diff --git a/.obsidian/plugins/cubox-sync/data.json b/.obsidian/plugins/cubox-sync/data.json index 6fcdc075..81149212 100644 --- a/.obsidian/plugins/cubox-sync/data.json +++ b/.obsidian/plugins/cubox-sync/data.json @@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ "contentTemplate": "# {{{title}}}\n\n{{{description}}}\n\n{{{article_title}}} //文章内容标题\n{{{content}}} //文章正文\n\n\n[Read in Cubox]({{{cubox_url}}}) \n[Read Original]({{{url}}}) \n\n---\n\n{{#highlights.length}}\n## Annotations \n\n{{#highlights}}\n> {{{text}}} \n\n{{#note}}\n{{{note}}}\n{{/note}}\n[Link️]({{{cubox_url}}}) \n\n{{/highlights}}\n{{/highlights.length}}", "highlightInContent": true, "dateFormat": "yyyy-MM-dd", - "lastSyncTime": 1756272973982, + "lastSyncTime": 1756274773944, "lastSyncCardId": "7358083230366436785", "lastCardUpdateTime": "2025-08-21T13:52:28.950+0800", "syncing": false diff --git a/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-raindrop-highlights/data.json b/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-raindrop-highlights/data.json index fea54119..74549f86 100644 --- a/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-raindrop-highlights/data.json +++ b/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-raindrop-highlights/data.json @@ -834,49 +834,49 @@ "id": 38835133, "title": "硬/软件评测", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T00:59:22.378Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:05:26.936Z" }, "38835134": { "id": 38835134, "title": "硬/软件评测/硬件评测", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T00:59:23.074Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:05:27.532Z" }, "38835135": { "id": 38835135, "title": "硬/软件评测/20230709", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T00:59:23.781Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:05:28.100Z" }, "38835136": { "id": 38835136, "title": "硬/软件评测/opencore", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T00:59:24.513Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:05:28.701Z" }, "38835137": { "id": 38835137, "title": "硬/软件评测/20230826", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T00:59:25.324Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:05:29.237Z" }, "38835138": { "id": 38835138, "title": "硬/软件评测/elasticsearch", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T00:59:26.034Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:05:29.780Z" }, "38835140": { "id": 38835140, "title": "硬/软件评测/记账软件", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T00:59:26.760Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:05:30.337Z" }, "38835141": { "id": 38835141, "title": "硬/软件评测/图片工具", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T00:59:28.214Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:05:30.851Z" }, "38835142": { "id": 38835142, @@ -957,7 +957,7 @@ "id": 38835159, "title": "群晖NAS/docker", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T00:59:28.976Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:05:31.387Z" }, "38835160": { "id": 38835160, @@ -973,19 +973,19 @@ "id": 38835163, "title": "群晖NAS/20230708", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T00:59:29.678Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:05:31.941Z" }, "38835164": { "id": 38835164, "title": "群晖NAS/20230811", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T00:59:30.711Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:05:32.480Z" }, "38835165": { "id": 38835165, "title": "破解网站", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T00:59:31.476Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:05:33.002Z" }, "38835166": { "id": 38835166, @@ -1006,13 +1006,13 @@ "id": 38835169, "title": "越狱", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T00:59:32.324Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:05:33.738Z" }, "38835170": { "id": 38835170, "title": "越狱/安装ipa", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T00:59:33.025Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:05:34.259Z" }, "38835171": { "id": 38835171, @@ -1028,7 +1028,7 @@ "id": 38835174, "title": "越狱/巨魔", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T00:59:33.748Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:05:34.800Z" }, "38835175": { "id": 38835175, @@ -1194,7 +1194,7 @@ "id": 38835212, "title": "英语学习", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T00:59:34.426Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:05:35.334Z" }, "38835213": { "id": 38835213, @@ -1255,7 +1255,7 @@ "id": 38835225, "title": "幼儿教育", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T00:59:35.228Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:05:35.877Z" }, "38835226": { "id": 38835226, @@ -1386,25 +1386,25 @@ "id": 38835253, "title": "物联网解决方案/产品评估", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T00:59:35.980Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:05:36.393Z" }, "38835254": { "id": 38835254, "title": "物联网解决方案/产品评估/语音机器人", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T00:59:36.780Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:05:36.937Z" }, "38835255": { "id": 38835255, "title": "物联网解决方案/产品评估/语音机器人/智慧农业", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T00:59:37.476Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:05:37.584Z" }, "38835256": { "id": 38835256, "title": "物联网解决方案/产品评估/语音机器人/智慧农业/智慧照明", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T00:59:38.225Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:05:38.110Z" }, "38835257": { "id": 38835257, @@ -1415,7 +1415,7 @@ "id": 38835258, "title": "物联网解决方案/供应商", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T00:59:39.115Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:05:38.692Z" }, "38835259": { "id": 38835259, @@ -1436,7 +1436,7 @@ "id": 38835262, "title": "物联网解决方案/安防网站", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T00:59:39.827Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:05:39.292Z" }, "38835263": { "id": 38835263, @@ -1462,55 +1462,55 @@ "id": 38835268, "title": "学习网站/ChatGPT", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T00:59:40.558Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:05:39.864Z" }, "38835269": { "id": 38835269, "title": "学习网站/ChatGPT/20230709", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T00:59:41.317Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:05:40.453Z" }, "38835270": { "id": 38835270, "title": "学习网站/Comic", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T00:59:42.441Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:05:40.997Z" }, "38835271": { "id": 38835271, "title": "开发网站", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T00:59:43.271Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:05:41.591Z" }, "38835272": { "id": 38835272, "title": "开发网站/20230709", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T00:59:43.970Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:05:42.902Z" }, "38835273": { "id": 38835273, "title": "开发网站/VSCode", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T00:59:44.749Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:05:43.446Z" }, "38835274": { "id": 38835274, "title": "开发网站/Python", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T00:59:45.550Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:05:44.025Z" }, "38835275": { "id": 38835275, "title": "开发网站/F^Q", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T00:59:46.266Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:05:44.604Z" }, "38835276": { "id": 38835276, "title": "开发网站/F^Q/20230812", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T00:59:46.979Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:05:45.122Z" }, "38835285": { "id": 38835285, @@ -2441,7 +2441,7 @@ "id": 38835489, "title": "群晖NAS", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T00:59:47.707Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:05:45.869Z" }, "38835490": { "id": 38835490, @@ -2452,13 +2452,13 @@ "id": 38835491, "title": "群晖NAS/nginx", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T00:59:48.392Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:05:47.179Z" }, "38835492": { "id": 38835492, "title": "群晖NAS/20230709", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T00:59:49.111Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:05:47.701Z" }, "38835493": { "id": 38835493, @@ -2504,13 +2504,13 @@ "id": 38835502, "title": "越狱/IPA", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T00:59:49.878Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:05:48.255Z" }, "38835503": { "id": 38835503, "title": "越狱/IPA提取", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T00:59:50.784Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:05:48.838Z" }, "38835504": { "id": 38835504, @@ -2891,7 +2891,7 @@ "id": 38835584, "title": "物联网解决方案/行业资讯", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T00:59:51.482Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:05:49.952Z" }, "38835585": { "id": 38835585, @@ -2902,19 +2902,19 @@ "id": 38835586, "title": "物联网解决方案/数字孪生", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T00:59:52.310Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:05:50.483Z" }, "38835587": { "id": 38835587, "title": "物联网解决方案/智慧停车", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T00:59:53.557Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:05:51.002Z" }, "38835588": { "id": 38835588, "title": "物联网解决方案/智能家居", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T00:59:54.232Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:05:51.532Z" }, "38835589": { "id": 38835589, @@ -2925,25 +2925,25 @@ "id": 38835590, "title": "物联网解决方案/智慧酒店", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T00:59:54.971Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:05:52.067Z" }, "38835591": { "id": 38835591, "title": "物联网解决方案/智慧园区", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T00:59:55.675Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:05:52.593Z" }, "38835592": { "id": 38835592, "title": "学习网站", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T00:59:56.371Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:05:53.143Z" }, "38835593": { "id": 38835593, "title": "学习网站/博客", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T00:59:57.086Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:05:53.666Z" }, "38835595": { "id": 38835595, @@ -2964,211 +2964,211 @@ "id": 38835599, "title": "开发网站", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T00:59:57.812Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:05:54.208Z" }, "38835600": { "id": 38835600, "title": "开发网站/20230709", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T00:59:58.592Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:05:54.755Z" }, "38835601": { "id": 38835601, "title": "开发网站/VSCode", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T00:59:59.336Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:05:55.283Z" }, "38835602": { "id": 38835602, "title": "开发网站/Python", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T01:00:00.082Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:05:56.033Z" }, "38835603": { "id": 38835603, "title": "开发网站/F^Q", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T01:00:00.879Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:05:56.568Z" }, "38835604": { "id": 38835604, "title": "开发网站/F^Q/20230812", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T01:00:01.647Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:05:57.104Z" }, "38835605": { "id": 38835605, "title": "开发网站/SQL", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T01:00:04.191Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:05:57.637Z" }, "38835606": { "id": 38835606, "title": "开发网站/App打包", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T01:00:04.972Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:05:58.168Z" }, "38835607": { "id": 38835607, "title": "开发网站/抓包", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T01:00:05.832Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:05:58.719Z" }, "38835608": { "id": 38835608, "title": "开发网站/抓包/抓音频", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T01:00:06.549Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:05:59.376Z" }, "38835609": { "id": 38835609, "title": "开发网站/抓包/charles", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T01:00:07.341Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:05:59.891Z" }, "38835610": { "id": 38835610, "title": "开发网站/pdf.js", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T01:00:08.088Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:06:00.433Z" }, "38835611": { "id": 38835611, "title": "开发网站/webplayer", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T01:00:08.918Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:06:01.010Z" }, "38835612": { "id": 38835612, "title": "开发网站/加解密", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T01:00:09.749Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:06:01.566Z" }, "38835613": { "id": 38835613, "title": "开发网站/cors", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T01:00:11.390Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:06:02.268Z" }, "38835614": { "id": 38835614, "title": "开发网站/Delphi", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T01:00:12.110Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:06:02.795Z" }, "38835615": { "id": 38835615, "title": "开发网站/APK反编译", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T01:00:12.818Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:06:03.316Z" }, "38835616": { "id": 38835616, "title": "开源项目", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T01:00:13.516Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:06:03.866Z" }, "38835617": { "id": 38835617, "title": "开源项目/siyuan", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T01:00:14.226Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:06:10.276Z" }, "38835618": { "id": 38835618, "title": "开源项目/rustdesk", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T01:00:16.924Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:06:10.789Z" }, "38835619": { "id": 38835619, "title": "开源项目/SiP", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T01:00:17.661Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:06:11.290Z" }, "38835620": { "id": 38835620, "title": "开源项目/GitHub", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T01:00:18.390Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:06:11.825Z" }, "38835621": { "id": 38835621, "title": "开源项目/GitHub/20230709", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T01:00:19.108Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:06:12.328Z" }, "38835622": { "id": 38835622, "title": "开源项目/GitHub/aria2", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T01:00:19.803Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:06:12.841Z" }, "38835624": { "id": 38835624, "title": "开源项目/GitHub/小白羊", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T01:00:20.534Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:06:13.417Z" }, "38835625": { "id": 38835625, "title": "开源项目/GitHub/alist", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T01:00:21.246Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:06:14.018Z" }, "38835626": { "id": 38835626, "title": "开源项目/GitHub/RustDesk", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T01:00:21.977Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:06:15.383Z" }, "38835627": { "id": 38835627, "title": "开源项目/GitHub/imagine", "sync": true, - 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"lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T01:00:27.835Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:06:21.132Z" }, "38835638": { "id": 38835638, @@ -3274,25 +3274,25 @@ "id": 38835659, "title": "电子书", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T01:00:28.582Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:06:21.712Z" }, "38835660": { "id": 38835660, "title": "电子书/电子书制作", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T01:00:29.283Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:06:22.297Z" }, "38835661": { "id": 38835661, "title": "电子书/calibre", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T01:00:30.100Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:06:23.173Z" }, "38835662": { "id": 38835662, "title": "电子书/20230826", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T01:00:30.815Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:06:23.689Z" }, "38835663": { "id": 38835663, @@ -3308,7 +3308,7 @@ "id": 38835665, "title": "Favorites", "sync": true, - "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T01:00:31.532Z" + "lastSyncDate": "2025-08-27T06:06:24.212Z" }, "38835666": { "id": 38835666, @@ -3324,25 +3324,25 @@ "id": 38835668, "title": "翻译", "sync": true, - 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我们读范仲淹“浊酒一杯家万里,燕然未勒归无计”,感受其戍边艰辛;看《杨家将》浴血抗辽、狄青征讨西夏,知其惨烈。但支撑前线“金戈铁马”的巨额军费从何而来?答案之一,竟藏在北宋皇家养象所的“门票”里!



当市民花几个铜板,争相围观东南亚进贡的珍稀大象表演跪拜、吼叫、驮人时,门票收入正涓涓流入国库。这些本该只在皇家典礼上露脸的“祥瑞”,被逼转型“卖艺”,成了特殊的“筹款大使”。


一边是边疆烽火与财政重压,一边是皇家动物园里的萌兽“营业”,北宋朝廷在困局中展现的务实与灵活,尽显于此。



仪仗以外的“副业”

御象的商业化表演


北宋皇家仪仗队中,来自东南亚的巨象可以说是皇家威严的象征。这些由占城、真腊等东南亚国家进贡的“祥瑞”大象,专司重大典礼仪仗。在宋朝隆重的典礼——南郊祭天大礼上,驯象的地位十分突出,戏分较重。在北宋熙宁六年(1073)的郊祀之前,宋神宗专门诏颁《南郊教象仪制》:


“所用转光旗十五,铜沙罗一,鼓十,乘骑人七,簇引旗鼓人三十一。排引日,选驯象六,在六引之前,行中道,分左右,各备鞍、莲花座、紫罗绣鞔、蕉盘、钤铎、杏叶络头。一人骑,四人簇引,并花脚乌巾、乘徘绝青樱桃锦络缝四衣,涂金双鹿带。一内侍押象,绣衣执挝。”


仪仗中有六象,另备用一象,称“副象”。围绕六象的有旗帜、锣鼓器乐,每象一人骑乘,四人在前引导,另有宦官一人穿绣衣执兵械担任主管。辽宁博物馆藏“北宋卤簿钟”上,即有驯象仪仗的图像。这意味着,作为仪仗的驯象队伍,本身还有一套仪仗,其中仅人员至少就有三十九人。而且单独制定、皇帝亲自颁布《南郊教象仪制》,其在典礼中的作用之大、地位之高可想而知。类似情况为后代继承,一直延续到清朝。



但御象在担任皇家仪仗队的职责以外,其实也进行专门的娱乐表演,甚至收取相应的门票收入。北宋熙宁五年(1072)十月七日,一位名叫成寻的日本僧人,路过应天府养象所时,观看驯象表演,载入日记:


到象厩。一屋有三头象,东一屋有四头象。先见三头象,有饲象人教象,有外国僧等来见,可拜。第一象屈后二足,垂头拜踞。次教可称诺由,即出气、出声。高一丈二尺许,长一丈六尺许,鼻长六尺许,牙长七尺,曲向上,以鼻卷取刍食之。象师与钱五十文了。望第二象所,象师又乞钱,五文与了。拜诺同前,高一丈,长一丈三尺,有牙。次至第三象所,高长同第一象,拜诺同前,与钱同前。三象皆男象也。至四头屋,第一象高长同前,第一象拜诺、与钱同前,女象也。有左牙,一尺五寸许,右无牙。第二象无女象牙,拜诺、与钱如前。第三象,牡象也。高一丈三尺,长一丈七尺许,屈四足拜诺,声极高,人人大惊,三声出之,与钱同前。第四象,牡象也。与钱五文。后象师从牙登顶上,举牙,令登人,是希有事也。高一丈四尺许,长一丈八尺许,屈后二足,拜诺同前。皆黑象也。后二足付绳系也。


这七头驯象,日常为游客表演跪拜、唱喏、象牙载人等节目,均为有偿演出。成寻一行总共付费七次,大概是入场费五十文,每表演一次再交五文,凡六次三十文,共八十文钱。朝廷养象所显然又是皇家动物园和马戏团,毕竟充当仪仗的时间有限,有条件在大部分业余时间内通过表演赚钱。而且,这些大象是按照性别分屋饲养,例如“三头屋”为雄象、“四头屋”含雌象,可以看出宋人对大象的科学管理。


这种让尊贵的皇家仪仗象“屈尊”卖艺的做法,背后是北宋王朝沉重的财政包袱——“三冗”(冗兵、冗官、冗费)。庞大的军费、高昂的官俸、沉重的岁币,让国库常年吃紧。同时,传统的田赋、专卖收入捉襟见肘,朝廷必须绞尽脑汁开源。



这种将皇家象征转化为商业资源的做法,可以说是北宋朝廷在财政压力下的一种尝试。随着疆域收缩和战事频发,传统的赋税收入难以填补军费窟窿,统治者不得不将目光投向皇家资产的“闲置价值”。养象所的日常开销本就由国库承担,而让大象在非仪仗时段进行表演,既能增加收入以补贴财政,又能让这些珍稀动物发挥额外作用,可谓一举两得。这种“以象创收”的模式,在当时或许面临着一些关于皇家体面的争议,但从实际效果来看,确为朝廷开辟了一条新的财源,也让普通市民有机会近距离接触到原本遥不可及的皇家“祥瑞”,在一定程度上拉近了皇家与民间的距离。而这种务实的经济思维,也为后来南宋时期皇家园林等资源的商业化利用提供了早期的借鉴。


动物园创收

玉津园与公共开放的财政潜力


宋人,除了可以在应天府养象所看到贡象的娱乐表演外,还可以在“动物园”定期参观它们以及其他奇珍异兽。以东京玉津园为例,作为著名的动物园,东京玉津园饲养着犀牛、孔雀、驯象等动物。据《玉海》载:


“(北宋)乾德五年八月,有象自岭南来,至都城外获之。其后吴越、广南、交州继献驯象四十五头,于南熏门外玉津园东北置养象所,作驯象旗。”


乾德五年(967),一头野生象从岭南北迁至北宋都城开封,被官方捕获。吴越、广南、交州等南方政权为示臣服,接连进贡45头驯象,显示北宋对南方的政治影响力。朝廷在南薰门外的玉津园东北处设立了养象所,并创制了用于仪仗的旗帜“驯象旗”。



北宋大中祥符五年(1012),宋真宗正式下诏:


“诏诸国狮子、驯象、奇兽列于外苑,谕群臣就苑中游宴。”


玉津园就变成了汇集诸国狮子、大象、灵犀等海外奇兽的皇家宠物乐园。而且每年三四月份,玉津园还对所有人开放,洪迈《夷坚志》写道:


“大观中,宿州士人钱君兄弟游上庠。方春月,待试,因休暇出游玉津园。”


钱君兄弟还在待试,暂无功名在身,此时应当是一般的市民身份,可见宋代平民也可以到玉津园内观赏这些奇珍异兽,这些大象、狮子就成了大宋百姓也可以参观的“宠物”,与此同时,玉津园也从皇家兽苑转向公共空间。


如果只是说到饲养各种奇珍动物的皇家园林,实际上可以追溯到商朝,商纣建造的沙丘苑台、周文王修建的灵囿等园林。但是,宋代“玉津园”有别于前者的一点,则是前面提到的,它在每年三四月份会对所有人开放,其中体现的“公共性”与我们现在所提到的“动物园”更有相似之处,在某种意义上,宋代“玉津园”已经具备现代动物园的雏形。



其实,包括“玉津园”在内的宋代园林,无论是皇家园林还是私人园林,都有对市民开放的传统,这使得宋代园林从某种程度上成了宋代市民的“公园”。每年三月,春暖花开时节,各个私家园林打开院门迎接往来市民游玩,史料记载,司马光的独乐园是时人春游必到之处,看园的园丁曾将收得门票钱数千交予司马光,司马光坚辞不受。除了私家园林,每年皇家园林也会开园供市民游玩,如金明池、琼林苑、玉津园等。据《东京梦华录》卷七记载:


“三月一日,州西顺天门外开金明池、球林苑,每日教习车驾上池仪范,虽禁从,士庶许纵赏,御史台有榜不得弹劾。”



虽然史料中未明确记载玉津园收取门票的具体数额,但从私家园林如独乐园园丁能收得数千门票钱来看,皇家园林凭借其珍稀的动物资源和独特的皇家背景,在开放期间所产生的经济效益应该不容小觑。市民入园观赏奇珍异兽,除了可能直接支付的“入园费”,园内或许还存在售卖饮食、玩具等周边商品的摊位,这些收入也能为朝廷带来额外的财政补充。例如南宋临安预演象仪时:


“又命象院教前导朱旗,以二金三鼓为节,各有幞头紫衣蛮奴乘之,手执短钁,旋转跪起,悉如人意。” ——《武林旧事》


“御街观者如堵。市井扑卖土木粉捏妆彩小象儿,并纸画者,外郡人市去,为土宜遗送。” ——《梦粱录》


两地的商人们利用这个商机,开发销售彩塑小象或驯象图画,作为都城的特产被外地游客买走,当作礼品馈送亲友。


这种将皇家禁地适度向公众开放并从中获取收益的方式,打破了以往皇家资源的封闭性,属于北宋朝廷有别于前朝的一种创新尝试。这种做法与御象的商业化表演一脉相承,都是在财政重压下,对皇家资源进行商业化开发的具体体现,共同构成了北宋朝廷独特的“经济智慧”。



参考资料:

《宋史》

《宋会要辑稿》

袁一堂:《论北宋中期的财政危机》,《史学月刊》,1990年第3期。

菅明军:《北宋中期的财政危机及其振兴之道》,《中州今古》,1994年第1期。

王德利:《宋代的玉津园》,《黄河科技大学学报》,2012年第5期。

王风扬:《宋人动物饲养与休闲生活》,华东师范大学硕士学位论文,2014年4月25日。

程民生:《宋代大象的自然与社会生态》,《中原文化研究》,2021年5月14日。


*本文系“国家人文历史”独家稿件,欢迎读者转发朋友圈。


END
作者 | 易北
编辑 | 胡心雅
 主编 | 周斌
排版 | 徐沁(实习)
校对 | 张斌
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