆敞篷吉普车上的聂荣臻陪同下，检阅陆军、海军、空军，向受阅部队行举手礼表示问候，受阅部队则向阅兵首长行注目礼。这次阅兵，朱德和聂荣臻所乘的敞篷吉普车都是在战场上缴获的“美国造”，与前一年开国大典中的右舵检阅车不同的是改为了左舵车。
检阅中，当阅兵车行进到每一个方队前时，朱德总司令都向官兵们致以节日的祝贺，高呼：“中华人民共和国万岁!”“中国共产党万岁!”“毛主席万岁!”这时全体官兵响亮地回答：“万岁!万岁!万岁!”这种典礼仪式的口号对答形式，后成为国庆阅兵式上的一种规定程序被固定下来。其口号内容也一直延续到国庆10周年阅兵，直到1984年国庆阅兵时才有了新的改变。
开国大典上的阅兵中，解放军各兵种并没有统一的队列行进标准，海军方队走的是类似英军的高摆臂大齐步；而陆军沿袭的则是国民党陆军的小幅正步，这正是受德军队列训练影响的结果。这种混乱的情况在1950年阅兵时有所改观。解放军借鉴了苏联的经验并加以改动，俄罗斯正步的特点是踢出的腿要与地面成直角，而脚落地时必然产生冲击，因此行进时跳跃感很强，震荡很大，解放军将步幅调整到适合中国人体型的幅度；同时对俄罗斯军人踏步时要将下巴扬起受阅也进行了修改。
此次阅兵受阅武器仍然是战争年代的各色轻武器，但已不单纯以步兵为主，而是多军兵种的合成部队，表明中国人民解放军已经开始朝着多军兵种合成的现代化方向发展。本次阅兵受阅部队共２4209人……军马2899匹，飞机28架。
这次国庆阅兵结束后19天，中国人民志愿军便奉命开赴朝鲜参加抗美援朝战争。
1951年阅兵的亮点是首次出现民兵方队和由军事院校学员组成的方队。在这次受阅的炮兵方队中，一部分火炮由汽车牵引，一部分火炮由骡马牵引，这并不是汽车的牵引力量不够，而是以此象征着人民解放军由骡马化向摩托化、机械化的转变。
1952年，人民军队多了一个新成员——公安部队。1950年4月，中共中央政治局做出决定，人民解放军实行整编，将陆军统编为国防军和公安部队。到1952年，全国公安部队发展到50多万人，成为人民解放军的一个重要军种。
1952年国庆阅兵，规模宏大的民兵方队也是一个新的亮点。受阅民兵来自全国各省区，象征着我国民兵力量的全民性。他们分属汉族和蒙古族、回族、藏族、苗族、彝族、满族、朝鲜族、黎族等10多个少数民族。
1953年国庆阅兵中，最出风头的是苏制“喀秋莎”火箭炮。1953年，我军火箭炮兵首次参加国庆阅兵，“喀秋莎”闪亮登场，成为人们关注的焦点。在这次国庆阅兵式上，还出现了“拖拉机拖炮”的奇特景象，巨大的加榴炮在拖拉机牵引下，轰隆隆地穿过天安门广场接受检阅。“拖拉机拖炮”成为国庆4周年阅兵的一道独特风景线。另外，经过两年半的战争，这时朝鲜战争已经结束，志愿军作为“最可爱的人”，其代表团获邀登上天安门观礼台，为本次国庆阅兵增加了一种特别的意义。
1954年10月1日，新中国迎来成立5周年国庆。此次阅兵，受阅的武器装备由缴获的“万国牌”换成了型号、口径统一的引进或仿制的苏式武器，反映出我军武器装备的一大进步。
1955年国庆阅兵是解放军实行军衔制后首次阅兵。部队官兵穿着新制式军服，佩戴军衔、领章，刚刚被授衔的元帅和将军们也都佩戴着军衔、领章，在观礼台上检阅部队，使这次阅兵显得格外引人关注。而在这些将领中，最引人瞩目的就是年仅38岁的阅兵领队、高大帅气又充满阳刚的吴华夺。当年9月27日，授勋仪式后，周恩来宣布：
“国庆庆典之日，毛泽东主席将在天安门城楼阅兵，检阅三军将士，这次检阅将选一名将军作为阅兵的领队，以此向全世界人民宣布中国人民解放军结束有军无将的历史。”
此时，距阅兵只有几天时间了。于是阅兵总指挥杨成武上将开始了严格的挑选。最后挑中的是年仅38岁，当时我军最年轻的将军吴华夺。此后，吴华夺又连续多次担任国庆典礼受阅部队的领队，成为阅兵史上的传奇人物。
1956年国庆阅兵是新中国成立以来唯一一次在雨中举行的。尽管大雨滂沱，天安门广场上已是积水一片，受阅官兵们的军装也已经被雨淋透，但他们依然保持着庄重严肃的神情，昂首阔步，齐步向前，丝毫不受影响。阅兵部队乘坐的汽车是第一批出厂的国产解放牌汽车，雷达探照灯也初次公开亮相。但受天气影响，人们渴望已久的国产喷气式飞机未能按照原定计划参加受阅。
在1957年新中国成立8周年的国庆阅兵式上，最大的亮点来自于空中。那一年，人们惊喜地看到国产的伊尔－28喷气式轰炸机、歼击机第一次飞过天安门上空接受检阅。此外，85毫米高射炮、152毫米榴弹炮等新型武器装备也首次接受检阅。受阅坦克数量是新中国成立后历年阅兵中最多的一年，但这一年受阅总人数和飞机数量却是历次阅兵中最少的一次。此次国庆阅兵还是公安部队的最后亮相，此后不久，为贯彻军委有关裁减军队的决定，公安部队被取消，退出了人民解放军的兵种序列。
1958年，中国面临复杂的国际形势。9月29日，中共中央做出《关于民兵问题的决定》，指出：必须在全国范围内把能拿武器的男女公民武装起来，以民兵组织的形式，实行全民皆兵。随后，毛泽东在对新华社记者的谈话中亦指出：“我们不但要有强大的正规军，我们还要大办民兵师。”这次阅兵，受阅的民兵队伍，格外受人关注。
民兵方队来自全国各地的工人、农民、干部、学生代表，其中，不少人是来自太行山、白洋淀等革命老根据地的民兵杀敌英雄。他们装备着新式步枪，精神焕发，步伐整齐。这次还首次出现了女民兵方队。
1959年阅兵是新中国成立后的首次“逢十大阅”，阅兵规模比以往任何一次都大，也是毛泽东出席的最后一次国庆阅兵。
为准备这次阅兵，天安门广场进行了大规模扩建。毛泽东指示：改建天安门广场，要反映出我国历史悠久，地大物博，人口众多的特点，气魄要大，要使天安门广场成为庄严宏伟、能容纳100万人集会的世界上最大的广场。路面要修得坚固，要经得起60吨的坦克通过。国庆10周年阅兵时，按照上述标准改建的天安门广场的面积较国庆5周年时扩大了两倍半。
这天上午10时，林彪在阅兵总指挥杨勇陪同下检阅部队。这次阅兵与5周年国庆阅兵相比，受阅武器装备基本上都是国产的，标志着我军建设取得了巨大成就。最令人兴奋的是，人民解放军“五”字开头的新式武器——56式冲锋枪、56式半自动步枪、59式坦克、歼5型歼击机等新式武器纷纷亮相，这些武器基本上都是我国自行生产的。这次阅兵还首次使用了“红旗”牌检阅车。
再之后，就是1984年10月1日举行的新中国成立35周年国庆阅兵。邓小平为这次大阅兵定下的目标是：“世界一流，国际前茅”。
1984年10月1日上午10时，中央军委主席邓小平乘坐红旗CA770型阅兵车，在阅兵总指挥秦基伟的陪同下，检阅了受阅各方队。根据邓小平的指示，阅兵口号改为：“同志们好!”“同志们辛苦了!”受阅官兵们则应答：“首长好!”“为人民服务!”
随着转播技术的进步，很多人通过电视直播看到了这次阅兵的彩色画面，并被阅兵的气势所震撼。
这次阅兵中，首次出现女兵方队，也首次出现“阅兵村”，也是战略导弹部队首次向世界亮相，各种受阅武器装备共28种，全部由中国自行研制。
相信许多人还对1999年和2009年国庆阅兵的画面记忆犹新。1999年阅兵参阅军种全、兵种多，有陆、海、空、二炮、武警，还有地方武装，代表了我国武装力量构成的所有成分。陆军航空兵、海军航空兵、海军陆战队、特警和预备役部队首次受阅。所展示的武器装备，除一种型号的自行火箭炮和自行加农榴弹炮参加过1984年阅兵外，全部是新型武器装备。而且，地面装备由20世纪80年代的摩托化发展为机械化。战略导弹体积变小，威力变大，机动性能大大增强，并且有了类似法国“飞鱼”的海军导弹。特别是展示的空中加油机“H-6”，在世界上引起很大轰动，它表明我国空军由单一机种向多机种的发展，结束了没有空中加油机的历史。
据驾驶空中加油机参加1999年国庆阅兵的尹培强回忆，就在阅兵前一天，北京突然下雨，能见度小，云层厚，但天气再恶劣，“对我们来讲都没得选择，全国人民都看着我们，我们要随时准备接受检阅！”10月1日一早，阅兵指挥部就不断来电话，问我们这个梯队能不能上，怎么上。“我的回答是，按计划上。”尹培强说，当时云层很低，他们平时训练都在离地面七八百米以上，到达天安门附近时，云层更低了，只有500多米高。阅兵前，他们也到天安门上空演练了四次，阅兵那天飞行高度最低。快到天安门附近时，整个梯队高度下降。没想到这么一降，反而让天安门广场上的人们看得更清楚，效果更好了。
尹培强带着梯队飞越天安门上空，整个梯队由两架加油机、四架歼击机编成两个三机楔形。一架加油机后左右各跟一架歼击受油机，相互间距分别为20米，两楔队相距1500米。阅兵结束，喜报传来：整个梯队飞行高度不差1米，时速相差不到1公里，航向不差1度。时速550公里的加受油机梯队经过天安门不过几秒钟，但一下震惊了世界——中国成为继英、美、俄、法后第5个掌握空中加受油技术的国家。
与1999年国庆阅兵相比，2009年的阅兵随着国家综合实力和国家科技强军方针的贯彻，减少了徒步行进的人员，增加了机械化装备、信息化装备的方队。徒步方队基本上体现了陆海空军的平衡，同时二炮方队也出现在徒步方队里。对此，国防大学徐焰教授认为，这正是科技强军的成果，“天安门广场过去的阅兵每次大概有1万多人，但是这次阅兵只有8千多人，就是因为徒步方队减少了，装备方队不需要很多人，但是装备方队比以往都多。”他认为这次阅兵是科技含量最高、装备分队最多，也可以说是参阅的武器型号最齐全、最配套的一次。装备方队打头的99式主战坦克以及最后压阵的东风31甲战略导弹都达到世界领先水平。
2009年的国庆阅兵，陆海空三军女兵在阅兵式上首次“胜利会师”，混编受阅，成为新中国阅兵史上除仪仗队之外第二个以三军组合形式受阅的方队。武警部队首次带装受阅，在这支首次亮相的武警装备方队中，组建仅两年的中国武警“雪豹突击队”的公开亮相是另一大亮点。这次阅兵中，坦克方队还第一次“变形”，一改以往阅兵时的队形，以“箭形”全新亮相——第一排一辆，第二排两辆，第三排三辆，第四排至第六排各四辆，这是中国历次国庆阅兵车辆方队的首创队形。军方称，该队形寓意解放军是“打赢之箭、胜利之箭”。
「第十五次」
2019年10月1日，是中国特色社会主义进入新时代的首次国庆阅兵，也是中国人民解放军全面改革重塑后的首次整体亮相。这次阅兵总规模约1.5万人，各型飞机160余架，装备580台（套），是近几次阅兵中规模最大的一次。受阅队伍由15个徒步方队、32个装备方队和12个空中梯队组成，受阅装备全部为中国制造。包括东风-41核导弹、新型无人机等新装备在内，近一半为首次亮相，充分展示了国防科技工业的自主创新能力和现代化建设水平。阅兵过程中，联合军乐团现场奏乐，全程气势磅礴，秩序井然，集中展现了在中国共产党的坚强领导下，中国国防和军队建设所取得的历史性成就。
「纪念中国人民抗日战争暨世界反法西斯战争胜利70周年阅兵」
2015年９月３日上午，高亢嘹亮的检阅号角响起，红旗牌检阅车驶出天安门，习近平主席站在检阅车中央，向着受阅部队驶去。这是新中国成立以来首次以纪念中国人民抗日战争暨世界反法西斯战争胜利为主题举行阅兵。
这次阅兵安排了曾参加过抗日战争、现在仍健在的抗战老兵、支前模范和英烈子女代表参阅，充分展示对抗战老兵和支前模范的敬重，对抗日英烈的敬仰。参阅部队从7大军区，海军、空军、第二炮兵、武警部队，解放军四总部直属单位抽组。徒步方队是抗日战争中我党领导的英模部队群体所在的现役部队代表。装备方队展示的装备为国产现役主战装备，许多都是首次展示。
「纪念中国人民抗日战争暨世界反法西斯战争胜利80周年阅兵」
纪念中国人民抗日战争暨世界反法西斯战争胜利80周年大会在今天举行。大会包括约70分钟的盛大阅兵。
本次阅兵活动按照阅兵式、分列式两个步骤进行。其中，阅兵式环节，受阅部队在长安街列阵，光荣接受中共中央总书记、国家主席、中央军委主席习近平的检阅。分列式环节，按空中护旗梯队、徒步方队、战旗方队、装备方队、空中梯队的顺序，依次通过天安门广场。
作为展示国威和军事实力的重要形式，阅兵也在随着时代进步而不断发展，每一次阅兵都会给人们留下新的惊喜和记忆。
参考资料：
杨飞、杨剑：《新中国成立以来的十三次国庆大阅兵》
汤家玉、张久石、孙文彬：《新中国的十三次阅兵》
赵宏达：《揭秘国庆阅兵展示的新武器》
张小羁、刘十九：《为什么解放军的正步特别好看？》
中新网：《军事专家解读国庆受阅武器装备10大特点》
本文改编自《国家人文历史》2015年9月上，原标题为《军事现代化科技化之路 盘点新中国历次阅兵》，本文系“国家人文历史”独家稿件，欢迎读者转发朋友圈。
“没有国，哪来的家”
1944年初
台湾籍青年林正亨加入远征军赴缅对日作战
此时，他的第二个孩子正待出生……
在艰苦卓绝的抗日战争中
全体中华儿女以血肉之躯筑起新的长城
团结一致，挺身共赴，汇聚成全民族抗战的洪流
本期，让我们一同走进“全民族抗战”的那段历史
看八路军战士、民兵、堡垒户、儿童团
战地记者、文艺界人士、医护人员、科技工作者
爱国企业家、科普作家、宗教界人士……
这一个个鲜活的生命
如何汇成全民抗战的磅礴全景
点击下方封面，即可购买
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文章原文\n
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![](\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-09-06/001/20250906_001_02_80.png\")
Foreign guests use stamps bearing their names to mark a handdrawn scroll ahead of the South and Southeast Asian Media Network Annual Meeting, which took place in Kunming, the capital of Yunnan province, on Friday.
\n The role of media collaboration in amplifying the voice of the Global South and enhancing cross-border understanding was highlighted at this year's South and Southeast Asian Media Network Annual Meeting.
\n Participants called for joint efforts to foster common prosperity and contribute to global development and security at the meeting held in Kunming, the capital of Yunnan province, on Friday.
\n In his opening remarks at the meeting, Qu Yingpu, publisher and editor-in-chief of China Daily, highlighted the role of the media in promoting regional and global peace and development as a "stabilizer" and "power source", as the world is rapidly changing and is once again experiencing the turbulence of transformation.
\n Initiated by China Daily Asia Pacific and the Yunnan International Communication Center for South and Southeast Asia in January 2024, the network aims to leverage the strength of Yunnan as a gateway to open up to South and Southeast Asia, deepen cooperation among media outlets in the region, and contribute to regional socioeconomic development. It has attracted more than 100 media outlets from 12 countries to take part in the network.
\n "South and Southeast Asian countries have long histories, similar cultures and shared pursuits. We should continue to explore the cultural treasures of the region via storytelling and actively organizing diverse exchange activities," Qu said.
\n Zeng Yan, head of the publicity department of the Yunnan Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China, said that the founding of the network has received active responses from mainstream media in South and Southeast Asia, and is expected to establish a new model for media cooperation in Asia.
\n "The media serves as a crucial force for the Global South to achieve sustainable development and news reports on boosting peace, communication, exchanges and common interests are essential," she said.
\n As the gateway connecting China with South and Southeast Asia, Zeng said that Yunnan enjoys geographical proximity, cultural affinity, and close people-to-people connections and business interactions with these countries.
\n "The network helps to bring such relationships even closer. Members of the network will collaborate on publishing newspapers and magazines, and managing websites and new media platforms," she said, and reaffirmed that network members will stick to the principle of openness, tolerance and mutual benefits.
\n Khamphanh Pheuyavong, secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party Central Committee, who is also chairman of the LPRP Central Committee's Commission for Propaganda and Training, urged network members to further strengthen communication and cooperation to enhance news reporting skills empowered by new technologies such as artificial intelligence.
\n He also suggested completing the network's news sharing mechanism, especially to exchange ideas on emerging trends and cooperation opportunities.
\n Maung Maung Ohn, Myanmar's minister of information, noted that South Asia and Southeast Asia are currently among the regions with the fastest economic growth in the world.
\n "In terms of the news industry, we should also stay at the forefront of technology … China now holds strong technical competence. In the future, we hope to work closely with China under the network's framework, sending our media professionals to the country to learn new technologies," he said.
\n His words were echoed by Wu Xu, executive secretary of the All-China Journalists Association.
\n "The technological revolution is now fundamentally changing the media landscape, presenting both opportunities and challenges. We will continue to collaborate with Asian media to utilize new technologies and further expand cooperation with the network members, jointly improving news productivity and enhancing communication efficiency," Wu said.
\n Contact the writers at yangwanli@chinadaily.com.cn
\n",
- "content": "Foreign guests use stamps bearing their names to mark a handdrawn scroll ahead of the South and Southeast Asian Media Network Annual Meeting, which took place in Kunming, the capital of Yunnan province, on Friday.
\n The role of media collaboration in amplifying the voice of the Global South and enhancing cross-border understanding was highlighted at this year's South and Southeast Asian Media Network Annual Meeting.
\n Participants called for joint efforts to foster common prosperity and contribute to global development and security at the meeting held in Kunming, the capital of Yunnan province, on Friday.
\n In his opening remarks at the meeting, Qu Yingpu, publisher and editor-in-chief of China Daily, highlighted the role of the media in promoting regional and global peace and development as a "stabilizer" and "power source", as the world is rapidly changing and is once again experiencing the turbulence of transformation.
\n Initiated by China Daily Asia Pacific and the Yunnan International Communication Center for South and Southeast Asia in January 2024, the network aims to leverage the strength of Yunnan as a gateway to open up to South and Southeast Asia, deepen cooperation among media outlets in the region, and contribute to regional socioeconomic development. It has attracted more than 100 media outlets from 12 countries to take part in the network.
\n "South and Southeast Asian countries have long histories, similar cultures and shared pursuits. We should continue to explore the cultural treasures of the region via storytelling and actively organizing diverse exchange activities," Qu said.
\n Zeng Yan, head of the publicity department of the Yunnan Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China, said that the founding of the network has received active responses from mainstream media in South and Southeast Asia, and is expected to establish a new model for media cooperation in Asia.
\n "The media serves as a crucial force for the Global South to achieve sustainable development and news reports on boosting peace, communication, exchanges and common interests are essential," she said.
\n As the gateway connecting China with South and Southeast Asia, Zeng said that Yunnan enjoys geographical proximity, cultural affinity, and close people-to-people connections and business interactions with these countries.
\n "The network helps to bring such relationships even closer. Members of the network will collaborate on publishing newspapers and magazines, and managing websites and new media platforms," she said, and reaffirmed that network members will stick to the principle of openness, tolerance and mutual benefits.
\n Khamphanh Pheuyavong, secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party Central Committee, who is also chairman of the LPRP Central Committee's Commission for Propaganda and Training, urged network members to further strengthen communication and cooperation to enhance news reporting skills empowered by new technologies such as artificial intelligence.
\n He also suggested completing the network's news sharing mechanism, especially to exchange ideas on emerging trends and cooperation opportunities.
\n Maung Maung Ohn, Myanmar's minister of information, noted that South Asia and Southeast Asia are currently among the regions with the fastest economic growth in the world.
\n "In terms of the news industry, we should also stay at the forefront of technology … China now holds strong technical competence. In the future, we hope to work closely with China under the network's framework, sending our media professionals to the country to learn new technologies," he said.
\n His words were echoed by Wu Xu, executive secretary of the All-China Journalists Association.
\n "The technological revolution is now fundamentally changing the media landscape, presenting both opportunities and challenges. We will continue to collaborate with Asian media to utilize new technologies and further expand cooperation with the network members, jointly improving news productivity and enhancing communication efficiency," Wu said.
\n Contact the writers at yangwanli@chinadaily.com.cn
\n",
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{
"title": "001FRONT - New 1st-tier cities gain ground in talent battle",
"description": " While China's capital city of Beijing and major cities like Shanghai remain top destinations for young job seekers, new first-tier cities, especially in East China's Yangtze River Delta, are gaining ground in the battle for talent, as they offer robust manufacturing and innovation capabilities, flexible talent programs and promising career prospects, according to a recent report.
\n The report, by Beijing-based education consultancy MyCOS, indicated that Beijing and Shanghai have been the two most attractive cities for undergraduates over the past three years.
\n It noted that, from 2022 to 2024, 82 percent of surveyed undergraduates who found jobs in Beijing came from outside the city. They were attracted by Beijing's strong economy, abundant job opportunities and higher potential for wellpaid positions. In Shanghai, the figure was 75 percent.
\n However, since salary is no longer the sole factor in a city's appeal to young job seekers, smaller cities are using flexible talent programs, lower living costs, improved quality of life, and strong economies to attract talent, according to MyCOS.
\n In Hangzhou, the capital of Zhejiang province, 67 percent of surveyed undergraduates who found jobs from 2022 to 2024 were from outside the city, up from 65 percent from 2018 to 2020. Other cities in the Yangtze River Delta, including Suzhou and Nanjing in Jiangsu province and Ningbo in Zhejiang, have also seen an increase in out-oftown undergraduates taking local jobs, thanks to favorable talent policies and improved public services.
\n According to the Nanjing-based Yangtze Evening Post, undergraduates looking for jobs in Nanjing can receive free accommodation for up to 14 days. They can also apply for a 2,000 yuan ($280) subsidy and secure a loan of up to 500,000 yuan for their first entrepreneurial venture in the city.
\n Li Zhiyuan, a 28-year-old engineer at a small artificial intelligence tech company in Hangzhou, told China Daily: "My parents thought I was crazy when I decided to take a job here since I've never lived or studied in the city before."
\n After earning his bachelor's degree in Beijing and his master's in Shanghai, Li chose Hangzhou because of its favorable talent programs, digital economy strength and slower work pace.
\n "The city grants generous onetime subsidies of 10,000 yuan ($1,400) to undergraduates, 30,000 yuan to postgraduates, and 100,000 yuan to doctoral graduates. The working and living environment is good, and I think I can get myself good prospects here," he said.
\n Li Chang'an, a professor at the Academy of China Open Economy Studies at the University of International Business and Economics in Beijing, noted the growing preference among young people for smaller cities.
\n "China has an increasing number of college graduates each year, leading to growing employment pressure and intensified competition," the professor said. "More young people are seeking new opportunities in new first-tier and second-tier cities, or even counties, to ease the pressure."
\n He added that supportive government policies in smaller cities have helped to attract young talent. "These new first-tier or smaller cities have a better living environment with lower living costs and more opportunities for entrepreneurship, but it is still important for them to figure out ways to retain talent," he said.
\n chengsi@chinadaily.com.cn
\n
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@@ -9575,28 +9553,6 @@
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- "title": "002CHINA - Patriotic fervor",
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A child runs holding a national flag as his mother films him to mark their moment at Tian'anmen Square in Beijing on Thursday. The square reopened to the public after Wednesday's commemoration to celebrate the 80th anniversary of the victory in the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and the World Anti-Fascist War, attracting a number of citizens and tourists.
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"title": "002CHINA - Breakthrough made in chemicals production",
"description": "![](\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-09-06/002/20250906_002_04_18.png\")
\n A team of Chinese and Italian scientists has developed a groundbreaking method for splitting hydrogen at room temperature, potentially enhancing the efficiency and quality of producing key chemical products. The study, published in the journal Science on Friday, addresses a long-standing challenge in heterolytic hydrogen dissociation chemistry.
\n Hydrogenation, a fundamental reaction in the chemical industry, involves hydrogen dissociation, which can occur through homolytic or heterolytic pathways. It is estimated that 25 percent of all the chemical processes include at least one hydrogenation step.
\n Heterolytic dissociation is crucial for producing fine chemicals, as it generates reactive, polar hydrogen species that selectively reduce polar functional groups. However, this process usually requires high temperatures and pressures, leading to increased energy consumption and safety concerns.
\n To overcome these challenges, the researchers developed a lightinduced strategy to achieve heterolytic hydrogen dissociation at room temperature. Using titanium dioxide supported with gold nanoparticles as a photocatalyst, they found that exposure to ultraviolet light causes electrons to migrate from titanium dioxide to gold nanoparticles.
\n Concurrently, holes are captured at interfacial defects formed by the gold-oxygen-titanium connection, facilitating heterolytic hydrogen dissociation. The activity scales almost linearly with light intensity, confirming the photocatalytic nature of the process.
\n The strategy's advantages were demonstrated by reducing inert carbon dioxide with the dissociated hydrogen species. The scientists found that these species could almost fully reduce carbon dioxide at room temperature, producing ethane as the sole product.
\n By connecting this process with a photocatalytic ethane dehydrogenation device, they could convert carbon dioxide into ethylene with a yield exceeding 99 percent. This process remained stable for over 1,500 hours under ultraviolet light, indicating the catalyst's long-term stability.
\n Further research showed that light-induced hydrogen dissociation is universal and can be extended to visible-light responsive photocatalysts.
\n A demonstration using solar energy to convert carbon dioxide achieved an ethane selectivity of up to 90 percent.
\n "This work offers a promising route to produce high-value chemicals like ethane and ethylene from hydrogen and carbon dioxide under mild conditions, which could lower the energy cost and reduce carbon emissions," said Wang Feng, the study's first corresponding author and a researcher at the Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
\n "In the future, we hope the strategy can develop into a scalable, sunlight-driven or photothermal coupled technique to upgrade modern coal-based chemical industries," Wang added.
\n limenghan@chinadaily.com.cn
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- "title": "004COMMENT - World needs right WWII narrative",
- "description": "![](\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-09-06/004/20250906_004_01_27.png\")
\n As the biggest and deadliest war in history, World War II involved most of the countries and regions of the world and claimed tens of millions of lives. But due to the Western-centric narrative of the war, China's immense contribution to the Allied victory in World War II has often been downplayed or overlooked.
\n With the rise of China's global status in recent years, however, some Western historians have begun to acknowledge the significance of China's great contribution to the ultimate victory in World War II, prompting a reassessment of the Western-centric narrative.
\n The "Age of Exploration" from the early 15th to early 17th centuries saw the capitalist Western powers leveraging their first-mover advantage to establish a colonial system across most parts of the world and foster a cultural bias that promotes the idea of the Western civilization's "superiority".
\n This colonial cultural prejudice has profoundly influenced Western historiography since then, leading to the gross underestimation of the protracted and complex Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression (1931-45), and neglect of the strategic significance of the Chinese theater in tying down the fascist Japanese forces. For instance, British military historian B.H. Liddell Hart, in his work History of the Second World War, focused predominantly on the European and Pacific theaters, only scantly mentioning the Chinese front.
\n Among the different fronts of World War II, the Chinese theater lasted the longest and made huge sacrifices. It tied the majority of Japanese forces for 14 years, contributing immensely to the Allied powers' operations in the Pacific and other parts of Asia. This is a historical reality the Western-centric narrative cannot erase.
\n From the Sept 18 Incident staged by the Japanese army in 1931 to its surrender in August 1945, Tokyo deployed 97 infantry divisions, five aviation divisions, three tank divisions, along with substantial naval fleets and biological warfare units in China.
\n Japan thought it could quickly occupy the whole of China and use its resources and strategic advantages to establish its hegemony in Asia. But the strong resistance by the Chinese people thwarted Japan's design. By preventing Japan from achieving its goal in China, the Chinese people disrupted the Imperial Japanese Army's strategic deployment plan and strained its military resources in the Pacific and Southeast Asia, creating favorable conditions for the Allied counteroffensive.
\n Through their heroic resistance, the Chinese people demonstrated to the world their resolve and strength in fighting invaders, and earned the international community's respect and support. As noted by Japanese historian Koketsu Atsushi, while the atomic bombs dropped by the United States on Hiroshima and Nagasaki accelerated Japan's surrender, the continuous resistance by the Chinese people was the decisive factor in the defeat of Japan.
\n The main Eastern theater played a strategically crucial role in the World Anti-Fascist War — a fact that should never be forgotten. It is therefore necessary to change the Western-centric narrative of the war, and acknowledge China's invaluable contributions to the Allied victory in the World Anti-Fascist War.
\n The end of the Cold War prompted some Western historians to pay more attention to China's invaluable contribution to the victory in World War II. In his work, China at War: Triumph and Tragedy in the Emergence of the New China, British historian Hans van de Ven provides a detailed account of China's contributions to the global anti-fascist war and its crucial role in the Allied victory.
\n Another historian Rana Mitter has conducted deeper research into the history of the war of resistance. In his book, Forgotten Ally: China's World War II, 1937-1945, Mitter emphasizes that China's battlefield is a neglected yet vital part of World War II and acknowledges China's key role among the Allied nations. The book has become essential reading in the West for understanding the Chinese people's war of resistance, playing a vital role in challenging the Western-centric narrative.
\n Another book by Mitter, China's Good War: How World War II Is Shaping a New Nationalism, connects the memory of the war of resistance with the development of modern China, broadening Western perspectives on the country. The research works of both Van de Ven and Mitter have helped reshape Western understanding of the significance of the war of resistance and its lasting impact on New China.
\n Some scholars have also focused on China's contributions to the British forces in South and Southeast Asia. Representative works in this regard include Forgotten Armies: Britain's Asian Empire and the War with Japan and Forgotten Wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia by Christopher Bayly and Tim Harper. Both books acknowledge the role of Chinese workers and soldiers in the liberation of South and Southeast Asian countries, broadening the scope of the Chinese theater's influence and further signifying China's contribution to the Allied victory.
\n On the 80th anniversary of the victory in the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and the World Anti-Fascist War, it is essential to rebuild a just historical memory.
\n As more and more Western scholars have begun to acknowledge China's historical contribution to the Allied victory, there is a growing call to break away from the Western-centric narrative. As such, Western historians and other scholars must reexamine the history of World War II and duly highlight China's contributions to the outcome of the war.
\n The views don't necessarily reflect those of China Daily.
\n
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- "content": "\n As the biggest and deadliest war in history, World War II involved most of the countries and regions of the world and claimed tens of millions of lives. But due to the Western-centric narrative of the war, China's immense contribution to the Allied victory in World War II has often been downplayed or overlooked.
\n With the rise of China's global status in recent years, however, some Western historians have begun to acknowledge the significance of China's great contribution to the ultimate victory in World War II, prompting a reassessment of the Western-centric narrative.
\n The "Age of Exploration" from the early 15th to early 17th centuries saw the capitalist Western powers leveraging their first-mover advantage to establish a colonial system across most parts of the world and foster a cultural bias that promotes the idea of the Western civilization's "superiority".
\n This colonial cultural prejudice has profoundly influenced Western historiography since then, leading to the gross underestimation of the protracted and complex Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression (1931-45), and neglect of the strategic significance of the Chinese theater in tying down the fascist Japanese forces. For instance, British military historian B.H. Liddell Hart, in his work History of the Second World War, focused predominantly on the European and Pacific theaters, only scantly mentioning the Chinese front.
\n Among the different fronts of World War II, the Chinese theater lasted the longest and made huge sacrifices. It tied the majority of Japanese forces for 14 years, contributing immensely to the Allied powers' operations in the Pacific and other parts of Asia. This is a historical reality the Western-centric narrative cannot erase.
\n From the Sept 18 Incident staged by the Japanese army in 1931 to its surrender in August 1945, Tokyo deployed 97 infantry divisions, five aviation divisions, three tank divisions, along with substantial naval fleets and biological warfare units in China.
\n Japan thought it could quickly occupy the whole of China and use its resources and strategic advantages to establish its hegemony in Asia. But the strong resistance by the Chinese people thwarted Japan's design. By preventing Japan from achieving its goal in China, the Chinese people disrupted the Imperial Japanese Army's strategic deployment plan and strained its military resources in the Pacific and Southeast Asia, creating favorable conditions for the Allied counteroffensive.
\n Through their heroic resistance, the Chinese people demonstrated to the world their resolve and strength in fighting invaders, and earned the international community's respect and support. As noted by Japanese historian Koketsu Atsushi, while the atomic bombs dropped by the United States on Hiroshima and Nagasaki accelerated Japan's surrender, the continuous resistance by the Chinese people was the decisive factor in the defeat of Japan.
\n The main Eastern theater played a strategically crucial role in the World Anti-Fascist War — a fact that should never be forgotten. It is therefore necessary to change the Western-centric narrative of the war, and acknowledge China's invaluable contributions to the Allied victory in the World Anti-Fascist War.
\n The end of the Cold War prompted some Western historians to pay more attention to China's invaluable contribution to the victory in World War II. In his work, China at War: Triumph and Tragedy in the Emergence of the New China, British historian Hans van de Ven provides a detailed account of China's contributions to the global anti-fascist war and its crucial role in the Allied victory.
\n Another historian Rana Mitter has conducted deeper research into the history of the war of resistance. In his book, Forgotten Ally: China's World War II, 1937-1945, Mitter emphasizes that China's battlefield is a neglected yet vital part of World War II and acknowledges China's key role among the Allied nations. The book has become essential reading in the West for understanding the Chinese people's war of resistance, playing a vital role in challenging the Western-centric narrative.
\n Another book by Mitter, China's Good War: How World War II Is Shaping a New Nationalism, connects the memory of the war of resistance with the development of modern China, broadening Western perspectives on the country. The research works of both Van de Ven and Mitter have helped reshape Western understanding of the significance of the war of resistance and its lasting impact on New China.
\n Some scholars have also focused on China's contributions to the British forces in South and Southeast Asia. Representative works in this regard include Forgotten Armies: Britain's Asian Empire and the War with Japan and Forgotten Wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia by Christopher Bayly and Tim Harper. Both books acknowledge the role of Chinese workers and soldiers in the liberation of South and Southeast Asian countries, broadening the scope of the Chinese theater's influence and further signifying China's contribution to the Allied victory.
\n On the 80th anniversary of the victory in the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and the World Anti-Fascist War, it is essential to rebuild a just historical memory.
\n As more and more Western scholars have begun to acknowledge China's historical contribution to the Allied victory, there is a growing call to break away from the Western-centric narrative. As such, Western historians and other scholars must reexamine the history of World War II and duly highlight China's contributions to the outcome of the war.
\n The views don't necessarily reflect those of China Daily.
\n
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"title": "004COMMENT - China plays a vital role in SCO's green transition",
"description": " In recent years, despite sustained growth in global investment in renewable energy, some developed countries' new policies favor increasing the use of fossil fuels. With major changes in clean energy tax credit policies in the United States' "One Big Beautiful Bill Act" of 2025 — such as the introduction of an annual rent on wind and solar projects and the reduction of tax incentives for clean energy — the global energy landscape seems to be subtly shifting back toward fossil fuels. The US tilt toward traditional energy projects, along with some other countries' continued reliance on advanced fossil fuel technologies to meet their short-term economic growth needs, show why climate change is worsening. These countries' policy orientation is disturbing the balance between global energy supply and demand, and could hinder the green transition.
\n Given this development, China — as a large country and core member of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization — must not only adapt to external environmental shifts but also seek fresh opportunities within multilateral cooperation frameworks. Utilizing the SCO as a collaborative platform and upholding the Shanghai Spirit, China prioritizes people-centered development, reforming and refining of the global governance system, enhancing the well-being of SCO member states' populations, protecting the ecological environment, achieving energy transition, strengthening green industry cooperation, and making greater contributions to advance the community with a shared future for humanity.
\n In response to this complex situation, the Chinese government has taken a series of measures to strengthen national energy security and expeditiously optimize and upgrade its energy structure. First, by continuing to promote the development of China's new energy sector, the government is supporting R&D in clean energy technologies such as wind and solar power, and encouraging enterprises to innovate through subsidy policies that reduce costs.
\n Second, in response to potential price fluctuations and unstable supply in the international market, China has strengthened its strategic relationships with major oil-producing countries, including Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, by signing multiple long-term oil supply agreements to diversify crude oil import channels.
\n Besides, China has been participating in global energy governance through multilateral platforms such as the SCO and BRICS to call for joint efforts by all countries to address climate change and promote the formation of a fair and reasonable global energy governance system.
\n At the sixth meeting of the environmental ministers of SCO member states, held recently, the participants signed a joint statement and announced that the SCO would take measures to strengthen cooperation in order to achieve sustainable development. Moreover, the SCO summit in Tianjin announced to promote cooperation in green industry and sustainable energy development.
\n Regarding sustainable energy development, the SCO emphasizes the imperative to safeguard energy security, ensure stability in energy markets, and advance a proper energy transition tailored to each nation's specific circumstances and developmental priorities. Within the framework of SCO energy cooperation, member states will engage in pragmatic collaboration through joint projects such as new energy infrastructure development. Cooperation in scientific and technological innovation is to be advanced by developing and applying advanced energy technologies, while simultaneously refining talent cultivation mechanisms to foster favorable conditions for technological innovation.
\n Regarding green industry cooperation, the statement underscores that protecting the ecological environment and promoting green development constitute vital areas of collaboration among SCO member states. Member states are to deepen policy and information exchange by advancing the integrated development of green industry product supply chains and researching unified green industry standards compliant with international norms, while sharing experiences and best practices in the green industry sector. Green industry cooperation is to be strengthened through measures such as promoting the research, development, and dissemination of advanced green technologies via scientific research cooperation projects.
\n The Shanghai Spirit, comprising "mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality, consultation, respect for diversity of civilizations, and pursuit of common development" is not only the basic principle on which SCO member states' relations are based but also provides a solid theoretical foundation for deepening energy cooperation in the region.
\n China, guided by the Shanghai Spirit, has been deepening cooperation with other SCO member states in the energy sector. For example, in infrastructure construction, China is promoting the joint construction of key facilities such as oil pipelines and power grids along the Belt and Road routes, thus meeting local economic development needs and promoting interconnectivity among regions.
\n In terms of technological exchanges, China shares its rich experiences and technical expertise in the development and use of clean energy with other SCO member states, while also collaborating with them to overcome technical challenges during their transition to clean energy. And when it comes to financial support, the China-Eurasia Economic Cooperation Fund has been advancing green energy projects to support SCO member states looking for investment in the green economy, especially green energy, thereby promoting long-term sustainable development.
\n As a responsible major country, China is committed to contributing to the resolution of global issues. Amid the fast-changing global energy landscape, China should adhere to its low-carbon and green development path, and play a leading role in the development of the green economy, setting an example for other countries and regions.
\n Through joint efforts, within the framework of the SCO, China can achieve even more fruitful results that help to maintain global energy security and promote sustainable development.
\n The views don't necessarily reflect those of China Daily.
\n",
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- "title": "005BUSINESS - Baotou turns into wind power equipment hub",
- "description": " Once a heavy industrial base built on steel and rare earths, Baotou in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region is reinventing itself as a key player in China's green energy transition, with onshore wind power equipment becoming its latest industrial cluster.
\n At the Ming Yang New Energy Equipment Manufacturing Industrial Park, the shift is visible.
\n Assembly lines are working in full swing, with robotic arms moving with steady precision, fastening bolt after bolt. At first glance, the pace does not seem extraordinary, but the difference is striking.
\n "Forty-two bolts on a single unit would take three workers nearly 16 hours with heavy hydraulic wrenches. The robots finish the job in just four," said He Changguo, general manager of Ming Yang Group's northern manufacturing center.
\n "Our production lines are running flat out for more than 10 projects, piecing together turbines bound for projects across Inner Mongolia and neighboring provinces," said He.
\n Baotou hosts 44 onshore wind power equipment makers spanning turbines, blades, generators, gearboxes and towers. Guangdong-headquartered Ming Yang Group, a major renewable power equipment and solutions maker, which entered the city in 2021, has since expanded from a single plant into the anchor of the local supply chain.
\n The parts localization rate for turbine units is expected to reach 85 percent this year, allowing most core components from gearboxes and generators to bolts to be produced within the city.
\n The city's ambition is tangible at one of the country's largest blade testing centers which started operations in 2024. A colossal 113-meter blade, longer than a soccer field, is strapped into a massive rig. It will swing millions of times over seven months, enduring fatigue tests designed to mimic years of operation.
\n Much of Inner Mongolia's wind potential comes from the desert and Gobi areas which offer abundant wind resources and also pose challenges for turbine design and operation such as frequent sandstorms and extreme temperature swings.
\n Ming Yang's new 10 megawatt turbines are designed to withstand — 35 C to 60 C, and are equipped with sand-resistant blades, advanced filters, and smart sensors to adjust automatically to harsh conditions. Each turbine sweeps an area the size of six soccer fields and can generate enough electricity in a single day to power about 1,300 households for a month.
\n Since production began in 2022, the Baotou facility has supplied equipment for more than 100 projects nationwide, generating around 55 billion kilowatt-hours of green electricity.
\n Research and innovation backstop this shift. In 2022, Ming Yang Group and the Baotou government established a smart energy research institute, followed by an academician workstation for wind, solar, and hydrogen. Backed by more than 50 researchers and support from the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the center has developed recyclable blades and models tailored to low-wind, desert, and coastal sites.
\n "Baotou's wind power equipment industrial park is a model of developing new quality productive forces," said Sun Yue, deputy government head of Shiguai district, which is home to the industrial park.
\n "We've built the onshore wind power industrial base with annual capacity for 1,500 turbines and 1,800 ultra-long blades."
\n Baotou's industrial shift is also evident at Baogang Group, the city's steelmaker. The company has developed 500 MPa-grade rare earth wind power steel, among the highest globally, offering improved welding and fatigue resistance. The material is now widely used in turbine towers, giving Baogang a foothold in the renewable supply chain.
\n "Baotou is moving from an old industrial base to a high-quality development hub," Sun added.
\n "By linking manufacturing, research and development, testing, maintenance and recycling, we are building a competitive cluster with national and global influence."
\n This strategy aligns with Inner Mongolia's goal of installing 300 gigawatts of new energy sources by 2030. In 2024, Inner Mongolia's installed capacity of new energy sources exceeded 135 GW, making it the first region in China where renewable energy capacity overtook that of coal-fired power. This figure is more than triple the level recorded at the end of 2019. As of May 2025, the installed capacity of new energy sources in the region had further surpassed 143 GW.
\n Contact the writers at lijing2009@chinadaily.com.cn
\n
",
- "content": " Once a heavy industrial base built on steel and rare earths, Baotou in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region is reinventing itself as a key player in China's green energy transition, with onshore wind power equipment becoming its latest industrial cluster.
\n At the Ming Yang New Energy Equipment Manufacturing Industrial Park, the shift is visible.
\n Assembly lines are working in full swing, with robotic arms moving with steady precision, fastening bolt after bolt. At first glance, the pace does not seem extraordinary, but the difference is striking.
\n "Forty-two bolts on a single unit would take three workers nearly 16 hours with heavy hydraulic wrenches. The robots finish the job in just four," said He Changguo, general manager of Ming Yang Group's northern manufacturing center.
\n "Our production lines are running flat out for more than 10 projects, piecing together turbines bound for projects across Inner Mongolia and neighboring provinces," said He.
\n Baotou hosts 44 onshore wind power equipment makers spanning turbines, blades, generators, gearboxes and towers. Guangdong-headquartered Ming Yang Group, a major renewable power equipment and solutions maker, which entered the city in 2021, has since expanded from a single plant into the anchor of the local supply chain.
\n The parts localization rate for turbine units is expected to reach 85 percent this year, allowing most core components from gearboxes and generators to bolts to be produced within the city.
\n The city's ambition is tangible at one of the country's largest blade testing centers which started operations in 2024. A colossal 113-meter blade, longer than a soccer field, is strapped into a massive rig. It will swing millions of times over seven months, enduring fatigue tests designed to mimic years of operation.
\n Much of Inner Mongolia's wind potential comes from the desert and Gobi areas which offer abundant wind resources and also pose challenges for turbine design and operation such as frequent sandstorms and extreme temperature swings.
\n Ming Yang's new 10 megawatt turbines are designed to withstand — 35 C to 60 C, and are equipped with sand-resistant blades, advanced filters, and smart sensors to adjust automatically to harsh conditions. Each turbine sweeps an area the size of six soccer fields and can generate enough electricity in a single day to power about 1,300 households for a month.
\n Since production began in 2022, the Baotou facility has supplied equipment for more than 100 projects nationwide, generating around 55 billion kilowatt-hours of green electricity.
\n Research and innovation backstop this shift. In 2022, Ming Yang Group and the Baotou government established a smart energy research institute, followed by an academician workstation for wind, solar, and hydrogen. Backed by more than 50 researchers and support from the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the center has developed recyclable blades and models tailored to low-wind, desert, and coastal sites.
\n "Baotou's wind power equipment industrial park is a model of developing new quality productive forces," said Sun Yue, deputy government head of Shiguai district, which is home to the industrial park.
\n "We've built the onshore wind power industrial base with annual capacity for 1,500 turbines and 1,800 ultra-long blades."
\n Baotou's industrial shift is also evident at Baogang Group, the city's steelmaker. The company has developed 500 MPa-grade rare earth wind power steel, among the highest globally, offering improved welding and fatigue resistance. The material is now widely used in turbine towers, giving Baogang a foothold in the renewable supply chain.
\n "Baotou is moving from an old industrial base to a high-quality development hub," Sun added.
\n "By linking manufacturing, research and development, testing, maintenance and recycling, we are building a competitive cluster with national and global influence."
\n This strategy aligns with Inner Mongolia's goal of installing 300 gigawatts of new energy sources by 2030. In 2024, Inner Mongolia's installed capacity of new energy sources exceeded 135 GW, making it the first region in China where renewable energy capacity overtook that of coal-fired power. This figure is more than triple the level recorded at the end of 2019. As of May 2025, the installed capacity of new energy sources in the region had further surpassed 143 GW.
\n Contact the writers at lijing2009@chinadaily.com.cn
\n
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"title": "005BUSINESS - Safety switch",
"description": "![](\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-09-06/005/20250906_005_04_36.png\")
A staff member of State Grid Taizhou in Jiangsu province briefs pupils on power safety awareness and protection at the Jiulong Experimental School in Hailing district, in a bid to publicize safe electricity use among the public.
\n",
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- "title": "005BUSINESS - Long-term vision key to China's scientific success, says industry expert",
- "description": "![](\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-09-06/005/20250906_005_06_21.png\")
Matteo Cavalleri
\n With its expanding research output and active participation in international collaboration, China's scientific community is expected to play an increasingly vital role in shaping global innovation, said a renowned industry expert.
\n "China's progress across science as a whole, particularly in the physical sciences, has been truly impressive. It has grown into one of the leading contributors to global science," said Matteo Cavalleri, global head of journal strategy at AIP Publishing (AIPP), the publishing arm of the American Institute of Physics.
\n As a participant in this year's ChinaNANO conference, which came to a close in Beijing on Monday, Cavalleri said he found China's strong focus on addressing real-world challenges for the benefit of humanity to be especially important, and one area that reflects this drive is nanotechnology which is being used for detection, diagnostics and overall improvements in people's health and quality of life.
\n According to a white paper released during ChinaNANO 2025, of the more than 1.078 million nanotechnology patents granted worldwide, China accounted for 464,000, representing 43 percent of the total — the largest share of any country.
\n Cavalleri said the number reflects not only the scale and quality of Chinese research, but also the fact that Chinese scientists focus on translating basic research into practical applications.
\n "For research translation, you ultimately need something that works, plus patience and sustained investment. This is something China has been doing well, having that long-term vision and future-oriented focus, rather than just looking for immediate results," he said.
\n The combination of strong investment, infrastructure, research vitality, problem-driven focus and global collaboration makes China an "especially dynamic and central force" in today's scientific landscape, the executive added.
\n According to Cavalleri, for inherently interdisciplinary fields like nanotechnology, having editors from different disciplines and regions could help foster collaboration which is key for research and applications, and scientific journals should actively promote this kind of diversity.
\n In this regard, AIPP has appointed two Chinese editors-in-chief in recent years, reflecting not geography but scientific excellence.
\n "Having Chinese editors-in-chief is quite natural, considering how China has established itself as a center of excellence in physics," Cavalleri said, adding that a large proportion of submitted articles now come from Chinese researchers, making it natural for editorial teams to mirror this diversity.
\n "Editors select reviewers based on trust in their expertise, so having editors who know the Chinese research community helps increase the number of qualified reviewers, which naturally leads to greater diversity in the overall editorial system," he said.
\n According to AIPP data, although still falling short of matching the more than 50 percent share of submissions from China, Chinese participation in peer review has grown significantly. In 2020, the figure was only 9 percent, while in 2024 the number had reached 22 percent, up 5 percentage points from the year earlier.
\n Cavalleri believes expanding editorial teams in China will naturally bring more reviewers into the system and programs such as AIPP's Reviewers Academy are also helping to train a new generation of reviewers.
\n Looking ahead, the publisher said it will continue to bridge Chinese researchers with the international research community through enhanced local operations.
\n It has already sealed several partnerships with Chinese universities and institutions, and the collaborations go beyond journal subscriptions to also include publishing partnerships, helping Chinese researchers increase global impact.
\n "What strikes me most when I come here is the willingness of Chinese researchers to open up their work, drive collaboration and lead initiatives that benefit not only China but the global community," Cavalleri said. "My recommendation would be to continue this approach. Science is borderless, and anyone who disagrees with that is mistaken."
\n lijiaying@chinadaily.com.cn
\n",
- "content": "Matteo Cavalleri
\n With its expanding research output and active participation in international collaboration, China's scientific community is expected to play an increasingly vital role in shaping global innovation, said a renowned industry expert.
\n "China's progress across science as a whole, particularly in the physical sciences, has been truly impressive. It has grown into one of the leading contributors to global science," said Matteo Cavalleri, global head of journal strategy at AIP Publishing (AIPP), the publishing arm of the American Institute of Physics.
\n As a participant in this year's ChinaNANO conference, which came to a close in Beijing on Monday, Cavalleri said he found China's strong focus on addressing real-world challenges for the benefit of humanity to be especially important, and one area that reflects this drive is nanotechnology which is being used for detection, diagnostics and overall improvements in people's health and quality of life.
\n According to a white paper released during ChinaNANO 2025, of the more than 1.078 million nanotechnology patents granted worldwide, China accounted for 464,000, representing 43 percent of the total — the largest share of any country.
\n Cavalleri said the number reflects not only the scale and quality of Chinese research, but also the fact that Chinese scientists focus on translating basic research into practical applications.
\n "For research translation, you ultimately need something that works, plus patience and sustained investment. This is something China has been doing well, having that long-term vision and future-oriented focus, rather than just looking for immediate results," he said.
\n The combination of strong investment, infrastructure, research vitality, problem-driven focus and global collaboration makes China an "especially dynamic and central force" in today's scientific landscape, the executive added.
\n According to Cavalleri, for inherently interdisciplinary fields like nanotechnology, having editors from different disciplines and regions could help foster collaboration which is key for research and applications, and scientific journals should actively promote this kind of diversity.
\n In this regard, AIPP has appointed two Chinese editors-in-chief in recent years, reflecting not geography but scientific excellence.
\n "Having Chinese editors-in-chief is quite natural, considering how China has established itself as a center of excellence in physics," Cavalleri said, adding that a large proportion of submitted articles now come from Chinese researchers, making it natural for editorial teams to mirror this diversity.
\n "Editors select reviewers based on trust in their expertise, so having editors who know the Chinese research community helps increase the number of qualified reviewers, which naturally leads to greater diversity in the overall editorial system," he said.
\n According to AIPP data, although still falling short of matching the more than 50 percent share of submissions from China, Chinese participation in peer review has grown significantly. In 2020, the figure was only 9 percent, while in 2024 the number had reached 22 percent, up 5 percentage points from the year earlier.
\n Cavalleri believes expanding editorial teams in China will naturally bring more reviewers into the system and programs such as AIPP's Reviewers Academy are also helping to train a new generation of reviewers.
\n Looking ahead, the publisher said it will continue to bridge Chinese researchers with the international research community through enhanced local operations.
\n It has already sealed several partnerships with Chinese universities and institutions, and the collaborations go beyond journal subscriptions to also include publishing partnerships, helping Chinese researchers increase global impact.
\n "What strikes me most when I come here is the willingness of Chinese researchers to open up their work, drive collaboration and lead initiatives that benefit not only China but the global community," Cavalleri said. "My recommendation would be to continue this approach. Science is borderless, and anyone who disagrees with that is mistaken."
\n lijiaying@chinadaily.com.cn
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"title": "006WORLD - Briefly",
"description": " RUSSIA
\n Visa-free policy will be reciprocated: Putin
\n Russia will reciprocate the decision of Chinese authorities to introduce visa-free travel for Russian citizens, President Vladimir Putin told an economic forum in Vladivostok on Friday. China has said it will extend visa-free travel to ordinary passport holders from Russia on a trial basis. The visa exemption will be valid for a period of one year from Sept 15, allowing entry to China for no more than 30 days.
\n UNITED STATES
\n Trump to sign order to rename department
\n US President Donald Trump was reportedly preparing to sign an executive order on Friday to rebrand the Department of Defense as the Department of War. The order would allow the name to be used as a secondary title in official correspondence, with references such as "Secretary of War", reported local media outlets. A full legal change would still require congressional approval. Trump and Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth had argued the revival underscores a stronger "warrior ethos". Critics warned it could incur high costs and distract from security priorities.
\n ITALY
\n Fashion designer Giorgio Armani dies
\n Giorgio Armani, the iconic Italian designer, passed away at the age of 91, the company he founded and led for five decades announced on Thursday. Armani was one of the most recognizable names and faces in the global fashion industry. He founded his self-titled brand in 1975, and it now generates some $2.7 billion in annual revenue. Armani died at home, "peacefully, surrounded by his loved ones", the fashion house said.
\n SRI LANKA
\n Passenger bus skids off a cliff, killing 15
\n A Sri Lankan bus carrying local tourists visiting lush tea plantation hill towns plunged nearly 300 meters in a mountainous region, with the crash killing 15 people and injuring 16 others, a police spokesman said on Friday. The accident occurred near the town of Wellawaya, about 280 kilometers east of the capital Colombo. The group was returning home after a holiday when the bus hit another vehicle, crashed through guardrails and then shot over the side before toppling off the cliff. The accident is the worst since May, when 23 passengers died in a bus crash in Kotmale.
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- "title": "006WORLD - US trade gap widens as tariffs drive stockpiling",
- "description": " The US trade deficit widened in July to a four-month high as companies raced to import goods and materials before US President Donald Trump unveiled new tariffs on global trading partners, local media reported on Thursday.
\n The US Commerce Department released a report on Thursday showing that the US trade deficit enlarged to $78.3 billion in July, higher than economists' forecast of $77.9 billion.
\n A sharp increase in non-monetary gold shipments, partly in anticipation of new tariffs, has also contributed to the overall rise in imports.
\n "While imports bounced back in July, more than half of the increase was due to gold as trade policy and safe-haven demand brought about a resurgence in trade", said Matthew Martin, senior economist at Oxford Economics, in a statement.
\n Analysts at Pantheon Macroeconomics expected a growing trade gap in connection with "another wave of pre-tariff stockpiling," they said in a recent report.
\n The latest figures showed that many US businesses rushed to bring goods into the country in July to get ahead of the tariffs that kicked in early in August, leading to a surge in imports.
\n Most of the global tariff rates issued on Aug 7 range from 10 to 41 percent, The Budget Lab at Yale found. China's goods are subject to a 30 percent tariff.
\n In June, the US trade deficit with China decreased to its lowest level in 21 years, as the impact of tariffs led to a sharp decline in imports of consumer goods that month.
\n Overall, the US trade deficit narrowed to $60.2 billion in June, the lowest since September 2023, according to the Department of Commerce. A trade deficit occurs when the value of a country's imports exceeds the value of its exports, resulting in a negative balance of trade.
\n Since returning to the office for his second term, Trump has said his tariffs are, in part, aimed at reducing the US trade deficit with key trading partners. Trump used the International Emergency Economic Powers Act to issue the levies, as the law gives a president the ability to act against "unusual and extraordinary" threats.
\n However, the administration currently faces a series of challenges over the legality of its use of tariffs.
\n The US Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit in Washington, DC, ruled that the reciprocal tariffs on China, Mexico, Canada and other countries were illegal. On Aug 29, the court voted 7-4 that Trump's key economic policy was not permitted under the emergency economic powers, branding them "invalid as contrary to law".
\n Trump blasted the ruling in a post on Truth Social, saying: "If allowed to stand, this decision would literally destroy the United States of America."
\n Mark Zandi, chief economist for Moody's Analytics, predicted that this year the US trade deficit will likely be as large as in 2024.
\n "There is no indication, at least not yet, that the higher US tariffs will result in a meaningfully lower US trade deficit," Zandi told The New York Times.
\n Xinhua and agencies contributed to this story.
\n belindarobinson@chinadailyusa.com
\n",
- "content": " The US trade deficit widened in July to a four-month high as companies raced to import goods and materials before US President Donald Trump unveiled new tariffs on global trading partners, local media reported on Thursday.
\n The US Commerce Department released a report on Thursday showing that the US trade deficit enlarged to $78.3 billion in July, higher than economists' forecast of $77.9 billion.
\n A sharp increase in non-monetary gold shipments, partly in anticipation of new tariffs, has also contributed to the overall rise in imports.
\n "While imports bounced back in July, more than half of the increase was due to gold as trade policy and safe-haven demand brought about a resurgence in trade", said Matthew Martin, senior economist at Oxford Economics, in a statement.
\n Analysts at Pantheon Macroeconomics expected a growing trade gap in connection with "another wave of pre-tariff stockpiling," they said in a recent report.
\n The latest figures showed that many US businesses rushed to bring goods into the country in July to get ahead of the tariffs that kicked in early in August, leading to a surge in imports.
\n Most of the global tariff rates issued on Aug 7 range from 10 to 41 percent, The Budget Lab at Yale found. China's goods are subject to a 30 percent tariff.
\n In June, the US trade deficit with China decreased to its lowest level in 21 years, as the impact of tariffs led to a sharp decline in imports of consumer goods that month.
\n Overall, the US trade deficit narrowed to $60.2 billion in June, the lowest since September 2023, according to the Department of Commerce. A trade deficit occurs when the value of a country's imports exceeds the value of its exports, resulting in a negative balance of trade.
\n Since returning to the office for his second term, Trump has said his tariffs are, in part, aimed at reducing the US trade deficit with key trading partners. Trump used the International Emergency Economic Powers Act to issue the levies, as the law gives a president the ability to act against "unusual and extraordinary" threats.
\n However, the administration currently faces a series of challenges over the legality of its use of tariffs.
\n The US Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit in Washington, DC, ruled that the reciprocal tariffs on China, Mexico, Canada and other countries were illegal. On Aug 29, the court voted 7-4 that Trump's key economic policy was not permitted under the emergency economic powers, branding them "invalid as contrary to law".
\n Trump blasted the ruling in a post on Truth Social, saying: "If allowed to stand, this decision would literally destroy the United States of America."
\n Mark Zandi, chief economist for Moody's Analytics, predicted that this year the US trade deficit will likely be as large as in 2024.
\n "There is no indication, at least not yet, that the higher US tariffs will result in a meaningfully lower US trade deficit," Zandi told The New York Times.
\n Xinhua and agencies contributed to this story.
\n belindarobinson@chinadailyusa.com
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"title": "007WORLD - Grand parade seen as China's pledge to peace",
"description": " Experts worldwide said that the military parade China held in Beijing on Wednesday, commemorating the 80th anniversary of the victory in the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression (1931-45) and the World Anti-Fascist War, is a reaffirmation of its commitment to peaceful development and a solemn call to remember history.
\n Chinese President Xi Jinping, also general secretary of the Communist Party of China Central Committee and chairman of the Central Military Commission, oversaw the parade and reviewed the troops.
\n In his speech delivered before the parade, Xi noted that the Chinese people made a significant contribution to the salvation of human civilization and the defense of world peace through immense sacrifices in the war. Reiterating China's commitment to peaceful development, Xi called on nations to prevent historical tragedies from recurring.
\n David Orzan, ambassador in World of Excellence of the northeastern Italian city of Gorizia, said that China's sacrifices and perseverance "should be remembered by the entire world". He said that Xi's speech helped the world remember history and prevent the recurrence of tragedy.
\n Atsushi Koketsu, a professor emeritus at Yamaguchi University in Japan, said that Xi's address underscored the vital role of history as a mirror reflecting the present and the future.
\n He also expressed regret that Japan remains "extremely weak" in its attitude toward acknowledging historical truths, warning that "those who do not learn from history are bound to be punished by it".
\n Kumiko Haba, a distinguished professor at Josai International University, said the Japanese government should follow the example of former prime minister Tomiichi Murayama and issue a sincere apology.
\n 'Heartfelt apology'
\n In 1995, on the 50th anniversary of Japan's surrender, then-prime minister Tomiichi Murayama issued the "Murayama Statement", acknowledging that Japan's colonial rule and aggression had caused "tremendous damage and suffering" to many countries, and expressed "deep remorse and heartfelt apology".
\n But successive politicians of the Liberal Democratic Party, including current Prime Minister Shigeru Ishiba, have failed to deliver words of profound apology, and "this is truly regrettable", Haba said.
\n "I hope people will not forget that many Japanese citizens hold the conviction of 'never starting another war, never being enemies with China'," she added. "I sincerely hope to promote peaceful exchanges among young people and see them continue to develop."
\n Takakage Fujita, secretary-general of the Association for Inheriting and Propagating the Murayama Statement, emphasized that Japan, because of its misguided national policy, launched a war of aggression against China. The Japanese people must deeply recognize this aggression, express profound remorse, and sincerely apologize to the Chinese people who suffered enormous sacrifices and damage, he said.
\n "At the same time, Japan must make every effort and take concrete actions to ensure that it will never again launch aggression against Asia or China," Fujita added.
\n Common development
\n The commemorative events solemnly declare to the world the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, he said, adding that for more countries around the world to achieve common development, shared prosperity and collective happiness, it is essential to embrace the vision of a community with a shared future for humanity proposed by President Xi and emphasized at the commemoration.
\n "Today, humanity again has to choose between peace and war, dialogue and confrontation, win-win cooperation and zero-sum game," Xi said, stressing that, "The Chinese people firmly stand on the right side of history and the progress of human civilization. We will remain committed to the path of peaceful development, and join hands with all peoples around the world in building a community with a shared future for humanity."
\n Haba from Japan said she was impressed by Xi's vision of a community with a shared future for humanity.
\n She strongly endorsed the principle of equality and cooperation among all countries and peoples, and held profound respect for the idea of harmony without uniformity in Chinese culture.
\n Stephen Ndegwa, a Kenyan expert on international issues, said he believed that Xi's speech reinforced "the need for fairness, justice and cooperation in today's global order".
\n "The speech speaks directly to the challenges of our time … and it affirms China's vision of peace and development as inseparable pillars of global progress — something Africa strongly identifies with," the scholar said.
\n Xinhua contributed to this story.
\n Contact the writers at houjunjie@chinadaily.com.cn
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- "title": "007WORLD - Portugal mourns 16 killed in Lisbon funicular crash",
- "description": "![](\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-09-06/007/20250906_007_03_25.png\")
Emergency workers remove one of the funiculars following derailment and crash of the Elevador da Gloria, which resulted in multiple casualties, in Lisbon, Portugal, on Friday.
\n LISBON — Portugal held a day of national mourning on Thursday after one of Lisbon's famous funicular trains violently derailed and killed 16 people, including 11 foreigners, and left more than 20 injured.
\n The distinctive yellow-and-white Elevador da Gloria, which is classified as a national monument, was packed with locals and international tourists on Wednesday evening when it came off its rails.
\n Multiple agencies are investigating what Portugal's Prime Minister Luis Montenegro has described as "one of the biggest tragedies of our recent past".
\n "This tragedy … goes beyond our borders," Montenegro said in a televised address on Thursday.
\n On Friday, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Guo Jiakun expressed condolences over the death of the funicular crash.
\n "We mourn deeply for people who were killed, and offer our sympathy to families who lost their loved ones," Guo said. "We wish for an early recovery of those injured in the accident."
\n Lisbon hosted around 8.5 million tourists last year, and long lines of people typically form for the streetcar's short and picturesque trip a few hundred meters up and down a city street.
\n Hundreds of people attended a somber Mass on Thursday evening at Lisbon's majestic Church of Saint Dominic. Montenegro, Portuguese President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa and Lisbon Mayor Carlos Moedas were among the stricken attendees, some dressed in black, in the candlelit sanctuary.
\n The electric streetcar, also known as a funicular, is harnessed by steel cables and can carry more than 40 people. Officials declined to comment on whether a faulty brake or a snapped cable may have prompted the descending streetcar to careen into a building where the steep downtown road bends.
\n "The city needs answers," the mayor said, adding that talk of possible causes is "mere speculation".
\n The streetcar's wreckage was removed from the scene overnight and placed in police custody.
\n After coroners identified more bodies, police on Friday updated the list of fatalities that includes five Portuguese citizens, three British citizens, two South Koreans, two Canadians, and one citizen each from France, Switzerland, Ukraine and the United States. More than 20 people were injured.
\n A preliminary report on the accident will take six weeks to complete, according to Portuguese authorities. While they do not rule out any possible cause, police sources told the Publico daily there were no signs of foul play.
\n The municipal transport company Carris has said "all maintenance protocols have been carried out", including monthly and weekly maintenance and daily inspections, the latest just hours before the incident with no faults detected.
\n",
- "content": "Emergency workers remove one of the funiculars following derailment and crash of the Elevador da Gloria, which resulted in multiple casualties, in Lisbon, Portugal, on Friday.
\n LISBON — Portugal held a day of national mourning on Thursday after one of Lisbon's famous funicular trains violently derailed and killed 16 people, including 11 foreigners, and left more than 20 injured.
\n The distinctive yellow-and-white Elevador da Gloria, which is classified as a national monument, was packed with locals and international tourists on Wednesday evening when it came off its rails.
\n Multiple agencies are investigating what Portugal's Prime Minister Luis Montenegro has described as "one of the biggest tragedies of our recent past".
\n "This tragedy … goes beyond our borders," Montenegro said in a televised address on Thursday.
\n On Friday, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Guo Jiakun expressed condolences over the death of the funicular crash.
\n "We mourn deeply for people who were killed, and offer our sympathy to families who lost their loved ones," Guo said. "We wish for an early recovery of those injured in the accident."
\n Lisbon hosted around 8.5 million tourists last year, and long lines of people typically form for the streetcar's short and picturesque trip a few hundred meters up and down a city street.
\n Hundreds of people attended a somber Mass on Thursday evening at Lisbon's majestic Church of Saint Dominic. Montenegro, Portuguese President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa and Lisbon Mayor Carlos Moedas were among the stricken attendees, some dressed in black, in the candlelit sanctuary.
\n The electric streetcar, also known as a funicular, is harnessed by steel cables and can carry more than 40 people. Officials declined to comment on whether a faulty brake or a snapped cable may have prompted the descending streetcar to careen into a building where the steep downtown road bends.
\n "The city needs answers," the mayor said, adding that talk of possible causes is "mere speculation".
\n The streetcar's wreckage was removed from the scene overnight and placed in police custody.
\n After coroners identified more bodies, police on Friday updated the list of fatalities that includes five Portuguese citizens, three British citizens, two South Koreans, two Canadians, and one citizen each from France, Switzerland, Ukraine and the United States. More than 20 people were injured.
\n A preliminary report on the accident will take six weeks to complete, according to Portuguese authorities. While they do not rule out any possible cause, police sources told the Publico daily there were no signs of foul play.
\n The municipal transport company Carris has said "all maintenance protocols have been carried out", including monthly and weekly maintenance and daily inspections, the latest just hours before the incident with no faults detected.
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"title": "007WORLD - Swift Chinese aid praised amid Afghan earthquake",
"description": "![](\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-09-06/007/20250906_007_05_36.png\")
Chinese delegates hand over earthquake relief donations to Afghan delegates in Kabul, Afghanistan, on Tuesday.
\n China's humanitarian relief effort was hailed after the devastating earthquake struck eastern Afghanistan on Aug 31, killing over 2,200 people and injuring thousands more.
\n China decided to provide Afghanistan with 50 million yuan ($7.04 million) in emergency humanitarian aid for earthquake relief, said Li Ming, spokesman for the China International Development Cooperation Agency, on Thursday.
\n At the request of the Afghan government, China will provide tents, blankets, and food that are urgently needed in the earthquake-affected areas, Li said.
\n Rescue operations remain underway amid reports that many people are still trapped beneath the rubble of collapsed homes. Casualty figures are based on preliminary information and were expected to rise further, according to the latest report from the Afghan Red Crescent Society.
\n Rugged terrain is hampering rescue operations and aid delivery, leaving survivors to plead for urgent assistance.
\n Earlier this week, China also became one of the first countries to donate relief funds to Afghanistan for earthquake relief efforts. Bao Xuhui, charge d'affaires of the Chinese embassy in Afghanistan, handed over earthquake relief donations from the embassy, Chinese institutions and the overseas Chinese.
\n Bao said at the event on Tuesday that the strong earthquake that struck Kunar and other Afghan provinces has caused significant casualties and property damage, which has deeply touched the hearts of the Chinese people.
\n The Chinese embassy, Chinese institutions and the Overseas Chinese Association in Afghanistan quickly raised the funds and relief supplies, hoping to help the people in the affected areas overcome their difficulties, he said.
\n Muhammad Alam Alamyar, general-director of administration of the Afghanistan National Disaster Management Authority, thanked China for the kind gesture and briefed on Afghanistan's earthquake disaster and relief efforts, noting that a friend in need is a friend indeed.
\n Afghanistan cherishes the friendship of the Chinese people toward the Afghan people and will properly utilize the donations and relief supplies, dedicating them entirely to disaster relief and reconstruction, he said.
\n Pakistan on Wednesday also dispatched 105 metric tons of humanitarian aid to Afghanistan, Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Mohammad Ishaq Dar said.
\n Whenever such tragedies occur, China is always among the first to step forward, standing with nations and supporting them in recovery, said Khalid Taimur Akram, executive director of the Pakistan Research Center for a Community with Shared Future in Islamabad.
\n "In recent years, China has emerged as one of the largest and most reliable sources of humanitarian aid for countries facing disasters, with a timely donation of 50 million yuan being a prime example," said Shakeel Ahmad Ramay, chief executive officer of the Asian Institute of Eco-civilization Research and Development in Pakistan.
\n It is pertinent to highlight here that, following the withdrawal of US forces, China has continued to provide humanitarian assistance to the Afghan people, meeting their basic needs, including food, shelter and medical care, the expert added.
\n In the recent disaster, the efforts have been accelerated. "But the most prominent feature of Chinese aid is that China provides humanitarian assistance without conditionalities," Ahmad said.
\n vivienxu@chinadailyapac.com
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- "title": "008LIFE - Chinese tourism booms with appreciation for Uzbekistan's legacy",
- "description": "![](\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-09-06/008/20250906_008_02_29.png\")
Samarkand, Uzbekistan, attracts tourists with its long history and Islamic architecture.
\n Registan Square, a historic landmark and the heart of Samarkand, Uzbekistan, features three magnificent madrassas, or Islamic educational institutions, adorned with intricate, colorful tiles and crowned with striking aqua cupolas.
\n This landmark from the Timurid Empire (1370-1507) is transformed at night into a dazzling display of lights and sounds, with landscapes, historical figures, and cultural symbols projected onto the facades of the three madrassas.
\n "I was deeply moved by Samarkand's profound legacy and vibrant presentation. The entire square was bustling with visitors from around the world," says Lu Lijuan, 32, an office worker from Shanghai. She is visiting Uzbekistan and plans to travel to other Central Asian countries before returning to China at the end of September.
\n This year has been designated "Uzbekistan Tourism Year" in China. Like Lu, more Chinese tourists are traveling to the country since the implementation of the mutual visa exemption agreement between China and Uzbekistan took effect on June 1, which allows stays of up to 30 days per visit.
\n According to data on the news portal Guancha.cn, Uzbekistan has welcomed 180,000 Chinese tourists as of Aug 19 this year, and this figure is projected to reach 300,000 by the end of the year. Meanwhile, the number of weekly round-trip flights between China and Uzbekistan has surpassed 60, with plans to increase to 100.
\n With the legacies of the Timurid Empire and Khwarezmian Dynasty (1077-1231), Uzbekistan boasts well-preserved pivotal hubs along the ancient Silk Road, such as Bukhara.
\n The country also offers visitors the opportunity to walk in the footsteps of legendary Buddhist monk Xuan Zang, who traveled westward to Central Asia and studied in India during the early Tang Dynasty (618-907).
\n His detailed accounts of ancient cities like Samarkand offer a unique historical lens, linking Chinese culture to Central Asia's heart, reviving its rich history.
\n "I was amazed by Uzbekistan's magnificent Islamic architecture and its exquisite patterns. Also, getting around the country is convenient, with easy train ticket purchasing and taxi hailing, making it convenient to visit all the attractions on your list," Lu says.
\n She says the locals are very hospitable; if they can't communicate in English, they eagerly find someone who does.
\n "They even go to the trouble of showing me the way under the scorching sun. One man was on his way to somewhere else but still stopped and took the time to help us," she says.
\n Lu also bumped into a teenage girl who struck up a conversation, mentioning that she was learning Chinese at school and had taken a proficiency test. They ended up chatting about their lives.
\n She feels that Uzbekistan is a safe destination and highly recommends it to anyone interested in ancient architecture, cultural heritage, and the history of Central Asia.
\n According to Cao Yiwei, chairman and CEO of the Leader International Tourism Group, visa applications for Central Asian countries were complicated. The visa exemption policy, however, is a game-changer for its tourism market, making these destinations more appealing to Chinese travelers.
\n "For veteran travelers who have seen it all, the country offers a truly unique, niche experience. They show interest in the links between China and Uzbekistan, with the Silk Road being a key example," Cao says. "The younger generation is also drawn to the country, thanks to those who shared their travel experience on social media."
\n He notes that the popularity of China's traditional large-group tours to Uzbekistan is decreasing. Instead, travelers are opting for independent travel and small-group tours with four to six people, with some visiting the local markets to experience authentic Uzbek life.
\n "As for outbound travel, Chinese tourists have become more rational. They have specific reasons as to why they want to visit a country and their goals. They want to experience the local culture and make the most of their money and time for an in-depth, high-quality tour," he says.
\n According to Trip.com Group, China's largest online travel agency, the top five most-visited attractions in Uzbekistan this year are the Hazrati Imam Mosque, Amir Timur Square, the Bibi-Khanym Mosque, Registan Square and the Amir Timur Museum.
\n The company offers tours that range from five to seven days, focusing solely on Uzbekistan, as well as multicountry tours combining Central Asian countries, like Kazakhstan.
\n Uzbekistan is actively advancing its "China Friendly" initiative, which includes offering Chinese-language signage and menus at airports, hotels and restaurants. These venues also offer popular Chinese payment systems, such as UnionPay, WeChat Pay and Alipay.
\n Li Zhengjie, head of Trip.com's public affairs department, suggests that travel agencies and relevant platforms align their products with Uzbekistan's "China Friendly" initiative — for example, a culinary journey that highlights Chinese menus and Chinese payment platforms.
\n "Rather than being satisfied with sightseeing, more Chinese travelers seek immersive experiences that allow them to learn about the local history, customs, and daily life," he says.
\n xulin@chinadaily.com.cn
\n",
- "content": "Samarkand, Uzbekistan, attracts tourists with its long history and Islamic architecture.
\n Registan Square, a historic landmark and the heart of Samarkand, Uzbekistan, features three magnificent madrassas, or Islamic educational institutions, adorned with intricate, colorful tiles and crowned with striking aqua cupolas.
\n This landmark from the Timurid Empire (1370-1507) is transformed at night into a dazzling display of lights and sounds, with landscapes, historical figures, and cultural symbols projected onto the facades of the three madrassas.
\n "I was deeply moved by Samarkand's profound legacy and vibrant presentation. The entire square was bustling with visitors from around the world," says Lu Lijuan, 32, an office worker from Shanghai. She is visiting Uzbekistan and plans to travel to other Central Asian countries before returning to China at the end of September.
\n This year has been designated "Uzbekistan Tourism Year" in China. Like Lu, more Chinese tourists are traveling to the country since the implementation of the mutual visa exemption agreement between China and Uzbekistan took effect on June 1, which allows stays of up to 30 days per visit.
\n According to data on the news portal Guancha.cn, Uzbekistan has welcomed 180,000 Chinese tourists as of Aug 19 this year, and this figure is projected to reach 300,000 by the end of the year. Meanwhile, the number of weekly round-trip flights between China and Uzbekistan has surpassed 60, with plans to increase to 100.
\n With the legacies of the Timurid Empire and Khwarezmian Dynasty (1077-1231), Uzbekistan boasts well-preserved pivotal hubs along the ancient Silk Road, such as Bukhara.
\n The country also offers visitors the opportunity to walk in the footsteps of legendary Buddhist monk Xuan Zang, who traveled westward to Central Asia and studied in India during the early Tang Dynasty (618-907).
\n His detailed accounts of ancient cities like Samarkand offer a unique historical lens, linking Chinese culture to Central Asia's heart, reviving its rich history.
\n "I was amazed by Uzbekistan's magnificent Islamic architecture and its exquisite patterns. Also, getting around the country is convenient, with easy train ticket purchasing and taxi hailing, making it convenient to visit all the attractions on your list," Lu says.
\n She says the locals are very hospitable; if they can't communicate in English, they eagerly find someone who does.
\n "They even go to the trouble of showing me the way under the scorching sun. One man was on his way to somewhere else but still stopped and took the time to help us," she says.
\n Lu also bumped into a teenage girl who struck up a conversation, mentioning that she was learning Chinese at school and had taken a proficiency test. They ended up chatting about their lives.
\n She feels that Uzbekistan is a safe destination and highly recommends it to anyone interested in ancient architecture, cultural heritage, and the history of Central Asia.
\n According to Cao Yiwei, chairman and CEO of the Leader International Tourism Group, visa applications for Central Asian countries were complicated. The visa exemption policy, however, is a game-changer for its tourism market, making these destinations more appealing to Chinese travelers.
\n "For veteran travelers who have seen it all, the country offers a truly unique, niche experience. They show interest in the links between China and Uzbekistan, with the Silk Road being a key example," Cao says. "The younger generation is also drawn to the country, thanks to those who shared their travel experience on social media."
\n He notes that the popularity of China's traditional large-group tours to Uzbekistan is decreasing. Instead, travelers are opting for independent travel and small-group tours with four to six people, with some visiting the local markets to experience authentic Uzbek life.
\n "As for outbound travel, Chinese tourists have become more rational. They have specific reasons as to why they want to visit a country and their goals. They want to experience the local culture and make the most of their money and time for an in-depth, high-quality tour," he says.
\n According to Trip.com Group, China's largest online travel agency, the top five most-visited attractions in Uzbekistan this year are the Hazrati Imam Mosque, Amir Timur Square, the Bibi-Khanym Mosque, Registan Square and the Amir Timur Museum.
\n The company offers tours that range from five to seven days, focusing solely on Uzbekistan, as well as multicountry tours combining Central Asian countries, like Kazakhstan.
\n Uzbekistan is actively advancing its "China Friendly" initiative, which includes offering Chinese-language signage and menus at airports, hotels and restaurants. These venues also offer popular Chinese payment systems, such as UnionPay, WeChat Pay and Alipay.
\n Li Zhengjie, head of Trip.com's public affairs department, suggests that travel agencies and relevant platforms align their products with Uzbekistan's "China Friendly" initiative — for example, a culinary journey that highlights Chinese menus and Chinese payment platforms.
\n "Rather than being satisfied with sightseeing, more Chinese travelers seek immersive experiences that allow them to learn about the local history, customs, and daily life," he says.
\n xulin@chinadaily.com.cn
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"title": "009CULTURE - Reality series has 'divas' working on BRI projects",
"description": "![](\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-09-06/009/20250906_009_02_25.png\")
Divas Hit the Road, a recently aired reality travel show, brings Chinese celebrities on a 25-day trip to work on projects under the framework of the Belt and Road Initiative in countries such as Madagascar and Egypt.
\n![](\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-09-06/009/20250906_009_02_11.png\")
Actor Gong Jun (middle) threshes grain by beating it against metal barrels in a field in Madagascar.
\n![](\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-09-06/009/20250906_009_02_34.png\")
Actor Zhang Wanyi operates a harvester in the field.
\n![](\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-09-06/009/20250906_009_02_16.png\")
Actress Li Qin works in the field.
\n![](\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-09-06/009/20250906_009_02_41.png\")
Singer Na Ying joins the show.
\n A recent reality travel show takes a group of Chinese celebrities, including singers, actors and hosts, from the domestic spotlight to the sun-scorched rice fields of Madagascar. There, they cut rice with sickles, operate harvesters, and thresh grain by beating it against metal barrels.
\n The seventh season of the reality travel show Divas Hit the Road aired on Hunan Satellite TV and Mango TV, guiding audiences through the perspective of celebrities — singer Na Ying, actresses Chen Shu, Ma Sichun, and Li Qin, host Zhang Yaqi, and actors Gong Jun and Zhang Wanyi. During the show, the celebrities work on cooperation projects under the framework of the Belt and Road Initiative in Madagascar, Egypt and other countries, while on their 25-day journey.
\n In the first episode, the stars visit a hybrid rice demonstration center in Madagascar. In Luxor, Egypt, they observe how the city's museums utilize micro-trace scanning technology provided by Chinese technical teams to document cultural relics.
\n Zhang Wanyi recalls that the experience of harvesting rice left him physically exhausted, yet filled with a deep sense of joy and accomplishment.
\n In 2007, Madagascar launched the hybrid rice demonstration center. Agricultural experts from Chinese crop scientist Yuan Longping's team arrived in the country to test seeds across various rice-growing areas, aiming to help the locals achieve the dream of food self-sufficiency.
\n Hu Yuefang, 68, was one of those experts, spending over 18 years in Madagascar, during which he and his team successfully developed hybrid rice varieties that could adapt to the country's high, medium, and low-altitude regions.
\n He set up small blackboards in the fields to share technical knowledge, taught the locals how to prevent and control crop diseases and pests, and rode his motorcycle through rice paddies to answer farmers' questions.
\n He has traveled to nearly every rice-growing area on the island, always carrying a notebook to record the local language and learn native dialects.
\n "I experienced food shortages as a child. Yuan's hybrid rice greatly improved China's food self-sufficiency. I deeply admire him," Hu shares.
\n "We want to bring hybrid rice technology to more people. Currently, hybrid rice accounts for 6 percent of Madagascar's total planting area. If it reaches 15 percent, Madagascar will become the first food self-sufficient country in Africa," Hu says of his vision.
\n The reality show took the seven-member celebrity group to Hu's workplace, where they worked with him in the fields, cooked together, and took photos of Hu and his colleagues interacting with local communities.
\n Zhang Yaqi shares that she met a local woman who, thanks to growing hybrid rice, was able to not only feed her children but also support their education.
\n "This story left a deep impression on me," she reflects. "It made me realize the profound impact of introducing hybrid rice technology to Madagascar."
\n Hu remarks that the show has captured the real situation in Madagascar.
\n "We are not only here to teach technology; we are making friends and living life together.
\n "The show allows more people to see the sincerity and warmth within China-Madagascar cooperation and people-to-people bonds. I hope more stories like this will be told, so that the seeds of cooperation, friendship, and hope can take root in more places," Hu says.
\n Jean Louis Robinson, Madagascar's ambassador to China, notes that the reality show will also be aired in his home country. He expressed confidence that the program will provide Chinese audiences a window to better understanding Madagascar, while also creating an opportunity for Madagascans to gain insight into contemporary China.
\n xingwen@chinadaily.com.cn
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- "title": "010CULTURE - Tribute to crane conservationist spins into a new generation",
- "description": "![](\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-09-06/010/20250906_010_02_67.png\")
The National Ballet of China celebrates the 10th anniversary of The Crane Calling with a new rendition.
\n The National Ballet of China will mark the 10th anniversary of its original ballet piece, The Crane Calling — a poignant tribute to a Chinese woman named Xu Xiujuan (1964-87) who sacrificed herself to save cranes in a rainstorm — with a new version set to take flight.
\n The production will be staged at Beijing's Tianqiao Theatre from Sept 24 to 28, unveiling a fresh interpretation for a new generation of audiences with its graceful choreography and deep emotional resonance.
\n The ballet tells the story of the young woman who, after graduating from university, dedicates herself to the arduous work of crane conservation. She gives everything to protect these magnificent creatures, eventually sacrificing her life to save them.
\n The idea was inspired by the National Ballet of China's tour of Qiqihar city in Northeast China's Heilongjiang province in October 2008, when they visited the Zhalong Nature Reserve, a habitat for cranes.
\n "We discussed the cranes and thought their gestures and movements were as beautiful as dancing," recalls Feng Ying, artistic director and president of the ballet company.
\n "It reminded us of the dancing swans in Swan Lake, and we thought, 'Why don't we try to dance like the cranes?'"
\n The locals told them the real story of Xu who died protecting cranes.
\n To bring the story to life, the creative team embarked on an immersive journey into nature. They visited wildlife sanctuaries, observed the cranes' behavior, and engaged with conservationists to study Xu's life and work.
\n The ballet became a labor of love, evolving through countless revisions, each one mastering the portrayal of these majestic birds through ballet's graceful and expressive movements.
\n The Crane Calling is not only a tribute to Xu's life but also an exploration of the human spirit, of dreams chased and ideals pursued, Feng notes.
\n With delicate choreography, it weaves an anthem of youth, love for life, and the harmony between humanity and nature.
\n "The ballet speaks about the importance of environmental conservation and the beauty of living in harmony with the world around us. It powerfully reflects China's ancient reverence for cranes — symbols of purity, nobility and eternal beauty — bringing to life a visual tapestry of Chinese culture that is both breathtaking and meaningful," she says.
\n "As the story returns to the stage, we invite audiences to witness the delicate dance of life, death and rebirth — forever enshrining Xu Xiujuan's legacy as both a hero and a symbol of nature's enduring beauty."
\n The ballet's influence has reached well beyond China. In 2017 and 2018, the production was invited to perform at prestigious ballet festivals in Hamburg, Germany, and New York, the United States, where it received rave reviews.
\n As the 10th anniversary approaches, the original creative team has reunited to bring a new rendition to audiences.
\n Among the returning team members are choreographers Zhang Zhenxin and Ma Cong, composer Shen Yiwen, and set designer Gong Xun. The production will be performed by a vibrant, new generation of dancers that embody the youthful spirit of pursuit and the ethereal beauty of the cranes.
\n Composer Shen will conduct the symphony orchestra of the National Ballet of China for the first time. This new musical interpretation will enhance the experience, delivering a grand, harmonious celebration of life, nature, and the enduring bond between humans and the creatures they protect, Shen explains.
\n",
- "content": "The National Ballet of China celebrates the 10th anniversary of The Crane Calling with a new rendition.
\n The National Ballet of China will mark the 10th anniversary of its original ballet piece, The Crane Calling — a poignant tribute to a Chinese woman named Xu Xiujuan (1964-87) who sacrificed herself to save cranes in a rainstorm — with a new version set to take flight.
\n The production will be staged at Beijing's Tianqiao Theatre from Sept 24 to 28, unveiling a fresh interpretation for a new generation of audiences with its graceful choreography and deep emotional resonance.
\n The ballet tells the story of the young woman who, after graduating from university, dedicates herself to the arduous work of crane conservation. She gives everything to protect these magnificent creatures, eventually sacrificing her life to save them.
\n The idea was inspired by the National Ballet of China's tour of Qiqihar city in Northeast China's Heilongjiang province in October 2008, when they visited the Zhalong Nature Reserve, a habitat for cranes.
\n "We discussed the cranes and thought their gestures and movements were as beautiful as dancing," recalls Feng Ying, artistic director and president of the ballet company.
\n "It reminded us of the dancing swans in Swan Lake, and we thought, 'Why don't we try to dance like the cranes?'"
\n The locals told them the real story of Xu who died protecting cranes.
\n To bring the story to life, the creative team embarked on an immersive journey into nature. They visited wildlife sanctuaries, observed the cranes' behavior, and engaged with conservationists to study Xu's life and work.
\n The ballet became a labor of love, evolving through countless revisions, each one mastering the portrayal of these majestic birds through ballet's graceful and expressive movements.
\n The Crane Calling is not only a tribute to Xu's life but also an exploration of the human spirit, of dreams chased and ideals pursued, Feng notes.
\n With delicate choreography, it weaves an anthem of youth, love for life, and the harmony between humanity and nature.
\n "The ballet speaks about the importance of environmental conservation and the beauty of living in harmony with the world around us. It powerfully reflects China's ancient reverence for cranes — symbols of purity, nobility and eternal beauty — bringing to life a visual tapestry of Chinese culture that is both breathtaking and meaningful," she says.
\n "As the story returns to the stage, we invite audiences to witness the delicate dance of life, death and rebirth — forever enshrining Xu Xiujuan's legacy as both a hero and a symbol of nature's enduring beauty."
\n The ballet's influence has reached well beyond China. In 2017 and 2018, the production was invited to perform at prestigious ballet festivals in Hamburg, Germany, and New York, the United States, where it received rave reviews.
\n As the 10th anniversary approaches, the original creative team has reunited to bring a new rendition to audiences.
\n Among the returning team members are choreographers Zhang Zhenxin and Ma Cong, composer Shen Yiwen, and set designer Gong Xun. The production will be performed by a vibrant, new generation of dancers that embody the youthful spirit of pursuit and the ethereal beauty of the cranes.
\n Composer Shen will conduct the symphony orchestra of the National Ballet of China for the first time. This new musical interpretation will enhance the experience, delivering a grand, harmonious celebration of life, nature, and the enduring bond between humans and the creatures they protect, Shen explains.
\n",
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- "pubDate": "Sat, 06 Sep 2025 00:21:04 +0000",
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"title": "011CULTURE - Dance festival shares a universal language",
"description": "![](\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-09-06/011/20250906_011_02_7.png\")
The National Centre for the Performing Arts will launch its annual dance festival in September, featuring The Moon Opera (top) by dancer-choreographer Wang Yabin and From In by dancer-choreographer Xie Xin.
\n As autumn's golden hues descend upon Beijing, the National Centre for the Performing Arts is preparing to launch its much-anticipated annual event, the NCPA Dance Festival. From Sept 20 to Dec 7, the iconic venue will present a 78-day celebration of movement and artistry that transcends boundaries, featuring 16 performances across 36 shows.
\n With this year's theme, "dance beyond boundaries", the festival will lead audiences into a world of artistic possibilities, reflecting both the limitless potential of dance and the spirit of dancers striving for excellence.
\n Dance, a universal language that speaks without words, has the power to transcend borders and unite cultures. With this spirit, the NCPA Dance Festival has invited some of the world's finest ballet companies and stars to share the stage, creating a global dialogue through the grace and power of ballet.
\n The festival will open with a star-studded ballet performance titled Force of Nature on Sept 20 and 21, as Natalia Osipova, the principal dancer of The Royal Ballet, leads a performance that spans both classical and modern styles. The shows will feature a combination of Osipova's iconic classical works, contemporary ballet masterpieces, and original pieces, which will highlight her versatility and artistic freedom, including a pas de deux from Act II of Giselle, Mikhail Fokine's legendary The Dying Swan, and the contemporary ballet piece, Ashes, that she co-created.
\n On Oct 6 and 7, the gala, titled Alina and Her Friends, will bring together nine principal dancers from top leading companies across the globe. Featuring star ballerina Alina Cojocaru, they will perform excerpts from ballet's most iconic works, each dancer representing a unique tradition and history.
\n Later in the season, ballet lovers will see the return of the Eifman Ballet of Saint Petersburg with Anna Karenina and The Brothers Karamazov from Nov 6-9, and the National Ballet of China's staging of Cinderella from Dec 5-7.
\n While ballet opens a window to the classical world, modern dance represents a bold frontier of creative expression, breaking down formalities and exploring new forms of storytelling. This year's NCPA Dance Festival will showcase contemporary works by China's leading young choreographers, offering innovative new pieces that cross the boundaries of dance, music, and theater.
\n From Oct 1 to 3, the Xie Xin Dance Theatre will celebrate its 10th anniversary with a special performance featuring In Satie/The Rite of Spring, a unique fusion of dance and live music. In collaboration with musician Fu Yifei, these performances reimagine classical music through dance, offering a unique sensory experience.
\n According to dancer-choreographer Xie Xin, In Satie/The Rite of Spring was inspired by a fire in the winter of 2023 that destroyed the company's dance studio.
\n "That space was like a 'home' where dancers trained, worked and grew together. It was a harbor where we carefully added mirrors, laid floor mats, and filled the shelves with books. But when I arrived at the scene, all that remained were charred beams, and scorched props," she recalls.
\n The tragedy gave rise to new creativity. After the accident, she suddenly understood the power in The Rite of Spring. "Life's calamities always take something away, but they also allow something new to grow," she says.
\n The innovative spirit continues on Nov 1 and 2 with dancer-choreographer Wang Yanbin's The Moon Opera. First staged in 2015, the piece has toured globally and was acclaimed for its evocative choreography and emotional depth. Based on Bi Feiyu's novel of the same name, the production explores the beauty and complexity of Chinese culture, particularly the 200-year-old Peking Opera, through contemporary dance.
\n "Touring with this piece over 150 times has allowed me to evolve as both dancer and choreographer," says Wang, noting that the adaptation inspired her to create more dance pieces based on literary works.
\n "Dance is the best way for me to communicate with the world, while literature allows me to see it more profoundly. I hope that I will have more opportunities to adapt outstanding literary works into dance dramas, using dance language as a threshold to bring more classic characters into the audience's view," she adds.
\n This year's festival will feature three original Chinese dance dramas that reinterpret ancient stories for modern audiences, blending preservation with innovation.
\n A highlight will be the China Oriental Performing Arts Group presenting The Dazu Rock Carvings on Oct 31 and Nov 1, a dance drama inspired by the world-renowned Buddhist grottoes in Chongqing. The performance captures the history of these iconic sculptures, telling the story of the craftsmen who created them over 400 years ago, and will be a stirring tribute to the legacy of Chinese art and craftsmanship.
\n chennan@chinadaily.com.cn
\n",
@@ -9927,28 +9729,6 @@
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- "title": "001FRONT - China, DPRK reaffirm friendship",
- "description": "![](\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-09-05/001/20250905_001_01_197.png\")
Xi Jinping, general secretary of the Communist Party of China Central Committee and Chinese president, greets Kim Jong-un, general secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea and president of the State Affairs of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, in Beijing on Thursday.
\n President Xi Jinping reaffirmed on Thursday China's commitment to maintaining, consolidating and developing its relations with the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, saying that this position will never change no matter how the international situation evolves.
\n Xi, who is also general secretary of the Communist Party of China Central Committee, made the remarks during a meeting with Kim Jong-un, general secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea and president of the State Affairs of the DPRK, at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing.
\n Kim arrived in the Chinese capital on Tuesday to attend commemorations marking the 80th anniversary of the victory in the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression (1931-45) and the World Anti-Fascist War.
\n This marks his first visit to China since early 2019, and also the first time since becoming the top leader of the DPRK that Kim has appeared alongside more than 20 world leaders, including Russian President Vladimir Putin, when they attended the grand military parade on Wednesday in Beijing.
\n "I feel pleased to meet with you again after six years," Xi said, recalling his state visit to the neighboring country in June 2019, during which he had felt a closeness as with family members between the two countries.
\n Xi said Kim's attendance at the commemoration demonstrated the DPRK's firm commitment to safeguarding the victorious outcome of World War II, and also provided an important opportunity for the two parties and countries to further advance their friendly and cooperative relations.
\n China will, as always, support the DPRK in pursuing a development path suited to its national conditions and in opening new prospects for its socialist cause, Xi said.
\n He expressed Beijing's readiness to strengthen high-level exchanges and strategic communication with Pyongyang, deepen exchanges of experience in party and state governance, enhance mutual understanding and friendship, and promote closer interactions at all levels as well as practical cooperation in various fields.
\n Xi noted that in the face of unprecedented global challenges, he has successively put forward the vision of building a community with a shared future for humanity, as well as the Global Development Initiative, the Global Security Initiative, the Global Civilization Initiative and the Global Governance Initiative, all of which have received active support and response from the DPRK.
\n He called on the two countries to strengthen strategic coordination in international and regional affairs to safeguard their common interests.
\n On the Korean Peninsula issue, Xi said China has always upheld an objective and fair position and stands ready to continue working with the DPRK to safeguard peace and stability on the peninsula.
\n Kim said he was filled with deep feelings to be meeting with Xi again after six years.
\n "Over these six years, China has undergone tremendous changes and development, which has left a strong impression on me. What I feel even more profoundly, however, is the enduring friendship between the peoples of the DPRK and China that has never changed," he said, noting that no matter how the world situation may evolve, the friendship will remain forever.
\n He also reaffirmed that the DPRK will continue to firmly support China's position on issues concerning its core interests, and support China in safeguarding its national sovereignty and territorial integrity.
\n Kim also expressed gratitude to China for its long-standing, unswerving support and assistance for the cause of socialism in the DPRK.
\n Kim added that his country is willing to maintain close exchanges between the two parties and governments at all levels and deepen mutually beneficial trade and economic cooperation to deliver more tangible results, among other things.
\n He said the DPRK appreciates China's fair position on the Korean Peninsula issue and stands ready to continue strengthening coordination with China at the United Nations and other multilateral platforms to safeguard their common and fundamental interests.
\n Accompanying Kim on the visit were DPRK Foreign Minister Choe Son-hui and senior officials from key departments of both the WPK Central Committee and the DPRK government.
\n On Thursday evening, Xi had a chat over tea with Kim and hosted a banquet in his honor.
\n mojingxi@chinadaily.com.cn
\n",
- "content": "Xi Jinping, general secretary of the Communist Party of China Central Committee and Chinese president, greets Kim Jong-un, general secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea and president of the State Affairs of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, in Beijing on Thursday.
\n President Xi Jinping reaffirmed on Thursday China's commitment to maintaining, consolidating and developing its relations with the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, saying that this position will never change no matter how the international situation evolves.
\n Xi, who is also general secretary of the Communist Party of China Central Committee, made the remarks during a meeting with Kim Jong-un, general secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea and president of the State Affairs of the DPRK, at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing.
\n Kim arrived in the Chinese capital on Tuesday to attend commemorations marking the 80th anniversary of the victory in the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression (1931-45) and the World Anti-Fascist War.
\n This marks his first visit to China since early 2019, and also the first time since becoming the top leader of the DPRK that Kim has appeared alongside more than 20 world leaders, including Russian President Vladimir Putin, when they attended the grand military parade on Wednesday in Beijing.
\n "I feel pleased to meet with you again after six years," Xi said, recalling his state visit to the neighboring country in June 2019, during which he had felt a closeness as with family members between the two countries.
\n Xi said Kim's attendance at the commemoration demonstrated the DPRK's firm commitment to safeguarding the victorious outcome of World War II, and also provided an important opportunity for the two parties and countries to further advance their friendly and cooperative relations.
\n China will, as always, support the DPRK in pursuing a development path suited to its national conditions and in opening new prospects for its socialist cause, Xi said.
\n He expressed Beijing's readiness to strengthen high-level exchanges and strategic communication with Pyongyang, deepen exchanges of experience in party and state governance, enhance mutual understanding and friendship, and promote closer interactions at all levels as well as practical cooperation in various fields.
\n Xi noted that in the face of unprecedented global challenges, he has successively put forward the vision of building a community with a shared future for humanity, as well as the Global Development Initiative, the Global Security Initiative, the Global Civilization Initiative and the Global Governance Initiative, all of which have received active support and response from the DPRK.
\n He called on the two countries to strengthen strategic coordination in international and regional affairs to safeguard their common interests.
\n On the Korean Peninsula issue, Xi said China has always upheld an objective and fair position and stands ready to continue working with the DPRK to safeguard peace and stability on the peninsula.
\n Kim said he was filled with deep feelings to be meeting with Xi again after six years.
\n "Over these six years, China has undergone tremendous changes and development, which has left a strong impression on me. What I feel even more profoundly, however, is the enduring friendship between the peoples of the DPRK and China that has never changed," he said, noting that no matter how the world situation may evolve, the friendship will remain forever.
\n He also reaffirmed that the DPRK will continue to firmly support China's position on issues concerning its core interests, and support China in safeguarding its national sovereignty and territorial integrity.
\n Kim also expressed gratitude to China for its long-standing, unswerving support and assistance for the cause of socialism in the DPRK.
\n Kim added that his country is willing to maintain close exchanges between the two parties and governments at all levels and deepen mutually beneficial trade and economic cooperation to deliver more tangible results, among other things.
\n He said the DPRK appreciates China's fair position on the Korean Peninsula issue and stands ready to continue strengthening coordination with China at the United Nations and other multilateral platforms to safeguard their common and fundamental interests.
\n Accompanying Kim on the visit were DPRK Foreign Minister Choe Son-hui and senior officials from key departments of both the WPK Central Committee and the DPRK government.
\n On Thursday evening, Xi had a chat over tea with Kim and hosted a banquet in his honor.
\n mojingxi@chinadaily.com.cn
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"title": "001FRONT - LIVESTREAMS, VIDEOS 'DEMYSTIFY' THE LAW, RAISE PUBLIC AWARENESS",
"description": "![](\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-09-05/001/20250905_004_02_41.png\")
\n![](\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-09-05/001/20250905_004_02_30.png\")
\n As she juggles her caseload, lawyer Wang Wanqiong has added a new brief to her weekly routine — hosting livestream sessions that delve into the legal intricacies of current social events with her audience.
\n On Aug 23, Wang, from Sichuan province, took to her WeChat livestream to unravel the legalities surrounding cross-border telecom fraud. In the past, she has used her platform to shed light on labor laws and anti-discrimination policies, highlighting companies that offer job opportunities for former convicts.
\n "Leveraging videos and livestreams to demystify the law and address people's legal inquiries is inevitable in this fast-paced digital era," said Wang, a criminal law specialist at the Baijus Law Firm. "It's also a social responsibility for those in the legal profession."
\n Wang is not alone. A report released early this year by Douyin, a popular Chinese short-video sharing and livestreaming platform, showed that the number of legal content creators on the platform had soared past 200,000. Those involved included lawyers, law professors and law enthusiasts, with their number steadily climbing.
\n The appetite for legal content is also on the rise. In December 2024, monthly views of legal content increased by over 20 percent compared with June of that year. Certified law firms witnessed an impressive 83 percent growth in viewership, according to the report.
\n Li Ya, a lawyer at Beijing Zhongwen Law Firm, is navigating this new avenue for providing legal services. "The increasingly rich legal content indicates that the public's legal awareness has improved," he said.
\n However, he expressed concern about those who chase online fame by sensationalizing case details, fabricating facts and breaching litigants' privacy during livestreams.
\n "These practices compromise the integrity of the legal profession and present serious ethical and legal challenges," he said, calling for stricter regulation and oversight of legal content in live-streams and videos.
\n Legal education trend
\n Over the past year, Wang has hosted over 60 livestreams, sometimes drawing more than 6,000 viewers at once.
\n "The internet has revolutionized how knowledge is shared, turning online legal education into a growing trend," she said. "This method not only meets the public's increasing demand for legal services but also pushes legal professionals like me to stay informed, think critically, and engage in research."
\n She creates short videos that break down provisions and criminal procedures, such as advising on the steps to take if a family member is questioned by the police, making the law more accessible and understandable for a wider audience.
\n On July 18, for instance, she uploaded two videos on her WeChat channel, each under eight minutes long, illustrating what constitutes justifiable defense using a real criminal case from Shaanxi province. These videos have amassed over 1.37 million views, with more than 6,600 thumbs-up and nearly 4,000 likes.
\n Yi Yi, a founding partner of Beijing Jiali Law Firm, also uses real cases to discuss marriage and family law on Kuaishou, another popular video platform, where she has nearly 600,000 followers.
\n During her livestreams and videos, she avoids complex legal issues and jargon, opting instead to address matters that resonate with her audience. By using case studies, without detailing those involved, she delivers clear and focused legal insights while promoting values such as trust, equality, love, and happiness in marriage.
\n In Wang's opinion, using everyday language and real-life examples helps bridge the gap between legal professionals and the public, making legal education more practical and effective.
\n Misuse, disruption
\n Wang highlighted the critical need to uphold privacy and integrity, warning against sharing excessive details about individuals involved in cases for the sake of online fame. She stressed that livestreams and videos should not include content unrelated to the law, disrupt public order, or exacerbate conflicts.
\n In July, for example, a lawyer surnamed Zheng from Hunan province was fined 50,000 yuan ($7,010) by a local court. Zheng was penalized for distorting facts in a contract case handled by his firm, misleading public opinion, and extensively defaming the presiding judge in video posts, according to the Sichuan-based news outlet thecover.cn.
\n The court stated that Zheng's actions severely undermined justice and had a negative societal impact. He was also ordered to remove the videos and issue an apology, the report noted.
\n In April 2024, a Shanghai-based lawyer surnamed Dong faced a backlash from netizens after posting videos on social media where she discussed legal topics while dancing. Some argued her behavior was inconsistent with the professionalism expected of a lawyer, according to Dingduan News, a media outlet in Henan province.
\n Dong also responded to comments by stating that her income as a lawyer was less than what she earned from livestreaming and encouraged her peers to create "borderline" or "edgy" content, which immediately sparked public controversy.
\n Furthermore, some netizens criticized Dong's demeanor during livestreams, showing screenshots of her exaggerated expressions and laughter while addressing serious issues like juvenile rape.
\n In response, Dong apologized and removed the dancing videos, clarifying that her suggestion to her peers was meant as a joke.
\n Although Dong and Zheng faced consequences for their actions, the conduct and communication of legal professionals in livestreams and videos — particularly regarding what content is shared and how it is presented — remain a focal point of discussion within the legal community.
\n Need for regulation
\n For Wang, maintaining rigor and professionalism online is crucial for lawyers. Fabricating facts or relying on sensationalism and exaggerated performances to attract views should be avoided. "It's also important to steer clear of posting vulgar content, inciting cyberbullying, or compromising national security," she emphasized.
\n Yu Qi, a marriage lawyer at Tahota Law Firm, observed that many internet users are more interested in sensational and unusual details of disputes than in legal explanations. "Lawyers should not blindly cater to public tastes, nor should they use their online platforms to market other products or services," she cautioned.
\n "We must always remember our role as lawyers and uphold the integrity of the law."
\n She said that she is prudent when discussing cases she is handling, as lawyers have a duty to be accountable to their clients. "I will address common questions from online comments and offer legal interpretations, rather than paying attention to the specifics of any individual case," she added.
\n Li from Beijing Zhongwen Law Firm agreed. "Using popular methods and language to spread legal knowledge does not mean trivializing legal services," he said.
\n Maintaining confidentiality and protecting privacy are fundamental ethical responsibilities for lawyers. Treating livestreams as a "show" and dramatizing case details damage the profession's image and credibility, and also violate the Civil Code and professional conduct rules for lawyers, Li added.
\n "It is prohibited to predict outcomes or guarantee victories for cases that have not yet been concluded," he warned. "Information from cases that are not open to the public, as well as information and files from ongoing criminal cases, must not be disclosed online."
\n Li urged internet platforms to improve the verification of lawyers' identities when processing relevant registration applications, and conduct timely reviews of legal content in livestreams.
\n He also suggested online platforms, bar associations and internet regulatory bodies take disciplinary actions if they find a lawyer who streams content that is frequently flagged as "misleading" by peers or viewers.
\n "The ultimate goal of leveraging technologies is to optimize legal services and enable the public to learn and use the law, rather than create more legal risks," Wang said.
\n She called on judicial authorities to strengthen the management of lawyers and establish regulations on the dissemination of legal knowledge through new media.
\n "For example, the authorities need to specify how many years a lawyer must have practiced before they can participate in legal live-streams, and also prohibit selling products through legal accounts," she said.
\n caoyin@chinadaily.com.cn
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@@ -9971,28 +9751,6 @@
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- "title": "001FRONT - V-Day parade receives high praise from world leaders",
- "description": "![](\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-09-05/001/20250905_001_05_234.png\")
\n Impressive, meaningful and historic — such were the keywords used by global leaders as they marveled at China's military parade commemorating the 80th anniversary of the victory in the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression (1931-45) and the World Anti-Fascist War.
\n President Xi Jinping was joined by 26 foreign heads of state and government, as well as parliamentary speakers, deputy prime ministers and high-level representatives from different countries, on Wednesday as he oversaw a parade that showcased a range of China's new military hardware.
\n For the global leaders, the experience at the Tian'anmen Rostrum, where they witnessed the commemoration firsthand, was both awe-inspiring and thought-provoking.
\n According to a report by Russia's state news agency TASS, Russian President Vladimir Putin described Beijing's commemorative events as "held brilliantly, and simply very well, at a high level".
\n Indonesian President Prabowo Subianto, writing on his X account, highlighted that the commemoration "serves as a symbol of China's strength and courage as a nation steadfastly fighting for independence, safeguarding sovereignty, and actively playing a role in realizing world peace".
\n "On this occasion, I conveyed my appreciation for the significant contributions of the People's Republic of China in maintaining global security," he wrote on Thursday, adding, "Upholding the spirit of the Victory Day, let us continue to strengthen the sustainable cooperation between Indonesia and China for the benefit of both countries."
\n The press service of Uzbek President Shavkat Mirziyoyev wrote in a post on X that the event reaffirmed Uzbekistan's foreign policy commitment to "fostering friendship and constructive dialogue for peace, sustainable development and prosperity".
\n In a bilateral meeting with Xi on Thursday, Zimbabwean President Emmerson Mnangagwa extended congratulations to China for hosting a "spectacular parade", saying the event was "something out of this world".
\n "Undoubtedly, the commemorations will go a long way to promote the correct historical narrative of China's great contribution to World War II. The spirit of resilience of the Chinese people and their ironclad strength will remain a source of inspiration for generations to come," Mnangagwa said.
\n In a video posted on his account on X, Slovak Prime Minister Robert Fico said that while some people interpreted the parade as a demonstration of China's military strength, he believes the event should "be viewed in the context of the serious statements made by Chinese President Xi Jinping".
\n "The Chinese president made it very clear that the world is facing a choice between peace and war, and that China has the will to play a decisive role in shaping the new peaceful order of the world," he said.
\n "I once again express my regret that the top representatives of the EU member states were absent from such a global event," Fico said. "If they thought that by doing so they would isolate China's celebrations of victory in World War II, they badly miscalculated."
\n Malaysian Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim said it was an honor for him and his wife to view the event from the Tian'anmen Rostrum, adding that he thanks the Chinese president for "this meaningful and historic experience".
\n "Beyond the impressive display of China's military assets, the parade stood as a powerful symbol of resistance against tyranny, oppression, aggression, greed for power, colonialism and imperialism — dark chapters in the history of human civilization," he said.
\n "Yet, eight decades after the war's end, the world continues to face injustices and atrocities that unfold openly, often without challenge from major powers who speak loudly of democracy and human rights. True peace demands courage and firm conviction to reject injustice in all its forms," he said.
\n Miguel Diaz-Canel, first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Cuba and Cuban president, said on his social media account, "Between a millennial history and a present that inspires millions, China leads today the battle for the rescue of multilateralism and global governance."
\n "Proud to support and share those postulates, Cuba is honored to attend the commemoration of the V-Day," he wrote.
\n Former Japanese prime minister Yukio Hatoyama said in an interview on his return to Japan after taking part in the V-Day events that he was deeply struck by the conviction that Japan must learn from history in order to face the future.
\n "I, as a Japanese, attended the commemoration with a sense of reflection and remorse. I am grateful to have been invited to take part in the ceremony; it was highly meaningful," he told China Central Television.
\n xuwei@chinadaily.com.cn
\n",
- "content": "\n Impressive, meaningful and historic — such were the keywords used by global leaders as they marveled at China's military parade commemorating the 80th anniversary of the victory in the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression (1931-45) and the World Anti-Fascist War.
\n President Xi Jinping was joined by 26 foreign heads of state and government, as well as parliamentary speakers, deputy prime ministers and high-level representatives from different countries, on Wednesday as he oversaw a parade that showcased a range of China's new military hardware.
\n For the global leaders, the experience at the Tian'anmen Rostrum, where they witnessed the commemoration firsthand, was both awe-inspiring and thought-provoking.
\n According to a report by Russia's state news agency TASS, Russian President Vladimir Putin described Beijing's commemorative events as "held brilliantly, and simply very well, at a high level".
\n Indonesian President Prabowo Subianto, writing on his X account, highlighted that the commemoration "serves as a symbol of China's strength and courage as a nation steadfastly fighting for independence, safeguarding sovereignty, and actively playing a role in realizing world peace".
\n "On this occasion, I conveyed my appreciation for the significant contributions of the People's Republic of China in maintaining global security," he wrote on Thursday, adding, "Upholding the spirit of the Victory Day, let us continue to strengthen the sustainable cooperation between Indonesia and China for the benefit of both countries."
\n The press service of Uzbek President Shavkat Mirziyoyev wrote in a post on X that the event reaffirmed Uzbekistan's foreign policy commitment to "fostering friendship and constructive dialogue for peace, sustainable development and prosperity".
\n In a bilateral meeting with Xi on Thursday, Zimbabwean President Emmerson Mnangagwa extended congratulations to China for hosting a "spectacular parade", saying the event was "something out of this world".
\n "Undoubtedly, the commemorations will go a long way to promote the correct historical narrative of China's great contribution to World War II. The spirit of resilience of the Chinese people and their ironclad strength will remain a source of inspiration for generations to come," Mnangagwa said.
\n In a video posted on his account on X, Slovak Prime Minister Robert Fico said that while some people interpreted the parade as a demonstration of China's military strength, he believes the event should "be viewed in the context of the serious statements made by Chinese President Xi Jinping".
\n "The Chinese president made it very clear that the world is facing a choice between peace and war, and that China has the will to play a decisive role in shaping the new peaceful order of the world," he said.
\n "I once again express my regret that the top representatives of the EU member states were absent from such a global event," Fico said. "If they thought that by doing so they would isolate China's celebrations of victory in World War II, they badly miscalculated."
\n Malaysian Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim said it was an honor for him and his wife to view the event from the Tian'anmen Rostrum, adding that he thanks the Chinese president for "this meaningful and historic experience".
\n "Beyond the impressive display of China's military assets, the parade stood as a powerful symbol of resistance against tyranny, oppression, aggression, greed for power, colonialism and imperialism — dark chapters in the history of human civilization," he said.
\n "Yet, eight decades after the war's end, the world continues to face injustices and atrocities that unfold openly, often without challenge from major powers who speak loudly of democracy and human rights. True peace demands courage and firm conviction to reject injustice in all its forms," he said.
\n Miguel Diaz-Canel, first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Cuba and Cuban president, said on his social media account, "Between a millennial history and a present that inspires millions, China leads today the battle for the rescue of multilateralism and global governance."
\n "Proud to support and share those postulates, Cuba is honored to attend the commemoration of the V-Day," he wrote.
\n Former Japanese prime minister Yukio Hatoyama said in an interview on his return to Japan after taking part in the V-Day events that he was deeply struck by the conviction that Japan must learn from history in order to face the future.
\n "I, as a Japanese, attended the commemoration with a sense of reflection and remorse. I am grateful to have been invited to take part in the ceremony; it was highly meaningful," he told China Central Television.
\n xuwei@chinadaily.com.cn
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"title": "004CHINA - LIVESTREAMS, VIDEOS 'DEMYSTIFY' THE LAW, RAISE PUBLIC AWARENESS",
"description": "![](\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-09-05/004/20250905_004_02_41.png\")
\n![](\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-09-05/004/20250905_004_02_30.png\")
\n As she juggles her caseload, lawyer Wang Wanqiong has added a new brief to her weekly routine — hosting livestream sessions that delve into the legal intricacies of current social events with her audience.
\n On Aug 23, Wang, from Sichuan province, took to her WeChat livestream to unravel the legalities surrounding cross-border telecom fraud. In the past, she has used her platform to shed light on labor laws and anti-discrimination policies, highlighting companies that offer job opportunities for former convicts.
\n "Leveraging videos and livestreams to demystify the law and address people's legal inquiries is inevitable in this fast-paced digital era," said Wang, a criminal law specialist at the Baijus Law Firm. "It's also a social responsibility for those in the legal profession."
\n Wang is not alone. A report released early this year by Douyin, a popular Chinese short-video sharing and livestreaming platform, showed that the number of legal content creators on the platform had soared past 200,000. Those involved included lawyers, law professors and law enthusiasts, with their number steadily climbing.
\n The appetite for legal content is also on the rise. In December 2024, monthly views of legal content increased by over 20 percent compared with June of that year. Certified law firms witnessed an impressive 83 percent growth in viewership, according to the report.
\n Li Ya, a lawyer at Beijing Zhongwen Law Firm, is navigating this new avenue for providing legal services. "The increasingly rich legal content indicates that the public's legal awareness has improved," he said.
\n However, he expressed concern about those who chase online fame by sensationalizing case details, fabricating facts and breaching litigants' privacy during livestreams.
\n "These practices compromise the integrity of the legal profession and present serious ethical and legal challenges," he said, calling for stricter regulation and oversight of legal content in live-streams and videos.
\n Legal education trend
\n Over the past year, Wang has hosted over 60 livestreams, sometimes drawing more than 6,000 viewers at once.
\n "The internet has revolutionized how knowledge is shared, turning online legal education into a growing trend," she said. "This method not only meets the public's increasing demand for legal services but also pushes legal professionals like me to stay informed, think critically, and engage in research."
\n She creates short videos that break down provisions and criminal procedures, such as advising on the steps to take if a family member is questioned by the police, making the law more accessible and understandable for a wider audience.
\n On July 18, for instance, she uploaded two videos on her WeChat channel, each under eight minutes long, illustrating what constitutes justifiable defense using a real criminal case from Shaanxi province. These videos have amassed over 1.37 million views, with more than 6,600 thumbs-up and nearly 4,000 likes.
\n Yi Yi, a founding partner of Beijing Jiali Law Firm, also uses real cases to discuss marriage and family law on Kuaishou, another popular video platform, where she has nearly 600,000 followers.
\n During her livestreams and videos, she avoids complex legal issues and jargon, opting instead to address matters that resonate with her audience. By using case studies, without detailing those involved, she delivers clear and focused legal insights while promoting values such as trust, equality, love, and happiness in marriage.
\n In Wang's opinion, using everyday language and real-life examples helps bridge the gap between legal professionals and the public, making legal education more practical and effective.
\n Misuse, disruption
\n Wang highlighted the critical need to uphold privacy and integrity, warning against sharing excessive details about individuals involved in cases for the sake of online fame. She stressed that livestreams and videos should not include content unrelated to the law, disrupt public order, or exacerbate conflicts.
\n In July, for example, a lawyer surnamed Zheng from Hunan province was fined 50,000 yuan ($7,010) by a local court. Zheng was penalized for distorting facts in a contract case handled by his firm, misleading public opinion, and extensively defaming the presiding judge in video posts, according to the Sichuan-based news outlet thecover.cn.
\n The court stated that Zheng's actions severely undermined justice and had a negative societal impact. He was also ordered to remove the videos and issue an apology, the report noted.
\n In April 2024, a Shanghai-based lawyer surnamed Dong faced a backlash from netizens after posting videos on social media where she discussed legal topics while dancing. Some argued her behavior was inconsistent with the professionalism expected of a lawyer, according to Dingduan News, a media outlet in Henan province.
\n Dong also responded to comments by stating that her income as a lawyer was less than what she earned from livestreaming and encouraged her peers to create "borderline" or "edgy" content, which immediately sparked public controversy.
\n Furthermore, some netizens criticized Dong's demeanor during livestreams, showing screenshots of her exaggerated expressions and laughter while addressing serious issues like juvenile rape.
\n In response, Dong apologized and removed the dancing videos, clarifying that her suggestion to her peers was meant as a joke.
\n Although Dong and Zheng faced consequences for their actions, the conduct and communication of legal professionals in livestreams and videos — particularly regarding what content is shared and how it is presented — remain a focal point of discussion within the legal community.
\n Need for regulation
\n For Wang, maintaining rigor and professionalism online is crucial for lawyers. Fabricating facts or relying on sensationalism and exaggerated performances to attract views should be avoided. "It's also important to steer clear of posting vulgar content, inciting cyberbullying, or compromising national security," she emphasized.
\n Yu Qi, a marriage lawyer at Tahota Law Firm, observed that many internet users are more interested in sensational and unusual details of disputes than in legal explanations. "Lawyers should not blindly cater to public tastes, nor should they use their online platforms to market other products or services," she cautioned.
\n "We must always remember our role as lawyers and uphold the integrity of the law."
\n She said that she is prudent when discussing cases she is handling, as lawyers have a duty to be accountable to their clients. "I will address common questions from online comments and offer legal interpretations, rather than paying attention to the specifics of any individual case," she added.
\n Li from Beijing Zhongwen Law Firm agreed. "Using popular methods and language to spread legal knowledge does not mean trivializing legal services," he said.
\n Maintaining confidentiality and protecting privacy are fundamental ethical responsibilities for lawyers. Treating livestreams as a "show" and dramatizing case details damage the profession's image and credibility, and also violate the Civil Code and professional conduct rules for lawyers, Li added.
\n "It is prohibited to predict outcomes or guarantee victories for cases that have not yet been concluded," he warned. "Information from cases that are not open to the public, as well as information and files from ongoing criminal cases, must not be disclosed online."
\n Li urged internet platforms to improve the verification of lawyers' identities when processing relevant registration applications, and conduct timely reviews of legal content in livestreams.
\n He also suggested online platforms, bar associations and internet regulatory bodies take disciplinary actions if they find a lawyer who streams content that is frequently flagged as "misleading" by peers or viewers.
\n "The ultimate goal of leveraging technologies is to optimize legal services and enable the public to learn and use the law, rather than create more legal risks," Wang said.
\n She called on judicial authorities to strengthen the management of lawyers and establish regulations on the dissemination of legal knowledge through new media.
\n "For example, the authorities need to specify how many years a lawyer must have practiced before they can participate in legal live-streams, and also prohibit selling products through legal accounts," she said.
\n caoyin@chinadaily.com.cn
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N2 robots, fresh from winning top honors at the 2025 World Robot Conference, interact with students arriving on campus at a primary school in Beijing on Thursday, as a new semester begins in most primary and secondary schools in the capital.
\n",
- "content": "N2 robots, fresh from winning top honors at the 2025 World Robot Conference, interact with students arriving on campus at a primary school in Beijing on Thursday, as a new semester begins in most primary and secondary schools in the capital.
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"title": "005CHINA - Chinese team cracks hydrates energy puzzle",
"description": "![](\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-09-05/005/20250905_005_04_20.png\")
\n![](\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-09-05/005/20250905_005_04_71.png\")
Researcher Deng Peilin (standing) instructs a student on conducting performance tests for the conversion of methane to methanol under mild conditions.
\n In a breakthrough that could reshape global energy markets, a Chinese research team has solved one of the most persistent challenges in catalytic chemistry: converting methane into methanol under mild conditions.
\n The breakthrough, published in the journal Nature Communications on Aug 19, could enable the commercial use of vast natural gas hydrate reserves — known as "flammable ice" — lying at the bottom of the South China Sea.
\n Developed by Hainan University's marine clean energy innovation team, the method uses a nanoscale palladium catalyst engineered to achieve 99.7 percent conversion at a temperature of 70 C.
\n Unlike conventional industrial processes that require temperatures above 800 C and high pressure — often burning methane into wasted carbon dioxide — the new system operates efficiently near room temperature.
\n "The key was precision engineering of the catalyst's surface structure," said Deng Peilin, an associate researcher at the university's School of Marine Science and Engineering. "We designed it to both activate methane and instantly release methanol before it over-oxidizes."
\n This "quick-release" mechanism is made possible by tailoring the electrical properties of palladium crystals at the atomic level, allowing methanol to desorb immediately after it forms.
\n The research, launched in 2020, addresses China's strategic priority to harness undersea energy resources while supporting its peak carbon and carbon neutrality goals.
\n "Our aim was to provide a core technology for use with South China Sea hydrates," Deng said.
\n The team's goal was to develop a system that aligned with China's carbon goals and offered a low-emission, high-efficiency alternative to traditional energy-intensive processes.
\n The result, said team leader Tian Xinlong, "possesses extremely high commercial application potential and economic value".
\n Financial analysts quickly recognized the significance. Everbright Securities, a financial services institution, called the breakthrough a "milestone". In a note, it said the new technique removes a critical barrier to using South China Sea gas hydrates and predicted commercial extraction of flammable ice could begin around 2030.
\n Everbright also said it expects growth opportunities for companies in deep-sea drilling equipment, methanol production and specialized catalyst manufacturing.
\n However, several hurdles remain before the technology can progress from the laboratory to offshore production. Deng said the primary challenges were scaling up the reactor design, creating equipment that can withstand a corrosive oceanic environment and wave action, and ensuring the process is cost-competitive.
\n The team's road map calls for constructing a medium-scale demonstration unit within two years, achieving a commercial-scale demonstration within five years and seeing the technology widely adopted across the South China Sea within a decade.
\n Methanol's potential downstream uses are extensive. It is a foundational chemical feedstock used to make plastics, paints and synthetic fibers. It can also serve as a clean-burning fuel for ships and vehicles.
\n Deng said the team is in talks with State-owned oil and gas giant China National Offshore Oil Corporation to adopt the technology for pilot applications and is researching ways to create high-value products from methanol.
\n Looking ahead, the researchers envision Hainan province becoming a global hub for deep-sea energy technology and manufacturing. By leveraging the island's status as a free trade port, they aim to build a complete industrial chain, from extraction and conversion to manufacturing.
\n The team also has global ambitions. The plan is to promote the technology through partnerships with international energy agencies, set up licensing agreements with foreign companies and make contributions to international standards — positioning the "Hainan solution" as a Chinese response to global energy and environmental challenges.
\n chenbowen@chinadaily.com.cn
\n",
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- "title": "006CHINA - Tour of discovery reveals real China",
- "description": "![](\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-09-05/006/20250905_006_01_120.png\")
Online See more by scanning the code.
\n![](\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-09-05/006/20250905_006_01_64.png\")
Left: Participants in the 2025 Discover China Program visit the Palace Museum in Beijing. Center: Students from the United States learn about Chinese calligraphy during their tour. Right: Participants climb the Mutianyu section of the Great Wall of China in suburban Beijing.
\n![](\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-09-05/006/20250905_006_01_86.png\")
Top: Participants communicate during an activity at Beijing Foreign Studies University. Above: Participants learn about guqin, or ancient Chinese zithers, at an exhibition.
\n Cultural exchange programs for young people from across the world to visit China have enabled them to experience the country's unique culture firsthand, and compare what they've learned of the country via Western sources with the reality as they see it on the ground.
\n The ongoing 2025 Discover China Program, organized by Beijing Foreign Studies University for the second year running, has promoted cultural exchanges and enhanced understanding of China for many of the young participants.
\n This year's tour was split into two parts, with the first part attended by 13 university students from the United States, and the second part attended by 37 students from European countries such as Norway, the Netherlands and Sweden.
\n In 2023, President Xi Jinping put forward the initiative of inviting 50,000 young people from the US to study or take part in exchanges in China in the following five years.
\n In May last year, President Xi pledged to increase the number of French students studying in China to over 10,000 and double the scale of exchanges with young people from Europe within the following three years.
\n Liu Limin, president of the China Education Association for International Exchange, was quoted as saying by the Center for China and Globalization that people-to-people exchanges are a crucial way for young people in China and the US to clear up misconceptions and deepen mutual understanding.
\n This will lay a solid public foundation for the future development of China-US relations, he said.
\n Youthful envoys
\n Zhao Gang, vice-president of Beijing Foreign Studies University, said at the opening ceremony of this year's program in June that these exchanges are of great importance.
\n "Young people represent the future of a country, and they share the important responsibility to enhance mutual understanding and trust, and contribute to human common development," Zhao said.
\n It's hoped that through the program, students can become a generation of cultural ambassadors and build lasting friendships between the two countries, he added.
\n The 2025 2025 Discover China Program included lectures on China's economic and technological development and diplomatic policies, as well as visits to historical and cultural landmarks and renowned companies in Beijing, Xi'an in Shaanxi province, and Hangzhou in Zhejiang province.
\n "I've always been interested in China. I think it's one of the most important countries to know about, given its significant history and global power," said Ashley Blake, a sophomore student in social sciences at Harvard University, and a tour participant.
\n Blake has studied Chinese for two years, and with her background in film and anthropology studies, decided to anchor her academic focus on East Asia, especially China, and "do some global cooperation" to tell Chinese stories that people can engage and connect with.
\n "It's almost impossible to have genuine collaboration if you're not actually experiencing other people's lives and not talking one-on-one," she said, noting that the tour offers her the opportunity to see and experience real Chinese culture and forge partnerships with Chinese people.
\n The perceptions and attitudes of young people from the US toward China are undergoing a positive shift, according to recent surveys.
\n A Pew Research survey from last year found that among young respondents aged 18 to 29, 28 percent of people from the US have a favorable impression of China. A total of 69 percent believed that China is a competitor or partner instead of an enemy, and 66 percent thought that China's global influence has become stronger in recent years.
\n Another tour participant, William Rose II from the University of Wyoming, said that future generations need to understand one another.
\n "I think countries should work together in whatever ways they can, because each country has its own set of unique properties that is beneficial for everybody. And why would I have any grudge against my neighbor overseas?" he said.
\n Exchange programs that offer young people from other parts of the world authentic experiences of China could facilitate the shift in their impression of the country from the uniform portrayal by Western media to a multilayered one brimming with unique characteristics, tour participants said.
\n "College students are at a stage where their values are stable, but they are still exploring the future, filled with endless possibilities. Exchange programs like Discover China can plant a seed of interest in China in their hearts at this crucial time. Therefore, no matter where they end up in the future, they will have a greater concern for China," said Liu Tiewa, dean of the Academy of Regional and Global Governance at Beijing Foreign Studies University.
\n Multilayered experience
\n These Discover China tours have been designed to incorporate visits to historical sites, cultural streets and companies in various cities, with the aim to "help young people feel the pulse of Chinese civilization and perceive its development momentum", said Zhao, the vice-president of BFSU.
\n Joshua Calandrella, a PhD student at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, made special note of the historic buildings.
\n "I've been very much impressed with the art and the architecture, such as the Forbidden City. Learning the symbolism behind it and knowing how they're preserved and respected is really inspiring. It puts the past and the present together in a really unique way," he said.
\n Blake was similarly impressed.
\n " (When it comes to) the preservation of symbols and palaces, the US is definitely not on the same level at all," she said.
\n Apart from getting a taste of the long history of the Chinese civilization, the students also experienced how technological innovation is transforming people's lives and leading to industrial advancements.
\n At a showroom in Beijing for Chinese electric carmaker Nio, the students experienced various electric vehicle models and saw how artificial intelligence technologies have been integrated into voice assistants and autonomous driving systems.
\n William Crow, a Norwegian student from the University of Oslo, said he was impressed with China's fast-developing EV industry.
\n "Just the idea that a car can have an operating system like a phone is very impressive," he said.
\n "You can download an app to watch a movie in your car. We got to sit in the car, and they put on some movie with a roller coaster theme and the car started to tilt to the left and right alongside the movie, which is just amazing. I think probably in 10 years, you might not even have a steering wheel."
\n Crow first came to China 10 years ago, and having witnessed how the country has developed over a decade, said that the digital revolution has been the most striking.
\n "Last time I came, I don't think I remember using Alipay and WeChat as much, but now it's everywhere. It's very convenient. You can use it even when buying food on the street. And there are lots of useful mini programs, the variety and number of which are impressive," he said.
\n Echoing Crow, Benjamin Graberg, a sophomore from the University of Bergen in Norway, and an exchange student at BFSU, said: "At the Nio showroom I saw the technological insights and the cars. I realized that maybe the narrative I was told isn't 100 percent accurate. And I actually felt an urge to buy a Chinese EV."
\n He added that the visit had dispelled misconceptions about Chinese EVs prevalent in the West.
\n China's openness in technology sharing and cooperation impressed the tour group most. In his reflection note after the program finished, Graberg said: "Despite a clear information embargo between China and many Western countries, this sign of openness and the wish to collaborate, in my opinion, clearly broke down barriers and illusions toward China. China is no longer a closed-off country, but one that wants to cooperate with European countries in the name of mutual gain. It gave the participants the idea that working and studying in China is no longer an unrealistic option, but a real possibility."
\n Far-reaching impact
\n Exchange programs inviting young people from across the world to engage in academic and cultural dialogue with their Chinese counterparts can have long-term effects in deepening the understanding of China and enhancing the friendships between peoples.
\n Blake, who said that she watches "a ton of Chinese dramas", shared one of the reasons for signing up for the trip. "I'm considering pursuing a PhD in East Asian studies, which would require me to spend more time here and further immerse myself in the language."
\n Perry Domasky, from Indiana University of Pennsylvania, said his biggest takeaway from the trip was how the Western discourse portraying China differs from what it really is.
\n "We're told in the West that China is monolithic and it's not cosmopolitan, and that couldn't be further from the truth. Every region has a completely different culture, but they're all still Chinese," Domasky said. "It opened my eyes to see what China really is, which motivated me to come back and continue studying Chinese.
\n "I've been taking as many pictures as I can, and I've been trying to observe as much as I can. And I'm going to make a slideshow telling everybody about what China was like, how different it was than how it's usually portrayed (in the West) when I go back," he added.
\n Rose II from Wyoming summed up his thoughts. "The cities are for sure different, but in some way they have the same rhythm. When you look at the people of China and the people of the United States, there is not a whole lot of differences," he said. "Regardless of what someone believes or not, the core principles and the morals of each person — being outgoing, friendly, having integrity, as far as I can tell, look pretty much the same."
\n xunuo@chinadaily.com.cn
\n",
- "content": "Online See more by scanning the code.
\nLeft: Participants in the 2025 Discover China Program visit the Palace Museum in Beijing. Center: Students from the United States learn about Chinese calligraphy during their tour. Right: Participants climb the Mutianyu section of the Great Wall of China in suburban Beijing.
\nTop: Participants communicate during an activity at Beijing Foreign Studies University. Above: Participants learn about guqin, or ancient Chinese zithers, at an exhibition.
\n Cultural exchange programs for young people from across the world to visit China have enabled them to experience the country's unique culture firsthand, and compare what they've learned of the country via Western sources with the reality as they see it on the ground.
\n The ongoing 2025 Discover China Program, organized by Beijing Foreign Studies University for the second year running, has promoted cultural exchanges and enhanced understanding of China for many of the young participants.
\n This year's tour was split into two parts, with the first part attended by 13 university students from the United States, and the second part attended by 37 students from European countries such as Norway, the Netherlands and Sweden.
\n In 2023, President Xi Jinping put forward the initiative of inviting 50,000 young people from the US to study or take part in exchanges in China in the following five years.
\n In May last year, President Xi pledged to increase the number of French students studying in China to over 10,000 and double the scale of exchanges with young people from Europe within the following three years.
\n Liu Limin, president of the China Education Association for International Exchange, was quoted as saying by the Center for China and Globalization that people-to-people exchanges are a crucial way for young people in China and the US to clear up misconceptions and deepen mutual understanding.
\n This will lay a solid public foundation for the future development of China-US relations, he said.
\n Youthful envoys
\n Zhao Gang, vice-president of Beijing Foreign Studies University, said at the opening ceremony of this year's program in June that these exchanges are of great importance.
\n "Young people represent the future of a country, and they share the important responsibility to enhance mutual understanding and trust, and contribute to human common development," Zhao said.
\n It's hoped that through the program, students can become a generation of cultural ambassadors and build lasting friendships between the two countries, he added.
\n The 2025 2025 Discover China Program included lectures on China's economic and technological development and diplomatic policies, as well as visits to historical and cultural landmarks and renowned companies in Beijing, Xi'an in Shaanxi province, and Hangzhou in Zhejiang province.
\n "I've always been interested in China. I think it's one of the most important countries to know about, given its significant history and global power," said Ashley Blake, a sophomore student in social sciences at Harvard University, and a tour participant.
\n Blake has studied Chinese for two years, and with her background in film and anthropology studies, decided to anchor her academic focus on East Asia, especially China, and "do some global cooperation" to tell Chinese stories that people can engage and connect with.
\n "It's almost impossible to have genuine collaboration if you're not actually experiencing other people's lives and not talking one-on-one," she said, noting that the tour offers her the opportunity to see and experience real Chinese culture and forge partnerships with Chinese people.
\n The perceptions and attitudes of young people from the US toward China are undergoing a positive shift, according to recent surveys.
\n A Pew Research survey from last year found that among young respondents aged 18 to 29, 28 percent of people from the US have a favorable impression of China. A total of 69 percent believed that China is a competitor or partner instead of an enemy, and 66 percent thought that China's global influence has become stronger in recent years.
\n Another tour participant, William Rose II from the University of Wyoming, said that future generations need to understand one another.
\n "I think countries should work together in whatever ways they can, because each country has its own set of unique properties that is beneficial for everybody. And why would I have any grudge against my neighbor overseas?" he said.
\n Exchange programs that offer young people from other parts of the world authentic experiences of China could facilitate the shift in their impression of the country from the uniform portrayal by Western media to a multilayered one brimming with unique characteristics, tour participants said.
\n "College students are at a stage where their values are stable, but they are still exploring the future, filled with endless possibilities. Exchange programs like Discover China can plant a seed of interest in China in their hearts at this crucial time. Therefore, no matter where they end up in the future, they will have a greater concern for China," said Liu Tiewa, dean of the Academy of Regional and Global Governance at Beijing Foreign Studies University.
\n Multilayered experience
\n These Discover China tours have been designed to incorporate visits to historical sites, cultural streets and companies in various cities, with the aim to "help young people feel the pulse of Chinese civilization and perceive its development momentum", said Zhao, the vice-president of BFSU.
\n Joshua Calandrella, a PhD student at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, made special note of the historic buildings.
\n "I've been very much impressed with the art and the architecture, such as the Forbidden City. Learning the symbolism behind it and knowing how they're preserved and respected is really inspiring. It puts the past and the present together in a really unique way," he said.
\n Blake was similarly impressed.
\n " (When it comes to) the preservation of symbols and palaces, the US is definitely not on the same level at all," she said.
\n Apart from getting a taste of the long history of the Chinese civilization, the students also experienced how technological innovation is transforming people's lives and leading to industrial advancements.
\n At a showroom in Beijing for Chinese electric carmaker Nio, the students experienced various electric vehicle models and saw how artificial intelligence technologies have been integrated into voice assistants and autonomous driving systems.
\n William Crow, a Norwegian student from the University of Oslo, said he was impressed with China's fast-developing EV industry.
\n "Just the idea that a car can have an operating system like a phone is very impressive," he said.
\n "You can download an app to watch a movie in your car. We got to sit in the car, and they put on some movie with a roller coaster theme and the car started to tilt to the left and right alongside the movie, which is just amazing. I think probably in 10 years, you might not even have a steering wheel."
\n Crow first came to China 10 years ago, and having witnessed how the country has developed over a decade, said that the digital revolution has been the most striking.
\n "Last time I came, I don't think I remember using Alipay and WeChat as much, but now it's everywhere. It's very convenient. You can use it even when buying food on the street. And there are lots of useful mini programs, the variety and number of which are impressive," he said.
\n Echoing Crow, Benjamin Graberg, a sophomore from the University of Bergen in Norway, and an exchange student at BFSU, said: "At the Nio showroom I saw the technological insights and the cars. I realized that maybe the narrative I was told isn't 100 percent accurate. And I actually felt an urge to buy a Chinese EV."
\n He added that the visit had dispelled misconceptions about Chinese EVs prevalent in the West.
\n China's openness in technology sharing and cooperation impressed the tour group most. In his reflection note after the program finished, Graberg said: "Despite a clear information embargo between China and many Western countries, this sign of openness and the wish to collaborate, in my opinion, clearly broke down barriers and illusions toward China. China is no longer a closed-off country, but one that wants to cooperate with European countries in the name of mutual gain. It gave the participants the idea that working and studying in China is no longer an unrealistic option, but a real possibility."
\n Far-reaching impact
\n Exchange programs inviting young people from across the world to engage in academic and cultural dialogue with their Chinese counterparts can have long-term effects in deepening the understanding of China and enhancing the friendships between peoples.
\n Blake, who said that she watches "a ton of Chinese dramas", shared one of the reasons for signing up for the trip. "I'm considering pursuing a PhD in East Asian studies, which would require me to spend more time here and further immerse myself in the language."
\n Perry Domasky, from Indiana University of Pennsylvania, said his biggest takeaway from the trip was how the Western discourse portraying China differs from what it really is.
\n "We're told in the West that China is monolithic and it's not cosmopolitan, and that couldn't be further from the truth. Every region has a completely different culture, but they're all still Chinese," Domasky said. "It opened my eyes to see what China really is, which motivated me to come back and continue studying Chinese.
\n "I've been taking as many pictures as I can, and I've been trying to observe as much as I can. And I'm going to make a slideshow telling everybody about what China was like, how different it was than how it's usually portrayed (in the West) when I go back," he added.
\n Rose II from Wyoming summed up his thoughts. "The cities are for sure different, but in some way they have the same rhythm. When you look at the people of China and the people of the United States, there is not a whole lot of differences," he said. "Regardless of what someone believes or not, the core principles and the morals of each person — being outgoing, friendly, having integrity, as far as I can tell, look pretty much the same."
\n xunuo@chinadaily.com.cn
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"title": "007CHINA - Breakthrough could deepen sea research",
"description": "![](\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-09-05/007/20250905_007_01_70.png\")
The soft robot is tested in the sea.
\n Patrolling in the dark seamount area at a depth of 4,070 meters, a robot fish about 32 centimeters long, with a wingspan of approximately 18 cm and weighing only 670 grams, glides flexibly along with all the real fishes.
\n This latest generation of the deep-sea soft robot is a new breakthrough in deep-sea exploration technology achieved by the research team led by Professor Li Guorui at the College of Shipbuilding Engineering of Harbin Engineering University in Heilongjiang province.
\n Their latest research, titled "Plasticized electrohydraulic robot autopilots in the deep sea", was published in the journal Science Robotics. Conducted in collaboration with Zhejiang University and the China Ship Scientific Research Center, the research team has developed an electrohydraulic-driven soft robot which has been applied to deep-sea exploration.
\n As the largest unexplored frontier on the earth, the deep sea holds the key to understanding life origins, resource exploration and climate evolution.
\n However, scientists face significant challenges due to extreme conditions such as high pressure and low temperatures during their exploration. There is also another obstacle: balancing the high costs of exploration and equipment reliability with the protection of fragile deep-sea ecosystems, according to the research team.
\n In 2022, the research team drew inspiration from the classical physical phenomenon of electrohydrodynamics to initiate the development of the electrohydraulic-driven deep-sea soft robot.
\n They innovatively applied the classical physical principle to design flexible equipment suitable for extreme deep-sea conditions.
\n By using an electrostatic field to control the orderly flow of dielectric fluid, researchers converted electric field forces into driving forces for flexible hydraulic units.
\n The designed electrohydraulic unit consists of a thin film shell, flexible electrodes and internal dielectric fluid, which flows directionally under Maxwell stress, precisely driving the flexible unit to produce controllable deformation.
\n The team systematically studied the large deformation effects of the flexible electrohydraulic unit under high pressure and low temperature, endowing the system with excellent deformation capabilities.
\n The dielectric fluid inside the driving unit can adaptively balance with the deep-sea water pressure, providing the system with full-depth pressure adaptability.
\n "The research team has been dedicated to exploring the expression and application expansion of the classical physical phenomenon in the mechanism of deep-sea electrohydraulic drive, which can provide a new approach for the design of driving systems for soft robots and intelligent equipment in extreme environments," said Li.
\n Without a pressure-resistant shell, the latest generation of the deep-sea soft robot can withstand the static water pressure at full ocean depth. The robot achieves coordinated drive of the electrohydraulic unit through its own miniaturized energy control system.
\n When electronic devices in the soft body generate high-voltage electrical signals, the flexible electrohydraulic unit will deform in a pattern similar to a fluid static skeleton under the stimulation of the voltage signal, enabling it to achieve various trajectory paths such as straight-line movement and turning in the deep-sea environment.
\n To further validate the reliability of the deep-sea soft robot in real-world deep-sea operations, the research team conducted a series of tests in various sea areas, including the Haima cold seep area and the deep-sea mountain area in the South China Sea.
\n On June 13, 2024, the robot was deployed at a depth of 3,176 meters in the South China Sea. Sea trial footage showed the robot successfully completed complex trajectory movements, near-bottom sensing, autonomous posture control, and return tasks in the challenging deep-sea flow environment.
\n On July 9, 2024, the robot conducted navigation tests at a depth of about 4,070 meters in a deep-sea mountain area, exploring the feasibility of coordinated operations between deep-sea submersibles and small deep-sea soft robots for large-area, low-disturbance deep-sea exploration.
\n Additionally, to further verify the ecological integration characteristics of the soft robot with the underwater environment, the team conducted in situ, close-range behavioral observations of the marine ecological environment and communities.
\n "After enduring multiple rigorous sea trials, the soft robot has demonstrated excellent mobility, reliable adaptability to extreme environments, and low-disturbance detection capabilities," said Shen Peng, a member of the team. "It holds promise for providing sustainable technological pathways and innovative methods for deep-sea ecological observation."
\n Currently, the team is focusing on interdisciplinary exploration in mechanics, information and manufacturing to develop miniaturized deep-sea soft robots with integrated driving, sensing, and communication capabilities, as well as swarm intelligence.
\n In the future, they aim to overcome key challenges related to material durability, system reliability and intelligence levels of flexible equipment in extreme environments, according to the team.
\n zhouhuiying@chinadaily.com.cn
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- "title": "007CHINA - Bamboo workshop targets disabled in Southeast Asia",
- "description": "![](\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-09-05/007/20250905_007_03_32.png\")
Officials and experts from Southeast Asia participate in a training program in Beijing in July.
\n Once dismissed as the "poor man's timber" in the Philippines, bamboo is now being recognized for its potential to create jobs and transform lives, especially for people with disabilities, said Filipino architect Jed Michael de Guzman, who recently attended bamboo weaving training in Beijing.
\n With 14 years of architectural experience, including six focused on bamboo construction, De Guzman came to China eager to explore new opportunities along the bamboo supply chain.
\n "Not many people with disabilities can take part in bamboo construction, but bamboo weaving opens more doors for them, as well as for small and medium-sized enterprises in the Philippines," he explained.
\n The training program, organized by the National Academy of Forestry and Grassland Administration in Beijing and sponsored by China's Ministry of Commerce, was designed to support poverty alleviation and empower people with disabilities in Southeast Asia. According to NAFGA, the program aims to build a cooperation platform with Southeast Asian countries.
\n A total of 20 officials and experts from Laos, Nepal, Malaysia, Thailand and the Philippines, specializing in disability empowerment and community development, participated in the two-week program in July.
\n In Beijing, participants attended seminars with experts from the International Bamboo and Rattan Organization and the China Disabled Persons' Federation.
\n They then traveled to Sichuan province, a region rich in bamboo resources, where they learned traditional weaving techniques, including those recognized as intangible cultural heritage. Craft masters guided them in bamboo basket-weaving and other artisanal skills.
\n "Bamboo weaving is a way to create maximum value from minimal resources. It not only strengthens industries but also benefits people with disabilities, since weaving is labor-intensive and accessible," said De Guzman.
\n He shared that he has been running a bamboo boot camp in the mountains of Davao, where participants gain hands-on experience at every step of bamboo construction, from propagation and harvesting to building. After attending the training in China, he plans to introduce bamboo weaving programs in his local community.
\n For Sandra from Sarawak OKU Skills Development Association in Malaysia, the training was equally eye-opening. Her organization aims to help people with disabilities build skills.
\n "I joined this program to explore new weaving techniques and international perspectives. It has broadened my knowledge and inspired innovation in using bamboo as a modern material," she said.
\n Having witnessed China's approach to empowering people with disabilities through handicraft skills, Sandra believes that bamboo weaving can boost confidence and provide sustainable income for disadvantaged groups.
\n In Sarawak, where bamboo resources are abundant but underutilized, she sees enormous potential.
\n "The program shows how efficiently China is using its resources compared with other developing countries," De Guzman said. "More importantly, it reflects China's commitment to leaving no one behind, creating jobs and development opportunities that include people with disabilities."
\n lishangyi@chinadaily.com.cn
\n
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- "content": "Officials and experts from Southeast Asia participate in a training program in Beijing in July.
\n Once dismissed as the "poor man's timber" in the Philippines, bamboo is now being recognized for its potential to create jobs and transform lives, especially for people with disabilities, said Filipino architect Jed Michael de Guzman, who recently attended bamboo weaving training in Beijing.
\n With 14 years of architectural experience, including six focused on bamboo construction, De Guzman came to China eager to explore new opportunities along the bamboo supply chain.
\n "Not many people with disabilities can take part in bamboo construction, but bamboo weaving opens more doors for them, as well as for small and medium-sized enterprises in the Philippines," he explained.
\n The training program, organized by the National Academy of Forestry and Grassland Administration in Beijing and sponsored by China's Ministry of Commerce, was designed to support poverty alleviation and empower people with disabilities in Southeast Asia. According to NAFGA, the program aims to build a cooperation platform with Southeast Asian countries.
\n A total of 20 officials and experts from Laos, Nepal, Malaysia, Thailand and the Philippines, specializing in disability empowerment and community development, participated in the two-week program in July.
\n In Beijing, participants attended seminars with experts from the International Bamboo and Rattan Organization and the China Disabled Persons' Federation.
\n They then traveled to Sichuan province, a region rich in bamboo resources, where they learned traditional weaving techniques, including those recognized as intangible cultural heritage. Craft masters guided them in bamboo basket-weaving and other artisanal skills.
\n "Bamboo weaving is a way to create maximum value from minimal resources. It not only strengthens industries but also benefits people with disabilities, since weaving is labor-intensive and accessible," said De Guzman.
\n He shared that he has been running a bamboo boot camp in the mountains of Davao, where participants gain hands-on experience at every step of bamboo construction, from propagation and harvesting to building. After attending the training in China, he plans to introduce bamboo weaving programs in his local community.
\n For Sandra from Sarawak OKU Skills Development Association in Malaysia, the training was equally eye-opening. Her organization aims to help people with disabilities build skills.
\n "I joined this program to explore new weaving techniques and international perspectives. It has broadened my knowledge and inspired innovation in using bamboo as a modern material," she said.
\n Having witnessed China's approach to empowering people with disabilities through handicraft skills, Sandra believes that bamboo weaving can boost confidence and provide sustainable income for disadvantaged groups.
\n In Sarawak, where bamboo resources are abundant but underutilized, she sees enormous potential.
\n "The program shows how efficiently China is using its resources compared with other developing countries," De Guzman said. "More importantly, it reflects China's commitment to leaving no one behind, creating jobs and development opportunities that include people with disabilities."
\n lishangyi@chinadaily.com.cn
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{
"title": "008COMMENT - Manila trying to distort postwar order",
"description": " Despite China's consistent efforts to resolve its territorial disputes with the Philippines through peaceful dialogue and friendly consultations, the Ferdinand Marcos Jr government has time and again provoked China on issues related to the South China Sea in disregard of Beijing's continuous display of restraint and goodwill. By repeatedly making waves in the waters with the help of external forces, Manila has shown itself to be a troublemaker jeopardizing regional security and stability.
\n In its latest provocation, the Philippine Navy, in collaboration with the armed forces of Australia and Canada, conducted a so-called multilateral maritime cooperative activity in the South China Sea on Wednesday, prompting the People's Liberation Army Navy to be on high alert and conduct a cautionary patrol.
\n Stressing that any attempt to create hot spots in the South China Sea will not succeed, a spokesman for the PLA Southern Theater Command said that Chinese forces will resolutely defend the country's territorial sovereignty and maritime rights.
\n It is noteworthy that Manila chose Sept 3 as the day on which to stage its latest provocation, as China held commemorative activities including a grand military parade in Beijing, to mark the 80th anniversary of the victory in the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression (1931-45) and the World Anti-Fascist War that day. This makes the Marcos government's move extremely egregious as the Philippines also suffered from Japanese aggression.
\n China's territorial rights are supported by the Cairo Declaration of 1943, the Potsdam Proclamation of 1945, as well as other postwar arrangements under international law, which affirm that China recovered Taiwan island in October 1945, and in the following year started the process of receiving and reclaiming South China Sea islands such as the Xisha and Nansha islands, which had been seized and occupied by Japanese aggressors.
\n The return of the territories to China was completed in December of the same year, and announced to the world. Subsequently, China officially issued the Location Map of the South China Sea Islands, formalizing its legal recovery of these islands under international law.
\n The postwar international order established the basis for China's recovery of its South China Sea islands and resumption of it exercising sovereignty over them. As the world marks the 80th anniversary of the victory in the war, it is pertinent to reaffirm this historical truth.
\n What Manila has done, with the connivance and encouragement of external forces, poses a grave challenge to the postwar international order, which risks sparking regional instability by undermining established international rules. The reckless actions of Manila may also lead to increased geopolitical tensions, which will only hinder cooperation among nations, erode trust for diplomacy and potentially spark regional or even global conflicts.
\n Moreover, Manila has engaged in provocations targeting China with increasing frequency. Just two weeks prior to the latest joint patrols, Philippine and Australian forces teamed up in Manila's westernmost province for a large-scale joint drill — which was Canberra's largest deployment of troops to Southeast Asia since 1999. Such complicity in Manila's provocations has only emboldened the Marcos government. Inciting and supporting Manila's irresponsible moves are the major cause of increased tensions that have harmed the shared interests of countries in the region. This has left China with no other choice but to take firm and resolute countermeasures against any provocative behavior to safeguard its justified and legitimate interests.
\n In addressing maritime issues between nations, China remains committed to maintaining peace and stability in the region together with neighboring countries. It consistently upholds international law and regional rules such as the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea.
\n It is hoped that all relevant parties will work collaboratively to promote harmony and cooperation in the South China Sea.
\n",
@@ -10147,28 +9839,6 @@
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- "title": "008COMMENT - EU engaging with markets of the future reflects the changing times",
- "description": " For Mercosur, the Southern Common Market, the European Union is its second-largest trading partner, with exports totaling €57 billion ($66.43 billion) in 2024 and accounting for a quarter of the latter's trade in services.
\n For the EU, Mercosur's total trade with it was just 2 percent of the latter's total trade in 2022. On the surface that does not seem like a lot. Yet over the past decade, the EU's imports from these nations grew by €18.8 billion, up 50.3 percent, while its exports rose by €11.1 billion. Besides, the EU's exports of goods to Mexico reached €53 billion in 2024, a remarkable 324 percent rise since the EU-Mexico trade agreement took effect in 2000.
\n Mercosur's 295 million population and Mexico's roughly 130 million indicate that the EU is engaging with growing markets. Moreover, the EU is already Mercosur's largest foreign investor, with a stock of €390 billion, compared with €209 billion in Mexico in 2023.
\n Against this backdrop, the European Commission's proposals to the European Council for concluding the EU-Mercosur Partnership Agreement and the modernized EU-Mexico Global Agreement are on expected lines. As European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen noted: "EU businesses and the EU agri-food sector will immediately reap the benefits of lower tariffs and lower costs, contributing to economic growth and job creation."
\n Analysts point out that the EU's introduction of a safeguard mechanism for agricultural products, following a provisional agreement with Mercosur last December, has helped. This maneuver must be seen in the context of the trade uncertainties caused by the United States, which has wielded tariffs aggressively and issued extensive trade lists across multiple economies.
\n The EU's implicit strategy is to diversify from its traditionally largest trading partner, the US, and place a larger portion of its economic eggs in the "emerging markets "basket. The basket may seem small today, but it offers a higher growth potential and more predictable returns tomorrow.
\n These moves reflect a subtle but significant shift in EU priorities to actively engage with the developing world. It is a calculated choice to embrace the markets of the future rather than rely solely on the ones of the past. For China, this evolution offers both opportunity and insight. As the EU's second-largest trading partner, its third-largest export market, and largest source of imports, China still holds substantial room to deepen cooperation with Europe. Shared challenges, such as the pressure of US tariffs, create incentives for strategic alignment.
\n In a world where major economies are increasingly pivoting toward emerging markets, China can play a big role in helping to draw the contours of tomorrow's global trade landscape. For the EU, engaging with such dynamic economies displays a long-term strategic vision for growth, influence, and resilience in a world of uncertainties.
\n In essence, the EU's shifts toward Mercosur and Mexico are more than mere trade deals. They are statements of the world's intent, a recognition that tomorrow's prosperity will be won by those willing to invest in future markets, nurture strategic partnerships, and balance economic ambition with political foresight. And in this shifting global order, China stands as both a partner and a reminder that the future belongs to those who look forward, not backward.
\n",
- "content": " For Mercosur, the Southern Common Market, the European Union is its second-largest trading partner, with exports totaling €57 billion ($66.43 billion) in 2024 and accounting for a quarter of the latter's trade in services.
\n For the EU, Mercosur's total trade with it was just 2 percent of the latter's total trade in 2022. On the surface that does not seem like a lot. Yet over the past decade, the EU's imports from these nations grew by €18.8 billion, up 50.3 percent, while its exports rose by €11.1 billion. Besides, the EU's exports of goods to Mexico reached €53 billion in 2024, a remarkable 324 percent rise since the EU-Mexico trade agreement took effect in 2000.
\n Mercosur's 295 million population and Mexico's roughly 130 million indicate that the EU is engaging with growing markets. Moreover, the EU is already Mercosur's largest foreign investor, with a stock of €390 billion, compared with €209 billion in Mexico in 2023.
\n Against this backdrop, the European Commission's proposals to the European Council for concluding the EU-Mercosur Partnership Agreement and the modernized EU-Mexico Global Agreement are on expected lines. As European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen noted: "EU businesses and the EU agri-food sector will immediately reap the benefits of lower tariffs and lower costs, contributing to economic growth and job creation."
\n Analysts point out that the EU's introduction of a safeguard mechanism for agricultural products, following a provisional agreement with Mercosur last December, has helped. This maneuver must be seen in the context of the trade uncertainties caused by the United States, which has wielded tariffs aggressively and issued extensive trade lists across multiple economies.
\n The EU's implicit strategy is to diversify from its traditionally largest trading partner, the US, and place a larger portion of its economic eggs in the "emerging markets "basket. The basket may seem small today, but it offers a higher growth potential and more predictable returns tomorrow.
\n These moves reflect a subtle but significant shift in EU priorities to actively engage with the developing world. It is a calculated choice to embrace the markets of the future rather than rely solely on the ones of the past. For China, this evolution offers both opportunity and insight. As the EU's second-largest trading partner, its third-largest export market, and largest source of imports, China still holds substantial room to deepen cooperation with Europe. Shared challenges, such as the pressure of US tariffs, create incentives for strategic alignment.
\n In a world where major economies are increasingly pivoting toward emerging markets, China can play a big role in helping to draw the contours of tomorrow's global trade landscape. For the EU, engaging with such dynamic economies displays a long-term strategic vision for growth, influence, and resilience in a world of uncertainties.
\n In essence, the EU's shifts toward Mercosur and Mexico are more than mere trade deals. They are statements of the world's intent, a recognition that tomorrow's prosperity will be won by those willing to invest in future markets, nurture strategic partnerships, and balance economic ambition with political foresight. And in this shifting global order, China stands as both a partner and a reminder that the future belongs to those who look forward, not backward.
\n",
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"title": "009VIEWS - Honor sacrifices of China, Russia in WWII",
"description": "![](\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-09-05/009/20250905_009_01_55713.png\")
\n Four score years ago, our predecessors were caught up in an unprecedentedly arduous war in human history. And the scars the World Anti-Fascist War left behind can never be erased.
\n Fortunately, however, in the battle between good and evil, good ultimately triumphed. Commemorating the sacrifices our predecessors made to protect us against evil on the 80th anniversary of the victory in that war will endow us with greater strength, enabling us to move forward.
\n Given the Western-dominated historical narrative of World War II, many are aware of the significance of the Miracle of Dunkirk, the Normandy landings and the Battle of Midway.
\n But in the main theater in the East, China had already been engaged in a grueling and heroic Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression (1931-45) for 10 years before the Pearl Harbor attack, following which the United States ultimately declared war on Japan.
\n China, the main battlefield against Japanese aggression, paid a heavy price for resisting fascist forces — with 35 million casualties — during World War II. In Europe, the Soviet Union was the main battlefield against German fascist forces and suffered the heaviest loss — about 27 million lives.
\n It was against Nazi Germany, and fascist Japan and Italy that the advocates of justice around the world came together. China, the US, the Soviet Union and the United Kingdom mainly formed the antifascist alliance, after more than four years of tenacious struggle, ultimately achieving victory. These four countries, along with France, became the cornerstone of the United Nations Security Council, and the guardians of world peace and order.
\n When a country loses its sense of right and wrong and historical perspective for short-term gains, cognitive dissonance arises, followed by a host of complex contradictions, problems and disputes. And when humankind abandons the correct historical perspective, the world falls into turmoil, and confrontations and wars have proliferated.
\n After the end of World War II, the international situation underwent drastic changes. The Cold War broke out, with the US and the Soviet Union vying for global hegemony.
\n This led to a change in the US' strategic need for Japan. In order to contain the Soviet Union's influence in Asia, the US chose not to cleanse Japanese society of militarism and instead began supporting Japan's policies.
\n As a result, many Japanese war criminals escaped punishment, with some of them even assuming important positions in the Japanese government. Also, due to Japan's constitutional monarchy form of government, the emperor's family members continued to be involved in Japanese politics, creating a complex web of connections between high-ranking officials and war criminals.
\n Consequently, some Japanese politicians today continue to cover up, avoid or refuse to reflect on their country's wartime past. Some even deny, try to whitewash, and glorify Japan's history of militarism, with certain Japanese politicians, rather a part of Japanese society, distorting history and confusing the people.
\n Worse, eighty years have passed, and the signs of this scar flaring up again are becoming increasingly evident, every year on the anniversary of Japan's surrender in World War II, Japanese prime ministers and Cabinet members visit or send offerings to Yasukuni Shrine, which honors, among others, 14 Class A war criminals, rubbing salt into the historical wounds of the people of Asia.
\n Given these facts, Japan is unlikely to reflect on its militaristic past. Instead, it could once again become a belligerent, warmongering power.
\n From the perspective of ideology and great-power rivalry, the West has deliberately downplayed and diminished the roles of China and Russia in the anti-fascist war. The Soviet Union, as the main European battlefield, paid the price with 27 million lives.
\n Yet in the Western narrative, it was the United States and the United Kingdom that defeated fascist Germany in World War II. China endured 14 years of bloody struggle, suffering 35 million casualties, but according to the Western historical narrative, China's contributions in World War II are deliberately downplayed. The hard-won victory in World War II at the cost of the blood and lives of tens of millions of Chinese and Russian people, have been deliberately overlooked by many Western historians and observers.
\n China and Russia both are major countries in the fast-changing world. But their relationship today is not an alliance; it is a strategic cooperative partnership in the new era based on the common cognition of global peace — and their need to safeguard national security.
\n If signs of a resurgence of Japanese militarism become evident, China and Russia, together with other peace-loving countries, will firmly oppose it. The two countries, along with others, stood together during World War II to defend justice, and remain committed to preventing any return of militarism that threatens peace and stability in Asia.
\n China and Russia have the responsibility to address the root causes that threaten Asian security and lay the foundation for lasting peace in East Asia and the world.
\n In this context, China's Victory Day military parade on Sept 3 should be seen as a display of the country's peace-loving forces, aimed at pursuing peace through deterrence. This is the best way to stop those who are eager to trigger conflicts.
\n The views don't necessarily represent those of China Daily.
\n",
@@ -10191,28 +9861,6 @@
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- "title": "009VIEWS - Great experience covering nation's transformation as a journalist",
- "description": "![](\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-09-05/009/20250905_009_03_51713.png\")
Chen Weihua
\n![](\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-09-05/009/20250905_009_03_60713.png\")
\n When I first joined China Daily in Beijing in 1987, I was housed in a dorm in Tuanjiehu Hotel not far from the then office on the People's Daily compound on Jintai Xilu. That hotel, in fact, the entire compound, was nowhere to be seen and the area was unrecognizable when I went there to have dinner with friends last week. The area where horse-drawn carts were common has become part of the central business district.
\n A similar transformation has taken place in my home city of Shanghai, where I was posted from 1988 to 2009. I was in Shanghai on April 18, 1990, when then premier Li Peng announced the launch of Pudong New Area. Pudong was mostly farmland where my elder brother used to take me to catch crickets during our childhood.
\n The Pudong skyline is now one of the most futuristic in the world. The area is home to banks, financial institutions, tech companies, and advanced manufacturing facilities from around the world, as well as splendid cultural and sports facilities.
\n Traveling on the high-speed train between Shanghai and Beijing over the past 14 years, I've seen the view from the train window changing, with new skylines emerging here and there. The same phenomenal transformation has taken place across the country, not just in developed big and coastal cities but also in the relatively less-developed northwestern and southwestern regions.
\n While China paid a high environmental price for the supersonic economic growth in the initial decades after the launch of reform and opening-up, the nationwide campaign of "green mountains and clear waters are actually equal to mountains of gold and silver" has started to pay dividends. For example, smog in Shanghai and other Chinese cities is less severe today than 10 years ago. But more needs to be done to improve the air quality across the country.
\n In 1988, I embarked on my first trip abroad on a COSCO container ship to cover China's largest shipping company and the lives of its sailors. The vessel set sail from Tianjin — where on Aug 31 and Sept 1 leaders of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization gathered for a summit — to Japan, Australia and New Zealand.
\n No one at the time thought the Tianjin port would become the world's eighth-largest container port. As a matter of fact, six of the top eight ports in the world today are in China, with Shanghai being the biggest.
\n The situation was totally different in 1988, when China's GDP was only $313 billion, lower than Canada's $509 billion and Italy's $894 billion.
\n During that two-month-long ocean voyage, I bought a 21-inch Hitachi color TV set — a much-coveted electrical appliance in China in those days — in Yokohama, Japan. Few then imagined China would become the world's largest manufacturing country, making not just large-screen TV sets and other electrical and electronic products, but also electric vehicles, solar photovoltaic panels and wind turbines.
\n China's engineering achievements, building some of the most spectacular bridges and by far the largest high-speed railway network, have left the world in awe and inspired other developing countries, including SCO member states, to initiate similar development projects.
\n China's success story is attributed to its hardworking people as well as reform and opening-up policy. As such, it should advance its high-level opening-up and play a bigger role in international cooperation and global governance amid the increasingly volatile international environment.
\n After winding up my 38-year career at China Daily in late August, I intend to spend the next decade discovering my country. I know many of the places I visited 16 years ago are unrecognizable today due to rapid modernization. And those include my ancestral hometown of Fuding in Fujian province, known the world over for its white tea. Once a poor, remote mountainous region, it is now connected to Shanghai by a four-hour high-speed train and a seven-hour drive.
\n It has indeed been a fantastic experience covering a rapidly changing China, both from home and abroad, for 38 years.
\n chenweihua@chinadaily.com.cn
\n",
- "content": "Chen Weihua
\n\n When I first joined China Daily in Beijing in 1987, I was housed in a dorm in Tuanjiehu Hotel not far from the then office on the People's Daily compound on Jintai Xilu. That hotel, in fact, the entire compound, was nowhere to be seen and the area was unrecognizable when I went there to have dinner with friends last week. The area where horse-drawn carts were common has become part of the central business district.
\n A similar transformation has taken place in my home city of Shanghai, where I was posted from 1988 to 2009. I was in Shanghai on April 18, 1990, when then premier Li Peng announced the launch of Pudong New Area. Pudong was mostly farmland where my elder brother used to take me to catch crickets during our childhood.
\n The Pudong skyline is now one of the most futuristic in the world. The area is home to banks, financial institutions, tech companies, and advanced manufacturing facilities from around the world, as well as splendid cultural and sports facilities.
\n Traveling on the high-speed train between Shanghai and Beijing over the past 14 years, I've seen the view from the train window changing, with new skylines emerging here and there. The same phenomenal transformation has taken place across the country, not just in developed big and coastal cities but also in the relatively less-developed northwestern and southwestern regions.
\n While China paid a high environmental price for the supersonic economic growth in the initial decades after the launch of reform and opening-up, the nationwide campaign of "green mountains and clear waters are actually equal to mountains of gold and silver" has started to pay dividends. For example, smog in Shanghai and other Chinese cities is less severe today than 10 years ago. But more needs to be done to improve the air quality across the country.
\n In 1988, I embarked on my first trip abroad on a COSCO container ship to cover China's largest shipping company and the lives of its sailors. The vessel set sail from Tianjin — where on Aug 31 and Sept 1 leaders of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization gathered for a summit — to Japan, Australia and New Zealand.
\n No one at the time thought the Tianjin port would become the world's eighth-largest container port. As a matter of fact, six of the top eight ports in the world today are in China, with Shanghai being the biggest.
\n The situation was totally different in 1988, when China's GDP was only $313 billion, lower than Canada's $509 billion and Italy's $894 billion.
\n During that two-month-long ocean voyage, I bought a 21-inch Hitachi color TV set — a much-coveted electrical appliance in China in those days — in Yokohama, Japan. Few then imagined China would become the world's largest manufacturing country, making not just large-screen TV sets and other electrical and electronic products, but also electric vehicles, solar photovoltaic panels and wind turbines.
\n China's engineering achievements, building some of the most spectacular bridges and by far the largest high-speed railway network, have left the world in awe and inspired other developing countries, including SCO member states, to initiate similar development projects.
\n China's success story is attributed to its hardworking people as well as reform and opening-up policy. As such, it should advance its high-level opening-up and play a bigger role in international cooperation and global governance amid the increasingly volatile international environment.
\n After winding up my 38-year career at China Daily in late August, I intend to spend the next decade discovering my country. I know many of the places I visited 16 years ago are unrecognizable today due to rapid modernization. And those include my ancestral hometown of Fuding in Fujian province, known the world over for its white tea. Once a poor, remote mountainous region, it is now connected to Shanghai by a four-hour high-speed train and a seven-hour drive.
\n It has indeed been a fantastic experience covering a rapidly changing China, both from home and abroad, for 38 years.
\n chenweihua@chinadaily.com.cn
\n",
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"title": "010WORLD - Tomb tells tales",
"description": "![](\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-09-05/010/20250905_010_02_69273.png\")
Archaeologist Rodemi Chuquilin (right) excavates human remains and clay vessels dating back more than 1,000 years to the pre-Inca Ychsma culture, uncovered by city workers digging a natural gas line in the Santiago de Surco district of Lima, Peru, on Wednesday.
\n",
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- "title": "010WORLD - Briefly",
- "description": " UNITED STATES
\n Court orders Harvard fund freeze reversal
\n A federal judge on Wednesday ruled that US President Donald Trump's administration unlawfully terminated about $2.2 billion in grants awarded to Harvard University and can no longer cut off research funding to the school. The decision by United States District Judge Allison Burroughs in Boston marked a major legal victory for Harvard as it seeks to cut a deal that could bring an end to the White House's multifront conflict with the university. While Harvard had tolerated hateful behavior for too long, the Trump administration "used antisemitism as a smokescreen for a targeted, ideologically motivated assault on this country's premier universities", Burroughs said.
\n FRANCE
\n Cookie law violation costs Google $379m
\n France's data protection authority fined Google on Wednesday for failing to respect the law on internet cookies. The CNIL watchdog announced in a statement that it was imposing a fine of 325 million euros ($379 million) on the search giant, which failed to secure users' free and informed consent before setting advertising cookies on their browsers. Cookies are small files saved to browsers by websites that can collect data about users' online activity, making them essential to online advertising and the business models of many large platforms. The CNIL added that Google also violated rules by displaying advertisements in Gmail's tabs without obtaining user consent.
\n AFGHANISTAN
\n Earthquake death toll jumps to over 2,200
\n The death toll from the powerful earthquake that struck eastern Afghanistan on the weekend rose sharply to more than 2,200 on Thursday, according to a new toll, making it the deadliest in decades to hit the country. The vast majority of those killed in the magnitude-6.0 earthquake that jolted the mountainous region bordering Pakistan on Sunday were in Kunar Province, where 2,205 people died and 3,640 were injured, according to the Taliban government figures. Another 12 people were killed and hundreds injured in the neighboring provinces of Nangarhar and Laghman.
\n",
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\n Court orders Harvard fund freeze reversal
\n A federal judge on Wednesday ruled that US President Donald Trump's administration unlawfully terminated about $2.2 billion in grants awarded to Harvard University and can no longer cut off research funding to the school. The decision by United States District Judge Allison Burroughs in Boston marked a major legal victory for Harvard as it seeks to cut a deal that could bring an end to the White House's multifront conflict with the university. While Harvard had tolerated hateful behavior for too long, the Trump administration "used antisemitism as a smokescreen for a targeted, ideologically motivated assault on this country's premier universities", Burroughs said.
\n FRANCE
\n Cookie law violation costs Google $379m
\n France's data protection authority fined Google on Wednesday for failing to respect the law on internet cookies. The CNIL watchdog announced in a statement that it was imposing a fine of 325 million euros ($379 million) on the search giant, which failed to secure users' free and informed consent before setting advertising cookies on their browsers. Cookies are small files saved to browsers by websites that can collect data about users' online activity, making them essential to online advertising and the business models of many large platforms. The CNIL added that Google also violated rules by displaying advertisements in Gmail's tabs without obtaining user consent.
\n AFGHANISTAN
\n Earthquake death toll jumps to over 2,200
\n The death toll from the powerful earthquake that struck eastern Afghanistan on the weekend rose sharply to more than 2,200 on Thursday, according to a new toll, making it the deadliest in decades to hit the country. The vast majority of those killed in the magnitude-6.0 earthquake that jolted the mountainous region bordering Pakistan on Sunday were in Kunar Province, where 2,205 people died and 3,640 were injured, according to the Taliban government figures. Another 12 people were killed and hundreds injured in the neighboring provinces of Nangarhar and Laghman.
\n",
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"title": "012WORLD - Pakistan seeks fresh momentum for CPEC",
"description": "![](\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-09-05/012/20250905_012_01_66115.png\")
\n Pakistani Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif on Thursday welcomed Chinese companies to invest in Pakistan, pledging to create win-win opportunities and inject new momentum into the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor.
\n Sharif made the remarks while addressing the second Pakistan-China B2B Investment Conference in Beijing.
\n Pakistan dispatched its largest-ever business delegation to the event, covering agriculture, information technology, commerce, finance and other fields, which Sharif said reflected Islamabad's strong commitment to advancing economic ties with China.
\n Highlighting the "ironclad "friendship that has endured for over seven decades, Sharif recalled that Pakistan has always received China's steadfast support in times of crisis, whether during earthquakes, floods or global turbulence.
\n Noting the signing of the landmark China-Pakistan Economic Corridor agreement in 2015, he said the project has enabled Pakistan to overcome crippling power shortages, achieve energy self-sufficiency and revive its industry and agriculture.
\n CPEC is a framework of regional connectivity and a signature project of the Belt and Road Initiative.
\n Looking ahead, Sharif said the two sides are launching CPEC 2.0, with priorities including B2B investment, agriculture, IT, mineral development and special economic zones.
\n He emphasized that industrial cooperation will remain the "cornerstone" of bilateral economic ties and a defining feature of CPEC's high-quality development in its second phase.
\n Sharif invited Chinese companies to consider Pakistan as a preferred investment destination, particularly for relocating industries into special economic zones as Pakistan offers a unique comparative advantage with a large pool of skilled and cost-effective labor, competitive input costs, and strategic connectivity to regional and global markets.
\n Achievements hailed
\n The prime minister also hailed China's remarkable achievements over the past five decades, from becoming the world's second-largest economy to lifting millions out of poverty, and pledged that Pakistan would strive to learn from its success and build a stronger national economy.
\n Ren Hongbin, chairman of the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade, said at the event that the council will establish more tailored trade promotion platforms, supporting Chinese enterprises to import Pakistan's competitive products such as cotton yarn, leather, garments, seafood and nuts, while also encouraging more investment in Pakistan. China has been Pakistan's largest trading partner for 10 consecutive years, its top import source, second-largest export market, and the biggest source of foreign direct investment.
\n According to figures from the General Administration of Customs of China, the total bilateral trade in goods between China and Pakistan reached $23.1 billion in 2024, an increase of 11.1 percent from the previous year. Figures from the Huaon Industrial Research Institute show that from January to July this year, bilateral trade reached $14.5 billion, up 11.5 percent year-on-year.
\n He Zhenwei, president of the China Overseas Development Association, said the CPEC has shifted from "hard connectivity "in infrastructure to "soft connectivity" in industrial cooperation, green and low-carbon growth, and livelihood improvements, making it a powerful driver of Pakistan's socioeconomic development.
\n He expressed hope that Pakistan will create a more favorable business environment for Chinese high-tech firms, noting that Chinese enterprises going abroad now aim not only to secure resources but also to export standards and solutions in areas such as electric vehicles and digital payments.
\n He said the association is preparing job fairs for Chinese companies operating in Pakistan.
\n The initiative will target more than 38,000 Pakistani students currently studying in China, aiming both to ease labor shortages for businesses and to help students secure employment opportunities after graduation.
\n zhaojia@chinadaily.com.cn
\n",
@@ -10279,28 +9905,6 @@
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- "title": "012WORLD - Science and sustainability: Unilever's carbon net zero innovation hub",
- "description": "![](\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-09-05/012/20250905_012_03_35115.png\")
Clockwise from left: Mike Parkington, chief R&D officer of Unilever Home Care, highlights the company's "Bright Future" strategy during his visit to China. A display of Unilever Home Care's latest core innovation products, showcasing superior performance and sustainability. Unilever's U66 R&D Center in Shanghai, a facility dedicated to driving superior product innovation to brighten everyday life for all.
\n![](\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-09-05/012/20250905_012_03_68115.png\")
\n Consumer goods giant Unilever has announced the establishment of its Carbon Net Zero Innovation Hub in Yancheng city, East China's Jiangsu province. The company will collaborate with Chinese research institutes and industrial partners to accelerate the green and low-carbon transformation of the chemical industry.
\n Environmental action
\n Environmental protection is one of the most pressing global issues, and China has been actively fulfilling its responsibilities as a major country while playing a key role in global climate governance. In 2020, China set out its dual-carbon strategy, aiming to peak carbon emissions by 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060.
\n Over the past five years, central and local authorities across China have advanced this goal in manufacturing, energy, transport, urban and rural construction, achieving notable progress. Reaching this vision requires not only policy support from the government, scientific research from universities and cooperation from the public, but also actions from enterprises and close coordination between all parties.
\n In response to climate change, Unilever has introduced a Climate Transition Action Plan, committed to achieve zero operational greenhouse gas emissions (Scope 1 & 2) by 2030 and reach net zero across its entire value chain (Scope 1, 2 & 3) by 2039.
\n In China, Unilever is aligning with national goals by strengthening research and development, partnering with Chinese institutions and suppliers, and scaling renewable and recycled carbon technologies in its product portfolio, creating a meaningful influence for its consumers and communities.
\n The Carbon Net Zero Innovation Hub will focus on recycling biomass carbon resources and supporting the chemical industry's transition to net zero. By introducing renewable commodity chemicals — produced from biomass using clean energy — into the fine chemical value chain, the hub will unlock low carbon ingredients for consumer goods and bring low carbon products into consumers' daily lives. It will also explore new paths for closer collaboration with authorities as well as academic and industry partners.
\n Unmissably superior products
\n Today, Unilever is driving the transition from traditional petrochemical sources to renewable carbon alternatives. As one of Unilever's key business groups, Home Care boasts products reaching nearly every consumer's daily life. According to Mike Parkington, chief R&D officer of Unilever Home Care, the business is guided by a consumer-centric business strategy grounded in unmissable superiority and sustainability.
\n Under this strategy, Unilever Home Care has advanced a portfolio of breakthrough innovations. In partnership with Evonik, it developed a new green surfactant, Rhamnolipid, derived from renewable sugar, now used in dishwashing liquid sold in Chile, Vietnam, Indonesia and Thailand. The 100 percent plant-based and biodegradable formula offers strong cleaning performance while simultaneously reducing environmental impact. In addition, Unilever has jointly launched the "Flue2Chem" program in the United Kingdom, which converts carbon-containing gases into high-value chemicals.
\n China, one of the global leaders in chemical production and innovation, has long been among Unilever's most important markets for driving product superiority and utilizing low-carbon feedstock.
\n In 2021, Unilever pioneered the world's first laundry capsule in market using surfactant made with carbon capture technology in China. By introducing renewable feedstocks with local suppliers, the company has reduced emissions across its local manufacturing. The new Carbon Net Zero Innovation Hub in Yancheng represents another critical point in this project.
\n Collaboration with partners
\n The hub is located in Yancheng's Dafeng Port zero carbon industrial park in Jiangsu. The province has set the goal of "establishing a green, low-carbon, and circular economic system by 2035".
\n Yancheng, in particular, is the host of the "Global Coastal Forum", which is centered on the theme of green and low-carbon development.
\n The zero carbon industrial park is actively developing ecosystems to leverage abundant biomass and clean energy for economic and sustainable development. This will enable the fast-moving consumer goods industry to widely apply green chemical technologies in daily-use products, promoting sustainable practices from manufacturing to the entire life cycle.
\n In addition, the hub has co-hosted a Carbon Net Zero Chemical Value Seminar with ICT Developer, to foster dialogue across the value chain and explore practical applications of carbon net zero technologies.
\n During his visit to China, Parkington said: "China is one of our important manufacturing bases and importantly a center for innovating superior products on the move toward net zero for our business. By working closely with Chinese research institutes and industry partners, we hope to turn more green technologies into solutions consumers fall in love with."
\n fanzitong@chinadaily.com.cn
\n",
- "content": "Clockwise from left: Mike Parkington, chief R&D officer of Unilever Home Care, highlights the company's "Bright Future" strategy during his visit to China. A display of Unilever Home Care's latest core innovation products, showcasing superior performance and sustainability. Unilever's U66 R&D Center in Shanghai, a facility dedicated to driving superior product innovation to brighten everyday life for all.
\n\n Consumer goods giant Unilever has announced the establishment of its Carbon Net Zero Innovation Hub in Yancheng city, East China's Jiangsu province. The company will collaborate with Chinese research institutes and industrial partners to accelerate the green and low-carbon transformation of the chemical industry.
\n Environmental action
\n Environmental protection is one of the most pressing global issues, and China has been actively fulfilling its responsibilities as a major country while playing a key role in global climate governance. In 2020, China set out its dual-carbon strategy, aiming to peak carbon emissions by 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060.
\n Over the past five years, central and local authorities across China have advanced this goal in manufacturing, energy, transport, urban and rural construction, achieving notable progress. Reaching this vision requires not only policy support from the government, scientific research from universities and cooperation from the public, but also actions from enterprises and close coordination between all parties.
\n In response to climate change, Unilever has introduced a Climate Transition Action Plan, committed to achieve zero operational greenhouse gas emissions (Scope 1 & 2) by 2030 and reach net zero across its entire value chain (Scope 1, 2 & 3) by 2039.
\n In China, Unilever is aligning with national goals by strengthening research and development, partnering with Chinese institutions and suppliers, and scaling renewable and recycled carbon technologies in its product portfolio, creating a meaningful influence for its consumers and communities.
\n The Carbon Net Zero Innovation Hub will focus on recycling biomass carbon resources and supporting the chemical industry's transition to net zero. By introducing renewable commodity chemicals — produced from biomass using clean energy — into the fine chemical value chain, the hub will unlock low carbon ingredients for consumer goods and bring low carbon products into consumers' daily lives. It will also explore new paths for closer collaboration with authorities as well as academic and industry partners.
\n Unmissably superior products
\n Today, Unilever is driving the transition from traditional petrochemical sources to renewable carbon alternatives. As one of Unilever's key business groups, Home Care boasts products reaching nearly every consumer's daily life. According to Mike Parkington, chief R&D officer of Unilever Home Care, the business is guided by a consumer-centric business strategy grounded in unmissable superiority and sustainability.
\n Under this strategy, Unilever Home Care has advanced a portfolio of breakthrough innovations. In partnership with Evonik, it developed a new green surfactant, Rhamnolipid, derived from renewable sugar, now used in dishwashing liquid sold in Chile, Vietnam, Indonesia and Thailand. The 100 percent plant-based and biodegradable formula offers strong cleaning performance while simultaneously reducing environmental impact. In addition, Unilever has jointly launched the "Flue2Chem" program in the United Kingdom, which converts carbon-containing gases into high-value chemicals.
\n China, one of the global leaders in chemical production and innovation, has long been among Unilever's most important markets for driving product superiority and utilizing low-carbon feedstock.
\n In 2021, Unilever pioneered the world's first laundry capsule in market using surfactant made with carbon capture technology in China. By introducing renewable feedstocks with local suppliers, the company has reduced emissions across its local manufacturing. The new Carbon Net Zero Innovation Hub in Yancheng represents another critical point in this project.
\n Collaboration with partners
\n The hub is located in Yancheng's Dafeng Port zero carbon industrial park in Jiangsu. The province has set the goal of "establishing a green, low-carbon, and circular economic system by 2035".
\n Yancheng, in particular, is the host of the "Global Coastal Forum", which is centered on the theme of green and low-carbon development.
\n The zero carbon industrial park is actively developing ecosystems to leverage abundant biomass and clean energy for economic and sustainable development. This will enable the fast-moving consumer goods industry to widely apply green chemical technologies in daily-use products, promoting sustainable practices from manufacturing to the entire life cycle.
\n In addition, the hub has co-hosted a Carbon Net Zero Chemical Value Seminar with ICT Developer, to foster dialogue across the value chain and explore practical applications of carbon net zero technologies.
\n During his visit to China, Parkington said: "China is one of our important manufacturing bases and importantly a center for innovating superior products on the move toward net zero for our business. By working closely with Chinese research institutes and industry partners, we hope to turn more green technologies into solutions consumers fall in love with."
\n fanzitong@chinadaily.com.cn
\n",
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"title": "013BUSINESS - Safety first",
"description": "![](\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-09-05/013/20250905_013_02_25818.png\")
A technician from Taiyuan North Rolling-stock Depot in Shanxi province inspects brake adjusters inside a workshop. The depot has introduced 28 control measures on brake adjusters, providing a solid safeguard for braking safety of heavy-haul trains running along the Datong-Qinhuangdao rail line.
\n",
@@ -10323,28 +9927,6 @@
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- "title": "013BUSINESS - Guitar firm hitting all the right notes",
- "description": "![](\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-09-05/013/20250905_013_04_5818.png\")
An employee makes guitars at a workshop in Songzi, Hubei province.
\n Turning out only 200 guitars a month from its custom workshop, Hubei Tongxin Musical Instrument Co Ltd, based in Songzi, Jingzhou, Hubei province, aims to take a greater overseas market share in the high-end guitar manufacturing market.
\n "As a high-end production facility of the company, the workshop sells its guitars for no less than 30,000 yuan ($4,130) each," said Wang Fenghua, CEO of the musical instrument maker.
\n Based in the Songzi Cultural and Creative Park, Tongxin specializes in classical guitars, acoustic guitars and ukuleles, and is one of the few companies in China capable of producing a full range of high-end wooden guitars.
\n While the workshop turns out around 200 guitars a month, in 2024, Tongxin's other facilities enabled the company to export over 12,000 guitars annually, with the top models priced at 59,800 yuan each, generating an annual output value of 150 million yuan.
\n More than 80 percent of its products are exported to Europe, the United States, Japan, Australia and Southeast Asia.
\n "The market for high-end guitars is buoyed by greater demand and potential, but it requires advanced technical know-how and breakthroughs in material science," Wang said.
\n Tongxin operates China's only full-process workshop with constant temperature and humidity control 24 hours a day.
\n Also, Tongxin's core team of more than 100 luthiers all have over 20 years of experience. Building on this expertise, the company allocates about 1 million yuan annually to train its craftsmen.
\n "Maintaining consistent quality and enhancing competitiveness is vital," Wang said, adding that the company is committed to delivering both stable supply and consistent quality.
\n Its craftsmanship has drawn attention from international peers. Abraham Wechter, a master luthier, relocated his own workshop to the Songzi park after being impressed by Tongxin's craftsmanship.
\n "The company has a deep passion for making beautiful guitars and works hard to achieve true professionalism," Wechter said.
\n Between 2024 and 2025 alone, the company hosted over 80 groups of foreign buyers from more than a dozen countries, including Switzerland, Austria, the US and the United Kingdom, establishing long-term partnerships. Its output value in 2025 is expected to reach 350 million yuan.
\n Tongxin's rise is closely tied to the growth of the Songzi Cultural and Creative Park, where it serves as a leading player.
\n Completed at the end of 2023, the park has already attracted 11 enterprises including Tongxin. Its output value is expected to reach 800 million to 1 billion yuan in 2025, rise to 2 billion yuan within three years and eventually grow to 5 billion yuan when fully operational, creating nearly 10,000 jobs.
\n During a field trip to Songzi on June 18, Wang Zhonglin, Party secretary of Hubei province, said cultural and creative industries have become new growth drivers with enormous potential and a broad market outlook.
\n Wang Zhonglin urged the park to build on its existing foundation and expand the guitar industry from manufacturing and sales to demonstration, experience and entertainment.
\n The park will continue to cultivate leading enterprises such as Tongxin, foster supporting industries and promote the full-chain development of the cultural and creative sector, said Wang Wei, Party secretary of Songzi.
\n Looking to the future, Tongxin's CEO said the company will leverage its technical expertise to further expand its overseas sales channels in tandem with the development of the park.
\n Contact the writers at yinmingyue@chinadaily.com.cn
\n
",
- "content": "An employee makes guitars at a workshop in Songzi, Hubei province.
\n Turning out only 200 guitars a month from its custom workshop, Hubei Tongxin Musical Instrument Co Ltd, based in Songzi, Jingzhou, Hubei province, aims to take a greater overseas market share in the high-end guitar manufacturing market.
\n "As a high-end production facility of the company, the workshop sells its guitars for no less than 30,000 yuan ($4,130) each," said Wang Fenghua, CEO of the musical instrument maker.
\n Based in the Songzi Cultural and Creative Park, Tongxin specializes in classical guitars, acoustic guitars and ukuleles, and is one of the few companies in China capable of producing a full range of high-end wooden guitars.
\n While the workshop turns out around 200 guitars a month, in 2024, Tongxin's other facilities enabled the company to export over 12,000 guitars annually, with the top models priced at 59,800 yuan each, generating an annual output value of 150 million yuan.
\n More than 80 percent of its products are exported to Europe, the United States, Japan, Australia and Southeast Asia.
\n "The market for high-end guitars is buoyed by greater demand and potential, but it requires advanced technical know-how and breakthroughs in material science," Wang said.
\n Tongxin operates China's only full-process workshop with constant temperature and humidity control 24 hours a day.
\n Also, Tongxin's core team of more than 100 luthiers all have over 20 years of experience. Building on this expertise, the company allocates about 1 million yuan annually to train its craftsmen.
\n "Maintaining consistent quality and enhancing competitiveness is vital," Wang said, adding that the company is committed to delivering both stable supply and consistent quality.
\n Its craftsmanship has drawn attention from international peers. Abraham Wechter, a master luthier, relocated his own workshop to the Songzi park after being impressed by Tongxin's craftsmanship.
\n "The company has a deep passion for making beautiful guitars and works hard to achieve true professionalism," Wechter said.
\n Between 2024 and 2025 alone, the company hosted over 80 groups of foreign buyers from more than a dozen countries, including Switzerland, Austria, the US and the United Kingdom, establishing long-term partnerships. Its output value in 2025 is expected to reach 350 million yuan.
\n Tongxin's rise is closely tied to the growth of the Songzi Cultural and Creative Park, where it serves as a leading player.
\n Completed at the end of 2023, the park has already attracted 11 enterprises including Tongxin. Its output value is expected to reach 800 million to 1 billion yuan in 2025, rise to 2 billion yuan within three years and eventually grow to 5 billion yuan when fully operational, creating nearly 10,000 jobs.
\n During a field trip to Songzi on June 18, Wang Zhonglin, Party secretary of Hubei province, said cultural and creative industries have become new growth drivers with enormous potential and a broad market outlook.
\n Wang Zhonglin urged the park to build on its existing foundation and expand the guitar industry from manufacturing and sales to demonstration, experience and entertainment.
\n The park will continue to cultivate leading enterprises such as Tongxin, foster supporting industries and promote the full-chain development of the cultural and creative sector, said Wang Wei, Party secretary of Songzi.
\n Looking to the future, Tongxin's CEO said the company will leverage its technical expertise to further expand its overseas sales channels in tandem with the development of the park.
\n Contact the writers at yinmingyue@chinadaily.com.cn
\n
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{
"title": "013BUSINESS - Ikea to invest more in China",
"description": " Ikea China on Wednesday pledged to invest 160 million yuan ($22 million) in China during its 2026 fiscal year, as the Swedish home-furnishings giant deepens its bet on the Chinese market through price cuts, new product lines and expanded digital services.
\n The retailer plans to introduce more than 1,600 new home products, 23 collections and over 50 new food offerings over the coming year, with a sharp focus on "complete sleep" and "kitchen living".
\n It has pledged 160 million yuan in price cuts covering more than 150 bestselling items.
\n Over the past two fiscal years, Ikea China has already spent 673 million yuan to develop more low-priced products and launched an AI-powered digital design platform now available in 31 Ikea markets.
\n The company opened new stores in Xi'an, Shaanxi province, Shanghai, and Shenzhen of Guangdong province in the ongoing fiscal year, apart from the first pickup point in the country that welcomed customers in Shenzhen.
\n Tolga Oncu, retail manager and COO of Ikea Retail, Ingka Group, said: "China is not only a vital link in Ikea's global value chain; it is also the test-bed for retail innovation. We look very much forward to continuing innovating our retail business in China and bringing some learnings to other parts of the world."
\n Ikea's new brand promise for the 2026 fiscal year — Home Is More Than You Think — is underpinned by its latest China Life at Home Report, which found that people satisfied with their living spaces are more optimistic about the future.
\n Consumers are increasingly seeking flexible, evolving homes, long-term value and products that enhance daily well-being. Ikea said it will focus on inspiration, longevity and affordability as its three guiding values.
\n To deliver on those goals, the retailer plans to expand kitchen offerings with sustainable, cost-effective materials tailored to Chinese cooking, add more localized dishes to its in-store restaurants, and roll out further investments under its "Growing Plus" initiative.
\n Ikea China has also been stepping up its digital and omnichannel strategy. In August, it opened a flagship store on JD.com to reach more customers in the market, following last year's establishment of a retail development center to develop products, logistics and digital solutions designed specifically for the local market.
\n Sustainability remains central to Ikea's China strategy.
\n Ingka Investments, the investment arm of Ingka Group, last month invested in Shanghai Re-Mall Environmental Protection New Material Co Ltd, a Chinese recycler of post-consumer packaging waste, marking the first Chinese investment for Ingka Investments in its Circular Investment portfolio.
\n The company said it will continue to expand green operations, consumption and circular services in partnership with local players.
\n Ikea China said it will stay open-minded, continuously exploring digital platforms while upgrading existing full-size stores and piloting new small-store formats.
\n To date, Ingka Group operates 40 customer touchpoints in China — comprising 37 Ikea stores, two experience centers, one design studio and 10 Livat shopping centers.
\n wangzhuoqiong@chinadaily.com.cn
\n
",
@@ -10367,28 +9949,6 @@
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- "title": "014BUSINESS - Unitree likely to go public this year",
- "description": "![](\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-09-05/014/20250905_014_02_18547.png\")
Visitors interact with a Unitree humanoid robot at a sci-tech museum in Jinhua, Zhejiang province, on July 27.
\n Chinese robotics firm Unitree Robotics is expected to submit its listing application documents between October and December, which industry experts said is set to become one of the most anticipated IPOs in the global robotics sector.
\n The Hangzhou, Zhejiang province-based company, best known for its humanoid and quadruped robots, is preparing to tap the capital market as China races to secure a lead in embodied artificial intelligence — the combination of robotics and AI that enables machines to interact physically with the real world.
\n Unitree said on its X account earlier this week that 65 percent of its revenue last year came from quadruped robots, while humanoid robots contributed 30 percent and the rest was derived from components.
\n About 80 percent of its robotic dogs were sold for research, education and consumer use, with the remaining 20 percent deployed for inspection work and firefighting. Humanoid robots were sold entirely for research, education and consumer applications, the company said.
\n In an interview with China Daily last month, founder and CEO Wang Xingxing said that the IPO is by the book and will be "a milestone in governance" for the company.
\n "It's like taking the gaokao," Wang said, referring to China's national college entrance exam. "A stage-by-stage thing — a summary of nine years of work, and an answer sheet for our shareholders."
\n Though he has not disclosed the firm's intended listing venue, several sources told China Daily that Shanghai's STAR Market is the most likely destination. According to filings with the China Securities Regulatory Commission, the company is under listing guidance by CITIC Securities.
\n Unitree's G1 humanoid is now priced at 99,000 yuan ($13,600), while its Go2 robotic dog starts at 9,997 yuan. Earlier this year, Unitree cut prices for its R1 humanoid robot to 39,900 yuan to widen adoption.
\n The affordability of its products, compared with rivals in the United States, has fueled widespread appearances at meetings, restaurants and entertainment events.
\n Wang said annual revenue has exceeded 1 billion yuan and that the company has been profitable since 2020, a rarity in the capital-intensive robotics sector.
\n "This is not a simple discounting tactic but a deliberate push to lower entry barriers, stimulate demand and accelerate the creation of a broader commercial ecosystem," he said.
\n Wang predicts that humanoid robots could be leased to factories, farms and households within a few years, as ecosystems mature and developers build new applications.
\n "We could see such obvious progress in two to three years," he said, adding that large-scale deployment should take less than a decade. In an intriguing aside, Wang suggested governments might one day tax robots as they do with human workers once machines carry out a substantial share of labor.
\n Half of Unitree's revenue now comes from overseas, aided by an export push that began in 2018. "Global humanoid shipments are expected to double annually, and if breakthroughs come sooner, the sector will hit hundreds of thousands of units in two to three years," Wang said.
\n Analysts say China is positioning humanoid robots as a fresh growth engine reminiscent of its rapid rise in electric vehicles. An April industry report said China could likely produce more than 10,000 humanoid robots this year and capture over half the global market.
\n The sector has also become a magnet for capital. Rival startup AgiBot recently sought control of a materials company via equity transfer in what insiders saw as a back-door listing play, while July alone saw several fundraising rounds involving backers such as Tencent, Alibaba and Geely. ITjuzi.com said 133 investment deals were inked in China's embodied AI sector so far this year, worth over 18 billion yuan, already exceeding the 2023 totals.
\n "The combined efforts will shape the future in our favor," said Rick Xiong, general manager of the Beijing Embodied AI Robotics Innovation Center. "Chinese robot companies have the right timing, the right place and the right people to accelerate the humanoid robot push."
\n
",
- "content": "Visitors interact with a Unitree humanoid robot at a sci-tech museum in Jinhua, Zhejiang province, on July 27.
\n Chinese robotics firm Unitree Robotics is expected to submit its listing application documents between October and December, which industry experts said is set to become one of the most anticipated IPOs in the global robotics sector.
\n The Hangzhou, Zhejiang province-based company, best known for its humanoid and quadruped robots, is preparing to tap the capital market as China races to secure a lead in embodied artificial intelligence — the combination of robotics and AI that enables machines to interact physically with the real world.
\n Unitree said on its X account earlier this week that 65 percent of its revenue last year came from quadruped robots, while humanoid robots contributed 30 percent and the rest was derived from components.
\n About 80 percent of its robotic dogs were sold for research, education and consumer use, with the remaining 20 percent deployed for inspection work and firefighting. Humanoid robots were sold entirely for research, education and consumer applications, the company said.
\n In an interview with China Daily last month, founder and CEO Wang Xingxing said that the IPO is by the book and will be "a milestone in governance" for the company.
\n "It's like taking the gaokao," Wang said, referring to China's national college entrance exam. "A stage-by-stage thing — a summary of nine years of work, and an answer sheet for our shareholders."
\n Though he has not disclosed the firm's intended listing venue, several sources told China Daily that Shanghai's STAR Market is the most likely destination. According to filings with the China Securities Regulatory Commission, the company is under listing guidance by CITIC Securities.
\n Unitree's G1 humanoid is now priced at 99,000 yuan ($13,600), while its Go2 robotic dog starts at 9,997 yuan. Earlier this year, Unitree cut prices for its R1 humanoid robot to 39,900 yuan to widen adoption.
\n The affordability of its products, compared with rivals in the United States, has fueled widespread appearances at meetings, restaurants and entertainment events.
\n Wang said annual revenue has exceeded 1 billion yuan and that the company has been profitable since 2020, a rarity in the capital-intensive robotics sector.
\n "This is not a simple discounting tactic but a deliberate push to lower entry barriers, stimulate demand and accelerate the creation of a broader commercial ecosystem," he said.
\n Wang predicts that humanoid robots could be leased to factories, farms and households within a few years, as ecosystems mature and developers build new applications.
\n "We could see such obvious progress in two to three years," he said, adding that large-scale deployment should take less than a decade. In an intriguing aside, Wang suggested governments might one day tax robots as they do with human workers once machines carry out a substantial share of labor.
\n Half of Unitree's revenue now comes from overseas, aided by an export push that began in 2018. "Global humanoid shipments are expected to double annually, and if breakthroughs come sooner, the sector will hit hundreds of thousands of units in two to three years," Wang said.
\n Analysts say China is positioning humanoid robots as a fresh growth engine reminiscent of its rapid rise in electric vehicles. An April industry report said China could likely produce more than 10,000 humanoid robots this year and capture over half the global market.
\n The sector has also become a magnet for capital. Rival startup AgiBot recently sought control of a materials company via equity transfer in what insiders saw as a back-door listing play, while July alone saw several fundraising rounds involving backers such as Tencent, Alibaba and Geely. ITjuzi.com said 133 investment deals were inked in China's embodied AI sector so far this year, worth over 18 billion yuan, already exceeding the 2023 totals.
\n "The combined efforts will shape the future in our favor," said Rick Xiong, general manager of the Beijing Embodied AI Robotics Innovation Center. "Chinese robot companies have the right timing, the right place and the right people to accelerate the humanoid robot push."
\n
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"title": "015BUSINESS - China-ASEAN trade cruising in high gear",
"description": "![](\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-09-05/015/20250905_015_01_34713.png\")
Workers manufacture data cables at a production workshop of an electronics enterprise in Liuzhou, Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region, on Aug 20.
\n![](\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-09-05/015/20250905_015_01_27713.png\")
Two officers from Kunming Customs inspect Thai durians imported via the China-Laos Railway at Mohan Railway Port in Yunnan province in August.
\n![](\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-09-05/015/20250905_015_01_48713.png\")
\n Last month, at the loading area of Cuori Electrical Appliances (Group) Co Ltd in Ningbo, Zhejiang province, five container trucks laden with steam irons and vacuum cleaners set off for Indonesia.
\n This was the company's fourth shipment to Southeast Asia in August, signaling rising demand for Chinese household appliances across the region.
\n Cuori Electrical's exports to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations soared 46.8 percent year-on-year to 88.81 million yuan ($12.36 million) in the first seven months, data from Ningbo Customs show.
\n "With the tariff policies of the United States adding pressure on global manufacturers this year, we have stepped up our overseas expansion, focusing more on Southeast Asian markets," said Li Guangze, Cuori's financial director.
\n Li said that rising urbanization, a growing middle-income group and the increased spending power of Gen Z consumers — those born between the mid-1990s and early 2000s — together with stronger demand for affordable, reliable appliances, have lifted the company's sales of irons as well as other small household devices in the ASEAN region, making it one of its fastest-growing export markets.
\n Reflecting the trend, China's trade with ASEAN — its largest trading partner — rose 9.4 percent on a yearly basis to 4.29 trillion yuan between January and July, accounting for 16.7 percent of the country's total, according to the General Administration of Customs.
\n Among ASEAN members, Vietnam, Malaysia and Indonesia were China's top three trading partners during this period, the GAC said.
\n Zhao Fujun, a researcher specializing in international economic cooperation at the Beijing-based Development Research Center of the State Council, said that even though big-ticket infrastructure projects have been the calling cards of Chinese companies in Southeast Asia, the region has now emerged as one of China's most dynamic trade partners after entering a new growth stage.
\n The implementation of Version 3.0 of the China-ASEAN Free Trade Area, coupled with expanding trade under the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership and cooperation under the Belt and Road Initiative, will provide fresh impetus for long-term trade growth, said Zhao.
\n Commerce and trade ministers from China and ASEAN jointly announced in May the official conclusion of talks for CAFTA 3.0 via an online meeting, according to information released by the Ministry of Commerce.
\n China and the 10 ASEAN member states will expedite their respective domestic administrative and legislative procedures and work toward formally signing the CAFTA 3.0 upgraded protocol by the end of this year.
\n CAFTA 3.0 covers nine areas, encompassing both existing fields under the China-ASEAN Free Trade Area agreement and emerging sectors with significant potential for cooperation, including the digital economy, green economy, supply chain connectivity, trade facilitation and economic and technical cooperation.
\n Cai Hongbo, director of the Free Trade Zone Research Center at Beijing Normal University, said that amid mounting challenges to global trade, the conclusion of the CAFTA 3.0 negotiations signals a renewed commitment to openness and cooperation, underlining the resilience of free trade and providing greater certainty for regional and global economies.
\n "ASEAN needs Chinese goods because demand is surging while affordability and supply reliability matter most," said Cai. "China's industrial capacity, product range and trade agreements position it as the natural supplier."
\n For instance, Southeast Asia still faces major infrastructure gaps in power supply, transportation and manufacturing. Products like power generators and construction machinery from China fill critical needs for stable electricity and urban expansion. China's ability to supply at scale and relatively lower cost makes it the go-to partner, he added.
\n In addition to agricultural products, ASEAN's exports to China cover a wide range of goods, including rubber, palm oil, seafood, timber, coal, chemicals, raw materials for plastics, refined oil, copper, nickel and other minerals. The regional bloc also supplies China with manufactured items such as data storage devices, integrated circuits, electronics and rubber-based medical supplies.
\n China ships mainly computers, telecommunications equipment, trains, bulk and container vessels, excavators, diesel fuel, steel, lighting products, medical equipment, textiles and household appliances to ASEAN. Its electric vehicles, power storage equipment and trucks have also become popular in many Asian countries in recent years.
\n Agg Power Technology (Fuzhou) Co Ltd, a power equipment manufacturer based in Fuzhou, Fujian province, plans to expand in ASEAN markets by increasing investment in innovation and strengthening its local service networks in the coming years, with the aim of boosting regional supply chain cooperation.
\n The company's exports to ASEAN reached 147 million yuan during the January-July period, up 41.3 percent year-on-year, said Fuzhou Customs.
\n Chen Ran, the company's operations director, said sales of diesel generator sets had remained particularly strong in Southeast Asian markets, pushed by Agg Power's efforts to refine its product mix and offer customized services to meet varied customer needs.
\n "Our products are widely used in urban infrastructure projects across ASEAN countries, ensuring stable power supply and steadily increasing our market share," said Chen, adding that the company had taken part in several projects in Indonesia this year — including power stations and petrol bunks — driving up its market share in the country to 19 percent.
\n As ASEAN economies advance, their demand for high-tech products from China has also grown rapidly, with imports increasingly concentrated in areas such as electronics, digital and green technologies, said Zhang Junbin, founder of Yunjing Intelligence Innovation Co Ltd, a manufacturer of household robots based in Shenzhen, Guangdong province.
\n "Since the beginning of this year, we have been advancing our globalization strategy with a strong focus on expanding in ASEAN," said Zhang. "Our robotic vacuum cleaners, equipped with artificial intelligence-powered visual recognition and intelligent path-planning technologies, have performed particularly well in overseas markets."
\n From January to July, the Chinese company's exports to ASEAN reached nearly 20 million yuan, up 194 percent year-on-year, data from Shenzhen Customs showed.
\n Lyu Daliang, director of the department of statistics and analysis at the GAC, said that despite a challenging external environment, China's foreign trade has sustained steady growth, with its trade structure becoming more optimized and high-tech products playing an increasingly vital role in driving overall expansion.
\n China's trade of high-tech products, including high-end machine tools and electric vehicles, reached 5.1 trillion yuan from January to July, up 8.4 percent year-on-year, contributing 45.4 percent to the overall growth of foreign trade during this period, data from the GAC showed.
\n Alongside the trade growth, improved regional connectivity projects are also strengthening China-ASEAN economic ties. The China-Laos Railway, for example, handled more than 3 million metric tons of imports and exports in the first half, with a trade value exceeding 12.8 billion yuan, up 8.2 percent and 38.5 percent year-on-year, respectively, said Kunming Customs.
\n Key exports from Laos to China include fruits, beer, cassava, rubber and minerals, with the range of products transported expanding from just over 10 to more than 3,000 varieties.
\n With more regional connectivity projects coming on stream, a wider variety of Southeast Asian goods will enter the Chinese market, broadening from traditional commodities to higher value-added products, said Chen Jianwei, a researcher at the University of International Business and Economics' Academy of China Open Economy Studies in Beijing.
\n Chen said stronger trade links will further weave regional supply chains together and solidify China-ASEAN economic cooperation, providing fresh momentum for long-term growth.
\n zhongnan@chinadaily.com.cn
\n",
diff --git a/.obsidian/plugins/update-time-on-edit/data.json b/.obsidian/plugins/update-time-on-edit/data.json
index d476c32d..a829fb39 100644
--- a/.obsidian/plugins/update-time-on-edit/data.json
+++ b/.obsidian/plugins/update-time-on-edit/data.json
@@ -70,6 +70,7 @@
"10-WebClipper/关于行为面试法——STAR.md": "47c5eae8002ed750b0de47a591bbe9907413552cfda1fa140b04539cab4c8a23",
"07-个人事务/关于面试+AI模拟.md": "f8ade3d6ca8ab26cbb71c43c802718f1defdf7c026f53471bb32f118e5969aa5",
"01-工作日记/2025-09-07.md": "fd888072ae4fee95c04a0c3a589f0d3996015c844075077352a81e5e52021f66",
- "60-Imports/64-AI/附件3：择优招聘合同制员工申请表（V2.1）.md": "dfbd7432f7a6f393932fc9b54a335b494beb2a34793a2d72d325fea0af36de5f"
+ "60-Imports/64-AI/附件3：择优招聘合同制员工申请表（V2.1）.md": "dfbd7432f7a6f393932fc9b54a335b494beb2a34793a2d72d325fea0af36de5f",
+ "01-工作日记/2025-09-08.md": "254f8fdbb272cb5546bd5b2d16f0d381b95e8f501c5b312e6b8f7ccde8fe62ae"
}
}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/.obsidian/workspace.json b/.obsidian/workspace.json
index 54208a70..bc72c6c2 100644
--- a/.obsidian/workspace.json
+++ b/.obsidian/workspace.json
@@ -13,12 +13,12 @@
"state": {
"type": "markdown",
"state": {
- "file": "01-工作日记/2025-09-07.md",
+ "file": "01-工作日记/2025-09-08.md",
"mode": "source",
"source": false
},
"icon": "lucide-file",
- "title": "2025-09-07"
+ "title": "2025-09-08"
}
}
]
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@
"state": {
"type": "backlink",
"state": {
- "file": "01-工作日记/2025-09-07.md",
+ "file": "01-工作日记/2025-09-08.md",
"collapseAll": false,
"extraContext": false,
"sortOrder": "alphabetical",
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@
"unlinkedCollapsed": true
},
"icon": "links-coming-in",
- "title": "2025-09-07 的反向链接列表"
+ "title": "2025-09-08 的反向链接列表"
}
},
{
@@ -312,9 +312,14 @@
},
"active": "060db359203da6a5",
"lastOpenFiles": [
+ "20-我的收藏夹/21-浏览器收藏/ClipperBox/CrazyJasonwellCSBook计算机类常用电子书整理计算机等书籍.md",
+ "01-工作日记/2025-09-08.md",
+ "20-我的收藏夹/21-浏览器收藏/ClipperBox/Mac 与 win 之间的云同步处理.md",
+ "20-我的收藏夹/21-浏览器收藏/ClipperBox/Podginatoromnivore Omnivore is a complete, open source read-it-later solution for people who like reading.md",
+ "20-我的收藏夹/21-浏览器收藏/ClipperBox/jgchristopherobsidian-clipper Obsidian plugin that allows users to clip parts of a website into their obsidian daily note (or new note).md",
+ "01-工作日记/2025-09-07.md",
"60-Imports/64-AI/附件3：择优招聘合同制员工申请表（V2.1）.docx",
"60-Imports/64-AI/附件3：择优招聘合同制员工申请表（V2.1）.md",
- "01-工作日记/2025-09-07.md",
"09-Templates/copilot-custom-prompts/Generate table of contents.md",
"09-Templates/copilot-custom-prompts/Generate glossary.md",
"09-Templates/copilot-custom-prompts/Fix grammar and spelling.md",
@@ -329,7 +334,6 @@
"09-Templates/scss/am_template.scss",
"09-Templates/scss/am_green.scss",
"09-Templates/scss",
- "09-Templates/未命名文件夹",
"90-学习教程/99-黑曜石玩家指南/4-obsidian附录/结束语.md",
"90-学习教程/99-黑曜石玩家指南/4-obsidian附录/更新日志.md",
"90-学习教程/99-黑曜石玩家指南/4-obsidian附录/obsidian第三方插件列表.md",
@@ -344,10 +348,6 @@
"60-Imports/64-AI/成都旅游亮点@20250831_104638.md",
"60-Imports/64-AI/Data_Backup_Standard_Operating_Procedures.md",
"60-Imports/64-AI/八月工作学习总结@20250903_153656.md",
- "60-Imports/64-AI/August_Diary_Summary_Report@20250901_121407.md",
- "60-Imports/64-AI/Changsha_Summer_Attractions_Guide@20250831_095229.md",
- "60-Imports/64-AI/研发总监STAR面试话术@20250906_102550.md",
- "60-Imports/64-AI/DD工作总结.md",
"50-Memos/2025/09/resources/KgMsqdCWKza8RqiuZqhTom_A04DCEF9-62B9-46E0-9E1D-CA66A8FE1E3C.jpg",
"50-Memos/2025/09/resources/LHoWCMs5gZDm4C4TBxd8Xn_0A8C3B70-0E79-44B3-B5E1-54264E6348C6.jpg",
"50-Memos/2025/09/resources/nUCNhFmpcdpSaYQtnj5uja_F0A154EC-F2B1-426F-9B51-27657F3F1AF3.jpg",
diff --git a/01-工作日记/._2025-09-07.html b/.trash/._2025-09-07.html
similarity index 100%
rename from 01-工作日记/._2025-09-07.html
rename to .trash/._2025-09-07.html
diff --git a/01-工作日记/2025-09-07.html b/.trash/2025-09-07.html
similarity index 100%
rename from 01-工作日记/2025-09-07.html
rename to .trash/2025-09-07.html
diff --git a/01-工作日记/2025-09-08.md b/01-工作日记/2025-09-08.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3ef91d77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/01-工作日记/2025-09-08.md
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+---
+title: 🐈日志<% tp.file.title %>
+date: <% tp.date.now("YYYY-MM-DD HH:mm:ss") %>
+tags:
+ - dailynote
+rating: ⭐️
+excerpt:
+created: 2025-09-08T06:50
+updated: 2025-09-08T06:50
+---
+## 1 TODO
+- [ ] 多喝水，避免久坐不动
+- [ ] MarpSlides插件使用
+- [ ]
+
+## 2 Tracking
+
+## 3 Tips
+
+## 4 Questions
+
+## 5 Thoughts
+
+## ReadList
+
+```dataview
+TABLE file.tags AS 标签, rating AS 评分, comment AS 初步印象
+FROM "02-Reading/mdnotes"
+WHERE file.name[0] = "@"
+WHERE file.tags[0] != "#unread"
+WHERE file.mtime>=date(<% tp.date.now("YYYY-MM-DD") %>) AND file.mtime)
+SORT file.mtime desc
+```
+
+## DraftList
+
+
+```dataview
+TABLE file.tags AS Tags, status AS Status, destination AS Destination
+FROM "01-Diary/本周事务" OR "03-Projects" OR "05-Life" OR "06-Cards"
+WHERE (file.mtime>=date(<% tp.date.now("YYYY-MM-DD") %>) AND file.mtime)) OR (file.ctime>=date(<% tp.date.now("YYYY-MM-DD") %>) AND file.ctime))
+SORT file.mtime desc
+```
\ No newline at end of file
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