vault backup: 2025-07-31 13:07:20

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CrazyJasonwell committed 2025-07-31 13:07:20 +08:00
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"content": "字节跳动扣子 Coze 宣布开源,通义灵码上线 Qwen3-Coder 等。<a href=\"https://sspai.com/post/101413\" target=\"_blank\">查看全文</a>",
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"title": "派开箱 | Nothing Headphone (1) 无线降噪头戴耳机体验",
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"title": "Windows 有能疯狂弹窗提醒关机的软件吗?",
"description": "今天有位同学发来了一个问题,很有趣: 这大概是文明玩家?一不小心,天亮了。趁天亮前,先关机?从网友的评论来看: 以及: 青小蛙也觉得,弄一个定时插座好了,管他什么提醒,自动断电。虽然也有工具可以实现定 ",
"content": "\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1608\" height=\"700\" src=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Copy-of-appinn-homework-2025-07-27T173355.752.jpg\" alt=\"Windows 有能疯狂弹窗提醒关机的软件吗? 17\" class=\"wp-image-52980\" title=\"Windows 有能疯狂弹窗提醒关机的软件吗? 17\" srcset=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Copy-of-appinn-homework-2025-07-27T173355.752.jpg 1608w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Copy-of-appinn-homework-2025-07-27T173355.752-768x334.jpg 768w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Copy-of-appinn-homework-2025-07-27T173355.752-1536x669.jpg 1536w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Copy-of-appinn-homework-2025-07-27T173355.752-804x350.jpg 804w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1608px) 100vw, 1608px\" /></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>今天有位同学发来了一个问题,很有趣:</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"944\" height=\"168\" src=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Screen-20250727115648@2x.avif\" alt=\"Windows 有能疯狂弹窗提醒关机的软件吗? 18\" class=\"wp-image-52977\" title=\"Windows 有能疯狂弹窗提醒关机的软件吗? 18\" srcset=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Screen-20250727115648@2x.avif 944w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Screen-20250727115648@2x-768x137.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 944px) 100vw, 944px\" /></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>这大概是<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/zE5vRquCkOQMwReU293hMw\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">文明</a>玩家?一不小心,天亮了。趁天亮前,先关机?从网友的评论来看:</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1276\" height=\"1040\" src=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Screen-20250727170229@2x.avif\" alt=\"Windows 有能疯狂弹窗提醒关机的软件吗? 19\" class=\"wp-image-52978\" title=\"Windows 有能疯狂弹窗提醒关机的软件吗? 19\" srcset=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Screen-20250727170229@2x.avif 1276w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Screen-20250727170229@2x-768x626.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1276px) 100vw, 1276px\" /></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>以及:</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1274\" height=\"820\" src=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Screen-20250727170356@2x.avif\" alt=\"Windows 有能疯狂弹窗提醒关机的软件吗? 20\" class=\"wp-image-52979\" title=\"Windows 有能疯狂弹窗提醒关机的软件吗? 20\" srcset=\"https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Screen-20250727170356@2x.avif 1274w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Screen-20250727170356@2x-768x494.jpg 768w, https://do-cdn.appinn.com/static3/images/2025/07/Screen-20250727170356@2x-390x250.jpg 390w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1274px) 100vw, 1274px\" /></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>青小蛙也觉得,弄一个定时插座好了,管他什么提醒,自动断电。虽然也有工具可以实现定时关机、定时重启之类的。但是我要说,都不如定时插座直接关闭电源来的精准。</p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>不过</strong></p>\n\n\n\n<p>这里又要说不过了,你看上面最后那个评论,<strong>骂骂咧咧重新启动了</strong>。就&#8230;..好像也没什么好办法呢。</p>\n\n\n\n<p>青小蛙也试过,沉迷看小说、沉迷看网剧、沉迷打游戏&#8230;</p>\n\n\n\n<p>实际上也就最开始的时候管用。过一阵子,就麻木了。</p>\n\n\n\n<p>会自己想办法解决自己制造的困难。</p>\n\n\n\n<p>所以我觉得,问题的解决方案不在这里。</p>\n\n\n\n<p>这大概是在对抗人性,就像如果让你戒掉刷短视频一样,很难,很难,几乎不可能。</p>\n\n\n\n<p>除非有另外一个比短视频还让你爽的东西。</p>\n\n\n\n<p>否则,大脑才不会听你的。</p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"/>\n\n\n\n<p>最后,问题来了,你需要一个智能插座吗?</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.appinn.com/crazy-shutdown-reminder/\">[ 点击前往获取链接 ]</a></p><hr/>",
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"title": "一人杀六王!北齐头号御用杀手刘桃枝是谁?",
"description": "<div><div><div class=\"rich_media_content\" id=\"js_content\"><section style=\"margin: 0px 8px 8px; padding: 0px; white-space: normal; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; line-height: 1.75em;\"><span><img class=\"rich_pages js_insertlocalimg wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/laADTC8BCK6M7Nv6wvsPyLPCsN7uraAJxdXiby5XB2BE6S0ulr9Fs213uZ85nlxAalcgRcLFiaSVdOVlrtCZRibIw/640?wx_fmt=gif\" style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom; height: auto !important;\" /></span><span><br /></span></section><section><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK79LopbZsE6EhdkMXfODhSgYMmjoiaVcdN64W5ibcQZufdV10uEAELgYmdB5V03lBFosj8WNupkUSLg/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><section><span><br /></span></section><section style=\"margin: 0px 8px; padding: 0px; white-space: normal; text-align: center; line-height: 1.75em;\"><span><span>本 文 约 4000字</span></span><span><br /></span></section><section label=\"Powered by 135editor.com\" style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: normal;\"><section label=\"Powered by 135editor.com\" style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\"><section style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px; letter-spacing: 0.544px;\"><section label=\"Powered by 135editor.com\" style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\"><section label=\"Powered by 135editor.com\" style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\"><section><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(178, 178, 178); font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 1px;\"><span>阅 读 需 要 14 分钟</span></span></section></section></section></section></section></section><p style=\"margin: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>在中国历朝历代的统治中,杀手的身影时隐时现。他们或被奉为侠义之士名垂青史,或被打上鹰犬爪牙的烙印遗臭万年。</span></font></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span><p></p></span></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>北齐王朝的宫廷深处,曾活跃着一位令人谈之色变的杀手</span></font><font face=\"宋体\"><span>——刘桃枝。刘桃枝历经高欢、高澄、高洋、高演、高湛、高纬六代君主,以残忍手段先后参与诛杀六位亲王、三位重臣,堪称北齐王朝最令人胆寒的暗影利刃。</span></font></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; margin: 8px;\"><a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5MDg1NjA2NA==&amp;mid=2651035606&amp;idx=1&amp;sn=95e5b910a9c15c3b861b33b6a6da3866&amp;scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"js_jump_icon h5_image_link\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK79LopbZsE6EhdkMXfODhSgm8ficzicia6B5NrGlusaXgN7eOICibBiaN5F1GFVcmThYonwQfdngGJ41wQ/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></span></a></section><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK79LopbZsE6EhdkMXfODhSgcQTvsbegRQqCv20njUiciaep5eVdolJ2AFeKGia0hedqaY9M8frTLqDIQ/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"margin: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font><span style=\"font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10.5pt;\"><p></p></span></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span>这位北齐头号御用杀手,是如何在腥风血雨中淬炼而成的?他的结局又是怎样的?</span></font></p><p style=\"margin: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><br /></span></font></p><section style=\"text-align: center; margin: 8px;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK79LopbZsE6EhdkMXfODhSgFgOEOibfcso2U6CWWUxj2SDn2cSR69ORqibfDZZpXbWo7HPISIvQlgcg/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></section><p style=\"margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px;\"><font face=\"宋体\"><span><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" src=\"http://img2.jintiankansha.me/get?src=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/laADTC8BCK79LopbZsE6EhdkMXfODhSg0Tj1QQJOBGCDxnTBJYomUXVXR0dNN9XhC2ozJsTibicQR9XZL6pxyiacA/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;from=appmsg\" style=\"height: auto !important;\" type=\"block\" /></span></font></Line truncated
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"title": "为什么野生动物少有肥胖的现象?",
"description": "<div><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-fdbd28bdbe6b2c967a48a0844396189a_fhd.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"头图\"/><div><div>\n<p>近年来出圈的动物园动物肥胖新闻,大多数是食肉目如老虎、豹、云豹。也许人们对猫比较感兴趣,也许人们看过比较多肥胖的猫,因此比较会判断猫的肥胖程度。</p>\n<p>那么,我们最近的亲戚——大猿的情况又如何呢?</p>\n<p>大猩猩和黑猩猩都给人肌肉发达,身手矫健的感觉,唯一显得很肥胖的非人大猿是猩猩(确切地说,是苏门答腊猩猩、婆罗洲猩猩和打巴奴里猩猩三个种),也叫红毛猩猩。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-dcb0ff240a95fa9c30e3e2495f38f1aa_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>猩猩看上去肚子很大,但这不是我们判断它肥胖的充分理由。猩猩的大肠特别宽大而且长,里面生活着许多细菌,可以分解树皮和树叶里的大量纤维。植食动物的消化系统某一部分扩大作为“发酵罐”是一个普遍现象,牛这样的反刍动物是胃特别扩大,非反刍动物一般就是肠子的某段。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pica.zhimg.com/v2-c8132441a93979ccfd4bbb7c20656515_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>红毛猩猩、黑猩猩、人的消化系统</figcaption></figure>\n<p>所以还要看一下猩猩的体脂肪率,才能确定它是不是真胖。</p>\n<p>这就要提到前面的一个知识点了,苏门答腊猩猩和婆罗洲猩猩是不同的物种。猩猩生活的东南亚,有一个特殊之处是野果的产量波动很大,而且婆罗洲的波动尤其大,所以在水果不足时,猩猩,尤其是婆罗洲猩猩会经历严重的饥荒。</p>\n<p>另一个值得注意的点是,圈养条件下的猩猩特别容易肥胖。于是就有人认为,这是一种节能配置。让猩猩可以在果实丰富时储存脂肪,在果实匮乏时消耗脂肪。所以至少猩猩是有可能肥胖的。</p>\n<p>然后我们来看一下《雄性大猩猩(Gorilla gorilla gorilla)的功能解剖及适应与雄性猩猩(Pongo pygmaeus)的比较》(Functional anatomy and adaptation of male gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) with comparison to male orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus))这篇文章,它介绍了圈养死亡的五个大猩猩和四个红毛猩猩的解剖记录。</p>\n<p>猩猩 1 号是最年轻的,大概 15~20 岁,死前长期患慢性肺炎,肌肉比率 33.9%,脂肪超过 20%。可能是长期患病拖垮了身体素质。</p>\n<p>猩猩 2 号只有肌肉量的数据。</p>\n<p>猩猩 3 号 31 岁,24 岁,死于急性腹膜炎。肌肉比率 35.9%,脂肪约 15%。</p>\n<p>猩猩 4 号年老且极端肥胖,肌肉比率 10.6%,脂肪 45%以上,即使按人类的标准也是非常肥胖了。要注意人类是陆地哺乳动物里脂肪比较多的,人类的正常体脂率对大多数陆地兽类都是肥胖。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-97ecd027499d29d722858a2aa63da31c_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>顺便讲两个大猩猩的情况:</p>\n<p>大猩猩里最年轻的是 2 号(27 岁),生活在很大的围场里,有很多设施让它爬着玩,它的肌肉比率是 46.4%,脂肪是 7~8%。相当于职业健美运动员的比例(生命在于运动!)。</p>\n<p>年纪最大的 1 号(37 岁),肌肉 34%,脂肪估计超过 20%,是所有大猩猩里最高的。但它不能算是胖,它去世时是所有大猩猩里最轻的。可见大猩猩也会有年老而肌肉流失的问题。</p>\n<p>所以动物园里的猩猩确实可能出现肥胖,而且可能非常严重。野生雄性猩猩的平均体重是 86.3 公斤,测量过最重的雄性猩猩为 189 公斤,这可能是一个极端肥胖的圈养个体。</p>\n<p>像人类一样,猩猩肥胖可能增加许多疾病的风险,比如高血压、心脏病、癌症、关节炎、呼吸系统问题、糖尿病、脂肪肝。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-285d69e1583dba3e8be952f1a066bf59_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>参考资料:</p>\n<p>Zihlman A L, Mcfarland R K, Underwood C E. Functional anatomy and adaptation of male gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) with comparison to male orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus)[J]. The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology, 2011, 294(11): 1842-1855.</p>\n<p>O’Connell C A, DiGiorgio A L, Ugarte A D, et al. Wild Bornean orangutans experience muscle catabolism during episodes of fruit scarcity[J]. Scientific Reports, 2021, 11(1): 10185.</p>\n<p>Schmidt D A, Zoo L P. Orangutan Husbandry Manual Nutrition Chapter—2004[J]. Orangutan SSP. Brookfield Zoo, Illinois, 2004.</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n\n\n<div><a href=\"https://www.zhihu.com/question/27971360\">查看知乎讨论<span></span></a></div>\n\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n</div><br><hr><div>获Line truncated
"content": "<div><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-fdbd28bdbe6b2c967a48a0844396189a_fhd.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"头图\"/><div><div>\n<p>近年来出圈的动物园动物肥胖新闻,大多数是食肉目如老虎、豹、云豹。也许人们对猫比较感兴趣,也许人们看过比较多肥胖的猫,因此比较会判断猫的肥胖程度。</p>\n<p>那么,我们最近的亲戚——大猿的情况又如何呢?</p>\n<p>大猩猩和黑猩猩都给人肌肉发达,身手矫健的感觉,唯一显得很肥胖的非人大猿是猩猩(确切地说,是苏门答腊猩猩、婆罗洲猩猩和打巴奴里猩猩三个种),也叫红毛猩猩。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-dcb0ff240a95fa9c30e3e2495f38f1aa_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>猩猩看上去肚子很大,但这不是我们判断它肥胖的充分理由。猩猩的大肠特别宽大而且长,里面生活着许多细菌,可以分解树皮和树叶里的大量纤维。植食动物的消化系统某一部分扩大作为“发酵罐”是一个普遍现象,牛这样的反刍动物是胃特别扩大,非反刍动物一般就是肠子的某段。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pica.zhimg.com/v2-c8132441a93979ccfd4bbb7c20656515_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>红毛猩猩、黑猩猩、人的消化系统</figcaption></figure>\n<p>所以还要看一下猩猩的体脂肪率,才能确定它是不是真胖。</p>\n<p>这就要提到前面的一个知识点了,苏门答腊猩猩和婆罗洲猩猩是不同的物种。猩猩生活的东南亚,有一个特殊之处是野果的产量波动很大,而且婆罗洲的波动尤其大,所以在水果不足时,猩猩,尤其是婆罗洲猩猩会经历严重的饥荒。</p>\n<p>另一个值得注意的点是,圈养条件下的猩猩特别容易肥胖。于是就有人认为,这是一种节能配置。让猩猩可以在果实丰富时储存脂肪,在果实匮乏时消耗脂肪。所以至少猩猩是有可能肥胖的。</p>\n<p>然后我们来看一下《雄性大猩猩(Gorilla gorilla gorilla)的功能解剖及适应与雄性猩猩(Pongo pygmaeus)的比较》(Functional anatomy and adaptation of male gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) with comparison to male orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus))这篇文章,它介绍了圈养死亡的五个大猩猩和四个红毛猩猩的解剖记录。</p>\n<p>猩猩 1 号是最年轻的,大概 15~20 岁,死前长期患慢性肺炎,肌肉比率 33.9%,脂肪超过 20%。可能是长期患病拖垮了身体素质。</p>\n<p>猩猩 2 号只有肌肉量的数据。</p>\n<p>猩猩 3 号 31 岁,24 岁,死于急性腹膜炎。肌肉比率 35.9%,脂肪约 15%。</p>\n<p>猩猩 4 号年老且极端肥胖,肌肉比率 10.6%,脂肪 45%以上,即使按人类的标准也是非常肥胖了。要注意人类是陆地哺乳动物里脂肪比较多的,人类的正常体脂率对大多数陆地兽类都是肥胖。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-97ecd027499d29d722858a2aa63da31c_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>顺便讲两个大猩猩的情况:</p>\n<p>大猩猩里最年轻的是 2 号(27 岁),生活在很大的围场里,有很多设施让它爬着玩,它的肌肉比率是 46.4%,脂肪是 7~8%。相当于职业健美运动员的比例(生命在于运动!)。</p>\n<p>年纪最大的 1 号(37 岁),肌肉 34%,脂肪估计超过 20%,是所有大猩猩里最高的。但它不能算是胖,它去世时是所有大猩猩里最轻的。可见大猩猩也会有年老而肌肉流失的问题。</p>\n<p>所以动物园里的猩猩确实可能出现肥胖,而且可能非常严重。野生雄性猩猩的平均体重是 86.3 公斤,测量过最重的雄性猩猩为 189 公斤,这可能是一个极端肥胖的圈养个体。</p>\n<p>像人类一样,猩猩肥胖可能增加许多疾病的风险,比如高血压、心脏病、癌症、关节炎、呼吸系统问题、糖尿病、脂肪肝。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-285d69e1583dba3e8be952f1a066bf59_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>参考资料:</p>\n<p>Zihlman A L, Mcfarland R K, Underwood C E. Functional anatomy and adaptation of male gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) with comparison to male orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus)[J]. The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology, 2011, 294(11): 1842-1855.</p>\n<p>O’Connell C A, DiGiorgio A L, Ugarte A D, et al. Wild Bornean orangutans experience muscle catabolism during episodes of fruit scarcity[J]. Scientific Reports, 2021, 11(1): 10185.</p>\n<p>Schmidt D A, Zoo L P. Orangutan Husbandry Manual Nutrition Chapter—2004[J]. Orangutan SSP. Brookfield Zoo, Illinois, 2004.</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n\n\n<div><a href=\"https://www.zhihu.com/question/27971360\">查看知乎讨论<span></span></a></div>\n\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n</div><br><hr><div>获取Line truncated
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"title": "为什么老师一道题反反复复讲了很多遍,孩子依然啥也不会?",
"description": "<div><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-e7d8f039fa313527e1d426967703c7e7_fhd.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"头图\"/><div><div>\n<h2>因为<a href=\"https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/1919436287145927324\">你无法教授他们尚未准备好理解的知识</a></h2>\n<p>如果老师一道题反反复复讲了很多遍,孩子依然啥也不会,这背后最根本的原因是:<strong>老师只是在「呈现」知识,而孩子的大脑还没有准备好去「建构」这些知识。</strong></p>\n<p>你不能像给电脑安装软件一样,通过解释把一个概念直接「灌输」到孩子的大脑里。学习是一个主动的、内在的「建构」过程。孩子必须基于自己已有的知识和经验,找到一个切入点,一个能与新概念产生共鸣的「个人理解」,然后才能真正吸收它。</p>\n<p>这种情况下,老师反复讲,孩子依然不会,往往是因为以下几点:</p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>老师颠倒了教学顺序。</strong> 老师很可能是一上来就给出公式、定义、规则这些形式化的东西(比如 <code>p=m/V</code>),然后期望孩子自己去建立对这些抽象符号的直觉理解。这就像把一个新手直接推到一堵概念的高墙前,然后让他自己使劲往上撞。这种做法只会筛选出那些特别执着或者特别有「受虐倾向」的孩子,而大多数孩子只会在反复的挫败中感到厌恶和无助。<br><br></li>\n<li><strong>孩子的「前置知识」与老师的讲解不匹配。</strong> 每个孩子的知识背景和生活体验都是独一无二的。老师讲解时所依赖的类比或联系点,可能对这个孩子有效,但对另一个孩子完全无效。如果老师没有意识到这一点,只是用同一种方式反复讲解,那无异于对着一台使用不同操作系统的电脑,反复输入同一串无效的指令。<br><br></li>\n<li><strong>老师没有扮演好「引导者」的角色。</strong> 一个好的老师,不应该是知识的「呈现者」,而应该是孩子学习过程的「促进者」。他需要去理解孩子已有的认知模型是什么样的,然后设计一系列循序渐进的练习或问题,引导孩子通过自己的思考、猜测和犯错,一步步修正自己脑中的模型,最终自己「建构」起对新知识的直觉理解。当孩子有了那种「啊哈!」的顿悟时刻之后,老师再给出数学符号或专业术语,那只是给孩子已经理解的东西贴上一个标签而已。<br><br></li>\n<li><strong>孩子可能真的「还没准备好」。</strong> 就像一本书,你现在读不懂,可能不是书本身不好,而是你的人生经验和知识储备还没有达到能与它共鸣的程度。对于某个特定的数学或物理概念,孩子可能确实缺乏必要的、更底层的物理体验或直觉认知作为「跳板」。在这种情况下,反复讲解只会加剧孩子的挫败感,让他开始厌恶学习。</li>\n</ol>\n<blockquote>以下内容摘自 <a href=\"http://www.zhihu.com/people/4c592f496dc33822b560b382907ff1d0\">@Thoughts Memo</a> 汉化组的译文《<a href=\"https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/1919436287145927324\">你无法教授他们尚未准备好理解的知识</a>》</blockquote>\n<p>有一句古老的英语谚语说<a href=\"http://link.zhihu.com/?target=https%3A//www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/you-can-lead-a-horse-to-water.html%3Fref%3Dcommoncog.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">牵马到河边</a>(译注:完整版是「你可以牵马到河边,但你不能强迫它喝水」)——这句谚语自 12 世纪以来一直被人们使用。基于我们对人类学习方式的了解,我们大概可以将这句话改编为更符合现代语境的表述:「你可以引导学生接触认知模型,但无法强迫他们接受」。</p>\n<p>自从我阅读并总结了 Greg Wilson 的 <a href=\"http://link.zhihu.com/?target=https%3A//commoncog.com/teaching-tech-together/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Teaching Tech Together</a> 以来,我一直在思考 Seymour Papert 的理念——这本书表面上讲的是如何向初学者教授计算机编程,实际上却是对人类学习机制的全面概述。</p>\n<p>在那篇总结中,我引用了 Amy Ko 对 Papert 研究的<a href=\"http://link.zhihu.com/?target=https%3A//medium.com/bits-and-behavior/mindstorms-what-did-papert-argue-and-what-does-it-mean-for-learning-and-education-c8324b58aca4%3Fref%3Dcommoncog.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">精彩总结</a>,她写道:</p>\n<blockquote>Papert 进一步论证,那些依赖牛顿公式的科学家和工程师同样不是通过直接将公式灌输到大脑中来学习的,相反,他们必须基于自己的前置知识来构建对公式含义的个人理解,比如他们骑自行车或打台球的物理体验。你可能还记得坐在物理课上的情景,绞尽脑汁试图Line truncated
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{
"title": "进攻性叫牌与防守性叫牌——波兹南的牌局",
"description": "桥牌其实也一样,只不过桥牌的“进攻”和“防守”,有多重的意义,除了简单的在桥牌打法中表现为做庄与防守外,还有在叫牌中也分为自己抢过来打的“进攻性叫牌”和放给对方打或者叫得较低的“防守性叫牌”。",
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