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南澳岛，隶属于南澳县这广东省唯一的海岛县及渔业县，地处闽粤交界的海面，为北回归线所横穿，因守于高雄-厦门-香港这三大港口的中心点，素有“东南门户，漳潮锁匙”的美称，遂成为海上丝绸之路的重要港口和兵家必争之地。它的本名意为“南方泊船之海湾”。相传南澳一词始载于南宋孝宗淳熙七年（1180）间，广东提举杨万里率军平定侵犯南澳的海盗沈师一事。“盗沈师犯南粤，帅师往平之”。此后，寇乱、兵戈还有各色宝藏的传说，在这座小岛的历史中常常回响。



南宋遗藏


至元八年（1271），元世祖忽必烈在大都建立元朝后，旋即大规模向南方进军，至元十三年（1276）正月，元军直逼临安，宋廷在战和不定中乱成一团，太皇太后即封宋恭帝赵㬎（xiǎn）之弟赵昰为益王，判福州、福建安抚大使；封赵禺为广王，判泉州兼外宗正事，由陆秀夫、杨镇等人护送往婺州、温州一路南逃，成为传递失落火种的希望小队。三月，临安城破，朝廷奉玺降元，南宋灭亡，而陈宜中、张世杰、陆秀夫等人则效仿昔日南宋宋高宗之旧例，拥立赵昰成立都元帅府，以赵昰为天下兵马都元帅，改福州为福安府，号召天下军民相投。五月，赵昰于福州即位，号端宗，改元景炎，封杨淑妃为太后，世称“行朝”。此后，都元帅府这一抵抗中心便开启了流亡抗元之旅，也为后世留下了不少遗迹。




景炎元年（1276）六月，“行朝”从水路南下泉州、厦门入广东，11月，“帝舟迁于潮州，初泊红螺山（属饶平县），旋移南澳”。在南澳岛上，都元帅府于澳前村东面修建行宫，也便是太子楼，他们还在东南面的沙滩上挖井，据说共有三口，供皇室饮用的叫“龙井”，供文武官员饮用的叫“虎井”，供将士军马饮用的叫“马井”。如今南澳岛上还有它们的遗址，其间刻字患漫难辨。因此，便有传闻说，当时小皇帝赵昰和他弟弟赵昺（bǐng）见追兵逼近，就将随身所携的金银珠宝留在南澳岛，于石壁上做出记号以便日后再来寻找。只是可惜，景炎二年（1277）正月，他们乘舟离岛赴惠州后，便就此一去不复返。祥兴元年（1278）四月，端宗病死，年仅十一岁，八岁的赵昺被拥立为帝。祥兴二年（1279）正月，元军进攻崖山，二月初六日，崖海决战宋败，陆秀夫抱末帝赵昺投海死，“后宫及诸臣多从死者，七日，浮尸出于海十余万人”，南宋彻底灭亡，而所谓的宝藏也失去了它的主人。



1962年的夏天，一位到海边捞虾的青年发现海滩上有一口水井，还在井石四角的石缝中捡到四枚宋代铜钱，分别镌刻了“圣宋元宝”“政和通宝”“淳熙元宝”“嘉定通宝”的字样。这口古水井便是曾经的马井。经专家考察分析，它原本应该挖在坡地，只是因为陆地下沉，才为海沙所吞没，只有当由台风引起的大型海潮到来卷走沙层时，才会显露真身，这便是井露现象。虽然宝藏没能随着一同浮出水面，但当地很快便发现了宋井的另一神奇之处：被海水淹没过的它竟然有清甜的淡水！甚至据说即便将苦咸的海水倒入其中，其水质也不会有过多改变。于是，又有很多人坚信此井有灵，其水或有延年益寿之能，不惜千里到访，取水冲茶珍藏。



那么，对此有什么科学的解释吗？此地的降水会渗入地下，并因重力作用向地势更低的古井海滩处汇集，形成淡水为主的地下水。井露发生后，地下水便会因形成的水位差而通过砂砾井底上升泉涌，由于沙质的孔隙较小，淡水和原留在井内的海水相互融合的非常缓慢，又因为海水密度更大，淡水会浮在海水表层，为人所打捞起。这便是它被认为是淡水井的缘由。

 


大盗之宝


尽管南宋宝藏实属无稽之谈，但南澳的确有上天赐予它的财富，那便是它在航海贸易中得天独厚，“为诸夷贡道所必经”的地理位置。明代的《南澳赋》便称颂道：


“故大国小邦，外趋内附。吕宋、琉球南金大赂，占城、暹罗随波飞赴，佛齐、阇婆弗敢互顾(贾),真腊、彭坑疾驰如鹜。”


南澳成为远洋贸易的驿站和地文标志，就连郑和七次下西洋都经过了这里。



然而，在明初，朝廷却并没有好好地经营此南澳，他们“或墟其地，或徙其民”。明太祖朱元璋数次颁发禁令，严禁海民私自制造二桅以上船舶，出海诸国并与之互市。明洪武二十年（1387）、永乐二年（1404）和永乐七年（1409）还来回搬离过当地的所有居民，当时南澳当地本来人就不多，此后更为荒凉焦土。该做法背后确有“以伪吴张士诚据宁、绍、杭、苏、通、泰，及方国珍据温、台等处，皆在海上。张、方既灭，诸贼强豪者悉航纠岛倭人寇”的因素，但也有明廷希望推行市舶司制度来垄断贸易的意图。无疑，这加剧了沿海居民的苦难，也无法真正巩固空虚的边疆：


“寇与商同是人也。市通则寇转而为商；市禁则商转而为寇。始之禁禁商，后之禁禁寇， 寇势盛。”


南澳逐渐发展成为真正的海盗渊薮（sǒu）和番舶互市之地。



当时，主要来到南澳进行走私的民船，多来自暹罗和安南等东南亚国家，葡萄牙商人在16世纪后也开始频繁到访。随着走私市场的开拓，海禁渐渐名存实亡。


“成、弘之际，豪门巨室间有乘巨舰贸易海外者。奸人阴开其利窦，而官人不得显收其利权。初亦渐享奇赢，久乃勾引为乱……至嘉靖而弊极矣。”



其原因之一是葡萄牙人东来后，“有司自是将安南、满剌加诸番舶尽行阻绝，皆往漳州府海面地方私自驻剖”，南澳正是往漳州海面的要津。另一件事是嘉靖二年（1522）日本的争贡动乱，唯一合法的市舶司被撤，“番船无所容，乃之南澳互市”。公无管束，私贼遂起。


嘉靖、隆庆年间，相继有许朝光、林国宪、吴平、曾一本等海寇以南澳岛为巢，修起楼寨，私行贸易，并“修船、制器、市药、裹粮，百无所忌”，号称“毒害东南者十余年”。而这群海盗倒还真为南澳滋生了另一则宝藏传说：据闻，当年的巨盗吴平，似乎就在岛屿最北端由几块礁石组成的小岛屿上私藏了十八坛金银，该地也因而得名金银岛。



嘉靖四十三年（1564），戚继光奉命率兵5000人自浙来援，与潮州总兵俞大猷水陆夹攻，讨伐了盘踞在南澳岛的吴平势力，荡平海寇。朝廷吸取教训，南澳政策也为之一变。隆庆元年（1567），南澳有限制地开放了海禁。万历三年（1575），福建巡抚刘尧诲和广东总督殷正茂联合上奏朝廷《请设南澳副总兵疏》，潮州知府郭子章也表示为固海防，应当再设南澳为镇，他们的建议得到采纳。万历设“闽粤南澳镇”，置副总兵，下辖左、右营，兼领福建南路和广东东路水师，南澳岛就此从“海外荒域”变成东南沿海的军事重镇。设镇后，原属广东潮州府饶平县太平乡信宁都的南澳岛，就此分广东饶平、福建诏安两县共管，这一两省共管南澳的想法最先还是戚继光鉴于此前海盗们“福建捕急，则奔广东；广东捕急，则奔福建”的情况 提出的。


方案实行后，“……树兵列胪，海防肃矣。崇垒突沟城守固矣。垦田构室，民趋众矣。昔之鲸鲵依崇，今则海波不扬而为商旅之坦途矣。昔之孤鼠恣睢，今则戴柞而为生民之乐土矣。”




如今的深澳古镇之中，还留有南澳总兵府。明时，南澳总兵府“坐南朝北，高二丈二尺，皆甃以石。壕深八尺”。然而，随着明的由盛转衰，南澳也渐渐荒废，“郑芝龙麾下士卒皆芝龙散金以养，芝龙时为南澳副总兵，是启祯以后，南澳之兵盖有兵而无饷”，因此，南澳逐渐为郑芝龙家族所据，于明清之交再起狂澜。


海防重镇


顺治三年（1646），南明皇帝朱聿键殉国，郑芝龙降清，但其子郑成功带着80人，由陈辉、张进陪同，自福建乘舟“止南澳，招兵制械，得数千人 ”，往来于厦门、铜山、金门、澎湖和台湾诸岛屿间，开启了复台抗清的道路。在南澳岛上，他和文武大臣于澳属猎屿（古称“烈屿”）设高宗皇帝神位定盟复明，遂延南明之正朔十八载。如今的明、清总兵府旧址前，还有一棵大榕树，主干18米，树冠南北近28米，相传便是昔日郑成功的招兵处，被称为“招兵树”。



永历十五年（1661），郑成功从荷兰殖民者手中收复台湾，建立郑氏政权。康熙元年（1662），郑氏部下陈豹降清，杨金木、杜辉继续经营据守南澳岛。康熙三年（1664），在黄冈总兵吴六奇的招降下，最后的杜辉也投降清朝，明朝制度的影响在南澳落下帷幕，其部众迁往揭阳、黄冈，南澳遭到废弃。直到康熙十九年（1680）才准民复垦，“五年起税”。此时，康熙已经充分认识到了南澳对海防的价值，该政策正是为了后续的设镇驻兵做准备。




康熙二十四年（1685），清廷“诏设南澳总兵，移厦门镇总兵官并中、左、右三营官兵驻南澳，旋裁中营，改为左、右二营，左为福营，右为广营”，其中左营派驻台湾、淡水、澎湖，三年一调防。南澳岛分属饶平、诏安二县。次年，“澄海协、达濠营水汛官兵船只改归南澳水师镇就近统辖”。


康熙四十二年（1703），清廷又设立海门营。至此，南澳镇所辖便包括左、右二营，澄海协二营、海门营、达濠营等五营，其中左营由闽浙总督节制，其他四营隶属于两广总督节制。康熙五十六年（1717），时任广东总督杨琳在全省范围修筑炮台，并提到了粤东海域防御的重要性，“惠、潮之洋盗绝，而全粤之海面宁”。这一提议背后的部分原因，可能是南澳作为南北远洋贸易中途停泊，以及肩负造船，燂洗（火燎涂灰以避海蛆）、产糖等其他功能之所的地位逐渐得到恢复。


同样是康熙四十二年（1703），清廷下令“各处商船往东洋者，必由定海镇所辖要汛挂号，往噶喇吧 (今印度尼西亚雅加达，又泛指爪哇等岛) 、 吕宋(今菲律宾吕宋岛，又泛指菲律宾群岛) 等处出洋，必由澎湖、南澳所辖之要汛挂号”。然而，由于当地的军事化管理体制越来越难以应对招民开垦，商渔云集，豪强势大，粮饷失控这一系列的新问题，康熙五十六年（1717），朝廷禁贩南洋，并开始思考进一步的管理革新。



雍正十年（1723），清廷诏设“粤闽南澳海防同知”，又称南澳厅，等同州县，受广东督抚两院、三司及潮州府节制。其时，据清人齐翀《南澳志》记载：


“南澳，一名井澳；一名白城；一名岛南；一名瀛南。地分四澳：深澳、隆澳、云澳、青澳。深澳、隆澳属粤；云澳、青澳属闽。” 


至此，南澳也正式成为行政上的区划地理单元。




清朝末年，南澳再一次与走私贸易和王朝终局结合在了一起。道光年间，英国的鸦片商人曾买通南澳总兵沈镇邦在南澳交货。道光十九年（1839）三月，林则徐抵广州查禁鸦片，连撰《会札南澳镇谕令长山尾等洋夷船一律全缴鸦片稿》和《札饬严办东路烟卖夷船由》要求配合。最终，南澳镇总兵赖恩爵会同陆丰、碣石镇守军，在广大渔民的配合下，于该年八月在海面截获英国走私鸦片船，缴获鸦片二万多斤，连同毒贩一起押解广州。此后英鸦片船仍试图以南澳长山尾洋为秘密交货点，但都被打断收缴。虎门销烟的白雾中，湮没了南澳的辉煌过往，也将在硝烟散尽后迎来它的新生。




20世纪90年代，南澳成为广东省对外开放的重点区域，和汕头经济特区的改革前沿。如今，它身上的南宋遗藏、明清旧迹也被视作旅游资源，得到重视和开发。或许，那些人从来没有留下真正的宝藏，它只是藏在潮来潮往的天地间，留在勤恳工作的人民手心里。



参考文献：

1、林俊聪：《现存南澳岛四部方志评介》，《岭南文史》1993年。

2、徐明德：《南澳岛在明清中外关系史上的重要地位》，《杭州大学学报》(哲学社会科学版)1995年

3、林俊聪、袁宏国：《郑成功“招兵树”》，《源流》1996年

4、柯理平：《初探南澳岛》，《环境》1998年

5、姜永兴：《南宋行朝　崖海烈魂(上)》，《岭南文史》1999年

6、刘建铭：《海滩古井之迷》，《航海》1999年

7、胡宝柱、肖文帅、普塔克：《明永乐至隆庆南澳的海上活动》，《海交史研究》2014年

8、王潞：《论16～18世纪南澳岛的王朝经略与行政建置演变》，《广东社会科学》2018年

9、范霄鹏、薛碧怡：《粤东屏障 北回归线东端之南澳岛》，《室内设计与装修》2022年

10、李智君、邬文斌：《明清南澳岛海防区分界线的形成与变迁》，《海交史研究》2024年

11、宋可达：《明代海域经界与“划界治海”实践》，《社会科学》2025年

12、许国,张进盛：《郑成功“招兵树”》，《国土绿化》2004年


本文系“国家人文历史”独家稿件，欢迎读者转发朋友圈。


END
作者 | 曾亦嘉
编辑 | 胡心雅
 主编 | 周斌
排版 | 刘是琪（实习）
校对 | 张斌 古月
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\"图片\"
 “在看”的永远18岁~

\n \n\n \n
\n\n \n 文章原文\n
\n \n\n \n\n \"\"
", @@ -7626,28 +7626,6 @@ "hash": "7e46c671ffa03f95d90a24ba8da3342d", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "梦的主观价值是虚假的吗?", - "description": "
\"头图\"/
\n

未必。

\n

做梦过程中和新近醒来时，与价值判断有关的脑区确实可能并不活跃或未和其他脑区良好沟通，导致出现重大的判断错误。不过，醒来后迅速将梦的内容记下来、完全清醒后再看仍然觉得是个好梦的情况是存在的。

\n

况且，“主观价值”通常是可以随你喜欢地构造出来的，可能谈不上什么真实与虚假。

\n

我认为这个提问并不轻率，提问者无需惭愧。

\n
\n

通常，人每次睡眠会做多个梦、遗忘其中绝大部分梦的内容。过去数十年间，学术界为梦的功能提出多种假说：

\n
    \n
  • 梦的主要功能可能是在睡眠期间保护视觉系统、制造神经噪声来减少过拟合，记住这类梦的内容对清醒状态下的生活无用，因此大部分梦被迅速遗忘。
    • \n
  • 有些梦可能是部分脑区处理信息产生的对清醒时思考的问题的解答、对情绪进行处理、对有可能发生的未来事件进行预测，或是人脑在整理短期记忆中的信息、有助于今后形成长期记忆并从长期记忆里检索相关信息[1]，记住解答和预测的内容会相对有用——当然，不保证具体的人记住的梦总是有用的。而且，你觉得自己忘掉了梦的内容，不等于其中有用的部分全都没有被你的神经系统记住。
    • \n
  • 按照人们的经验，在做梦的时候，由于脑区间联系的水平低于清醒状态的平均水平，梦的内容往往是缺乏逻辑的，但正是这样产生的一些桥段可以在今后的生活中带来既视感。在做梦期间醒来通常会让梦的内容被暂时储存在短期记忆里，可以抓紧时间将梦的内容写下来，但如此写出的大多数东西只是垃圾信息。
    • \n
\n

不限于人，对有视觉的动物来说，做梦很可能帮助保护视觉功能。神经科学家 David Eagleman 在接受 Nautilus 采访时说[2]：

\n
    \n
  • 如今我们可以用电力照明，但在人类进化史上，99% 的时间里都是无法做到这一点的。你只能生活在黑暗中。黑暗对听觉和触觉没有影响，但对视觉来说就很不利了。考虑到脑区互相占领的速度，视觉皮层很快就会被其它脑区所占。数年前，我的学生 Don Vaughn 和我研究出的一套模型显示，做梦似乎是一种在夜间保护视觉皮层不受侵占的方式。其中涉及到了一条非常特殊的回路。每隔 90 分钟，大脑中部的神经元就会变得活跃一下，展开一些活动。这些活动本身没什么特别的，但似乎是种保护性的激活机制，就好像“现在是晚上了，你正处于睡眠模式。我们得让这部分脑区保持活跃，不然就会被隔壁脑区攻占掉”[3]。
    • \n
\n

无论有没有视觉，做梦可能在随机列举“可能发生的事”，帮助动物做准备。二十世纪五十年代以来，人们在一些爬行类、鸟、哺乳类睡眠时记录到的一部分脑活动与这些动物清醒时从事特定行为时记录到的脑活动高度相似，显示它们可能在做相关的梦。这里面包括一些没有视觉自我认知能力的物种。这意味着做梦作为脑的功能之一比人科古老得多、比哺乳纲更古老。

\n
    \n
  • 2000 年，研究人员检测鸟的运动皮层活动，发现鸟睡眠时可能在“回放”清醒时的鸣叫[4]。2010 年的一项研究认为鸟在鸣叫方面的学习和调节与睡眠有关[5]，2022 年的一项研究也如此[6]。
    • \n
  • 2001 年，麻省理工学院脑与认知科学副教授威尔逊和生物学研究生肯维·路易训练老鼠沿着迷宫中的圆形轨道奔跑来获得食物奖励，并检测老鼠的脑活动。老鼠奔跑时，它的海马体会出现一种独特的神经元放电模式。人的大多数梦发生在快速眼动睡眠期间，研究人员检测老鼠睡觉时记录的 45 多次快速眼动睡眠，发现海马体在其中 20 次快速眼动睡眠中的活动模式与清醒老鼠奔跑时记录到的活动模式相似，其模式可以跟清醒时奔跑经过的位置对应起来，“播放”速度与老鼠清醒时经历的速度大致相同或略慢——看起来，老鼠正梦到自己在迷宫里奔跑[7]。
    • \n
\n
\"\"
https://news.mit.edu/2001/dreaming
\n
    \n
  • 2006 年，一项研究发现老鼠睡觉时海马体位置细胞的活动似乎在反向播放清醒时的行为序列[8]。2009 年，一项研究发现老鼠睡觉时的此类神经活动并不总是有严格的顺序[9]。
    • \n
  • 2015 年，伦敦大学学院研究人员向老鼠展示食物，发现老鼠睡觉时海马体位置细胞的活动似乎在规划如何获取食物[10]。在探索一块区域后，海马体可能会在动物睡眠期间重演自己在特定地点的活动模式，并预测在尚未进入的区域里与感兴趣的东西互动的状况。
    • \n
\n

此外，人可以或多或少地干预自己的梦境。

\n
    \n
  • 如果做梦的人刻意想要进行计算或计数，那么他们经常会失败。经常尝试在梦里如此做可以当成识别自己是否在做梦的手段。有兴趣的读者可以试试经常数自己的手指头，一边数一边屈伸相应数量的手指，从一数到五，再从五数到一——在睡梦中这样做的时候，你会经常发现自己的手指头数量发生变化，那就是你在做梦的证据。
    • \n
  • 人在梦里看到的场景，尤其是细节，往往是不稳定的，会随时间流逝或突然或缓慢地变化。这些细节有时是从曾经见过的场景里取下、重新排列组合的，有时相对忠实地再现了原本的布局，有时混入了在影视剧里见过的东西，有时还跟未曾见过的玩意混搭在一起。在梦里注意到这是梦之后，人往往能靠幻想改变梦中的场景、人物、故事走向。
    • \n
\n

人的梦的内容还能被外部干预。

\n

2021 年，一项小样本研究在 4 个实验室对共计 36 名做清醒梦的受试者进行了 57 次睡眠会话实验[11]：

\n
    \n
  • 在脑电图仪监测下，在受试者经历快速眼动睡眠时，研究人员利用语音、闪光、身体接触与受试者互动，要求受试者回答简单的数学问题、计算闪光或身体接触的数量、回答基本的是否问题，例如“你会说西班牙语吗”。
    • \n
  • 受试者以清醒时跟研究人员商定的眼球运动或面部肌肉运动给出答复。
    • \n
  • 研究人员观察到睡梦中的受试者至少有 1 次对问题给出正确的回答。
    • \n
  • 从睡梦中醒来后，47% 的受试者自称在清醒梦里发现了来自外部的互动。
    • \n
\n

示意图如下：

\n
\"\"
\n
\n
\n\n\n
查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n\n\n\n", - "content": "
\"头图\"/
\n

未必。

\n

做梦过程中和新近醒来时，与价值判断有关的脑区确实可能并不活跃或未和其他脑区良好沟通，导致出现重大的判断错误。不过，醒来后迅速将梦的内容记下来、完全清醒后再看仍然觉得是个好梦的情况是存在的。

\n

况且，“主观价值”通常是可以随你喜欢地构造出来的，可能谈不上什么真实与虚假。

\n

我认为这个提问并不轻率，提问者无需惭愧。

\n
\n

通常，人每次睡眠会做多个梦、遗忘其中绝大部分梦的内容。过去数十年间，学术界为梦的功能提出多种假说：

\n
    \n
  • 梦的主要功能可能是在睡眠期间保护视觉系统、制造神经噪声来减少过拟合，记住这类梦的内容对清醒状态下的生活无用，因此大部分梦被迅速遗忘。
    • \n
  • 有些梦可能是部分脑区处理信息产生的对清醒时思考的问题的解答、对情绪进行处理、对有可能发生的未来事件进行预测，或是人脑在整理短期记忆中的信息、有助于今后形成长期记忆并从长期记忆里检索相关信息[1]，记住解答和预测的内容会相对有用——当然，不保证具体的人记住的梦总是有用的。而且，你觉得自己忘掉了梦的内容，不等于其中有用的部分全都没有被你的神经系统记住。
    • \n
  • 按照人们的经验，在做梦的时候，由于脑区间联系的水平低于清醒状态的平均水平，梦的内容往往是缺乏逻辑的，但正是这样产生的一些桥段可以在今后的生活中带来既视感。在做梦期间醒来通常会让梦的内容被暂时储存在短期记忆里，可以抓紧时间将梦的内容写下来，但如此写出的大多数东西只是垃圾信息。
    • \n
\n

不限于人，对有视觉的动物来说，做梦很可能帮助保护视觉功能。神经科学家 David Eagleman 在接受 Nautilus 采访时说[2]：

\n
    \n
  • 如今我们可以用电力照明，但在人类进化史上，99% 的时间里都是无法做到这一点的。你只能生活在黑暗中。黑暗对听觉和触觉没有影响，但对视觉来说就很不利了。考虑到脑区互相占领的速度，视觉皮层很快就会被其它脑区所占。数年前，我的学生 Don Vaughn 和我研究出的一套模型显示，做梦似乎是一种在夜间保护视觉皮层不受侵占的方式。其中涉及到了一条非常特殊的回路。每隔 90 分钟，大脑中部的神经元就会变得活跃一下，展开一些活动。这些活动本身没什么特别的，但似乎是种保护性的激活机制，就好像“现在是晚上了，你正处于睡眠模式。我们得让这部分脑区保持活跃，不然就会被隔壁脑区攻占掉”[3]。
    • \n
\n

无论有没有视觉，做梦可能在随机列举“可能发生的事”，帮助动物做准备。二十世纪五十年代以来，人们在一些爬行类、鸟、哺乳类睡眠时记录到的一部分脑活动与这些动物清醒时从事特定行为时记录到的脑活动高度相似，显示它们可能在做相关的梦。这里面包括一些没有视觉自我认知能力的物种。这意味着做梦作为脑的功能之一比人科古老得多、比哺乳纲更古老。

\n
    \n
  • 2000 年，研究人员检测鸟的运动皮层活动，发现鸟睡眠时可能在“回放”清醒时的鸣叫[4]。2010 年的一项研究认为鸟在鸣叫方面的学习和调节与睡眠有关[5]，2022 年的一项研究也如此[6]。
    • \n
  • 2001 年，麻省理工学院脑与认知科学副教授威尔逊和生物学研究生肯维·路易训练老鼠沿着迷宫中的圆形轨道奔跑来获得食物奖励，并检测老鼠的脑活动。老鼠奔跑时，它的海马体会出现一种独特的神经元放电模式。人的大多数梦发生在快速眼动睡眠期间，研究人员检测老鼠睡觉时记录的 45 多次快速眼动睡眠，发现海马体在其中 20 次快速眼动睡眠中的活动模式与清醒老鼠奔跑时记录到的活动模式相似，其模式可以跟清醒时奔跑经过的位置对应起来，“播放”速度与老鼠清醒时经历的速度大致相同或略慢——看起来，老鼠正梦到自己在迷宫里奔跑[7]。
    • \n
\n
\"\"
https://news.mit.edu/2001/dreaming
\n
    \n
  • 2006 年，一项研究发现老鼠睡觉时海马体位置细胞的活动似乎在反向播放清醒时的行为序列[8]。2009 年，一项研究发现老鼠睡觉时的此类神经活动并不总是有严格的顺序[9]。
    • \n
  • 2015 年，伦敦大学学院研究人员向老鼠展示食物，发现老鼠睡觉时海马体位置细胞的活动似乎在规划如何获取食物[10]。在探索一块区域后，海马体可能会在动物睡眠期间重演自己在特定地点的活动模式，并预测在尚未进入的区域里与感兴趣的东西互动的状况。
    • \n
\n

此外，人可以或多或少地干预自己的梦境。

\n
    \n
  • 如果做梦的人刻意想要进行计算或计数，那么他们经常会失败。经常尝试在梦里如此做可以当成识别自己是否在做梦的手段。有兴趣的读者可以试试经常数自己的手指头，一边数一边屈伸相应数量的手指，从一数到五，再从五数到一——在睡梦中这样做的时候，你会经常发现自己的手指头数量发生变化，那就是你在做梦的证据。
    • \n
  • 人在梦里看到的场景，尤其是细节，往往是不稳定的，会随时间流逝或突然或缓慢地变化。这些细节有时是从曾经见过的场景里取下、重新排列组合的，有时相对忠实地再现了原本的布局，有时混入了在影视剧里见过的东西，有时还跟未曾见过的玩意混搭在一起。在梦里注意到这是梦之后，人往往能靠幻想改变梦中的场景、人物、故事走向。
    • \n
\n

人的梦的内容还能被外部干预。

\n

2021 年，一项小样本研究在 4 个实验室对共计 36 名做清醒梦的受试者进行了 57 次睡眠会话实验[11]：

\n
    \n
  • 在脑电图仪监测下，在受试者经历快速眼动睡眠时，研究人员利用语音、闪光、身体接触与受试者互动，要求受试者回答简单的数学问题、计算闪光或身体接触的数量、回答基本的是否问题，例如“你会说西班牙语吗”。
    • \n
  • 受试者以清醒时跟研究人员商定的眼球运动或面部肌肉运动给出答复。
    • \n
  • 研究人员观察到睡梦中的受试者至少有 1 次对问题给出正确的回答。
    • \n
  • 从睡梦中醒来后，47% 的受试者自称在清醒梦里发现了来自外部的互动。
    • \n
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示意图如下：

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查看知乎讨论
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\n\n\n\n", - "category": "", - "link": "https://daily.zhihu.com/story/9783754", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Sat, 06 Sep 2025 00:27:02 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "资讯", - "feed": "知乎", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "ae08c259d78976b65d2ae7054b2ce3f4", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "汉语是牺牲了什么，才成为世界最紧凑、最高效的语言？", "description": "
\"头图\"/
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汉语汉字是以““基础字符库大（要记的汉字多）、上手难度高”为代价，获取了高信息熵、底层架构好的优势。这两个缺点甚至直接导致汉字的两次拉丁化危机，使其差一点就像越南的喃字一样，泯灭于历史的长河中了········

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一、汉字是世界最紧凑、最高效的语言之一吗？

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答案是肯定的，以汉字为代表的意音方块字，作为一个复杂的文字符号系统，其信息熵很高。

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从信息量的角度看，方块字与拉丁字母是二维码与条形码的区别。单从维度上说，方块字的信息含量就比字母文字高了一个数量级。

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1948 年，英国数学家克劳德·香农在论文《A Mathematical Theory of Communication》（通信的数学原理）中，提出了一个表征符号系统中单位符号平均信息量的指标——信息熵，并给出了计算信息熵的公式。

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根据公式，符号系统中符号越多，信息熵越大；符号出现的频率越均匀，信息熵越高。据数理语言学中著名的齐普夫定律（ZIPF’SLAW）对全球主要语言进行统计，发现汉语是当今世界上信息量最大的文字符号系统。联合国五种工作语言文字的信息熵的比较如下：

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    \n
  • 法文：3．98 比特
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  • 西班牙文：4．01 比特
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  • 英文：4．03 比特
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  • 俄文：4．35 比特
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  • 中文：9．65 比特
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可以看出，拼音文字的信息熵小，差别不大。汉字的信息量最大。

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汉字对拼音文字的这种信息熵优势是什么概念？

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简单的比喻就是十进制数与二进制数的差别。十进制数字系统需要人记忆 0-9，10 个符号，二进制只需要记忆 0 和 1 两个符号。十进制乘除要记忆 9X9 表，二进制只需要学会与、或、非的简单逻辑。但是，人类在日常生活中为什么不使用二进制数字系统呢？因为那样很浪费，一个数字“7”表示成二进制就成了“111”，记个大数人不累？反过来，人类为什么不用十六进制，或更高的进制呢？一方面是人脑智力及生理习惯（人用 10 根手指来数数，习惯了）的限制，另一方面，十六进制也未必能大幅度提高信息熵。

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汉字用 5000 个字解决了绝大多数人面对绝大多数文章的理解问题，就凭这一点汉字就已经领先拼音文字很多了。拼音文字要达到同样效果至少需要十万单词量，要一个人学 10 年以上。这种信息熵反映在文字上，就是联合国文件中，中文版本一定是最薄的。这就是汉字字符集信息熵高的优势。

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而且如果觉得不够简练，汉语还贴心地提供多种压缩算法，例如:诗、词、曲、赋、成语、文言文……

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这在古代书写材料稀缺的情况下（无论是西方的羊皮纸、莎草纸，还是中国的竹简、早期的纸，都是较为昂贵的），信息熵高的文字就更有利于知识的传播、保存，对文明的发展显得尤为关键了。

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但世界万物，凡有所得，必有代价，正所谓“命运赠送的礼物,早已在暗中标好了价格”，那汉语汉字又牺牲了什么，才获得紧凑高效这一优点的呢？

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汉语付出的代价就是““预加载字符库大（要记的汉字多）、上手难度高”，这两个缺点甚至直接导致汉字的两次拉丁化危机，使其差一点就像越南的喃字一样，泯灭于历史的长河中了········

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二、汉语的缺陷与两次拉丁化危机1、“学习久上手难”导致的第一次拉丁化危机

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毋庸置疑，虽然汉字承载着汉语的诸多优势，但是汉字本身最大的劣势却是不可回避的，那就是学习曲线陡峭——学习时间长，不利于快速上手。 这主要是因为以下几个原因：

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  1. 汉语的识字量（底层字符库）要求大，需要认识 1500 字以上才能脱盲。要想要能基本无障碍的阅读写作，差不多要能读写 3500 个左右的汉字，这个记忆量，对于初学者来说其实挺大的。而德文、韩文等拼音文字，本国的成年人学拼音文字只需花费几个月掌握数十个字母、音标、表音文字拼写和读音之间的规律后，便可快速入门，就可以做到会听就会念 ，会念就会写，做到“我手写我口”。
    2. \n
  2. 造字法有点乱，汉字由于“言文分离”，其表音表意规律不清晰，很多汉字，哪怕是看起像形声字，由于几千年语音的变化，读音却与想象的相差甚远， 识字不敢读半边，要靠死记硬背，这样一个个汉字背下来，可不得花两三年功夫。
    3. \n
  3. 事实上, 中文学习的难度大部分都在汉字上，如果不打算考虑读写的话, 汉语其实是一门挺好学的语言，语法简洁, 词汇的构成基本靠组合, 反人类的发音不算多。对于拉丁语系的成年人，学汉字说是难如登天也不奇怪（如果只学拼音的话那就快多了，但哪怕只是学拼音，接下来的“四种声调”也够他们喝一壶了）······
    4. \n
  4. 音调系统很古怪（这一条主要是针对外国初学者，这也他们最常见的抱怨之一，怎么可能 Shuxue 既可以是“数学”同时还能是“输血”呢？或者 guojiang 可以是“过奖”或者是“果酱”？）
    5. \n
  5. 文化方面，汉语的难点在于，整个中文是依托于数千年的文化积淀而有序传承的，因此目前所用的词汇中有大量的典故、成语。（对于外国初学者）如果不了解其中的背景知识，那读起来是相当费劲的。
    6. \n
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这是汉字的劣势，导致与其他文字相比，学习上手难度较高。因此，哪怕是本国的成年人要学习掌握中文常用的 3500 个汉字（占全部汉字使用率的 99%以上），往往至少全日制学习三年才行，而拼音只需几个月就可以入门了（当然，仅限于本国母语，外语的话还是得苦学好几年的······）。

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这也导致清末民初众多名人支持“汉字拼音化”的核心原因之一，当时这帮民国文化人的推理逻辑很简单：

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中国积贫积弱 ->没有人才 ->受教育人少 ->汉字太难 ->拼音简单 ->汉字拼音化

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因此，自“五四运动”之后的几十年里，无数文人志士致力于“汉字拼音化”，不是因为这些人吃饱了撑的，也不是单单蠢到被人骗了，而是当时的中国真的面临极大的困境：国家想要复兴就要有知识，想要有知识就要学习，但学习是件极为奢侈的事情。

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如果你是知识分子，想唤醒沉睡的国人，心里着急，“汉字拼音化“这个方案，是合情合理（至少看起来像），符合当时的国情的。

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3500 个常用汉字至少要学全日制学三年，而拼音只需几个月。

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而当时中国处于“亡国灭种”的正危急存亡时刻，什么都缺，连时间都缺。

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亡国时刻的人们是没时间抒情的，没时间念旧的，更没时间学习茴字的四种写法。

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他们迫不及待的想要在一夜之间培养四万万能读能写的人，这些人中可以诞生四千万能学习数理化的人，四百万学有所成的人，四十万高级工程师！建立四万所工厂，生产一个大帝国所需的所有铁甲舰和火车，化肥和石油！

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而汉字拼音化，就是当时不少知识分子的想到的破局之道。

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在他们看来，这不是愚昧无知，也不是崇洋媚外，而是生死关头的断臂求生。

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能理解这些，就能理解为什么他们为什么要搞汉字拼音化了。

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--------------------------------

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题外话：

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多了解前因后果，会对历史人物的言论，多一份理解。但是，这份理解，绝不能等同于赞同。

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虽能理解他们当时的所思所想，也能够体谅“他们要求拉丁化，全盘西化，本意还是为保存和发展种族”的本心，但若要给其一个盖棺定论的话，那就是——

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这不过是一帮彻底被打碎文化自信、且不学无术（最多只学了半桶水）的“知识分子”的“病急乱投医”罢了。

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二十世纪初那会儿，接二连三的战败早已打碎中国人天朝上国的自信，连“中学为体、西学为用”这种符合正常文化自尊的做法都没底气坚持了。

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对于这些彻底丧失文化自信的知识分子来说，不学西方国必亡。

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在中国落后的现实下，中国的万事万物都有可能是造成落后的原因，所以病急乱投医，当真一厢情愿认为，只有否定延续了数千年的中华传统文化，否定了整个辉煌灿烂的中华文明，连汉字也放弃改成拉丁文，全盘西化“脱亚入欧”，才能救国救民。

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说他们不学无术、半桶水，是因为他们根本没有做客观的科学研究，只是看别国强大，便随意臆测其强大的原因，譬如说拉丁化可以减少文盲，还不是一拍脑瓜的想法，真有什么科学依据么?

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（扫盲的真正关键在于体系化的全民教育，而不是所谓拼音文字，你看亚非拉一堆用拼音文字的国家，还不是文盲遍地。反之如台湾，只要良好的全民教育体系，就算是用繁体字也能实现全岛扫盲。而一旦全民教育体系出来问题，例如 2020 年代的美国，一样能整出全国识字率只有 79%这种奇葩活）。

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而真正脚踏实地的华夏先贤们，他们也知道为了救亡图存，就必须要提高广大群众的识字率。

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所以他们在新中国成立后，面对识字率只有不到 10%的现实，因地制宜制定的第一套简化字方案，大力倡导推广白话文，推行汉语拼音方案，在人民公社 / 生产队开展识字班，用最短的时间，最高的效率，让一个数亿人口的大国，消除了为数众多的文盲，适应了工业化大生产的需要，进而让一个沉沦落伍数百年的农业国，建成了一个规模齐全的现代工业体系。

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这才是真的“救国救民，功德无量。”

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2：“打字输入 / 印刷排版难”导致的第二次拉丁化危机

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“打字输入 / 印刷排版难”这一点现在看来不算什么，但往前几十年，那真是一个极其严重的问题，汉字甚至差一点就因此彻底拉丁化了。

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要知道，自清末以来大半个世纪的「汉字拉丁化」思潮，其中一个重要理由就是——汉字印刷出版成本太高，阻碍知识文化快速传播普及。

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而 20 世纪初，开民智是关乎国家发展进步一个至关重要的环节。各国无不在积极普及教育，开展文化启蒙，提高国民素质，而对教育 / 文化传播影响最大的是什么行业？

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————出版业。

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而汉语有 5000 多个单字，字库不仅比英文字库规模大，而且检索和排版也更为麻烦。任何一个小报社，小出版社要印东西最起码要准备好几百万个甚至上千万个字码，要不然就要临时刻字。而欧洲国家普遍使用字母文，字母大小写都算上，也不过几十个基础单元，日本的平假名片假名算一起，也 100 来个基础单元。相对而言，汉字印刷费时、费工、费料，印刷成本比拼音文字高指数量级。

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之后印刷机和打字机的出现后更是雪上加霜，直接造成的结果就是——排版效率出现了巨大的差距，别人家出版业已经用了大半个世纪的机械化自动 / 半自动排版了，而直到上世纪 80 年代，我们还在人工排版。隔壁日本在 19 世纪就意识到了教育普及的重要性，于是为了适应西方铸排机的印刷方式，原本认为写汉字才高雅的大和民族立马向片假名滑跪了。我们呢？制版就靠工人在几千个铅字里一个个找，出份日报都费劲。你要是出本刊物出本书，里面生僻字再一多，猴年马月才能排完版。

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出版业效率低，知识和信息就无法廉价高效的传播。

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其实，当时的先贤们也为此努力过，挣扎过。 因为汉字文字的打印和印刷问题，民国不少人呼吁要改制中文打字机。 1915 年，留学生祁暄发明了一种中文打字机，使用了当时流行的“组合理论”。这台机器需要人工检索，效率极其低下。
1919 年，商务印书馆工程师舒振东发明了“舒氏中文打字机”，该机器用了“常用字理论”。一般情况下用常用字模盘打字，有需要时再去生僻字里找。尽管这种方式大大降低门槛，但没经过培训也难以掌握。
1947 年，民国的大师林语堂（曾在清华大学任教，著《吾国与吾民》向西方世界介绍中国），曾耗尽家财花费数年（从 1919 年一直搞到 1947 年）研制了第一台中文打字机——【明快打字机】，这打字机就和机械计算器的观感一样，当然也包含了机械计算器的劣势 -- 超级贵;很精细，修理很难。因此这打字机根本没卖出几台，林语堂也因为这个机器破产了。
是的，由于汉字的特性，想要在机械时代弄出好用且低成本、易普及的打字机，是一件近乎不可能的事。
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于是，当时的很多人（包括一些名人和文化界大人物）大多鼓励汉字拉丁化，因为这样我们就可以使用铸排机加快出版效率了。而且也有很大的群众基础在，毕竟大多数人本来就不识字，教他们学方块汉字还是拉丁汉字，没什么区别。

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为此，汉语拼音化言论铺天盖地、甚嚣尘上，甚至建国后政府都一直推进相关工作，当时是真的要准备步日本，韩国，朝鲜，越南的后尘，把汉字彻底拼音化的。

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1954 年官方成立的文字改革委员会，委员会早就做了决定：“一定要实行拼音化”，虽然没有给拼音化下一个时间表，但是工作一直在做，就好比“一定要解放台湾”，没有时间表说明何时解放，但是一定要解放一样。

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那什么时候中国官方才停止了推动拼音化的工作呢？

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——是 1985 年，

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为什么会在这时停止拼音化的探索呢？

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因为 1980 年，咱们的王选院士发明了汉字激光照排系统，并利用该技术成功印刷了纪念周总理的文学作品——《伍豪之剑》。汉字出版业从此直接跨过机械化，实现了信息化，汉字输入 / 打印不再是问题了。

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当时也是汉字最危险的时候，1980 年代，是中国重新睁眼看世界的时代，而当时给国人的冲击，比清末更为剧烈，河殇文化被大部分人认可，不是没有原因的，所谓的反思，已经倾向否定一切，从文化到种族，从地理到血缘，中国的一切都被认为是荒唐腐朽，毫无意义的。
1980 年代，一些小学教材已经改为全拼音化，整本书不见一个汉字，无数的老师虽不情愿但也只能私下里无奈地抱怨······
好在随着王选院士证明了汉字在信息时代一样能够快速输入 / 印刷，从而遏制这一浪潮。这些教材很快作废，学生们收到免费新的汉字教材，老师终于不用再抱怨了·····
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1980 年王选院士发明了汉字激光照排系统
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至此，王选院士用自己的努力，把【汉字拉丁化】彻底丢进了历史的垃圾桶。

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（是那些有骨气的、坚信汉语的优越性、中国文明在计算机世界一定能找到自己的出路的人的坚持与创新才有了今天。有此国士，实乃中华之幸）

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对于当时的人民来说，打字机时代如果一直延续下去的话，汉字就真的危险了——那种环境下，「汉字拼音 / 拉丁化」将会成为一种无奈的选择，被广泛推广········

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但后来汉字激光照排和五笔输入法出现，汉字出版业直接跨过机械化，实现了信息化，解决了困扰近百年的难题，汉语拼音化随之被多数学者抛弃。汉字也就此躲过了一劫。

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3、汉字的其他缺陷：

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（1）语素少，造成同音现象，听说层面信息传递低效

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中文语素少，中文语素少，造成同音现象远多于英语、法语、德语等拼音文字。

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同样是各位吐槽的英语时态变化，法语各种变位，阴阳性，因为单词变形使得读音也变化，在听说中容易分清。典型的就是 he/she/it，在中文里是三个同音的「ta」，以至于很多人必须再补充问一下「ta 是男的还是女的」。

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也即，在听说层面，汉语的信息传递较为低效。这种低效导致汉语必须字正腔圆，逐字逐句，语速不能过快。而英语可以有闪音连读，因此在相同时间内能够传递更多的信息量。尤其在看视频时，没有字幕且说话人口音不标准时，就会不舒服。英语反而少很多。从这个角度看，汉语的简练是体现在读写上面的，而在听说层面显著落后于表音文字。这也很好理解，汉语作为意音文字，本身读写能力强大。英法语是所听即所见，记录的是读音（英语正字法太烂是另一回事），各有优势。简练也是看场景的。

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同音造成的困扰，也是老外学习中文的一大苦恼，同音就罢了，同一个字，意思还那么多，简直是要让外国人分分钟崩溃。

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前面说了那么多汉字的缺点，那么汉字真的不如英语等拼音 / 字母文字么？

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当然不是！！！

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汉字底层架构设计好，信息熵高（简练），哪怕是在全球文字中，汉字的底层架构是独一档的存在，他是一种拥有高度概念抽象能力的「面向对象」文字，拥有近乎完美的「封装」「继承」「多态」特性。每一个部首和基本汉字都是一个封装的「类(class)」，造字造词都是通过「继承」(最常用的是多重继承)来完成的，然后再通过声调完成「重载」以简化音系。

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这些特性也让汉字成为了天生的跨学科文字，能以区区 3500 字便囊括表达万事万物能够有效解决了科学技术发展下单词量爆炸问题，让人最容易学到新事物和跨学科事物（大幅降低专业壁垒），让普通人也能快速高效读专业书籍。就这一点而言，汉字是可谓是“先天知识普惠圣体”啊，全民“通才”教育的至强神器，堪称最适合工业科技时代的文字之一·············

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三、为何说汉字是“先天知识普惠圣体”，最适合工业科技时代的文字之一？

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汉字底层架构设计好、「面向对象」的特点，也带来了以下的几个优势：

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  1. 可通过高效组词的方式，解决词汇量爆炸问题（掌握 3500 字，百万词汇都不怕）
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  2. 词组逻辑性好，容易理解（甚至“望文生义”也大差不差），大幅降低专业壁垒
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  3. 缩写词更易理解
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  4. “一字一音”的单音节模式，带来的更高效编码
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  5. 信息熵高（言简意赅，便于书写）
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  6. 具备“二维码”特性，便于认读（读得准 + 读得快）
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  7. 形音结合，解决同音字问题
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  8. 自带超大规模的“引用库”和压缩包
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优势 1：3500 字走遍天下都不怕，有效解决词汇量爆炸问题，

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所有语言都有一个特性，就是——你必须掌握它的基础量才能运用自如。比如汉语体系的字，英语体系的词。

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那英文需要掌握多少词汇，才能满足基本生活需求呢？曾有专家专门整理的词汇频率表：

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  • 掌握 2000 英文单词，阅读覆盖率为 75.89%
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  • 掌握 9000 英文单词，阅读覆盖率为 98.10%
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  • 掌握 24000 英文单词，阅读覆盖率为 99.65%，
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也就是说，如果要满足 98%的阅读覆盖率，就至少需要掌握 9000 个英文单词，要想满足 99.6%的阅读覆盖率，就得掌握 24000 个单词，这个记忆的工作量着实不小啊·····

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咱拿中文对比一下：（数据来自国家标准 GB2312-80《信息交换用汉字编码字符集 * 基本集》相关词频统计）

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  • 掌握 1000 个汉字，阅读覆盖率为 91.91%，
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  • 掌握 2000 个汉字，阅读覆盖率为 98.38%，
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  • 掌握 3500 个汉字，阅读覆盖率为 99.82%，
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  • 当然学汉语还得记词组，但是负担会小很多，因为那些字你都已经认识了。在掌握了 3500 常用字以后，深入学下去基本都是“熟字新词”，扩大词汇量很容易。
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举个例子：

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  • 牛：bull
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  • 肉：meat
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  • 牛肉：beaf
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［牛肉］这个词， 汉语就是［牛］+［肉］，表达直接准确。 而英语相对应的，应该是［bull］+meat。但这样组合，就成了一个多重音节的词汇。对于表达和理解都十分费力。于是，英语就直接新造了一个词 beaf，这完全就是资源的浪费。英语不仅需要记住［牛］［肉］，还得记住［牛肉］，而汉字系统只需要记住［牛］和［肉］这两个词汇就可以了。

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而英文嘛，由于英文词汇之间无法建立像汉字词汇那样紧密的联系，就导致只要有一个新的概念在英语中出现，英文就必须设计出一种新词汇与之对应，而且很难在从字形看出彼此之间的联系，那要记的单词就多咯········

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也就是说，对于英文零基础的中国人，要全职学习 2 年英文才能熟练掌握 9000-1 万个单词，雅思能考 7-8 分，这已经非常了不起啦，但去读报纸，小说，跨专业的学术文章时，会发现自己仍旧是个半文盲，还是满篇不认识的单词。

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而中国人只要能掌握 3500 个汉字，以及相关词汇，就可以阅读《人民日报》而不会有多少生词。英语母语的人，得掌握 24000 个单词后， 才能实现差不多的读报效果。

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而且，英文读者一旦遇上报纸中那 0.35%不认识的单词，那体验就不那么美妙了。前面说过，英文单词不像中文，难以“望文生义”，碰上了，不是认识就是不认识，猜都没法猜。按照 0.35%的频率，平均每阅读 1000 个单词，就有近 4 个单词不认识。一页 office 文档就 500 个英文单词，看小说时每页都会出现 1-2 个不认识的单词，而若这是关键词，是非常影响阅读体验的。

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所以，就最终效果而言，英国人学习了 2 万单词，他能享受的信息还是有限的。中国人学习三四千汉字，就可以享受几乎全部信息。可谓是“学少而知多”，投资收益率高的惊人呀。

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同时，英文等拼音文字还存在一个问题：词汇量爆炸

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拼音 / 字母文字通常采用采用“构词法”，也就是”“一物一词”造词模式，导致一旦有了新事物，就得造一个新词汇来表述。这样就会直接导致一个严重问题，就是——随着时代的进步，新生事物的不断涌现，词汇总量会呈指数级暴增。你不要小看造新词带来的破坏，这个如同熵增一样，随着时间的推移会非常恐怖。

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举个极端点的例子，

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目前世界上已知的植物有 37 万种。

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拼音文字造 37 万单词也容易（字母排列组合下就行），，但是这也意味着，你要记几十万个单词。

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谁能学会?谁能记住?这还不是最操蛋的。

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更操蛋的是，世界上有 150 万种动物。

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更更操蛋的是，世界上有数百万种微生物。

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这还只是生物这一门学科·······

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如果每一个新事物都要造一个单词，那么造出来单词数量会吓死人，不可能有人认识。而且这些新词汇都需要学习者去重新记忆他们的拼写、音标、词义、时态变化，这样会造成英文词汇的学习记忆难度呈倍数级的上升！

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而且这一问题随着时间推移，会显得越发突出。

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  • 1600 年，莎士比亚时代（1564~1616 年）的英语词汇量约为 3 万个单词（据《纽约时报》统计）；
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  • 1933 年，第一版《牛津词典》编纂了 76 个年头，收录不到 10 万个单词；
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  • 1989 年，第二版《牛津词典》，收录 31 万个单词；
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  • 2019 年，据《纽约时报》统计，英语单词数量，超过了 100 万个；
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  • 2021 年，趣词典网站统计，超过 300 万个。单词长度，平均在 10–11 个字母。最长的正式单词 1319 个字母（其缩写词就好多了，缩写后仅仅 28 个字母）。
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  • 目前，单词数仍在持续增长中（英语每年还有 1~2 万新词产生），看百万级的词汇量，估计普通人一辈子也记不完了。
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显然，在这种趋势下，无论哪种语言，随着时代的发展，人类有限的时间和越来越多需要掌握的词汇量将会形成强烈的矛盾。

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而汉语是被冲击最小的一种语言。这核心在于汉语“四维结构”编码方式带来的高效组词优势。

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通常来说，如果要对一类事物进行编码，大体上有两种方式，

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  • 一是设置较简单的编码体系（精简指令集），基础字符少，但组合成符码的长度会较长，
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  • 二是设置较复杂的符码体系（复杂指令集），基础字符多，但组合成符码的长度会较短。
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英文采用的是精简指令集，使用 26 个字母（基础字符），形成“字母 - 词 - 句”的三维结构。

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汉语采用的是复杂指令集，使用 8 种笔画构成 3000~1 万个字（基础字符），形成“笔画 - 字 - 词 - 句”的四维结构。

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这种“四维结构”令汉语在组词方面，获得对英文“降维打击”的优势。

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  • 英文有 26 个字母（基础字符），两个字母可以形成 676 个组合，4 个字母可以形成差不多 45 万种组合。
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  • 而汉语常用字有 3500 个，2～4 个汉字组合的理论数量极大，2500 个基本字可组成 40 万亿个词。
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呃·········怎么有种“26 进制 VS 3500 进制”的既视感？
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汉语正是通过这样相对复杂的编码，构建了更多了的基础字符，从而可以通过更少字符的组合，为各种新事物生成表达准确含义的新词，避免了重新造字（神奇就神奇在你只需要了解最基本的汉字就可以懂得组合出的词的意思）。

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客观世界是复杂的，而且随着科技的发展，人类对宇宙世界认知的不断提升，人类面对的各种概念会越来越多，越来越复杂。而这时候，英文等精简指令集的的不足就开始显现出来了，虽然你规则简单易上手，但人脑并不是图灵机，基础规则的便利（精简指令集）并不代表对人脑来说更方便。

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举个简单的例子，
掌握十进制需要掌握 0、1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9 十个数字，掌握二进制只需要掌握 0、1 两个数字；
十进制乘法表需要从一一得一背到九九八十一，二进制乘法表只有一句，就是一一得一。
那晚期智人为什么不在日常生活中使用学习成本如此之低的二进制，反而要使用学习成本远高于二进制的十进制呢？
数学上十进制的 114514 确实等于二进制的 11011111101010010，但是在生理学上人的大脑最多同时处理 5 到 9 个信息(chunks)。原因是短期记忆储存空间的限制，超过 9 个信息团，将会使得大脑出现错误的概率大大提高。人眼一眼能识别的字符数也是有限的。
所以人们反而更喜欢日常使用学习成本更高的十进制。
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同样地，三维语言由于维度较低，为了描述越来越复杂的客观世界，就必须创造越来越多的词。这给人们的学习生产生活带来了巨大的不便利，一个西方人要想较为熟练的掌握某项知识，需要掌握的各种词汇少则几万，多则十几万。一旦要转行学习新东西，还得重新背诵记忆。不仅难度门槛非常高，而且非常笨拙。

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而汉语这种四维语言，除了可以用“构字法”来创造新字外，还有可以用“组词法”——由字的组合来产生词，由词来描述世界。

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其实咱们的老祖宗当年造字，也曾走上过“构词（字）法”这条歪路，给每个事物都造一个新的对应的字 / 词（主要是当时还在竹简上刻字的年代，为了竹简轻点、字数少点，故意搞出来的一大把单字）。

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比如马，少壮的马叫驹，高六尺的马叫骄，青黑色的马叫骐，毛色黄白相杂的马叫駓......

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后来老祖宗发现这样下去不是事呀。直接改用“组词法”来解决这一问题，比如将骐写成“青黑马”。从而避免这一问题。

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这“组词法”的加持下，只要掌握了几千个汉字，这几千个汉字就可以组合成无穷无尽（近乎正无穷）的词汇，进而描述认知世界。非常简单而且非常巧妙。还可触类旁通，记忆量大减。

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汉语里：

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火箭，不就是火推动的箭么？

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计算机，不就是会计算的机器么？

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想象你拎起“脑”这个词，可以拎出一串“猪脑，羊脑，脑干，脑髓，脑细胞……”(这才是体现抽象和逻辑好吗？)

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汉语这种强大的容纳、表述能力，可以利用不同组合就表达了不同事物，伟大而让人轻松。

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英语呢？

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有了火箭，就得产生个新词 ROCKET；

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有了计算机，就得来个 COMPUTER。

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记忆量大呀，挺累人的······

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瞧瞧，这就是差距。

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一边是要背诵掌握十几万个词，一边是要掌握几千个汉字，哪个简单，哪个先进一目了然。

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优势 2：高效组词便于理解，大幅降低专业知识门槛，可谓是“先天知识普惠圣体”

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由于英文等拼音文字的词汇之间无法建立像汉字词汇那样紧密的联系，也很难在从字形看出彼此之间的联系，这就给普通人的阅读理解带来巨大的麻烦与不便。

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举个简单的例子：

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有个经典笑话：那就是【绝大部分英国人不知道葡萄干是用葡萄制作的，也不知道葡萄酒是用葡萄酿的】，为啥呢？

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因为这几个货的单词是这样的：

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  • 葡萄 grape
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  • 葡萄干 raisin
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  • 葡萄酒 wine
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光看字面和读音，你是无法得知这个单词与表述的东西有啥联系的。

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再举个例子，为什么美国总统特朗普会给美国人民科普无人机没有人？

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因为无人机英文是——drone，这五个字母组合在一起，实在是表达不出来——这东西里面没有人。

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当然，也有读者会反驳——怎么会呢，这完全可以用词根词缀来解决啊。采取类似中文组词的方式，把词根作为构成单词的组件，利用词根来构成单词。这样即使你完全不认识这个新的单词，根据词根你可以猜出他的是个什么意思。

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这看起来的确是好办法（毕竟中文就是这么干的），但是嘛·········有些事别人（汉字）做起来简单，你（英文）做起来就不一定简单咯······

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拼音文字如果要走这条路，代价就是——这样单词会变得很长。因为字母 / 拼音文字，由于缺少单音节词，所以一般常用词只能使用双音节词。而要形成逻辑结构就必须大规模使用四音节词，这种完全用词根词缀组合来表达海量的关联信息就太冗长了，且非常低效。

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一个有意义的词根起码也得三四个字母，两三个词根的组合，这个单词就奔着十几二十个字母去了。如果稍微复杂一点的新词，学会这个单词的发音怕是得去德云社了。

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举个典型的例子：

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英文：pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis

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英 ['nju:mənəʊ ˌʌltrə-ˌmaɪkrəs' kɒpɪk'sɪlɪkəvɒl'keɪnəʊ kəʊnɪ'əʊsɪs]

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美 ['nju:mənoʊ ˌʌltrə-ˌmaɪkrəs' kɒpɪk'sɪlɪkəvɒl'keɪnoʊ koʊnɪ'oʊsɪs]

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中文学名：肺尘埃沉着病（看着就像英文直译，有点拗口）

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中文简称：肺尘病

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pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 是一个典型的词根组合词，由 pneumono(肺部)-ultra（微）-microscopic（微小的）-silico（硅）-volcano（粉尘）-conio-sis（沉积状态）组合而成。大家可以照着音标念念，保证你会从此对英文的“优越性”佩服地五体投地！

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所以现实中大家也基本不用这个词，而是使用 silicosis 来表述，但·····短倒是短了，可它也就失去了望文生义的功能，非专业读者看到这个词恐怕想不到这是一种肺部疾病吧？

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英文、德文里面的不少超级长的单词，就用上述这个方法造出来的，发音有规律，看了就能读。就是长了那么“亿点点”，没人会用。

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而且随着时间的推移与不断的造词，导致英文单词越来越长，目前 8 个字母以上英文单词已经达到 50%以上，甚至 30%单词超过 12 位字母。英文单词平均长度，正在无休止的变长!

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为了避免这种低效，很多常用的词就只能抛弃逻辑结构，只能造无法联想记忆的新词来避免单词的冗长与笨拙（又回到“一物一新单词”），然后嘛·······就又跑回前面词汇量爆炸的老路了。

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当然，还有一个办法，就是不造新词，直接借用现有词汇增加新解释，但这就会导致一词多义严重：

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例如英文的 set 这个单词，大家可以看看它被塞了多少词义····

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很多人经常吐槽中文“一字多义”难学易混淆，但作为“祖传屎山”的英文在这方面也是丝毫不差，据统计：

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    \n
  • set，有 430 个定义；
    • \n
  • go，有 368 个定义；
    • \n
  • take，有 343 个定义；
    • \n
  • stand，有 334 个定义；
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  • get，有 289 个定义；
    • \n
  • turn，有 288 个定义；
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  • put，有 268 个定义；
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  • fall，有 264 个定义；
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  • strike，有 250 个定义……
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不过，平心而论的话，这是其实是一个普遍问题，只要是经过长时间的演化的文字都会存在这类“代码屎山”（毕竟任何项目经过数百年上千年的修修补补，都会成为一坨屎山），但得益于自身特性，中文虽有一字多义，【一词多义】情况却较为少见（尤其和英文对比）···········

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从这点来看，与英文这种拼音文字的屎山代码相比，汉字的底层架构的先进性简直爆表了啊····

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词汇量爆炸还带了一个严重问题：专业词汇不断增多，造成专业隔离。

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作为中国人：你认识 3500 个汉字基本上可以读书看报了。
作为英国人：你认识 10000 个英文单词还是个“半文盲”。
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由于词汇量爆炸式增长，在英文实际应用中，每个专业都有大量专业英语词汇被发明出来，并需要专门学习，例如各种法律、医学、化学等专业都有数以千计的专有词汇，为此还不得不专门编纂（各学科的）专业英语词典。

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基本上，任何一门学科都有专业英语，而且其专业英文字典往往都非常厚，如此一来，造成的后果就是专业英语只有专业的人才可以记忆和使用，导致英语的专业知识壁垒越来越高。而普通老百姓一旦遇到了哪怕稍微专业一点的学术技术领域名词，立马懵逼变文盲了。

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不信？我随便贴个葫芦科植物 + 分类残页给英文和拉丁文，给大家看一看。

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看汉字部分，中国小学生也一看就懂，大概猜测这个瓜是啥特点。 但是国外老百姓要是猛然撞见这些单词。。。。立马听了懵 B，见了流泪——完全不懂啊！

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再比如医学领域，普通人学专业医学英语基本上是从头开始，跟以前学过的英语完全不一样。

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不信的话，最方便验证的一个方法，去医院，你去看各科室的牌子，看英文标牌，你会觉得大学英语四六级白学了。
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    \n
  • 中国的医院里面有眼科，牙科，儿科。都是器官在加科字，就算是刚识字的小孩也能明白。但是英语就有点离谱了，child 或者 kid 是儿童，但是 pediatrics 是儿科，牙齿是 tooth 但是 dentistry 是牙科，眼睛是 eyes，但是眼科是 ophthalmology。没个大学文凭，估计连医院科室都找不到。
    • \n
  • 在英美，如“四环素”、“变阻器”、“碳酸钙”、“高血压”、“肾结石”、“七边形” 、“五面体”等词汇，都只有专业人士才会。
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  • 一般人连他们的基本医学术语，如“酒精绵球”“血压计”都不会讲。脑水肿、胃溃疡等病名，说给普通人听也听不懂，
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普通外国人进了医院就只能听凭医生护士忽悠，连自己到底是啥病都不明白。

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如果你对此还是难以体会的话，咱就用中文给你举个例子，你就明白“构词法”是如何制造所谓的专业知识壁垒，让你秒变“半文盲”的。

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前面提到过，当年还在竹简上刻字的年代，咱们的老祖宗为了竹简轻点字数少点，故意搞出来不少单字。例如为了形容 47 种不同的马，造了 47 个字。

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骚年，你知道“马”字的 47 种写法么？
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  1. 驳(bó):毛色不纯的马.
    2. \n
  2. 駒(dí):额白色的马,
    3. \n
  3. 骧(xiāng):后右蹄白色的马.
    4. \n
  4. 馵(zhù):后左脚白色的马。
    5. \n
  5. 騱(xí):前脚全白的马
    6. \n
  6. 騚(qián):四蹄全白的马。
    7. \n
  7. 驓(céng):膝下白色的马,
    8. \n
  8. 驠(yàn)屁股毛色白的马。
    9. \n
  9. 騴(yàn):尾根白色的马,
    10. \n
  10. 駺(láng):白尾马。
    11. \n
  11. 骢(cōng)青白色的马。
    12. \n
  12. 驒(tuó):有白色鳞状斑纹的青马 +
    13. \n
  13. 骓(zhuī):毛色苍白相杂的马
    14. \n
  14. 骃(yīn):浅黑杂白的马,
    15. \n
  15. 駂(bǎo):毛色黑白相杂的马。
    16. \n
  16. 駩(quán):黑嘴白毛的马。
    17. \n
  17. 駯(zhū):黑嘴的马。
    18. \n
  18. 驙(zhān):脊背黑色的白马。
    19. \n
  19. 骆(luò):尾和鬣毛黑色的白马。
    20. \n
  20. 駹(máng):面、额为白色的黑马。
    21. \n
  21. 驈(yù):股间白色的黑马
    22. \n
  22. 騽(xí):背脊黄色的黑马.
    23. \n
  23. 驔(diàn):黄色脊毛的黑马
    24. \n
  24. 騩(guī):毛浅黑色的马,
    25. \n
  25. 駽(xuān):青黑色的马。亦称“铁青马 +”
    26. \n
  26. 騥(róu):多鬃的青黑色马,
    27. \n
  27. 骐(qi):有青黑色纹理如棋盘格子纹的马.
    28. \n
  28. 驖(tiě):赤黑色的马。
    29. \n
  29. 骊(l):纯黑色的马。
    30. \n
  30. 騢(xiá):毛色赤白相杂的马
    31. \n
  31. 騵(yuán):赤毛白腹的马.
    32. \n
  32. 骅(huá):赤色的骏马。
    33. \n
  33. 骝(liú):黑鬃黑尾巴的红马,
    34. \n
  34. 騝(qián):黄脊黑鬃黑尾巴的红马,
    35. \n
  35. 骍(xīng):赤色的马.
    36. \n
  36. 騜(huáng):毛色黄白相杂的马,
    37. \n
  37. 駓(pī):毛色黄白相杂的马。亦称“桃花马 +”
    38. \n
  38. 骠(biāo)：黄毛夹杂着白点子的马
    39. \n
  39. 騧(guā)：黑嘴的黄马
    40. \n
  40. 騟(yú)：紫色马
    41. \n
  41. 馼(wén)：红鬃、白身、黄眼的马
    42. \n
  42. 骄(jiāo)：六尺高的马
    43. \n
  43. 騋(lái)：七尺高的马
    44. \n
  44. 駥(róng)：八尺高的马
    45. \n
  45. 驹(jū)：两岁以下的马
    46. \n
  46. 騑(fēi )：三岁的马
    47. \n
  47. 駣(táo)：三四岁的马
    48. \n
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好家伙，我直接一个好家伙，马有这么多说法，如果要我说，我只会说一个泥码。
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这要是搁古代。我妥妥就是文盲了。

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所以这玩意在汉语造就被淘汰了。但这在英语中，可还是大行其道啊，尤其跨专业、跨学科阅读医学，生物，化学，法律的书籍文献时；众多的专业词汇，即使对于英语母语者来说，也是一辈子都没见过的生词，完全是在读天书一样。

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这就导致英美等国出现一个严重问题——功能性文盲众多！

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所谓功能性文盲，是指：“具有阅读、书写或计算能力，但是却缺乏利用这些能力来处理某些日常生活事务的能力”。“日常生活事务”指的是例如阅读报纸、查字典、读公车时刻表、理解说明书、填写申请书一类事情。
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根据美国教育部和美国国家识字研究所 2013 年开展的【关于美国文盲人数的全面深入的调查】结果，美国有 3200~5000 万功能性文盲。

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据调查结果，全美成年人中不怎么识字的占到了总人口的 14%，也就是 3200 万人。全美 21%的成年人有阅读困难，达不到五年级小学生所应有的阅读水平。而美国高中毕业生中 20%的人连自己毕业证书上的单词都看不懂。
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这其中很大一部分锅得扣在英语头上，英语“构词法”的特性决定了，如果他要想达到较为复杂的阅读或者书写，需要的基础词汇量太大，一到稍微专业一些的领域，别说是普通人了，就算是（非该领域的）精英的大学生，照样会立马化身文盲。

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而汉语新词是以现有的汉字组合起来，即使是科技时代很多新的专业词汇，汉字也可以通过组合的方式表达其复杂的含义。而中文由字组词，只用 4 千汉字可代表各种科学技术单词，解决了科学技术发展下单词量爆炸问题。

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由于汉字的单音节特性，又有丰富含义，使其可以很奢侈地使用逻辑结构来构建“词组”。汉语新词是以现有的汉字组合起来，即使遇到没见过的新词，只要认识组成词语的单个汉字，你基本都可以望文生义，这种逻辑结构，使得中文的联系性、逻辑性要优于字母语言。

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举例来说，

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以英语为例，水仙花叫 narcissus，如果该儿童不知道这个单词，他就无法根据这个词本身的组成部分推知它是什么意思。因为这个词的组成成分没有太多的常用的可以令人一望而知是什么东西的那种成分。narc 有‘缉毒探员’的意思，narco 有‘麻醉、昏睡’的意思。但它们一方面不属于最常用的词类，另一方面也不能暗示这个词本身是一种花。 而且儿童还未必能把 narc 单独分离成一个词。

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而在中国，当人民日报出现‘水仙花’这个单词时，中国儿童尽管也许不知道这究竟是什么花，但是他不需查字典就知道这是一种花。

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水仙’两个字也是常用字，可以帮助 + 儿童判断这种花至少不是菊花、桃花、牡丹花及许多儿童已经知道的种种花卉。

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也就是说，他即使不知道究竟是什么具体的花，他也已经知道

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  • 1）这是一种花；
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  • 2）这不是别的所有那些他已经知道的花。
    • \n
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知道什么是一种知识，知道什么东西不是什么，也是一种知识。如果将这个词中所含的信息量规定为 3，则中国儿童已经不教而知其 2，即 67% 可是，对于一个印欧语系的儿童来说，恐怕就不是这样。如果将这个词所含的信息量照样规定为 3，则西方儿童所能获得的有效信息量只能是 0, 即 0%

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因此，印欧语系儿童面临的是一个完全的生词，不知道就不知道，必须作为一个完全的生词来记住。 当中国儿童看到‘水仙花’这个生词的地方的时候，他可能略一停顿，根据自己的理解便继续读下去，而印欧语系的儿童却会因为这个生词而完全给卡住了，因为他如果压根儿就不知道这个生词是什么意思，他就难以判断究竟它是一个具有关键意思的词呢，还是可以跳过不管的词。

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这也是表音文字的缺点，就是出现新事物后，新发明的词汇意思和文字基本上没啥关联，你得不断扩展词汇量。而表意文字就是拿以前的文字凑合一下就是新词汇了，国内理工科专业课，谁见过需要专门去背词汇的？除非学的是英文教材。

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实际上国内理工科本科学得认真点儿的，看大部分理工科研究生的论文，都能看懂个大概，跨专业交流，你说某人不知道其他专业的知识点是正常的，但要说完全听不懂人家说的啥，那倒是很罕见。

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所以在中文互联网上，有时候双方互骂的时候会把对方比作小学生，甚至很多时候真的是小学生和大学生在网上辩论，虽然看起来这是个不好的行为，但反面说明了，中文的结构一旦理解，就非常容易突破功能性文盲的问题，即便是小学生，照样不存在能认字但无法用文字组成高级语句的问题。

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因此，在英语国家，掌握 1 万单词的也就家庭主妇水平，真的什么工作也干不了，这才是对人最大的恶意，基本上你就被锁死在底层。没有 2 万个词别想读报，没有 3 万个词别想把周刊读顺（据美国联邦教育委员会调查，美国中学毕业生七成看不懂纽约时报），大学毕业 10 年后的职业人士一般都得懂 8 万单词，才能从事知识密集型的工作，例如学个开挖掘机，先要学一大堆单词，学个驾驶，先要学一大堆单词，根本不利于科技普及。

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而在现代社会一个说汉语的人只需要掌握 3500 个字（占汉字总使用率的 99%以上），就可以读书、看报、搞科研。哪怕给你篇论文或来本专业书籍读，也很难找出不认识的字，即便是不认识的专业术语，相当一部分都可以望文生义。所以中国以后在多专业的交叉领域挺有优势的。

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英语等字母拼音文字所谓的简单是入门比较简单，但仅能对付日常用语，却禁锢了使用者的知识摄入量，抬高了学习知识的门槛，是不利于全民科技推广的一种语言。

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但英语也有一个好处，就是筛选（隔离？）能力特别强，中文的普及能力导致了，天才和普通人在语言认知能力之间无法拉开差距，比如知乎常见的两个辩题：中药和西药，西方伪历论。

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我们不讨论哪方是对的，但你会发现，你只要有高中以上的知识，加基本的拼音打字能力，加互联网搜索能力，你就可以参加这些比较高深的辩题，而这一点，在英语语境里面是绝对做不到的，高中层面的英语词汇，绝对不足以支持你发表一篇比较有说服力的网络回答。

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也就是说，即便是在中文环境中烂大街的辩题，如果你放到英语语境中，你只会收获很多非常夸张的阴谋论，而非一个看起来还算正常的网络辩论，能完成正常网络辩论的，一定是有一定学历水平以上的人士才能参加的工作。英语在功能性上的隔阂，特别容易把专业人士从普通人里面筛选出来，而英语本身的特性就是是个大筛选器，普通人是跨不过去的。

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这也就是为什么英语国家下，民众和精英之间的对立程度特别大，比尔盖茨这样的人哪怕真的去非洲普及疫苗，也会被整上各种疫苗阴谋论，因为英语体系下，普通人和精英甚至可以说是两个物种，比如我们常说，（中文）每个字我都认识，但连起来我就看不懂了，在英文的表达环境里面是，你说的每个字我都不认识，连起来我更看不懂。

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在疫情期间，为什么很多政策在外国无法执行，很多人喜欢说外国人崇尚自由，这是一方面，另一方面恐怕是，外国的普通人根本听不懂精英到底在说些什么。

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同时，精英和民众隔离会导致他们的社会科学脱离底层，变成一种纯粹的精英游戏，很多时候你发现外国的各种民主制越搞越乱，其实本质也就在此，语言间的功能性隔离是跨不过去的，精英说的东西很多普通人一脸蒙，根本理解不了，比如上次脱欧，很多人都是等脱欧投票结束后才去查字典了解情况是什么，单纯的演讲根本传达不了足够的信息给普通人做判断，最终是精英获利，但责任甩给了普通人。

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这点中文会有很大优势，民众能说很多只有外国精英才会说的词汇，而且能理解其意思，这就给上下信息流通带来很大便捷。

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某程度上来说，汉字是可谓是“先天 知识普惠圣体”，因为汉字天生就是属于跨学科的文字，让人最容易学到新事物和跨学科事物。让普通人也能快速高效读专业书籍，这才是最大的普世价值。

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此外，汉语汉字这个特点也给中国工业 / 科技发展带来一个巨大优势——提供了一个超大规模的“通才”储备库

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中文在承载和传播信息方面的优势和效率，使得几乎每一个中国人都能成为“啥都知道一些”的“通才”——这其中的大部分甚至都能达到基层从业人员的水准。

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可以这么说，一个中国人，只要高中毕业，不考虑准入门槛，只说实操水平，“文”能去当文员助理，“理”能去当科研民工刷试管，“工”能去厂里下流水线开机床，“医”能揣一本《赤脚医生手册》救急，“兵”能去读战术手册挖战壕打炮。

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这就是为什么我对中国的世界工厂地位有信心。你在别的地方找不到这么大规模的“通才”储备库。你在别的语系，语种，语言环境下，找不到这么高效率的“基层从业人员培养体系”。这才是“世界工厂”的核心竞争力支撑啊·······

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优点 3：中文缩写词更易理解

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由于汉语具有远超其他语言的庞大单音节词库，因此在对特定名词进行缩写的时候，就更具有无可比拟的优势。表音语言在对名词缩写时，一般只能取首字母，这非常容易引起歧义。而中文可以直接取整个名词中比较具有代表意义的字，可以极大地消除歧义。

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比如美国人说“国安局”就是“NSA”，只看这三个字母，不结合任何语境，大概很难猜到是什么意思；同样的，哪怕有语境，同样的缩写表示的意思可能会很多。但是中文缩写，基本上歧义率很低，对语境的要求弱，除非涉及高度专业性内容，不然读者一般都能看懂什么意思。你说个国安局，人即使不知道全称，国，安，局，三个字都已经涵盖了相关的意思。FBI 这些不冷门的还能通过信息了解一下，那些冷门的怎么办，比如各种医学疾病的缩写，各种不出名的部门。在这些东西上就很容感知知道中文有多么优秀。

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换句话来说，字母文字适合扫盲，但很难保持文化延续和科技交流。而汉语等意音方块字在历史文化延续传承和科技交流上简直不能再赞。

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看大家回复挺多的，再来吐槽一下英文的缩写!

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  • 无人驾驶飞机，简称 无人机。英文 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle，简称 UAV，百度百科有 7 个义项。
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  • 平视展示系统，简称 抬头显示，或抬显。英文 Head Up Display，简称 HUD，百度百科只有 1 个义项。
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  • 西北工业大学，简称西工大。麻省理工 Massachusetts Institute of Technologya，简称 MIT，百度百科有 8 个义项。
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  • 中国银行，简称中行，这不会有歧义吧?英文简称 BOC，百度百科有 6 个义项。
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  • MBA，百度百科 6 个义项……
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  • PM，百度百科 25 个义项..
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  • USA，百度百科 3 个义项……
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看出来了吧?英文缩写的两个问题，一是含义完全丢失，二是重复率太高。这导致了一个问题，非专业人士，或者不联系语境，根本不知道缩写是什么。而汉语的简称通常都能保留下一部分含义，靠猜经常能猜出来，即使猜不出来，解释一遍也基本能记住了。

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呵呵，大家看，中文相比英文的优势是不是就充分体现出来了？ 从这可以看出，类似长度的组合词，中文一般都要比英文的逻辑要更清晰。这不简简单单是是效率的问题，而更是人民接受信息能力的问题。组词方式越短、越有逻辑性，学习就越简单。整个社会效率就越高。

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汉字确实比字母难学一些，然而每个汉字的含金量非常高，每个人只要掌握三千常用字，就可以迅速地掌握庞大的词汇量，就能顺利阅读包括专业论文的各种文献（但是里面要是引用了大量英文可就看不懂了），这是中国教育文理科都能互相理解和挑剔、自学成才率高、平均智商高的一个重要因素。这也是我们的母语为每个人提供的学习便利。

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优点 4：单音节结构促进高效编码与传输

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汉字是高度单音节化，发音趋于“一字一音”。这相对于拉丁文的多音节体系，汉语的单音节体系在传输效率方面具备很大的优势。

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从信息论角度来考虑，编码是很有学问的。举个例子。我们知道计算机传输信息，实际上传输的都是 0 和 1。那么，如果我们传输的各种信息出现的频率不一样高怎么办？答案是，出现越频繁的，编码越短。这样就能提高总体效率。

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比方说，我们只有四种信息要传递。按一般的想法，自然是把这四种信息分别用 00、01、10、11 来表示。每个信息都需要用两位二进制数来表示，也就是说传播 100 条信息需要发送 200 个二进制数。但是如果其中有一种信息出现的概率是 91%，而另外三种分别是 3%。那么就可以使用另一种编码方式：1，01，001，000。平均下来这种传播方式传播 100 条信息需要发送 91+2*3+3*3+3*3=115 个二进制数。显然比前面那种效率要高。

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因此，你会发现各个语言中越常用的词，一般就越短。英语里，我、你、他、她、我们，都是单音节词。

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但是，单音节终归是有限的，因此大多数意思仍需通过双音节或多音节词来表达。这时候汉语的优势就显示出来了。由于汉语所能承载的单音节词比其他语言多几倍，所以在构成多音节词的时候就可以很奢侈地使用逻辑结构。这种逻辑结构，使得中文的联系性、逻辑性要优于一般语言。而与语音脱离的文字体系，则进一步支撑了这种结构，方便了记忆。

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我们来举一个非常简单的例子。普通中国人的初等数学能力往往超过欧美。这并不简简单单是教育的问题。更关键地，这是中文对数字命名结果。

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中文由于汉语在单音节词上无可匹敌优势，可以极度奢侈地给予每一个数字一个单音节发音。没有音调的语言，是不可能做到这一点的，因为还有其他更常见的东西需要占用宝贵的单音节词的资源。

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  • 人类的喉咙发出的清晰且易分辨的单音数量是有限的，目前汉语发音包含音节（声母和韵母相拼）和读音（声、韵、调组合发音），查《新华字典》，普通话的 23 个声母(含 y 和 w 两个辅助韵母)和 37 个韵母(含 er 和ê两个特殊韵母)组合的音节有标准音节 407 个，407X4 个声调=1628 个读音，普通话实际使用的读音（目前《新华字典》的单音数量）是 1319 个，还有约 300 个读音没有汉字。
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  • 比汉语普通话单音数量多的，只有泰语、越南语了，泰语有 5 个声调，越南语有 6 个声调。（这也是因为汉语丧失了入声尖团音，在汉语单音在有入声尖团音的时代，其最大单音数约为 2700）。
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  • 英语辅音 28，元音 20，由于没有声调，单音数量约 400 个，远不及汉语 1300 个多的单音数量。
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人对数字的短期记忆，实际上是对数字发音的记忆。研究表明中国人一次能够记住的数字长度要高于英语母语国家。而在计算中，你需要短期记忆很多数字，这一点就天然地给予了中国人绝对优势。

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更进一步地说，中国的数字系统均基于单音节，这使得我们能够采用高度逻辑化的方式构建完整的数字体系。九十六，就是九个十加一个六。英语是“九十”（与九和十都不同的特殊词）加一个六。法语是四个二十加十六。汉语种最简洁而最富逻辑的结构，在世界各种主要语言中是独一无二的。

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为了直观对比，可以看看下图，了解下各国语言是如何表达“97”这个数字的····

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（吐槽：丹麦语 97 = 7+(-(1/2)+5)*20，这个读法属实有毛病啊··········）

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九九乘法口诀表，就是构建在这个基础上的。其他国家的儿童如果想背下来这张表，可以说比中国儿童难了几倍。语言上具备了这种优势，中国人的初等数学怎么能不好？就初等数学上的优势，乘以初等数学在整个社会中的价值，这就是中国的根本竞争优势之一。

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当然，需要指出的是，在较长单词的构成上，表音文字同样展现出一定的逻辑结构，这是语言发展过程中的必然现象。比如说英文 nephritis，就来源于希腊语中一个读音类似的词，而希腊语中的那个词则来源于希腊语 Nefros 和 itis，也就是“肾”和“炎”。不过很抱歉的是，由于表音能力差，这些很常见的意思必须要用这么多音节来表达。这就远不如中文简简单单的“肾炎”了。

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优点 5：信息熵高

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前面已经说过，不再赘述

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优点 6：具备“二维码”特性，便于认读（读得准 + 读得快）

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人是用视觉，或者说图案来接受信息的，汉字的图案本身就是信息，而字母语言的图案没有信息，排列组合才是信息。

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所以，本质上来说，拉丁系的表音文字（拼音）是一种一维线性符号（条形码），只有左右顺序有意义。

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以汉字为代表的方块字，则是是二维码，除了左右，还有上下的排序。汉字能够在平面上沿竖直和水平两个方 向延伸，所以一个汉字往往就能代表很复杂的意思，表达同样的信息，汉字也更省空间。汉字在更加充分地利用了人类的视觉系统，这使得读取速度大为加快。

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此外，因为汉字充分的利用了平面的二维性，表达同样的信息时，在横向长度上比表音文字短。比如一个音节用一个汉字就够了，但是表音文字就要用几个符号把他的音素表示出来。而我们在阅读时同一时间视觉只能集中在一定的范围内，在这个范围内，我们可以看到汉字表达更多的意思。这也很大程度上提升汉字的阅读速度。

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优点 7：形音结合，解决同音字问题

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汉字由于是意音文字，还具备一大优势，那就是避免了同音字太多导致无法识别的问题。

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对付《施氏食狮史》、《季姬击鸡记》这种同音文糊毫无压力（据说是当年某反对汉字拉丁化的学者撰写的小文，可自行百度）

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《季姬击鸡记》

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季姬寂，集鸡，鸡即棘鸡。棘鸡饥叽，季姬及箕稷济鸡。鸡既济，跻姬笈，季姬忌，急咭鸡，鸡急，继圾几，季姬急，即籍箕击鸡，箕疾击几伎，伎即齑，鸡叽集几基，季姬急极屐击鸡，鸡既殛，季姬激，即记《季姬击鸡记》。
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《施氏食狮史》

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石室诗士施氏，嗜狮，誓食十狮。施氏时时适市视狮。 十时，适十狮市。是时，适施氏适市。施氏视十狮，恃矢势，使是十狮逝世。氏拾是十狮尸，适石室。 石室湿，施氏使侍拭石室。石室拭，施氏始试食十狮尸。食时，始识十狮实十石狮尸。试释是事。
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而韩国在废除汉字后采用谚文（纯拼音文字），导致缺乏形旁指示，大量的同音字无法区分。这就造成一系列的社会问题。例如韩国就出现过那种把防水材料搞成吸水材料的笑话（韩语里“防水”和“放水”读音一致，结果建筑公司错误理解了图纸）。

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优点 8：自带超强的引用库

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类比编程语言来说，拼音文字类似汇编语言，中文属于高级语言，并且自带几千年积累下来的各种函数和库。
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汉语是依托于数千年的文化积淀而有序传承的，这令其有一个优势——有个巨大的引用库可调用，数以千计的成语、典故、诗词，为汉语提供着庞大的“超链接”。

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调库不仅仅提供更高的信息熵，而且能让表达更加丰富有趣。

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例如，一句“别在这亡羊补牢了”，显然讥讽力度要大于“事前有机会查缺补漏的时候你无动于衷，现在出了纰漏你在这做无用功”。这样成语典故在汉语中数不胜数，唾面自干、逐鹿中原、桃园结义、千金买骨、李广难封、冯唐易老、高山流水、知音难觅、桃李不言、三顾茅庐.…上面这些成语基本都出自一两千年以前，但在今天的中文中仍然普遍使用。

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当然，平心而论，任何一门语言，都会有自己的俗语、典故。例如英文、拉丁语中的潘多拉的盒子（Pandora's box）、达摩克利斯剑（the Swords of Damocles）、多米诺骨牌（Dominoes）等等。毕竟，任何文明经过了几百年了，谁家还没几个老祖宗传下来典故啊。只不过咱中国因为历史长了一点，所以咱的“引用库”也就比别家稍微丰富了那么“亿点点”······

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不要小看这些浓缩的“超链接”资源，它在某种程度上塑造每一个中国人极其强大的战略战术及博弈策略素养，从耄耋老人到垂髫少儿，都是如此。

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不信？

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请阅读如下内容并回忆你什么时候学会这些词语的、并回忆自己是否运用过。

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金蝉脱壳、抛砖引玉、借刀杀人、以逸待劳、擒贼擒王、趁火打劫、关门捉贼、浑水摸鱼、打草惊蛇、瞒天过海、反间计、笑里藏刀、顺手牵羊、调虎离山、李代桃僵、指桑骂槐、隔岸观火、树上开花、暗渡陈仓、走为上、假痴不癫、欲擒故纵、釜底抽薪、空城计、苦肉计、远交近攻、反客为主、上屋抽梯、偷梁换柱、无中生有、美人计、借尸还魂、声东击西、围魏救赵、连环计、假道伐虢。

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兵者，诡道也。故能而示之不能，用而示之不用，近而示之远，远而示之近。

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攻其无备，出其不意。

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上兵伐谋 其次伐交 其次伐兵 其下攻城。

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擒贼先擒王……

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短短几个字 能够清晰传递一个作战方案 因为每个词的背后都是千年传承历史经验。

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几千年的纵横捭阖攻城拔寨 为中华文化留下了丰富的战略和战术经验 而这些又一步步的发展成为文化 潜移默化的留在了每个中国人的脑子里。

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所以不论是受教育的军官还是不识字的士兵 都知道什么是以假乱真、出其不意、攻其不备、明修栈道、暗渡陈仓 然后穿插、绕袭、包饺子、张口袋……

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所以你看 1962 年对印反击战中，庞国兴这个三人临时结成战斗小组，就能一路“乘胜追击”、“声东击西”，将“风声鹤唳草木皆兵”的印军（整整一个营）彻底击溃，还打掉了敌人两个炮兵阵地。

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菜市场里买菜大妈都知道欲擒故纵，嫌菜价贵，转身离开，而摊主也会来一招苦肉计，好好好我亏本给你……

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欧洲虽然也是经历过黑暗的中世纪，但其语言繁多、城邦较小，所以这样的通俗的谋略总结没那么多。而中华民族延绵不绝的 5000 多年的历史，浸润着每一个国人。

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在这种环境下，每个中国人都着潜在的“智囊调用库”，碰到事情不知道怎么办，去翻一翻二十四史资治通鉴，保证有鲜活案例以及数套解决方案并且有成功经验失败教训。哪怕自己解决不了，找人商量也方便，“三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮”嘛·······

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四、汉字，我们文化的根！

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汉字，自秦始皇“书同文”以来，本质上来说便成了东亚大地上的一种普世文字，深深地熔铸在华夏民族的血脉之中，其横则广布于万里之疆，纵则跨越悠悠千载，伴随着“华夏”这一普世帝国走过了一个又一个千年······
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汉字是音形分离的，所有方言发音可以千奇百怪，但是写成文字一模一样，防止了形随音成在大地理区间和超长时间下形成新的语言，保持了语言的稳定不飘移分裂。

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今天一个随便的中学生，就可以直接阅读，先秦诸子百家的著作，他可以自在地跨越千年，直接和历史上的先贤进行思想上的对话。

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因为什么呢？

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因为自秦以来，华夏便“书同文”了，每一个汉字都被赋予了一个相对稳定的意思。即便我们相隔千年，即便我们地域不同，口音各异，我们都可以自然而然地阅览秦文汉赋唐诗宋词元曲明清小说。

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但是如果是一个英国人，他要读四百年前英文版圣经 KJV 1611（King James Version，简称 KJV 1611，英国国王请来诸多学者翻译的第一版英文圣经，最后成书于 1611 年）的话，就会发现，靠，这都写的什么呀，好古老的英文， 表示看不懂， 或者能看懂一点也懒得再往下看了。（KJV1611 最难辨认的不是他的字体， 就 26 个字母， 字体你习惯就好了。 最难辨认的是很多词的拼法和句子的用法， 比较奇怪。），如果是更久远的古英语的话，那读起来就更牙疼了。

\n

当然，这都还算好的，更为可悲的是文字传承彻底断绝，儿孙不识祖宗文，例如越南。

\n

关于越南文字拉丁化的后果，大家可以看看知乎答主 Yves S 亲身经历的故事：

\n

假如汉语完全拉丁化或是注音化后，会发生什么事情？

\n

在二十一世纪初的某个秋天，五个中国学生在法国博物馆里，透过几张泛黄的宣纸，了解到了一桩一百多年前发生在越南的案子。

\n

而同行的越南同学们，由于废弃了汉字、喃字，改用拉丁字母注音，再也无法读懂自己祖先留下典籍，

\n

他们再也无法知道这些文字后面的恩怨情仇、悲欢离合。

\n

他们也不能知道主人公的平凡或伟大、卑鄙或高尚。

\n

他们可能对其视而不见。

\n

运气好的话，他们或许会说：

\n

“这看起来像是汉字 / 喃字。”

\n

中国人以独特的历史和大一统的思想，用特有的方块字维持了这样一个特有的国家形态，在所有原生文明里面，唯独中国汉字靠着这种方式传承至今，这个不得不说是伟大的。

\n

埃及、苏美尔等民族留给世界的是希腊神庙的源头、所有字母的起源、甚至过半思想的启蒙，但是我们的汉字却给华夏留下了千余年的国祚。

\n

大风泱泱，大潮滂滂。炎黄八百代承袭，中华五千载变迁。

\n

龙凤为图，汉字为记。文明圣火，千古未绝者，唯我无双！

\n
\n
\n\n\n
查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n\n\n\n", @@ -9971,28 +9949,6 @@ "hash": "5f74af3509bb7119b65229e9a44505ee", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "001FRONT - Rural teachers urged to raise capable youth", - "description": "

Children present flowers to their teachers at a kindergarten in Zunhua, Hebei province, on Tuesday to celebrate the 41st Teachers' Day in China, which falls on Wednesday.

\n

President Xi Jinping has urged rural teachers to enhance their teaching skills and nurture more capable young people with sound moral grounding, intellectual ability, physical vigor, aesthetic sensibility and work skills needed to join and carry on the socialist cause.

\n

Xi, who is also general secretary of the Communist Party of China Central Committee and chairman of the Central Military Commission, sent his greetings to teachers and educators across the country ahead of the 41st Teachers' Day, which falls on Wednesday.

\n

In a reply letter to eight rural teachers who participated in the special-post teacher recruitment program, Xi said that many teachers involved in the program have actively devoted themselves to rural education. Rooted in their posts, they have dedicated their efforts to teaching with diligence and selfless commitment, demonstrating the profound sense of mission and responsibility of educators, he said.

\n

Xi emphasized that teachers are the foundation of education. He expressed the hope that educators will remain true to their original aspiration, continuously improve their teaching capabilities, and guide students with care and affection to ensure their healthy growth.

\n

Premier Li Qiang also made an instruction on the program. Li said that educators in the country should fully implement the fundamental task of fostering virtue and holistic development through education and teach in places where the motherland and the people need them the most, contributing more to building a leading country in education.

\n

Launched in 2006, the special-post teacher recruitment program is a central government-funded initiative aimed at recruiting college graduates to teach in rural primary and middle schools across China's central and western regions. Since its implementation, the program has employed a total of 1.18 million teachers, covering more than 30,000 rural schools in over 1,000 counties across 22 provincial-level regions.

\n

In their letter to Xi, eight representatives of the program reported on their experience working at the forefront of rural education, and reiterated their determination to stay committed to their mission and continue teaching in rural areas.

\n

China has adopted several other initiatives to promote rural education.

\n

In 2021, the "Outstanding Teachers Program" was launched to cultivate 10,000 teachers annually to serve high schools in the once-impoverished counties, as well as border counties, in the central and western regions.

\n

Policies aimed at improving teachers' livelihoods, including annual subsidies, salary hikes and the construction of dormitories, have made rural teaching more sustainable. As of last year, 76.23 percent of rural teachers held a bachelor's degree or higher, a dramatic increase compared with a decade ago.

\n

Ma Hongbing, deputy director of the Finance Ministry's Department of Science, Education and Culture, said the central government has invested 45 billion yuan ($6.3 billion) in the past five years to hire and train more high-quality teachers in the central and western regions.

\n

Liu Xiantao, a teacher in Zunyi, Guizhou province, who celebrated his 23rd birthday on Tuesday, said he became interested in the profession of teaching as a young boy because Teachers' Day falls right after his birthday.

\n

Liu, who recently earned a bachelor's degree in history from Beijing Normal University, is among the first group of graduates of the "Outstanding Teachers Program". He currently teaches history at Chacheng Senior High School in Meitan county, a former nationally designated poverty-stricken area in Zunyi.

\n

Liu's decision to return to his roots was deeply influenced by his own educational experience. Growing up in a remote town in Yuqing county of Zunyi, he had limited exposure to the wider world. His primary school Chinese teacher, Ms Li, opened his eyes to the power of knowledge and compassion, Liu said.

\n

Like many of his peers, Liu was tempted by the dynamic urban life in Beijing. But through volunteering and teaching practice in rural schools, he rediscovered his life's purpose.

\n

Chacheng Senior High School, where Liu now works, was recently established to serve students who do not score well in their high school entrance exams. For many, it represents a last chance to continue formal education before possibly turning to low-skilled work or early marriage, he said.

\n

"Every day here is a challenge, but also a gift," he said. "When parents thank me with their voice filled with sincerity, when my students and I win the first place in military training, when I see their eyes light up during a history lesson — these are the moments that make me the happiest, and they happen every day."

\n

This year, Liu's birthday wish is simple, yet profound. "May I become a better teacher over the next year, and may my students achieve satisfactory grades in the next three years and become someone noteworthy in life," he said.

\n

zoushuo@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", - "content": "

Children present flowers to their teachers at a kindergarten in Zunhua, Hebei province, on Tuesday to celebrate the 41st Teachers' Day in China, which falls on Wednesday.

\n

President Xi Jinping has urged rural teachers to enhance their teaching skills and nurture more capable young people with sound moral grounding, intellectual ability, physical vigor, aesthetic sensibility and work skills needed to join and carry on the socialist cause.

\n

Xi, who is also general secretary of the Communist Party of China Central Committee and chairman of the Central Military Commission, sent his greetings to teachers and educators across the country ahead of the 41st Teachers' Day, which falls on Wednesday.

\n

In a reply letter to eight rural teachers who participated in the special-post teacher recruitment program, Xi said that many teachers involved in the program have actively devoted themselves to rural education. Rooted in their posts, they have dedicated their efforts to teaching with diligence and selfless commitment, demonstrating the profound sense of mission and responsibility of educators, he said.

\n

Xi emphasized that teachers are the foundation of education. He expressed the hope that educators will remain true to their original aspiration, continuously improve their teaching capabilities, and guide students with care and affection to ensure their healthy growth.

\n

Premier Li Qiang also made an instruction on the program. Li said that educators in the country should fully implement the fundamental task of fostering virtue and holistic development through education and teach in places where the motherland and the people need them the most, contributing more to building a leading country in education.

\n

Launched in 2006, the special-post teacher recruitment program is a central government-funded initiative aimed at recruiting college graduates to teach in rural primary and middle schools across China's central and western regions. Since its implementation, the program has employed a total of 1.18 million teachers, covering more than 30,000 rural schools in over 1,000 counties across 22 provincial-level regions.

\n

In their letter to Xi, eight representatives of the program reported on their experience working at the forefront of rural education, and reiterated their determination to stay committed to their mission and continue teaching in rural areas.

\n

China has adopted several other initiatives to promote rural education.

\n

In 2021, the "Outstanding Teachers Program" was launched to cultivate 10,000 teachers annually to serve high schools in the once-impoverished counties, as well as border counties, in the central and western regions.

\n

Policies aimed at improving teachers' livelihoods, including annual subsidies, salary hikes and the construction of dormitories, have made rural teaching more sustainable. As of last year, 76.23 percent of rural teachers held a bachelor's degree or higher, a dramatic increase compared with a decade ago.

\n

Ma Hongbing, deputy director of the Finance Ministry's Department of Science, Education and Culture, said the central government has invested 45 billion yuan ($6.3 billion) in the past five years to hire and train more high-quality teachers in the central and western regions.

\n

Liu Xiantao, a teacher in Zunyi, Guizhou province, who celebrated his 23rd birthday on Tuesday, said he became interested in the profession of teaching as a young boy because Teachers' Day falls right after his birthday.

\n

Liu, who recently earned a bachelor's degree in history from Beijing Normal University, is among the first group of graduates of the "Outstanding Teachers Program". He currently teaches history at Chacheng Senior High School in Meitan county, a former nationally designated poverty-stricken area in Zunyi.

\n

Liu's decision to return to his roots was deeply influenced by his own educational experience. Growing up in a remote town in Yuqing county of Zunyi, he had limited exposure to the wider world. His primary school Chinese teacher, Ms Li, opened his eyes to the power of knowledge and compassion, Liu said.

\n

Like many of his peers, Liu was tempted by the dynamic urban life in Beijing. But through volunteering and teaching practice in rural schools, he rediscovered his life's purpose.

\n

Chacheng Senior High School, where Liu now works, was recently established to serve students who do not score well in their high school entrance exams. For many, it represents a last chance to continue formal education before possibly turning to low-skilled work or early marriage, he said.

\n

"Every day here is a challenge, but also a gift," he said. "When parents thank me with their voice filled with sincerity, when my students and I win the first place in military training, when I see their eyes light up during a history lesson — these are the moments that make me the happiest, and they happen every day."

\n

This year, Liu's birthday wish is simple, yet profound. "May I become a better teacher over the next year, and may my students achieve satisfactory grades in the next three years and become someone noteworthy in life," he said.

\n

zoushuo@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-09/10/content_001_68c08e1eed50ccabe151922d.htm#001FRONT", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Wed, 10 Sep 2025 00:21:05 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "b0bdd55f599af4faf164481379198b84", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "004CHINA - Evolving tastes drive innovation in watermelons", "description": "

As China's watermelon season draws to a close this year, farmers, consumers and professional testers are of the view that during this scorching summer, selection of the juicy fruit was determined less by weight and volume, and more by taste and quality.

\n

At a cooperative in Panggezhuang in Beijing's Daxing district, 27-year-old Zhang Linghui spent her days tapping, pressing and listening to thousands of melons at the peak of the harvest.

\n

Zhang is one of a growing number of professional "watermelon testers" — specialists hired to judge the fruit's ripeness, sugar levels and texture. With a quick knock, she can tell whether a watermelon is unripe, overripe or just right — and only the best make it to market.

\n

"Each watermelon has a different sound," Zhang said. "Unripe ones are hard, and the bounce hurts your fingers. Overripe melons sound dull and often crack inside. The best are nearly 80 percent ripe," she said.

\n

A skilled watermelon tester must not only have extensive knowledge of cultivation, including the fruit's growth cycle and varietal traits, but also draw on years of experience to accurately judge its quality, she added.

\n

Shang Ling, a 42-year-old Beijing resident, said picking a watermelon felt like opening a blind box. Although she would also tap the fruit to judge its quality before buying it at the supermarket, the result disappointed as often as it delighted.

\n

"But now, with professionals testing them, one is more likely to find a good one," she said.

\n

The emergence of the new trend indicates how consumer expectations are changing in one of the world's biggest watermelon markets. Once considered the luck of the draw, buying a watermelon is increasingly about quantifiable measures such as sweetness, texture and juiciness.

\n

China plants more than 1.33 million hectares of watermelon each year and harvests around 60 million metric tons, about 60 percent of the world's total, according to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. On average, each Chinese consumer eats about 50 kilograms of the fruit annually.

\n

This summer, consumers favored thin-skinned, juicy and naturally ripened melons, according to a July report from the consumption and industry development research institute of JD, a Chinese e-commerce giant. Shoppers in their late 20s to mid-40s drove nearly 70 percent of sales, with younger buyers showing a strong appetite for new varieties, it said.

\n

Beijing's Daxing district, Zhongwei city in the Ningxia Hui autonomous region, the Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region, Dongtai city in Jiangsu province and Shanghai are among the top sources of sales growth, according to the report.

\n

Panggezhuang is the home of the famed Daxing watermelon, a certified geographical indication product known for its crisp sweetness. At the 2,667-hectare planting base, growers are shifting to smaller melons weighing 1 to 1.5 kg. The planting area for traditional large watermelons has already fallen to less than 66.7 hectares.

\n

Meanwhile, farmers are also planting colorful new varieties with orange and yellow flesh or black rind to meet diverse market demands.

\n

Song Shaotang, a local grower, is experimenting with new varieties to keep up with changing tastes. One standout is the Jingmei 3K, bred by the Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences. The variety has oval-shaped fruit, deep red flesh and high sugar content, making it a hit with both farmers and consumers.

\n

"At our demonstration field, Jingmei 3K yields stayed at about 60 (metric) tons per hectare. Customers like its color and taste," Song said, adding that his cooperative is promoting the variety in larger fields.

\n

Xu Yong, who led the research team of the Jingmei series, said the new varieties are designed to cut breeding costs, resist disease and meet consumer preferences.

\n

"The change from big to small melons shows how production, branding and consumption are all adapting," Xu said.

\n

From bulk harvests of giant fruits to bite-sized melons selected by professional testers, China's watermelon industry is increasingly catering to the precise demands of summer shoppers in search of sweetness.

\n

zhaoyimeng@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", @@ -10015,28 +9971,6 @@ "hash": "c79fe7c4ee1dcf3ad063876d3bf93ce6", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "005CHINA - Remains of martyrs to be returned to motherland", - "description": "

The remains of 30 Chinese soldiers who died during the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea (1950-53) are scheduled to be returned to China from South Korea on Friday, according to the Ministry of Veterans Affairs.

\n

The ministry said in a brief news release on Tuesday that the latest repatriations are based on an agreement between itself and South Korea's Ministry of National Defense, noting the occasion will mark the 12th consecutive year of the handover of Chinese soldiers' remains between the two nations.

\n

A high-level Chinese delegation, a group of honor guards from the People's Liberation Army and a Chinese Y-20 aircraft are set to arrive in South Korea on Wednesday to carry out the handover mission, the ministry said.

\n

On Thursday, a ceremony will be held in the port city of Incheon, where the remains will be placed in Chinese caskets that will then be covered by Chinese flags. The handover documents will be signed at the ceremony.

\n

By Friday, the remains will be officially handed over to the Chinese delegation at Incheon International Airport. Chinese personnel will then hold a memorial ceremony before escorting the remains back to China.

\n

After the remains return to China, the government will organize grand ceremonies at the airport and cemetery to honor the fallen soldiers. Family members and war veterans will be invited to participate.

\n

The soldiers will be buried at the Chinese People's Volunteers Martyrs' Cemetery in Shenyang, capital of Liaoning province.

\n

Led by Peng Dehuai, commander-in-chief of the Chinese People's Volunteers, nearly 2.9 million Chinese soldiers fought in the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea. More than 197,000 Chinese soldiers and civilians recruited by the CPV died in combat.

\n

South Korea began recovering the remains of fallen Chinese soldiers in 2000 and started returning them to China in 2014. To date, the two sides have conducted 11 handovers involving the remains and belongings of 981 CPV martyrs.

\n

zhaolei@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", - "content": "

The remains of 30 Chinese soldiers who died during the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea (1950-53) are scheduled to be returned to China from South Korea on Friday, according to the Ministry of Veterans Affairs.

\n

The ministry said in a brief news release on Tuesday that the latest repatriations are based on an agreement between itself and South Korea's Ministry of National Defense, noting the occasion will mark the 12th consecutive year of the handover of Chinese soldiers' remains between the two nations.

\n

A high-level Chinese delegation, a group of honor guards from the People's Liberation Army and a Chinese Y-20 aircraft are set to arrive in South Korea on Wednesday to carry out the handover mission, the ministry said.

\n

On Thursday, a ceremony will be held in the port city of Incheon, where the remains will be placed in Chinese caskets that will then be covered by Chinese flags. The handover documents will be signed at the ceremony.

\n

By Friday, the remains will be officially handed over to the Chinese delegation at Incheon International Airport. Chinese personnel will then hold a memorial ceremony before escorting the remains back to China.

\n

After the remains return to China, the government will organize grand ceremonies at the airport and cemetery to honor the fallen soldiers. Family members and war veterans will be invited to participate.

\n

The soldiers will be buried at the Chinese People's Volunteers Martyrs' Cemetery in Shenyang, capital of Liaoning province.

\n

Led by Peng Dehuai, commander-in-chief of the Chinese People's Volunteers, nearly 2.9 million Chinese soldiers fought in the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea. More than 197,000 Chinese soldiers and civilians recruited by the CPV died in combat.

\n

South Korea began recovering the remains of fallen Chinese soldiers in 2000 and started returning them to China in 2014. To date, the two sides have conducted 11 handovers involving the remains and belongings of 981 CPV martyrs.

\n

zhaolei@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-09/10/content_005_68c08e5bed50ccabe151923d.htm#005CHINA", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Wed, 10 Sep 2025 00:21:04 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "241b6444e3558dc60cc0d1659a6dc770", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "007CHINA - Way found to quantify soil carbon changes", "description": "

From left: Qin Zhangcai (first from right) leads Wang Yijie (second from right) and two of his students from Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou, Guangdong province, to attend an international conference in Austria. Qin and Wang discuss how to improve their model in the university.

\n

To mitigate climate change, afforestation worldwide has the potential to sequester up to 5 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide annually, according to scientific research led by a team from the Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou, Guangdong province.

\n

Qin Zhangcai, a professor from the School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, and his team published their findings, titled "Land Availability and Policy Commitments Limit Global Climate Mitigation from Forestation", in the international academic journal Science on Aug 29. The research quantified for the first time the carbon sequestration capacity of underground soil in the global forest restoration process.

\n

To "cool down" the planet, the world is in urgent need of reducing carbon dioxide emissions and enhancing the carbon sequestration capacity of ecosystems. As natural "carbon absorbers", forests serve as indispensable "green air conditioners" for climate regulation, and afforestation is widely regarded as one of the most cost-effective nature-based climate solutions.

\n

The research innovatively integrates three key factors — ecology, climate and policy — to redefine the potential of afforestation to mitigate climate change and provide "navigation" for future global afforestation.

\n

After years of collecting scarce global soil data, Qin's team has successfully developed a machine learning model capable of quantifying soil carbon changes resulting from afforestation. Leveraging international cooperation and integrating existing vegetation carbon estimates, the team has also created an "all-round detector" that can monitor carbon changes in both vegetation and soil.

\n

The team also took into account international environmental and socio-economic constraints related to afforestation, such as biodiversity, water resources, surface warming and national commitments. From the two dimensions of sustainable land "supply" and national policy "demand", the team has redeveloped a "navigation map" for future forest restoration.

\n

"However, when land sustainability and countries' willingness are taken into comprehensive consideration, the actual emission reduction potential of afforestation worldwide can decrease to 1.5 billion metric tons per year," warned Qin, adding that climate risks can stem from "empty talk", or "theoretical plans that lack implementation".

\n

According to Qin, there are huge discrepancies regarding how much carbon dioxide future afforestation can absorb, with the low estimate being less than 300 million tons and the high estimate exceeding three billion tons per year.

\n

Qin said the controversy mainly centers on two key challenges.

\n

While the carbon sequestration capacity of vegetation is relatively clear, changes in soil carbon remain difficult to detect accurately, he said.

\n

"Meanwhile, estimates on land area suitable for afforestation worldwide also differ by 10 times," he said, adding that more importantly, the significant gap between countries' afforestation commitments and their willingness to implement them has long been overlooked.

\n

Qin said there is a huge mismatch between countries' afforestation commitments and land potential. "Countries with land potential have made relatively few commitments, while those that have made more commitments — especially low-income countries — lack sufficient land and other resources to support their afforestation aspirations, he said.

\n

Qin said his team has proposed an Olympics-style goal for global afforestation in the future that is "faster, higher, stronger, and more united".

\n

"We hope the study will provide some scientific reference for global climate change cooperation, helping to clarify issues such as the asymmetry of forest resources among countries and the imbalance of rights and responsibilities between northern and southern countries," he said.

\n

Qin said his team will fully leverage the advantages of international cooperation to conduct research in the intersection of energy, nature, and carbon neutrality, with a focus on exploring feasible natural climate solutions in the years to come.

\n

The editor of Science said Qin's study has comprehensively considered multiple factors and provides a "more realistic" assessment of climate effects.

\n

With Wang Yijie, a doctoral student from the School of Atmospheric Sciences of the university, as the first author of the paper and Qin as the corresponding author, the study was conducted in collaboration with scientists from multiple countries around the world.

\n

China has long been committed to the restoration of forest resources. According to the Master Plan for Major Projects for the Protection and Restoration of Important National Key Ecosystems (2021-35), China has set the goal of achieving a forest coverage rate of 26 percent by 2035 for the 14th Five Year Plan (2021-25).

\n

The net absorption of carbon dioxide by forests around 2010 was approximately 455 million tons per year, and it is expected to further increase to 532-584 million tons per year between 2020 and 2040, reaching a peak of approximately 664-796 million tons per year between 2041 and 2060.

\n

Contact the writers at zhengcaixiong@chinadaily.com.cn

\n


获取更多RSS：
https://feedx.net
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", @@ -10059,28 +9993,6 @@ "hash": "4e905cbcaf9c07502b22dee92efa89dc", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "008COMMENT - Revision of foreign trade law necessary move", - "description": "

In a move to bolster the legal framework underpinning China's opening-up, Chinese national lawmakers have commenced their review of a draft revision to the Foreign Trade Law. The revision aims to integrate a series of reform measures into the national legislation, reinforcing China's commitment to open trade while safeguarding national security amid the complex global trade environment.

\n

The draft revision seeks to codify some critical reform measures, such as the negative list system for cross-border trade in services.

\n

Comprising 80 articles, the draft revision consolidates previously scattered legal provisions into a systematic framework that aims to guarantee that foreign trade effectively contributes to China's development while safeguarding national security.

\n

The Foreign Trade Law, enacted in 1994 with a view to expanding the country's opening-up, has been instrumental in integrating the country into the global economy. Over the past three decades, the law has facilitated trade liberalization, helped maintain foreign trade order, and protected the legitimate rights and interests of trade entities.

\n

The law has markedly enhanced China's competitiveness in foreign trade, contributing to it becoming the world's largest goods trading nation and a major trading partner of more than 140 countries and regions, with its total trade volume reaching 43.85 trillion yuan ($5.98 trillion) in 2024.

\n

Yet the global trade dynamics have changed rapidly in recent years, particularly with the rise of protectionism and unilateralism, which has severely disrupted trade. This has made it a pressing task for Chinese lawmakers to revise the law to adapt to the changes.

\n

The draft revision seeks to enshrine multiple reform measures in the law, including a negative list system for managing cross-border trade in services, and measures for promoting new forms and models of foreign trade, and encouraging digital trade and the establishment of a green trade system. This will help align the country with high-standard international trade and economic rules, and put it in a better position to participate in the formulation of global trade regulations. In addition, to further optimize the foreign trade environment, the draft specifies enhanced intellectual property protection and improved IP compliance and risk management for trade entities, and the establishment of trade adjustment assistance to stabilize industry and supply chains.

\n

This is the first time the idea of establishing an assistance system for foreign trade enterprises has been raised in the legal framework, which has gained an increased sense of urgency given today's export challenges.

\n

Importantly, the draft includes stringent measures to counter threats to China's sovereignty, security and development interests. It allows for restrictive or prohibitive actions against such threats and specifies that no entity may support attempts to evade these measures, with violations subject to legal penalties. These measures, which serve to protect the country's sovereignty, security and development interests, align with international norms and are not unique to China, as similar frameworks exist in Europe and the United States. There is no doubt that China needs lawful counteractions against rising protectionism.

\n

Despite the complex external environment, China's foreign trade has maintained its growth momentum this year, with the total value of goods trade imports and exports reaching 3.87 trillion yuan in August, a year-on-year increase of 3.5 percent, according to the General Administration of Customs. Exports amounted to 2.3 trillion yuan and imports to 1.57 trillion yuan, up 4.8 percent and 1.7 percent year-on-year respectively, achieving double growth for three consecutive months.

\n

All this testifies to the resilience of China's foreign trade sector. As the country continues to navigate the complexities of the global trade landscape, the revision of the Foreign Trade Law is a key step to steady its foreign trade and protect its core interests.

\n

The revised law, which is poised to serve as a cornerstone for China's trade policy, aims to facilitate a more integrated, innovative and secure trading system that will reinforce the country's position as a key player in the global economy.

\n

", - "content": "

In a move to bolster the legal framework underpinning China's opening-up, Chinese national lawmakers have commenced their review of a draft revision to the Foreign Trade Law. The revision aims to integrate a series of reform measures into the national legislation, reinforcing China's commitment to open trade while safeguarding national security amid the complex global trade environment.

\n

The draft revision seeks to codify some critical reform measures, such as the negative list system for cross-border trade in services.

\n

Comprising 80 articles, the draft revision consolidates previously scattered legal provisions into a systematic framework that aims to guarantee that foreign trade effectively contributes to China's development while safeguarding national security.

\n

The Foreign Trade Law, enacted in 1994 with a view to expanding the country's opening-up, has been instrumental in integrating the country into the global economy. Over the past three decades, the law has facilitated trade liberalization, helped maintain foreign trade order, and protected the legitimate rights and interests of trade entities.

\n

The law has markedly enhanced China's competitiveness in foreign trade, contributing to it becoming the world's largest goods trading nation and a major trading partner of more than 140 countries and regions, with its total trade volume reaching 43.85 trillion yuan ($5.98 trillion) in 2024.

\n

Yet the global trade dynamics have changed rapidly in recent years, particularly with the rise of protectionism and unilateralism, which has severely disrupted trade. This has made it a pressing task for Chinese lawmakers to revise the law to adapt to the changes.

\n

The draft revision seeks to enshrine multiple reform measures in the law, including a negative list system for managing cross-border trade in services, and measures for promoting new forms and models of foreign trade, and encouraging digital trade and the establishment of a green trade system. This will help align the country with high-standard international trade and economic rules, and put it in a better position to participate in the formulation of global trade regulations. In addition, to further optimize the foreign trade environment, the draft specifies enhanced intellectual property protection and improved IP compliance and risk management for trade entities, and the establishment of trade adjustment assistance to stabilize industry and supply chains.

\n

This is the first time the idea of establishing an assistance system for foreign trade enterprises has been raised in the legal framework, which has gained an increased sense of urgency given today's export challenges.

\n

Importantly, the draft includes stringent measures to counter threats to China's sovereignty, security and development interests. It allows for restrictive or prohibitive actions against such threats and specifies that no entity may support attempts to evade these measures, with violations subject to legal penalties. These measures, which serve to protect the country's sovereignty, security and development interests, align with international norms and are not unique to China, as similar frameworks exist in Europe and the United States. There is no doubt that China needs lawful counteractions against rising protectionism.

\n

Despite the complex external environment, China's foreign trade has maintained its growth momentum this year, with the total value of goods trade imports and exports reaching 3.87 trillion yuan in August, a year-on-year increase of 3.5 percent, according to the General Administration of Customs. Exports amounted to 2.3 trillion yuan and imports to 1.57 trillion yuan, up 4.8 percent and 1.7 percent year-on-year respectively, achieving double growth for three consecutive months.

\n

All this testifies to the resilience of China's foreign trade sector. As the country continues to navigate the complexities of the global trade landscape, the revision of the Foreign Trade Law is a key step to steady its foreign trade and protect its core interests.

\n

The revised law, which is poised to serve as a cornerstone for China's trade policy, aims to facilitate a more integrated, innovative and secure trading system that will reinforce the country's position as a key player in the global economy.

\n

", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-09/10/content_008_68c08e8aed50ccabe1519248.htm#008COMMENT", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Wed, 10 Sep 2025 00:21:04 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "86544047db34485f5d859bd15e3fbb22", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "009VIEWS - US 'Department of War' reflects its true role", "description": "
\n

When the US administration announced last week that the "Department of War" will be used as the "secondary title" for the Department of Defense, it was, for once, being honest.

\n

The administration offered two justifications for the White House's decision. First, it reminded Americans that when the department was still called the "Department of War", the United States won two world wars. The name, it suggested, carries a victorious aura. Second, it argued that "Defense" sounds too passive, whereas "War" better captures the US' military posture. One can hardly fault this candor.

\n

Asked about the move, China's Foreign Ministry spokesperson simply said that it is the US' internal matter.

\n

From George Washington to Harry Truman, US presidents maintained the Department of War for over 160 years. Through those years, the US transformed from a fragile republic into a global power. For the incumbent administration, which has pledged to "Make America Great Again", evoking that era makes political sense. By dusting off the old title, it taps into a collective memory of past glory, rekindling pride while fueling hopes of renewed greatness. That is an apt political move for the US, given its current belligerent posture.

\n

More important, restoring the title, "Department of War", makes it consistent with the institution's true character. Since 1949, when it was rebranded the "Department of Defense", the Pentagon has not followed a defensive defense policy. Its mission has remained that of the Department of War: planning, launching and sustaining conflicts across the globe.

\n

A "department of defense" should primarily safeguard national security. But in the eight decades since the end of World War II, the US' so-called Department of Defense has done the opposite. It has frequently used its military power abroad on pretexts not related to self-defense. Successive US administrations have exhibited one common behavior: even when no country posed a threat to the US' security, they have conjured up enemies and triggered conflicts. If there were no adversaries, they were invented.

\n

The rebranding of the US defense department did not temper US aggression. On the contrary, the US Department of Defense has proliferated wars. The record is long and bloody. The countries and regions scarred by US military action include the Korean Peninsula, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Guatemala, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Lebanon, Grenada, Panama, Somalia, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya and Syria. The Pentagon's interventions are too numerous to catalogue. Suffice it to say that the department has been far busier using force than defending US soil.

\n

Even in 2025, only months into the current administration, airstrikes were carried out on Iran, and warships dispatched to Venezuelan waters under the guise of fighting drug cartels. If this is not the behavior of a "war department", what is?

\n

Seen in this light, restoring the old title is not a reckless but a "corrective" move. For decades, the US Department of Defense has acted under a misleading title. Now, at least, the name reflects reality. By admitting what everyone else can see — that the US is a country perpetually at war — the administration has indulged in an act of bureaucratic truth-telling.

\n

Of course, the Pentagon is not the only US institution misnamed. Other departments could use a dose of the same honesty.

\n

Take the Department of the Treasury. In practice, it often functions less as a steward of fiscal policy than the command center for economic sanctions. Why not rename it the "Department of Economic Punishment"? And the Department of Commerce, forever accusing other countries of "unfair trade", could be renamed the "Department of Trade Wars".

\n

Then there is the Department of Energy, which has largely treated oil and gas as the only energy sources worth mentioning. Renewables barely enter the picture. A more candid title for it may be the "Department of Petroleum". As for the Central Intelligence Agency, beyond intelligence-gathering, its well-documented history of political subversion and "color revolutions" abroad makes "Covert Action Agency" a more accurate name for it.

\n

Names matter. They reveal a department's priorities and intentions. For years, Washington has cloaked its aggressive posture in benign-sounding language — "defense", "freedom", "humanitarian intervention". Such euphemisms are meant to soften the reality of hard power. By reviving the title Department of War, the department has finally matched name with function.

\n

If the US insists on projecting force, let it at least do so under a name that admits as much. The recent renaming of the Pentagon is, then, a first step toward bureaucratic honesty. Whether future administrations will maintain this practice of linguistic candor remains to be seen.

\n

For now, though, the "Department of War" has returned. And for once, its name is exactly what it does.

\n

The views don't necessarily represent those of China Daily.

\n

", @@ -10103,28 +10015,6 @@ "hash": "1c7a539c0d9f3ec6ef1624c6b66579a4", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "010WORLD - Nepal's prime minister quits after deadly protests kill 19", - "description": "

KATHMANDU — Nepal's Prime Minister K.P. Sharma Oli resigned on Tuesday as anti-corruption demonstrators defied an indefinite curfew and clashed with police, a day after 19 people died in violent protests triggered by a social media ban.

\n

Oli's government lifted the social media shutdown after protests turned violent, killing 19 and injuring more than 100 after police fired tear gas and rubber bullets at protesters trying to storm the parliament on Monday.

\n

"I have resigned from the post of prime minister with effect from today ... in order to take further steps toward a political solution and resolution of the problems," Oli, 73, said in a letter to the president.

\n

Earlier on Tuesday, Oli had called a meeting of all political parties, saying violence is not in the interest of the nation and "we have to resort to peaceful dialogue to find solutions to any problem".

\n

However, anger against the government showed no signs of abating, as protesters gathered in front of parliament and other places in the capital Kathmandu, in defiance of an indefinite curfew imposed by authorities.

\n

The protesters set fire to tires on some roads, threw stones at police personnel in riot gear and chased them through narrow streets, while some looked on and shot videos of the clashes on their mobile phones as thick black smoke rose to the sky.

\n

Hundreds of people from some towns located near the India-Nepal border had started marching toward Kathmandu to support the protesters, one of the protesters told Reuters by phone.

\n

", - "content": "

KATHMANDU — Nepal's Prime Minister K.P. Sharma Oli resigned on Tuesday as anti-corruption demonstrators defied an indefinite curfew and clashed with police, a day after 19 people died in violent protests triggered by a social media ban.

\n

Oli's government lifted the social media shutdown after protests turned violent, killing 19 and injuring more than 100 after police fired tear gas and rubber bullets at protesters trying to storm the parliament on Monday.

\n

"I have resigned from the post of prime minister with effect from today ... in order to take further steps toward a political solution and resolution of the problems," Oli, 73, said in a letter to the president.

\n

Earlier on Tuesday, Oli had called a meeting of all political parties, saying violence is not in the interest of the nation and "we have to resort to peaceful dialogue to find solutions to any problem".

\n

However, anger against the government showed no signs of abating, as protesters gathered in front of parliament and other places in the capital Kathmandu, in defiance of an indefinite curfew imposed by authorities.

\n

The protesters set fire to tires on some roads, threw stones at police personnel in riot gear and chased them through narrow streets, while some looked on and shot videos of the clashes on their mobile phones as thick black smoke rose to the sky.

\n

Hundreds of people from some towns located near the India-Nepal border had started marching toward Kathmandu to support the protesters, one of the protesters told Reuters by phone.

\n

", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-09/10/content_010_68c08eaded50ccabe1519250.htm#010WORLD", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Wed, 10 Sep 2025 00:21:04 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "ce4879b131471b36875f6da87ccd9702", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "011WORLD - Concerns aired as Israel readies for expanded operation in Gaza", "description": "

A man reads one of the leaflets dropped by the Israeli military in Gaza City, urging evacuation, on Tuesday.

\n

Palestinians are on a new catastrophic edge as Israel's military on Tuesday ordered Gaza City residents to evacuate ahead of a ground offensive to seize the enclave's largest urban center, part of a planned takeover stirring repeated international alarm.

\n

Taking over the city of 1 million people further complicates ceasefire efforts to end the nearly two-year conflict. Israel has taken control of nearly 75 percent of Gaza since Oct 7,2023.

\n

"To all residents of Gaza City …the defense forces are determined to defeat Hamas and will act with greater force in the Gaza City area," the military's Arabic-language spokesman Avichay Adraee said in a statement on X. "Evacuate immediately via the Al-Rashid axis."

\n

Over several days, Israel has destroyed 50 high-rise buildings in Gaza City, accusing Hamas of putting surveillance infrastructure in them.

\n

"All of this is just a prelude, just the opening, to the main intensified operation — the ground maneuver of our forces, who are now organizing and assembling to enter Gaza City," Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said on Monday evening.

\n

The evacuation orders caused panic among Gaza City residents. Laila Saqr, 40, told AFP by telephone, "Israel destroys everything — even the memories. If they could, they would strip the very oxygen from the air."

\n

International critics say Israel's plan, which includes demilitarizing the whole strip as Israel takes security control of it, could deepen the humanitarian plight of the 2.2 million population, which is facing a critical risk of famine.

\n

Volker Turk, the United Nations high commissioner for human rights, on Monday accused Israel of committing "war crime upon war crime" and said the scale of devastation in Gaza was "shocking the conscience of the world".

\n

Phyllis Bennis, a fellow at the Washington-based Institute for Policy Studies, told Al Jazeera that Israel is intent on "ethnically cleansing Gaza".

\n

"Netanyahu shows no signs of changing his demand that Hamas simply surrender as the only answer he would accept, or he will otherwise go ahead with more devastation of Gaza City, and the destruction one by one of high-rise buildings, regardless of who's in them," she said.

\n

Mediation efforts by the United States, Qatar and Egypt have failed to bridge gaps between Israel and Hamas in order to secure a ceasefire and the release of remaining hostages.

\n

Hamas confirmed on Sunday that it had received the proposal from the US that included "some ideas "toward reaching a comprehensive ceasefire.

\n

But senior Hamas official Basem Naim later dismissed this as a trap, saying it amounted to an attempt to secure Hamas' rejection rather than to end the conflict.

\n

Meanwhile, Israeli army radio said Israel tried to attack Hamas officials in Qatar on Tuesday. Qatar's Al Jazeera television, citing a Hamas source, said the attack targeted Hamas Gaza ceasefire negotiators.

\n

Several blasts were heard in Qatar's Doha on Tuesday, Reuters witnesses said.

\n

Flotilla hit

\n

In another development, organizers of a Gaza-bound flotilla carrying aid and pro-Palestinian activists said on Tuesday that one of their boats was hit by a suspected drone off the coast of Tunisia, but authorities there said "no drones" had been detected.

\n

The UN's special rapporteur on the occupied Palestinian territories, Francesca Albanese, who was in Tunisia, told Reuters: "We do not know who carried out the attack, but we would not be surprised if it was Israel. If confirmed, it is an attack against Tunisian sovereignty."

\n

The Global Sumud Flotilla is an initiative seeking to break Israel's naval blockade and deliver humanitarian aid to Gaza using civilian boats. Sumud means "resilience" in Arabic.

\n

Meanwhile, over 1,800 actors, entertainers and producers, including actors Emma Stone, Mark Ruffalo and Tilda Swinton, signed a pledge released on Monday to not work with Israeli film institutions that they see as being complicit in the abuse of Palestinians by Israel.

\n

Agencies contributed to this story.

\n

cuihaipei@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", @@ -10147,28 +10037,6 @@ "hash": "7e8328d0a705a759aaf6bfab4a8cf0ff", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "011WORLD - Thai top court orders former PM Thaksin to return to prison", - "description": "

Former Thai prime minister Thaksin Shinawatra (left) and his daughter Paetongtarn Shinawatra arrive at the Supreme Court in Bangkok, Thailand, on Tuesday.

\n

BANGKOK — Thailand's Supreme Court ruled on Tuesday that former prime minister Thaksin Shinawatra was unlawfully allowed to stay in hospital detention and should return to prison to complete his sentence.

\n

The court's Criminal Division for Holders of Political Positions concluded that Thaksin's six-month hospital stay cannot be counted as time served for a one-year sentence.

\n

"The time spent at a police hospital cannot be deducted as days of imprisonment," the court statement said.

\n

"The defendant knew the facts or was aware the situation was not a critical emergency. The defendant only had a chronic condition that could be treated as an outpatient and did not require hospitalization," it said.

\n

Thaksin arrived at the court for the ruling, scheduled at 10 am, with his youngest daughter and former prime minister Paetongtarn Shinawatra, along with other family members and his lawyer.

\n

In his social media post, Thaksin said he humbly accepted and was ready to enter the judicial process following the verdict.

\n

He acknowledged that, although all the cases arose after the 2006 military coup against his government, he wished to look forward and let everything in the past come to a resolution.

\n

Speaking outside the courthouse after the verdict, Paetongtarn sought to reassure the public about the good spirits of her father and their family while acknowledging the difficulty of the situation.

\n

She affirmed that her Pheu Thai Party would continue its work, moving forward as the opposition to scrutinize the government on behalf of the people.

\n

She added that morale within the party is high and thanked the public for standing by them throughout the ordeal.

\n

Thaksin returned to Thailand in August 2023 after over 15 years of self-imposed exile. Upon arrival, he was taken into custody to serve an eight-year sentence on three convictions involving corruption and abuse of power.

\n

After serving less than a day in jail, he was transferred from a Bangkok prison to the Police General Hospital, citing critical health concerns.

\n

Thaksin's prison sentence was later reduced to one year, following his request for a royal pardon. He was released on parole in February 2024, six months after his return to the country.

\n

The 76-year-old served as the Southern Asian nation's prime minister from 2001 to 2006.

\n

", - "content": "

Former Thai prime minister Thaksin Shinawatra (left) and his daughter Paetongtarn Shinawatra arrive at the Supreme Court in Bangkok, Thailand, on Tuesday.

\n

BANGKOK — Thailand's Supreme Court ruled on Tuesday that former prime minister Thaksin Shinawatra was unlawfully allowed to stay in hospital detention and should return to prison to complete his sentence.

\n

The court's Criminal Division for Holders of Political Positions concluded that Thaksin's six-month hospital stay cannot be counted as time served for a one-year sentence.

\n

"The time spent at a police hospital cannot be deducted as days of imprisonment," the court statement said.

\n

"The defendant knew the facts or was aware the situation was not a critical emergency. The defendant only had a chronic condition that could be treated as an outpatient and did not require hospitalization," it said.

\n

Thaksin arrived at the court for the ruling, scheduled at 10 am, with his youngest daughter and former prime minister Paetongtarn Shinawatra, along with other family members and his lawyer.

\n

In his social media post, Thaksin said he humbly accepted and was ready to enter the judicial process following the verdict.

\n

He acknowledged that, although all the cases arose after the 2006 military coup against his government, he wished to look forward and let everything in the past come to a resolution.

\n

Speaking outside the courthouse after the verdict, Paetongtarn sought to reassure the public about the good spirits of her father and their family while acknowledging the difficulty of the situation.

\n

She affirmed that her Pheu Thai Party would continue its work, moving forward as the opposition to scrutinize the government on behalf of the people.

\n

She added that morale within the party is high and thanked the public for standing by them throughout the ordeal.

\n

Thaksin returned to Thailand in August 2023 after over 15 years of self-imposed exile. Upon arrival, he was taken into custody to serve an eight-year sentence on three convictions involving corruption and abuse of power.

\n

After serving less than a day in jail, he was transferred from a Bangkok prison to the Police General Hospital, citing critical health concerns.

\n

Thaksin's prison sentence was later reduced to one year, following his request for a royal pardon. He was released on parole in February 2024, six months after his return to the country.

\n

The 76-year-old served as the Southern Asian nation's prime minister from 2001 to 2006.

\n

", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-09/10/content_011_68c08ecfed50ccabe1519258.htm#011WORLD", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Wed, 10 Sep 2025 00:21:04 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "6f0e10185d6e08e7ecbc6e7f3b61a635", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "013BUSINESS - Chinese tech firms wow at IFA 2025", "description": "

A view of TCL's booth during the IFA 2025, the world's leading trade fair for consumer electronics held in Berlin, Germany.

\n

Chinese technology companies are in the spotlight at IFA 2025, the world's leading trade fair for consumer electronics, held in Berlin, as they showcase their latest technological achievements, aiming to gain a wider presence in Europe and beyond.

\n

More than 700 Chinese enterprises, which account for over 30 percent of the total registered exhibitors worldwide, are participating in the event, which runs until Wednesday. They are displaying their latest products such as artificial intelligence-powered smart household appliances, new-generation displays, robotics and energy storage systems.

\n

Experts said this robust participation highlights Chinese companies' growing strengths and independent innovation capabilities in cutting-edge technologies, as well as their willingness to expand international cooperation.

\n

Chinese consumer electronics maker TCL Technology Group Corp is demonstrating a diverse range of innovative gadgets, such as QD-Mini LED TVs, mobile phones, tablets, augmented reality glasses, AI-enabled companion robots and home appliances.

\n

The company, being a participant at the event for 15 consecutive years, is stepping up efforts to expand its footprint in Europe by strengthening localized operations, which cover production, supply, marketing and after-sale services.

\n

In the first half, its sales of Mini LED TVs in the European market surged 91 percent year-on-year, while turnover of air conditioners increased 31.7 percent from a year earlier.

\n

Hisense Group, a major Chinese home appliances manufacturer, unveiled a 116-inch Mini LED TV equipped with its self-developed AI imaging chips, and innovative laser display technology, while showcasing intelligent energy solutions and humanoid robots at IFA 2025.

\n

The company witnessed strong business growth in Europe in the first six months, with the sales of laser TVs rising 77 percent and over 80 percent year-on-year in Germany and France, respectively. Hisense also announced that it will continue as an official sponsor of the FIFA World Cup, reinforcing its long-standing collaboration with FIFA since 2018.

\n

DJI, the world's largest commercial drone manufacturer by market share, is sporting a diverse portfolio of consumer-level and agricultural drones. Its panorama cameras, wireless microphones and portable power stations are being displayed at the event.

\n

Industry insiders said Chinese enterprises are constantly upgrading their products and technologies in an attempt to satisfy the increasingly diversified needs of European consumers and gain a bigger slice of the high-end overseas market.

\n

Zhu Keli, founding director of the China Institute of New Economy, said the strong presence of Chinese enterprises at IFA 2025 is a testament to China's rising technological prowess and competitiveness on the global stage, underscoring that Chinese firms' intensified push to bolster innovation is reshaping the global consumer electronics landscape.

\n

"In the past, most Chinese consumer electronics enterprises entered international markets through adopting the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) model or offering cost-effective products. However, nowadays they mainly focus on cutting-edge technologies and innovative products," Zhu said.

\n

He said that along with industrial upgrade and technological advancements, these companies are shifting their focus from providing a single product to systematic solutions targeting premium overseas markets, adding that the world's leading consumer electronics show has emerged as a key venue for Chinese firms looking to deepen their presence in Europe.

\n

Robots have gained a strong foothold during the five-day show. Chinese home cleaning appliance maker Dreame Technology showcased its robotic vacuum cleaners. Global sales of its robotic vacuum cleaners and floor-cleaning machines increased by 178 percent and 100 percent year-on-year, respectively, from January to May, ranking first in 18 countries and regions around the world.

\n

Hong Yong, an associate research fellow at the Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, said Chinese companies are at the global forefront of technological innovation, and have made remarkable progress in tech frontiers, such as AI, AR and robotics.

\n

They are actively promoting the application of AI technology in intelligent terminal devices, such as AR glasses, robotic vacuum cleaners and smart home equipment, which will be conducive to boosting their own competitiveness on the global stage, and driving the transformation from "Made in China" to "Created in China", Hong said.

\n

fanfeifei@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", @@ -10191,28 +10059,6 @@ "hash": "6b131944946ba1ca2e5c1a197cf408bb", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "013BUSINESS - MoU inked to promote tourism in Sanya", - "description": "

The Cambodia Tourism Board and China's Sanya Tourism Board have signed a memorandum of understanding to advance joint marketing and promotion, highlighting a significant push to increase two-way tourism and cultural exchanges between the popular leisure travel destinations.

\n

The agreement, signed on Tuesday, establishes a comprehensive framework for strategic cooperation focused on implementing joint tourism promotion campaigns.

\n

These efforts will showcase the diverse tourism products, rich heritage and cultural treasures of both Cambodia and Sanya, a tropical resort city on China's island province of Hainan.

\n

Minea Kim, CEO of the Cambodia Tourism Board, said the pact goes beyond a formal agreement. "It is a commitment to friendship, knowledge sharing and building long-term cooperation that will benefit tourism businesses, local vendors and travelers," Kim said.

\n

The Sanya Tourism Board is a Chinese institution responsible for promoting and developing Sanya as an international tourist destination. The board's purpose is to enhance Sanya's global reputation and boost tourism and consumption in the region.

\n

Wu Xiaolin, the board's deputy director general, described the collaboration as "a significant milestone" for tourism growth in both regions. "By combining our strengths, we aim to enhance traveler experiences while generating lasting economic and cultural benefits," Wu said.

\n

The strategic partnership will prioritize collaboration in traditional media, social media and other promotional modalities to increase global visibility. It also includes capacity-building initiatives such as training programs, knowledge exchange and sharing of best practices.

\n

The deal comes as tourist numbers between the two destinations boast robust growth. In the first seven months of this year, Cambodia welcomed more than 3.7 million international visitors, with about 690,000 coming from China — a nearly 50 percent increase from the same period last year.

\n

Angkor Archaeological Park, Cambodia's most famous tourist site, attracted 53,291 Chinese tourists in the January-July period, up 21 percent year-on-year, making China the fourth-largest source of international visitors to the park after the United States, the United Kingdom and France, according to a recent report from Angkor Enterprise.

\n

Meanwhile, Sanya recorded an increase of more than 80 percent in overnight visitors from Cambodia during the same January-July period.

\n

The strategic partnership aligns with the "Cambodia-China Tourism Year 2025" initiative launched earlier this year, which runs from May 2025 to May 2026. Officials said the collaboration will help enhance perceptions of safety and security, promote travel products, foster cross-cultural understanding and support sustainable economic growth and community development.

\n

chenbowen@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", - "content": "

The Cambodia Tourism Board and China's Sanya Tourism Board have signed a memorandum of understanding to advance joint marketing and promotion, highlighting a significant push to increase two-way tourism and cultural exchanges between the popular leisure travel destinations.

\n

The agreement, signed on Tuesday, establishes a comprehensive framework for strategic cooperation focused on implementing joint tourism promotion campaigns.

\n

These efforts will showcase the diverse tourism products, rich heritage and cultural treasures of both Cambodia and Sanya, a tropical resort city on China's island province of Hainan.

\n

Minea Kim, CEO of the Cambodia Tourism Board, said the pact goes beyond a formal agreement. "It is a commitment to friendship, knowledge sharing and building long-term cooperation that will benefit tourism businesses, local vendors and travelers," Kim said.

\n

The Sanya Tourism Board is a Chinese institution responsible for promoting and developing Sanya as an international tourist destination. The board's purpose is to enhance Sanya's global reputation and boost tourism and consumption in the region.

\n

Wu Xiaolin, the board's deputy director general, described the collaboration as "a significant milestone" for tourism growth in both regions. "By combining our strengths, we aim to enhance traveler experiences while generating lasting economic and cultural benefits," Wu said.

\n

The strategic partnership will prioritize collaboration in traditional media, social media and other promotional modalities to increase global visibility. It also includes capacity-building initiatives such as training programs, knowledge exchange and sharing of best practices.

\n

The deal comes as tourist numbers between the two destinations boast robust growth. In the first seven months of this year, Cambodia welcomed more than 3.7 million international visitors, with about 690,000 coming from China — a nearly 50 percent increase from the same period last year.

\n

Angkor Archaeological Park, Cambodia's most famous tourist site, attracted 53,291 Chinese tourists in the January-July period, up 21 percent year-on-year, making China the fourth-largest source of international visitors to the park after the United States, the United Kingdom and France, according to a recent report from Angkor Enterprise.

\n

Meanwhile, Sanya recorded an increase of more than 80 percent in overnight visitors from Cambodia during the same January-July period.

\n

The strategic partnership aligns with the "Cambodia-China Tourism Year 2025" initiative launched earlier this year, which runs from May 2025 to May 2026. Officials said the collaboration will help enhance perceptions of safety and security, promote travel products, foster cross-cultural understanding and support sustainable economic growth and community development.

\n

chenbowen@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-09/10/content_013_68c08ef2ed50ccabe1519260.htm#013BUSINESS", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Wed, 10 Sep 2025 00:21:04 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "1c86bf6368c603785d0f2a86d3145688", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "014BUSINESS - SAMR vows fairer market environment", "description": "

China is looking to play a bigger role in shaping global antitrust rules, especially in the artificial intelligence era, as senior market regulator officials and renowned industry experts vowed to boost antitrust at home while expanding international cooperation.

\n

Speaking at the 11th International Forum on Fair Competition Policy of China in Beijing on Monday, Luo Wen, head of the State Administration for Market Regulation, said that China would continue to refine its antitrust and anti-unfair competition laws, build a unified national market and push for "transparent, stable and predictable" rules for businesses at home and abroad.

\n

Luo said China "actively participates in global fair competition governance", citing cooperation agreements signed with 37 jurisdictions and competition chapters in 19 free trade deals. "We will make China's market a stage for global innovation and win-win cooperation," he said.

\n

He added that Chinese authorities would improve the legal framework, enforce against cartels and abuse of dominance, and step up scrutiny of mergers, while eliminating local protectionism to accelerate the building of a unified national market.

\n

Wang Liming, a member of the expert advisory group of the State Council's anti-monopoly and anti-unfair competition commission, said powerful platforms are increasingly using algorithms to enable "millisecond-level price coordination" and to package price discrimination as personalized recommendations.

\n

"Although more than 60 countries and regions have introduced relevant regulations, there is still no coordinated governance framework," Wang said.

\n

He called for new global mechanisms under platforms such as the G20 and APEC, including common standards for algorithm transparency and data governance, a cross-border merger review system, and even international dispute resolution mechanisms to address competition policy conflicts.

\n

Wang warned that seemingly neutral rules such as technical standards or environmental requirements could become "invisible barriers" if used to exclude rivals.

\n

"Competition policy should be a bridge for global prosperity, not a weapon of conflict," he said.

\n

China has been beefing up antitrust efforts, following a major overhaul of its legal framework. SAMR Antitrust Chief Wang Tiehan said regulators have investigated 31 monopoly cases and more than 21,000 unfair competition cases since 2024, while reviewing over 1,100 merger filings.

\n

Wang said the revised anti-unfair competition law now includes provisions on abuses of data rights and digital platforms, and regulators have issued guidelines covering areas from standard-essential patents to pharmaceutical industry bribery risks.

\n

He said, "We will strictly investigate monopolistic and unfair practices that damage overall industry competitiveness and distort ecosystems, ensuring that good money wins the market."

\n

Wang pledged to crack down on local governments that abuse administrative power to block competition, calling the creation of a national unified market a "strategic move related to China's long-term development".

\n

Tech executives at the forum said China's regulatory stance had given them breathing space to innovate in AI.

\n

Wen Jia, head of public affairs at Alibaba Group, said that the company expects more AI-driven innovation to emerge, as AI was already transforming industries from entertainment to e-commerce.

\n

"China's top market regulator creates a friendly regulatory environment that allows companies to experiment. We have every reason to believe that under this innovative and friendly environment, more innovations, driven by AI, will continue to emerge, and the business environment will continue to improve," Wen said.

\n

chengyu@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", @@ -10235,28 +10081,6 @@ "hash": "533b70dfe019c8376ffe42eff2d45d03", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "019SPORTS - Tonali saves Italy's blushes, as Kosovo gets rare qualifier win", - "description": "

Sweden's Alexander Isak (left) clashes with Kosovo's Fidan Aliti during their World Cup UEFA qualifying Group B match at Fadil Vokrri Stadium in Pristina, Kosovo, on Monday.

\n

Sandro Tonali's last-gasp winner edged Italy to a 5-4 victory over Israel in 2026 World Cup qualifying on Monday, while Kosovo beat Sweden, despite Alexander Isak making his first appearance of the season.

\n

After collapsing from leading 4-2 in the final two minutes to facing a 4-4 draw, Tonali's 91st-minute strike in the Hungarian city of Debrecen sent Italy above Israel and into the play-off spot in Group I.

\n

New coach Gennaro Gattuso's side trails leader Norway by three points and still has a chance of taking first place to claim the group's sole direct qualifying spot, as it seeks to avoid missing out on a third-consecutive World Cup finals appearance.

\n

"We'll take the win which was crucial for us, but we're completely nuts, nuts because we conceded some absurd goals," said Gattuso.

\n

"We need to work on that, because we're too fragile, we concede goals too easily. The boys know that, but this is my problem to fix."

\n

Israel, whose players donned black armbands in honor of the victims of Monday's deadly shooting at a bus stop in east Jerusalem, took an early lead through an own goal.

\n

Moise Kean wiped out the nominal host's lead on two occasions before Italy went 4-2 ahead on 81 minutes.

\n

A second Dor Peretz strike in the 88th minute and a clumsy Alessandro Bastoni own-goal two minutes later made it appear the four-time world champion was on course for a disastrous result.

\n

But, Tonali's speculative effort went through a sea of legs and into the net to spark wild celebrations as the topsy-turvy encounter held one last surprise.

\n

Israel has played its 'home' matches in Hungary since the country began its military offensive in Gaza in October 2023.

\n

'No playing time'

\n

Sweden's slow start to its qualifying campaign continued into matchday two, as it went down 2-0 to Kosovo in Pristina.

\n

The Swedes now sit on just one point after a last-gasp equalizer by Slovenia condemned them to a 2-2 draw on Friday.

\n

Goals in the first half from Elvis Rexhbecaj and Vedat Muriqi were enough to give Kosovo just a second-ever win in World Cup qualifying.

\n

Augsburg midfielder Rexhbecaj bundled the host ahead on 26 minutes after goalkeeper Robin Olsen saved his initial one-on-one effort.

\n

Kosovan captain Muriqi then doubled the lead three minutes before the interval with a powerful strike from the edge of the box.

\n

Premier League record signing Isak was sent on from the bench to try and salvage something for the Swedes inside the final 20 minutes.

\n

The Liverpool star had a chance to halve the deficit on 85 minutes, but was stoutly denied by Kosovo keeper Arijanet Muric as the host moved second in Group B, despite finishing the match with 10 men.

\n

" (Isak) had only done three training sessions with the team," Sweden boss Jon Dahl Tomasson told Nordic broadcaster Viaplay.

\n

"He had no pre-season with (his former club Newcastle), and of course no playing time," he added of the 25-year-old, who endured a turbulent transition from Tyneside to Anfield.

\n

Switzerland, which beat Kosovo 4-0 last week, stays top of the pool following a dominant first-half display against Slovenia in Basel.

\n

The home side ran out 3-0 winners after goals by Nico Elvedi, Breel Embolo and Dan Ndoye inside the first 40 minutes.

\n

Denmark won by the same margin in Greece, as it moved top of Group C on four points. It sits level with Scotland, which beat Belarus 2-0 in Zalaegerszeg, Hungary.

\n

Croatia took the lead in Group L with a 4-0 home victory over neighboring Montenegro.

\n

Kristijan Jakic opened the scoring in Zagreb, before Montenegro was reduced to 10 men when Andrija Bulatovic saw red.

\n

Andrej Kramaric went clear at the top of the qualification goal-scoring chart with his sixth goal of the campaign on 51 minutes, before a late Edvin Kuc own goal and an Ivan Perisic strike put gloss on the result.

\n

The 2018 World Cup runner-up leapfrogged the Czech Republic atop the table with both countries boasting 12 points, although Croatia has a match in hand.

\n

The Faroe Islands moved to third in the group with a 1-0 win over Gibraltar.

\n

", - "content": "

Sweden's Alexander Isak (left) clashes with Kosovo's Fidan Aliti during their World Cup UEFA qualifying Group B match at Fadil Vokrri Stadium in Pristina, Kosovo, on Monday.

\n

Sandro Tonali's last-gasp winner edged Italy to a 5-4 victory over Israel in 2026 World Cup qualifying on Monday, while Kosovo beat Sweden, despite Alexander Isak making his first appearance of the season.

\n

After collapsing from leading 4-2 in the final two minutes to facing a 4-4 draw, Tonali's 91st-minute strike in the Hungarian city of Debrecen sent Italy above Israel and into the play-off spot in Group I.

\n

New coach Gennaro Gattuso's side trails leader Norway by three points and still has a chance of taking first place to claim the group's sole direct qualifying spot, as it seeks to avoid missing out on a third-consecutive World Cup finals appearance.

\n

"We'll take the win which was crucial for us, but we're completely nuts, nuts because we conceded some absurd goals," said Gattuso.

\n

"We need to work on that, because we're too fragile, we concede goals too easily. The boys know that, but this is my problem to fix."

\n

Israel, whose players donned black armbands in honor of the victims of Monday's deadly shooting at a bus stop in east Jerusalem, took an early lead through an own goal.

\n

Moise Kean wiped out the nominal host's lead on two occasions before Italy went 4-2 ahead on 81 minutes.

\n

A second Dor Peretz strike in the 88th minute and a clumsy Alessandro Bastoni own-goal two minutes later made it appear the four-time world champion was on course for a disastrous result.

\n

But, Tonali's speculative effort went through a sea of legs and into the net to spark wild celebrations as the topsy-turvy encounter held one last surprise.

\n

Israel has played its 'home' matches in Hungary since the country began its military offensive in Gaza in October 2023.

\n

'No playing time'

\n

Sweden's slow start to its qualifying campaign continued into matchday two, as it went down 2-0 to Kosovo in Pristina.

\n

The Swedes now sit on just one point after a last-gasp equalizer by Slovenia condemned them to a 2-2 draw on Friday.

\n

Goals in the first half from Elvis Rexhbecaj and Vedat Muriqi were enough to give Kosovo just a second-ever win in World Cup qualifying.

\n

Augsburg midfielder Rexhbecaj bundled the host ahead on 26 minutes after goalkeeper Robin Olsen saved his initial one-on-one effort.

\n

Kosovan captain Muriqi then doubled the lead three minutes before the interval with a powerful strike from the edge of the box.

\n

Premier League record signing Isak was sent on from the bench to try and salvage something for the Swedes inside the final 20 minutes.

\n

The Liverpool star had a chance to halve the deficit on 85 minutes, but was stoutly denied by Kosovo keeper Arijanet Muric as the host moved second in Group B, despite finishing the match with 10 men.

\n

" (Isak) had only done three training sessions with the team," Sweden boss Jon Dahl Tomasson told Nordic broadcaster Viaplay.

\n

"He had no pre-season with (his former club Newcastle), and of course no playing time," he added of the 25-year-old, who endured a turbulent transition from Tyneside to Anfield.

\n

Switzerland, which beat Kosovo 4-0 last week, stays top of the pool following a dominant first-half display against Slovenia in Basel.

\n

The home side ran out 3-0 winners after goals by Nico Elvedi, Breel Embolo and Dan Ndoye inside the first 40 minutes.

\n

Denmark won by the same margin in Greece, as it moved top of Group C on four points. It sits level with Scotland, which beat Belarus 2-0 in Zalaegerszeg, Hungary.

\n

Croatia took the lead in Group L with a 4-0 home victory over neighboring Montenegro.

\n

Kristijan Jakic opened the scoring in Zagreb, before Montenegro was reduced to 10 men when Andrija Bulatovic saw red.

\n

Andrej Kramaric went clear at the top of the qualification goal-scoring chart with his sixth goal of the campaign on 51 minutes, before a late Edvin Kuc own goal and an Ivan Perisic strike put gloss on the result.

\n

The 2018 World Cup runner-up leapfrogged the Czech Republic atop the table with both countries boasting 12 points, although Croatia has a match in hand.

\n

The Faroe Islands moved to third in the group with a 1-0 win over Gibraltar.

\n

", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-09/10/content_019_68c08f2fed50ccabe151926e.htm#019SPORTS", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Wed, 10 Sep 2025 00:21:04 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "6fcbbf5bf98f8906f6c2c088ac3a6c9f", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "001FRONT - Xi calls for defending multilateralism", "description": "

President Xi Jinping delivers a speech titled "Forging Ahead in Solidarity and Cooperation" while attending a virtual BRICS Summit via video link in Beijing on Monday.

\n

President Xi Jinping has called on the BRICS countries to jointly defend multilateralism and the multilateral trading system and advance greater BRICS cooperation, as trade and tariff wars waged by a certain country severely disrupt the world economy and undermine international trade rules.

\n

Xi made the remarks while participating in a virtual BRICS Summit from Beijing on Monday. He was joined by other leaders including Brazilian President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva, Russian President Vladimir Putin and South African President Cyril Ramaphosa, as well as leaders from Egypt, Iran, Indonesia and the United Arab Emirates, and representatives from India and Ethiopia.

\n

Xi described BRICS countries as the forefront of the Global South amid rampant hegemonism, unilateralism and protectionism, saying that this is a critical juncture for them to act on the BRICS Spirit of openness, inclusiveness and win-win cooperation.

\n

Originally comprising Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa, BRICS has developed into a group of 11 full member countries and 10 partner countries.

\n

The BRICS cooperation mechanism is now considered to be an important platform for solidarity and cooperation among emerging markets and developing countries.

\n

Xi called for upholding multilateralism to defend international fairness and justice.

\n

"History tells us that multilateralism is the shared aspiration of the people and the overarching trend of our times. It provides an important underpinning for world peace and development," he said, noting that the Global Governance Initiative that he recently proposed is aimed at galvanizing joint global action for a more just and equitable global governance system.

\n

"We should follow the principle of extensive consultation and joint contribution for shared benefit, and safeguard the international system with the United Nations at its core and the international order based on international law, so as to cement the foundations of multilateralism," Xi said.

\n

He also called for efforts to actively promote greater democracy in international relations and increase the representation and voice of Global South countries.

\n

"We should improve the global governance system through reform so as to fully mobilize resources from all quarters and tackle more effectively the common challenges for humanity," Xi said.

\n

Noting that economic globalization is an irresistible trend of history, Xi stressed the need to uphold openness and win-win cooperation to safeguard the international economic and trade order.

\n

Countries cannot thrive without an international environment of open cooperation, and no country can afford to retreat into self-imposed isolation, he said.

\n

"No matter how the international landscape may evolve, we must stay committed to building an open global economy, so as to share opportunities and achieve win-win outcomes in openness," Xi said, calling for efforts to oppose all forms of protectionism.

\n

"We should promote a universally beneficial and inclusive economic globalization, place development at the heart of our international agenda, and ensure that Global South countries participate in international cooperation as equals and share in the fruits of development," he said.

\n

The Chinese president also emphasized the importance of BRICS countries managing their own affairs well in order to cope with external challenges.

\n

Accounting for nearly half of the world's population, around 30 percent of global economic output and one-fifth of global trade, the BRICS countries are also home to major natural resources, big manufacturers and vast markets, Xi said.

\n

"The more closely we work together, the more resilient, resourceful and effective we are in addressing external risks and challenges," he said, expressing China's readiness to work with fellow BRICS countries to implement the Global Development Initiative and advance high-quality Belt and Road cooperation.

\n

He also encouraged BRICS countries to leverage their respective strengths, deepen practical cooperation and produce more outcomes in such areas as trade and the economy, finance, science and technology, in order to deliver more practical benefits to their peoples.

\n

mojingxi@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", @@ -10279,28 +10103,6 @@ "hash": "e4f58a6739853e5f0b0ce929977dc89a", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "001FRONT - 'APRON MOM' URGED TO CUT STRINGS TO OUTDATED IMAGE", - "description": "

The cast members of the film New Happy Dad and Son 5: My Alien Friend, the latest installment of the Big-Head Son and Small-Head Dad series, pose at the opening ceremony of the 12th Beijing International Film Festival on Aug 12, 2022.

\n

Xiao Yuman's husband reads a book with his daughter in Xi'an, Shaanxi province.

\n

Shao Chenting's daughters read a children's book together in Beijing.

\n

An instructor reads to children at a children's picture book library in Chongqing on April 22.

\n

Parents read books for their children in Aksu, Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, on April 21.

\n

Portraying a three-member household, the award-winning animated series Big-Head Son and Small-Head Dad — first aired in 1995 — is back in the public eye, after sparking fiery debate about gender and family roles.

\n

At the center of the discussions is "Apron Mom", who many critics of the cartoon have pointed out appears to only exist to serve the interests of the father and son.

\n

Social media influencer "Maebo" got the ball rolling on the Red-Note platform in February with her post "Apron Mom, when can you take off your apron?" The post garnered over 47,000 likes, and the trending topic has since led to widespread online discussion about the issue.

\n

After her post went viral, Maebo said several netizens shared scenes from the cartoon that exemplified the problem of the outdated depiction of a mother's role. One of the most widely discussed clips shows Apron Mom fainting while Small-Head Dad rushes over and says: "Apron Mom, you can't die! Big-Head and I haven't had dinner yet!"

\n

"To place an individual's life below the urgency of whether or not dinner is served goes beyond gender," Maebo said, "it becomes a question of basic humanity."

\n

In another clip, Big-Head Son announces: "Today is International Women's Day. Let's let Apron Mom rest for one day." Maebo said "rest" is framed as an "exceptional reward "for Apron Mom, with the implication that "not resting is her default duty".

\n

Maebo's posts quickly drew a wide range of comments.

\n

Some pointed out that while the male characters are identified by their physical traits, the mother is defined by an apron, a symbol of domesticity. "It reinforces the idea that her identity is inseparable from her labor," Maebo said.

\n

One English teacher noted that during classroom exercises on occupations, students frequently associated fathers with prestigious jobs such as "doctor" or "engineer", while mothers were more often labeled "cook". The teacher began encouraging students to challenge these assumptions, reminding them that mothers can also be doctors.

\n

Whether humorous or serious, one netizen posted an observation about Big-Head Son's birth, saying, "his head is so large that it must have been a painful childbirth for Apron Mom."

\n

Unwelcome cliches

\n

Beijing mother Shao Chenting's epiphany on changing gender roles came one evening when she was reading a bedtime story to her two daughters, ages 8 and 5.

\n

Dressed in her pink pajamas and nestled between the two girls she opened the pages of No, David!. The main character, a 5-year-old boy, misbehaves all the time and on every page it is the mother who admonishes him. The story starts with the line: "David's mother always said — No, David!"

\n

Shao's question was: "Where's the dad in this family?"

\n

This moment forced her to look at the broader world of children's media her daughters were consuming.

\n

Her older girl's favorite picture book series from Japan, Butt Detective, talks about the protagonist's father, who is also a detective and often joins him in adventures. The mother is barely mentioned.

\n

In many other children's books Shao has bought, mothers were invariably shown wearing an apron, doing chores, and looking after the children when the fathers are absent.

\n

She also realized the same was true for cartoons. In the Japanese anime Crayon Shin-chan, the mother is portrayed as someone who "doesn't go to work and handles all kinds of housework every day".

\n

"Moms wearing aprons seemed normal to me," said Shao. "Maybe deep down, I still think women should take on more housework."

\n

Even though domestic chores and parenting are supposedly more equal today, Shao said, "if it's the dad wearing an apron, I might wonder if it's a single-parent household."

\n

She had primarily purchased foreign picture books for her children, and largely relied on recommendations from parenting groups without closely scrutinizing the content.

\n

Domestic 'servant'

\n

Xiao Yuman from Xi'an, Shaanxi province, has been reading both Chinese and foreign picture books to her 11-year-old daughter since the child was an infant.

\n

She says the very name "Apron Mom" ties the character to domestic labor, reducing her identity to that of a household servant. The father's professional identity as an engineer is frequently mentioned, while the mother's occupation is rarely, if ever, addressed.

\n

"This reinforced the traditional gender divide of men working outside and women staying inside," said Xiao.

\n

"Apron Mom shouldered nearly all household duties, while Small-Head Dad was often absent from housework due to work commitments, which hinted at a broader societal tolerance for low paternal involvement in child rearing."

\n

For Maebo, these strong responses toward this last-century cartoon point to wider social progress.

\n

"It's about how women's voices are growing stronger as they become more engaged in production in society," she said.

\n

"As a classic cartoon, the characters were familiar to almost every household, but looking at the story from Apron Mom's perspective feels like a fresh angle. It's the classic image of motherhood clashing with modern social thinking — that tension makes people pause."

\n

Maebo said in real life she had never encountered anyone like Apron Mom "an emotionless machine that silently performs unpaid domestic labor without resistance".

\n

Her awareness of gender roles began early in life. Her father took on more parenting responsibilities, while her mother focused on running a business.

\n

"As a child, I often felt confused. What I saw on television didn't match what I experienced at home," she said.

\n

Yang Yiyi, a Chinese PhD student in the United States, said straddling both Eastern and Western cultures had prompted her to reflect deeply on the gender dynamics in her family.

\n

Her mother is from Jilin province, and her father is from Shandong province. She recalls the stark division of labor during Chinese New Year celebrations.

\n

"The women would handle almost all the food preparation while the men sat around drinking and chatting," she said. "Even my uncle, known for being an excellent cook, still relied on the women in the family to assist him in the kitchen, while the other men remained uninvolved."

\n

Yang said family attitudes toward childbirth also differed. She found it strange to hear men — her father and his brothers — talk so casually about how "it's good to have children and how people should have more".

\n

"They're not the ones going through pregnancy. They don't have a uterus, yet they speak as if the physical and emotional burden on women doesn't matter," she said.

\n

'Idealized' devotion

\n

Xiao, from Xi'an, is concerned about the recurring portrayal of mothers as self-sacrificing figures in children's stories.

\n

She pointed to the popular traditional tale Meng Mu San Qian (Mencius' Mother Relocates Three Times) as an example. In the story, Mencius' mother moves home to ensure a good learning environment for her son, an example of how maternal devotion is often idealized.

\n

Xiao said such narratives risk turning mothers into "sacred instruments of sacrifice", defined by their dedication to their children.

\n

"Mencius' mother's greatness is undeniable," Xiao said.

\n

"But where is Mencius in the story? He comes across as a puppet shaped entirely by his environment. Shouldn't the child's choice matter too?"

\n

Xiao also expressed concern that glorifying unconditional maternal sacrifice, without any nuance, can obscure real-life emotional complexities — and in some cases, lead to unhealthy or even tragic outcomes.

\n

Living between two cultures, Yang believes that gender expectations around parenting are not unique to China. From conversations with peers in the US, particularly her Asian American classmates, she has found that similar dynamics persist in Western settings. Some of her American-born Chinese friends said their families still somehow manage to be "traditional".

\n

The imbalance in how mothers and fathers are portrayed and expected to behave, whether in children's books, cartoons, or real life, is a shared cultural issue, Yang believes.

\n

Importance of fathers

\n

Contrary to some stereotypes, the involvement of men in child raising and home life is crucial, according to at least one expert.

\n

Linda Nielsen is a professor of adolescent and educational psychology at Wake Forest University in North Carolina, and an expert on shared physical custody for children of divorce.

\n

She has been working on parenting issues for decades, and challenges the widespread belief that fathers are less capable than mothers in nurturing children's social and emotional development.

\n

"We have bought into negative stereotypes about fathers that do not reflect reality," said Nielsen. "We have embraced many demeaning, insulting beliefs about fathers that are baseless and run counter to the research and to national statistics."

\n

Citing decades of research, she explained that children who regularly engage in active, stimulating interactions with their fathers — especially during early childhood — tend to exhibit lower levels of aggression, better emotional regulation, and more advanced social skills compared with those who have less involved fathers.

\n

Nielsen also criticized the stereotype that men are inherently less empathetic or communicative than women.

\n

Men are just as capable as women in demonstrating empathy, cooperation, and emotional understanding, according to research in her book Myths and Lies about Dads: How They Hurt Us All. The differences within each gender far outweigh any consistent differences between men and women.

\n

She pointed out that children raised without fathers tend to score lower in empathy tests as adults, undermining the claim that women alone are responsible for teaching emotional intelligence.

\n

Nielsen believes there is no empirical basis for assuming mothers are better than fathers at fostering children's interpersonal and emotional skills.

\n

The belief that fathers are "less than" in this domain is a myth unsupported by science — and harmful to families and society.

\n

Shared responsibility

\n

In Shao's household, parenting is a shared responsibility. She and her husband have developed a system to rotate tasks — from bedtime routines to academic support.

\n

Each night, she and her husband alternate between which child they tuck into bed, ensuring the children receive attention from both parents. While Shao initially managed all aspects of the children's studies, she eventually found the emotional toll was too much. She and her husband then divided the subjects between them.

\n

"I told him, I'm tired from work too. It's not like there's only one earning money, right?" said Shao. "We both work, we're both exhausted. And this home doesn't belong to just me — it's our family's home, and both of us should contribute. It wasn't just my decision to have two kids, either."

\n

However, Xiao, the mother from Xi'an, believes contemporary Chinese picture books and animated films are reflecting growing awareness of the need to balance parental roles and challenge traditional stereotypes.

\n

She pointed to the recent Ne Zha movie adaptations as a clear example. In these versions, Ne Zha's mother is portrayed as both loving and willing to let go — supporting her child while respecting his individuality. Her character strikes a balance between warmth and boundaries, offering protection without overreach. This transcends the earlier portrayals of Ne Zha's mother.

\n

Looking ahead, she is looking forward to seeing more children's books and cartoons that are sincere, intelligent and colorful.

\n

Shao hopes that future children's media and picture books will emphasize a more balanced relationship between both parents — whether in terms of household responsibilities, professional identities, or individual value.

\n

Quality stories can encourage children to trust and communicate with both their mother and father when facing difficulties, she said.

\n

"For picture books about families, ideally both mom and dad should appear in the story," said Shao. "And when it comes to expressing family emotions, no matter what, mom and dad both always love you — let children understand this through the books."

\n

", - "content": "

The cast members of the film New Happy Dad and Son 5: My Alien Friend, the latest installment of the Big-Head Son and Small-Head Dad series, pose at the opening ceremony of the 12th Beijing International Film Festival on Aug 12, 2022.

\n

Xiao Yuman's husband reads a book with his daughter in Xi'an, Shaanxi province.

\n

Shao Chenting's daughters read a children's book together in Beijing.

\n

An instructor reads to children at a children's picture book library in Chongqing on April 22.

\n

Parents read books for their children in Aksu, Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, on April 21.

\n

Portraying a three-member household, the award-winning animated series Big-Head Son and Small-Head Dad — first aired in 1995 — is back in the public eye, after sparking fiery debate about gender and family roles.

\n

At the center of the discussions is "Apron Mom", who many critics of the cartoon have pointed out appears to only exist to serve the interests of the father and son.

\n

Social media influencer "Maebo" got the ball rolling on the Red-Note platform in February with her post "Apron Mom, when can you take off your apron?" The post garnered over 47,000 likes, and the trending topic has since led to widespread online discussion about the issue.

\n

After her post went viral, Maebo said several netizens shared scenes from the cartoon that exemplified the problem of the outdated depiction of a mother's role. One of the most widely discussed clips shows Apron Mom fainting while Small-Head Dad rushes over and says: "Apron Mom, you can't die! Big-Head and I haven't had dinner yet!"

\n

"To place an individual's life below the urgency of whether or not dinner is served goes beyond gender," Maebo said, "it becomes a question of basic humanity."

\n

In another clip, Big-Head Son announces: "Today is International Women's Day. Let's let Apron Mom rest for one day." Maebo said "rest" is framed as an "exceptional reward "for Apron Mom, with the implication that "not resting is her default duty".

\n

Maebo's posts quickly drew a wide range of comments.

\n

Some pointed out that while the male characters are identified by their physical traits, the mother is defined by an apron, a symbol of domesticity. "It reinforces the idea that her identity is inseparable from her labor," Maebo said.

\n

One English teacher noted that during classroom exercises on occupations, students frequently associated fathers with prestigious jobs such as "doctor" or "engineer", while mothers were more often labeled "cook". The teacher began encouraging students to challenge these assumptions, reminding them that mothers can also be doctors.

\n

Whether humorous or serious, one netizen posted an observation about Big-Head Son's birth, saying, "his head is so large that it must have been a painful childbirth for Apron Mom."

\n

Unwelcome cliches

\n

Beijing mother Shao Chenting's epiphany on changing gender roles came one evening when she was reading a bedtime story to her two daughters, ages 8 and 5.

\n

Dressed in her pink pajamas and nestled between the two girls she opened the pages of No, David!. The main character, a 5-year-old boy, misbehaves all the time and on every page it is the mother who admonishes him. The story starts with the line: "David's mother always said — No, David!"

\n

Shao's question was: "Where's the dad in this family?"

\n

This moment forced her to look at the broader world of children's media her daughters were consuming.

\n

Her older girl's favorite picture book series from Japan, Butt Detective, talks about the protagonist's father, who is also a detective and often joins him in adventures. The mother is barely mentioned.

\n

In many other children's books Shao has bought, mothers were invariably shown wearing an apron, doing chores, and looking after the children when the fathers are absent.

\n

She also realized the same was true for cartoons. In the Japanese anime Crayon Shin-chan, the mother is portrayed as someone who "doesn't go to work and handles all kinds of housework every day".

\n

"Moms wearing aprons seemed normal to me," said Shao. "Maybe deep down, I still think women should take on more housework."

\n

Even though domestic chores and parenting are supposedly more equal today, Shao said, "if it's the dad wearing an apron, I might wonder if it's a single-parent household."

\n

She had primarily purchased foreign picture books for her children, and largely relied on recommendations from parenting groups without closely scrutinizing the content.

\n

Domestic 'servant'

\n

Xiao Yuman from Xi'an, Shaanxi province, has been reading both Chinese and foreign picture books to her 11-year-old daughter since the child was an infant.

\n

She says the very name "Apron Mom" ties the character to domestic labor, reducing her identity to that of a household servant. The father's professional identity as an engineer is frequently mentioned, while the mother's occupation is rarely, if ever, addressed.

\n

"This reinforced the traditional gender divide of men working outside and women staying inside," said Xiao.

\n

"Apron Mom shouldered nearly all household duties, while Small-Head Dad was often absent from housework due to work commitments, which hinted at a broader societal tolerance for low paternal involvement in child rearing."

\n

For Maebo, these strong responses toward this last-century cartoon point to wider social progress.

\n

"It's about how women's voices are growing stronger as they become more engaged in production in society," she said.

\n

"As a classic cartoon, the characters were familiar to almost every household, but looking at the story from Apron Mom's perspective feels like a fresh angle. It's the classic image of motherhood clashing with modern social thinking — that tension makes people pause."

\n

Maebo said in real life she had never encountered anyone like Apron Mom "an emotionless machine that silently performs unpaid domestic labor without resistance".

\n

Her awareness of gender roles began early in life. Her father took on more parenting responsibilities, while her mother focused on running a business.

\n

"As a child, I often felt confused. What I saw on television didn't match what I experienced at home," she said.

\n

Yang Yiyi, a Chinese PhD student in the United States, said straddling both Eastern and Western cultures had prompted her to reflect deeply on the gender dynamics in her family.

\n

Her mother is from Jilin province, and her father is from Shandong province. She recalls the stark division of labor during Chinese New Year celebrations.

\n

"The women would handle almost all the food preparation while the men sat around drinking and chatting," she said. "Even my uncle, known for being an excellent cook, still relied on the women in the family to assist him in the kitchen, while the other men remained uninvolved."

\n

Yang said family attitudes toward childbirth also differed. She found it strange to hear men — her father and his brothers — talk so casually about how "it's good to have children and how people should have more".

\n

"They're not the ones going through pregnancy. They don't have a uterus, yet they speak as if the physical and emotional burden on women doesn't matter," she said.

\n

'Idealized' devotion

\n

Xiao, from Xi'an, is concerned about the recurring portrayal of mothers as self-sacrificing figures in children's stories.

\n

She pointed to the popular traditional tale Meng Mu San Qian (Mencius' Mother Relocates Three Times) as an example. In the story, Mencius' mother moves home to ensure a good learning environment for her son, an example of how maternal devotion is often idealized.

\n

Xiao said such narratives risk turning mothers into "sacred instruments of sacrifice", defined by their dedication to their children.

\n

"Mencius' mother's greatness is undeniable," Xiao said.

\n

"But where is Mencius in the story? He comes across as a puppet shaped entirely by his environment. Shouldn't the child's choice matter too?"

\n

Xiao also expressed concern that glorifying unconditional maternal sacrifice, without any nuance, can obscure real-life emotional complexities — and in some cases, lead to unhealthy or even tragic outcomes.

\n

Living between two cultures, Yang believes that gender expectations around parenting are not unique to China. From conversations with peers in the US, particularly her Asian American classmates, she has found that similar dynamics persist in Western settings. Some of her American-born Chinese friends said their families still somehow manage to be "traditional".

\n

The imbalance in how mothers and fathers are portrayed and expected to behave, whether in children's books, cartoons, or real life, is a shared cultural issue, Yang believes.

\n

Importance of fathers

\n

Contrary to some stereotypes, the involvement of men in child raising and home life is crucial, according to at least one expert.

\n

Linda Nielsen is a professor of adolescent and educational psychology at Wake Forest University in North Carolina, and an expert on shared physical custody for children of divorce.

\n

She has been working on parenting issues for decades, and challenges the widespread belief that fathers are less capable than mothers in nurturing children's social and emotional development.

\n

"We have bought into negative stereotypes about fathers that do not reflect reality," said Nielsen. "We have embraced many demeaning, insulting beliefs about fathers that are baseless and run counter to the research and to national statistics."

\n

Citing decades of research, she explained that children who regularly engage in active, stimulating interactions with their fathers — especially during early childhood — tend to exhibit lower levels of aggression, better emotional regulation, and more advanced social skills compared with those who have less involved fathers.

\n

Nielsen also criticized the stereotype that men are inherently less empathetic or communicative than women.

\n

Men are just as capable as women in demonstrating empathy, cooperation, and emotional understanding, according to research in her book Myths and Lies about Dads: How They Hurt Us All. The differences within each gender far outweigh any consistent differences between men and women.

\n

She pointed out that children raised without fathers tend to score lower in empathy tests as adults, undermining the claim that women alone are responsible for teaching emotional intelligence.

\n

Nielsen believes there is no empirical basis for assuming mothers are better than fathers at fostering children's interpersonal and emotional skills.

\n

The belief that fathers are "less than" in this domain is a myth unsupported by science — and harmful to families and society.

\n

Shared responsibility

\n

In Shao's household, parenting is a shared responsibility. She and her husband have developed a system to rotate tasks — from bedtime routines to academic support.

\n

Each night, she and her husband alternate between which child they tuck into bed, ensuring the children receive attention from both parents. While Shao initially managed all aspects of the children's studies, she eventually found the emotional toll was too much. She and her husband then divided the subjects between them.

\n

"I told him, I'm tired from work too. It's not like there's only one earning money, right?" said Shao. "We both work, we're both exhausted. And this home doesn't belong to just me — it's our family's home, and both of us should contribute. It wasn't just my decision to have two kids, either."

\n

However, Xiao, the mother from Xi'an, believes contemporary Chinese picture books and animated films are reflecting growing awareness of the need to balance parental roles and challenge traditional stereotypes.

\n

She pointed to the recent Ne Zha movie adaptations as a clear example. In these versions, Ne Zha's mother is portrayed as both loving and willing to let go — supporting her child while respecting his individuality. Her character strikes a balance between warmth and boundaries, offering protection without overreach. This transcends the earlier portrayals of Ne Zha's mother.

\n

Looking ahead, she is looking forward to seeing more children's books and cartoons that are sincere, intelligent and colorful.

\n

Shao hopes that future children's media and picture books will emphasize a more balanced relationship between both parents — whether in terms of household responsibilities, professional identities, or individual value.

\n

Quality stories can encourage children to trust and communicate with both their mother and father when facing difficulties, she said.

\n

"For picture books about families, ideally both mom and dad should appear in the story," said Shao. "And when it comes to expressing family emotions, no matter what, mom and dad both always love you — let children understand this through the books."

\n

", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-09/09/content_001_68bf414ded50ccabe1519111.htm#001FRONT", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Tue, 09 Sep 2025 00:21:05 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "3d66d467b7d46194d862dfaaeed3be37", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "004CHINA - Justice Ministry aids national five-year plan", "description": "

The Ministry of Justice has provided robust legal support for the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-25) over the past five years, officials announced on Monday.

\n

At a news conference, Minister of Justice He Rong said the ministry has strengthened the development of laws and regulations in critical areas, emerging fields and foreign-related domains to support high-quality development.

\n

Since the plan took effect in 2021, several significant laws and regulations have been enacted, including the Private Economy Promotion Law, the Food Safety Law, the Energy Law and interim regulations for unmanned aircraft flight management.

\n

The State Council, China's Cabinet, has submitted 53 legislative proposals to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for deliberation and has formulated or amended administrative regulations 150 times, He said.

\n

Vice-Minister of Justice Li Mingzheng said legislation has focused on addressing weaknesses and gaps.

\n

"We have strengthened legal frameworks and regulations for new technologies and emerging industries such as the digital economy, autonomous driving, artificial intelligence and the low-altitude economy," Li said.

\n

Since 2023, the ministry has stepped up efforts to address urgent legislative issues by leading or intervening in the drafting process, improving the efficiency of government legislation with broad public participation through legislative consultations and interpretations, Li said.

\n

The ministry has worked with other departments to promote the formulation and amendment of laws and regulations, including the Food Safety Law, the Preschool Education Law and the Regulations on the Protection of Minors Online, to enhance inclusive and fundamental legal protections for livelihood issues, according to He.

\n

China currently has 830,000 lawyers, 45,000 law firms, 67,000 arbitrators, 15,000 notaries, 40,000 forensic experts and 12,000 legal aid workers handling more than 40 million cases annually, according to the ministry.

\n

"Public legal services have become more balanced and accessible, actively addressing the legal service needs of groups such as migrant workers, people with disabilities, the elderly, youth, military personnel and their families," He said. "Over the past five years, more than 170 million legal consultations have been provided."

\n

The capacity for foreign-related legal services has also been enhanced as the country develops international first-class arbitration institutions and law firms, supporting the establishment of the Belt and Road Initiative legal service association. Chinese law firms have opened 207 branches in 37 countries and regions to assist citizens and enterprises in global ventures, He said.

\n

Over the past five years, 16,000 foreign-related arbitration cases have been handled, with the total amount in dispute reaching 730 billion yuan ($102 billion).

\n

In 2024 alone, more than 4,400 cases were accepted, an increase of 100 percent compared with 2020. In those cases, nearly 200 billion yuan was in dispute, up 136 percent from that year.

\n

"China has gradually become a preferred destination for international commercial arbitration," He said.

\n

lishangyi@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", @@ -10323,28 +10125,6 @@ "hash": "be67217d1796196524596bc9b2f9d8a6", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "005CHINA - Dolphin care", - "description": "

Left: A volunteer observes the condition of the dolphin named Wanwan in Lingshui Li autonomous county, Hainan province, on Monday. The stranded dolphin was rescued in Wanning, Hainan, in June and has been under professional care for nearly three months. Experts have determined that Wanwan is fit to be released back into the wild. Right: A worker weighs food for Wanwan.

\n

", - "content": "

Left: A volunteer observes the condition of the dolphin named Wanwan in Lingshui Li autonomous county, Hainan province, on Monday. The stranded dolphin was rescued in Wanning, Hainan, in June and has been under professional care for nearly three months. Experts have determined that Wanwan is fit to be released back into the wild. Right: A worker weighs food for Wanwan.

\n

", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-09/09/content_005_68bf4185ed50ccabe1519121.htm#005CHINA", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Tue, 09 Sep 2025 00:21:04 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "f7e6d349203ed3719561e310c0d32356", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "006CHINA - People's Liberation Army battalion commander leads brethren by example", "description": "

Left: Zhang Cancan (right) operates a military drone during an exercise with his fellow soldiers. Center: Zhang heads his battalion in a battle cry during training. Right: Zhang gives the order to charge during an exercise.

\n

China has had many heroes and exemplary individuals in its military who have served the country during times of war, such as Huang Jiguang and Dong Cunrui, who sacrificed themselves for victory, inspiring generations to come.

\n

In times without conflict, however, China's armed forces are no less dedicated and diligent in their overriding mission of defending the motherland.

\n

One such individual is Zhang Cancan, who in July was named one of the 12 "most beautiful revolutionary soldiers of the new era" by the Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China Central Committee and the Political Work Department of the Central Military Commission.

\n

Since 2021, this designation has been awarded to outstanding members of the People's Liberation Army who are considered models of dedication, skills and service.

\n

In his 23-year career, Zhang has risen from being an ordinary soldier to a battalion commander in the PLA Ground Force's 76th combined corps. He's played an exemplary role in guiding his fellow troops and cultivating great soldiers, winning the trust of those under his command.

\n

Born in 1984, Zhang joined the army in 2002. He has taken part in a dozen major operations and missions, from earthquake rescue to large-scale military exercises.

\n

His name, Cancan, means "to shine" in Chinese, and he has done his name proud.

\n

Over the past 14 years as an officer, he has trained various skilled personnel, and fellow soldiers describe him as "sharp yet steady", a reflection of both his professional skills and personal character.

\n

One incident in 2020, in particular, left a deep impression on his unit. During a mission on a plateau more than 5,000 meters above sea level, a soldier fainted from acute altitude sickness. Vehicles were stuck in soft, melted snow, making it impossible to reach the stricken man by road, Zhang recalled.

\n

Faced with the urgent situation, Zhang decided he needed to deliver the oxygen himself. He took a 14-kilogram oxygen tank and ran 2.5 kilometers through a river valley at an altitude of 5,300 meters to reach the stricken soldier within 20 minutes. Zhang's actions saved the soldier's life.

\n

Wang Meng, 27, a soldier in Zhang's unit, said he treats his men like family. "He cares for his soldiers like an elder brother, shielding them from hardship like an umbrella," he said.

\n

One of Zhang's defining traits is his hands-on approach. During a training demonstration last year, when a soldier sustained a deep chin wound, he sprinted to summon an ambulance himself rather than leaving the task to others.

\n

Zhang said his understanding of soldiers' struggles comes from having walked the same path.

\n

"Though we live like brothers, I take training very seriously," he said.

\n

As a young recruit more than 20 years ago, he trained even during downtime, spurred on by a leader who saw his potential. At the time, the constant demands made little sense to him, but later he realized that overcoming hardship prepared him for success. He now shares those experiences with young soldiers when they feel exhausted.

\n

The transition from soldier to commander has only deepened his sense of responsibility. "As more people stand behind me, I have to work harder and set an example," he said.

\n

He Zhengcong, a 31-year-old soldier in Zhang's unit, said working under extreme exertion can take its toll. "His leadership style is absorbing pressure from superiors instead of passing it down, which has won respect among soldiers," said He. "When higher-ups criticize the whole unit, he shields us and offers constructive suggestions, even demonstrating the moves himself."

\n

Zhang's humility and willingness to learn have also impressed seasoned soldiers. When he was assigned to an artillery company as a commander, Tan Linlin, a 37-year-old soldier who has served in the Ground Force for some 20 years, doubted his ability.

\n

"He was completely new to our field when he became my leader," Tan said. "Confident in my own skills, I initially was not convinced by his abilities."

\n

But Zhang approached the role as a beginner, asking for advice and practicing diligently. Within two months, he achieved three direct hits in a live-fire drill, earning Tan's respect. Afterward, the two trained side by side, learning from each other, with Zhang emerging as a role model for Tan.

\n

"Combat readiness requires not only training but also the right mindset," Tan said. "With Zhang in charge, we feel reassured."

\n

In both this year and last, Zhang ranked first in the brigade's annual training assessment among officers. Despite harsh plateau conditions, he uses every opportunity to build upon his experience, from physical drills to equipment testing, and has pushed forward efforts to modernize combat readiness.

\n

"Our battalion carries the heritage of the Red Army," Zhang said. The battalion has participated in major historic battles, including the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression (1931-45) and the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea (1950-53).

\n

"I want every soldier to feel that pride and live up to the honorable title," he said.

\n


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", @@ -10367,28 +10147,6 @@ "hash": "57e605f84bb6a1f90f78b1a5b9d91bf4", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "008COMMENT - BRICS promotes common development and a more equitable multipolar world", - "description": "

The BRICS cooperation mechanism is a key platform for solidarity and collaboration between emerging markets and developing countries. In the face of rising hegemonism, unilateralism and protectionism, BRICS, as "the first echelon of the Global South", persists in promoting openness, inclusiveness, cooperation and win-win results to build a community with a shared future for humanity.

\n

So when the leaders of BRICS convened virtually on Monday, the gathering carried a resonance beyond the screens that connected the BRICS member states only. It was a reaffirmation of a vision for a more just and equitable global governance system.

\n

President Xi Jinping gave a speech and had in-depth exchanges with the other participating leaders on the current economic environment, the multilateral system, BRICS cooperation and important issues of mutual concern.

\n

Xi's remarks remind the world that BRICS is an emerging force representing the Global South that advocates fairness and justice in global governance. It is a grouping that seeks not dominance but cooperation, not confrontation but coordination, and aims not to challenge but to reform.

\n

He highlighted the need for BRICS to uphold multilateralism and safeguard international fairness and justice; uphold openness and win-win endeavors and maintain the international economic and trade order; and uphold unity and cooperation and build synergy for common development.

\n

To that end, China will continue to play a pivotal role. From proposing the "BRICS Plus" model, which has widened the circle of cooperation to more countries in the Global South, to championing the establishment of the New Development Bank, Beijing has consistently infused BRICS with ideas and institutions.

\n

Xi's proposals at the meeting are not abstract. In terms of BRICS cooperation, they will find concrete expression in real infrastructure, the powering of green energy transitions, and the strengthening of public health systems.

\n

In a world still struggling to address the climate emergency and supply-chain shocks caused by trade wars, the value of BRICS' practical, solidarity-based cooperation cannot be overstated.

\n

Xi's call for defending multilateralism comes at a critical time when that principle is under strain. International organizations designed to give voice to all nations have too often been hamstrung by unilateralists. Against this backdrop, BRICS represents an alternative ethos: one rooted in consultation, joint contributions and shared benefits.

\n

The substance of BRICS cooperation addresses the different needs of its members. Exemplifying how BRICS can harness cutting-edge innovation for inclusive growth, China has driven forward initiatives in technology, digital transformation and industrial modernization under the BRICS framework. The launch of the China-BRICS Artificial Intelligence Development and Cooperation Center and the BRICS Digital Ecosystem Cooperation Network signal that technological progress need not be monopolized by a handful of nations; instead, it can serve as a shared tool for narrowing development gaps.

\n

From Brazil's wind farms to South Africa's solar projects, BRICS collaboration — often with Chinese investment and expertise — has delivered tangible contributions to renewable energy and climate resilience. The New Development Bank's growing portfolio of green bonds further positions the bloc as a driver of low-carbon growth at a time when the planet desperately needs it.

\n

What emerged from the meeting is not a bloc set against another, but a community working toward what China has advocated — a shared future for humanity. It is an aspiration anchored in the belief that peace and prosperity are indivisible, that the problems of one region inevitably ripple outward, and that inclusive solutions are not only more just but also more effective.

\n

Skeptics will note that BRICS encompasses countries with diverse national conditions. Yet it is precisely this diversity that gives the mechanism its credibility. Its achievements — whether in financial cooperation, climate action or cultural exchanges — demonstrate that unity is possible without uniformity. The expansion of BRICS in recent years further underscores its openness: It welcomes those willing to collaborate, not on the basis of ideology but on the shared pursuit of development and dignity.

\n

China stands ready to work with other parties to further act on the BRICS spirit of openness, inclusiveness and win-win cooperation, and to jointly work for a more equitable and orderly multipolar world.

\n

", - "content": "

The BRICS cooperation mechanism is a key platform for solidarity and collaboration between emerging markets and developing countries. In the face of rising hegemonism, unilateralism and protectionism, BRICS, as "the first echelon of the Global South", persists in promoting openness, inclusiveness, cooperation and win-win results to build a community with a shared future for humanity.

\n

So when the leaders of BRICS convened virtually on Monday, the gathering carried a resonance beyond the screens that connected the BRICS member states only. It was a reaffirmation of a vision for a more just and equitable global governance system.

\n

President Xi Jinping gave a speech and had in-depth exchanges with the other participating leaders on the current economic environment, the multilateral system, BRICS cooperation and important issues of mutual concern.

\n

Xi's remarks remind the world that BRICS is an emerging force representing the Global South that advocates fairness and justice in global governance. It is a grouping that seeks not dominance but cooperation, not confrontation but coordination, and aims not to challenge but to reform.

\n

He highlighted the need for BRICS to uphold multilateralism and safeguard international fairness and justice; uphold openness and win-win endeavors and maintain the international economic and trade order; and uphold unity and cooperation and build synergy for common development.

\n

To that end, China will continue to play a pivotal role. From proposing the "BRICS Plus" model, which has widened the circle of cooperation to more countries in the Global South, to championing the establishment of the New Development Bank, Beijing has consistently infused BRICS with ideas and institutions.

\n

Xi's proposals at the meeting are not abstract. In terms of BRICS cooperation, they will find concrete expression in real infrastructure, the powering of green energy transitions, and the strengthening of public health systems.

\n

In a world still struggling to address the climate emergency and supply-chain shocks caused by trade wars, the value of BRICS' practical, solidarity-based cooperation cannot be overstated.

\n

Xi's call for defending multilateralism comes at a critical time when that principle is under strain. International organizations designed to give voice to all nations have too often been hamstrung by unilateralists. Against this backdrop, BRICS represents an alternative ethos: one rooted in consultation, joint contributions and shared benefits.

\n

The substance of BRICS cooperation addresses the different needs of its members. Exemplifying how BRICS can harness cutting-edge innovation for inclusive growth, China has driven forward initiatives in technology, digital transformation and industrial modernization under the BRICS framework. The launch of the China-BRICS Artificial Intelligence Development and Cooperation Center and the BRICS Digital Ecosystem Cooperation Network signal that technological progress need not be monopolized by a handful of nations; instead, it can serve as a shared tool for narrowing development gaps.

\n

From Brazil's wind farms to South Africa's solar projects, BRICS collaboration — often with Chinese investment and expertise — has delivered tangible contributions to renewable energy and climate resilience. The New Development Bank's growing portfolio of green bonds further positions the bloc as a driver of low-carbon growth at a time when the planet desperately needs it.

\n

What emerged from the meeting is not a bloc set against another, but a community working toward what China has advocated — a shared future for humanity. It is an aspiration anchored in the belief that peace and prosperity are indivisible, that the problems of one region inevitably ripple outward, and that inclusive solutions are not only more just but also more effective.

\n

Skeptics will note that BRICS encompasses countries with diverse national conditions. Yet it is precisely this diversity that gives the mechanism its credibility. Its achievements — whether in financial cooperation, climate action or cultural exchanges — demonstrate that unity is possible without uniformity. The expansion of BRICS in recent years further underscores its openness: It welcomes those willing to collaborate, not on the basis of ideology but on the shared pursuit of development and dignity.

\n

China stands ready to work with other parties to further act on the BRICS spirit of openness, inclusiveness and win-win cooperation, and to jointly work for a more equitable and orderly multipolar world.

\n

", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-09/09/content_008_68bf41a7ed50ccabe1519129.htm#008COMMENT", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Tue, 09 Sep 2025 00:21:04 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "9afe68144a657b59995e4ede52acf97d", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "008COMMENT - Service consumption will drive future growth", "description": "

Editor's note: To unlock their consumption potential, Chinese cities have introduced new commercial formats that leverage their unique local features. Wang Wei, former director of the Institute of Market Economy under the Development Research Centre of the State Council, told Oriental Outlook magazine that the role of service consumption in supporting overall consumption continues to grow, particularly in areas such as tourism, performances and sports, where consumers are willing to pay higher prices for these experiences. Below are excerpts from the interview. The views don't necessarily represent those of China Daily.

\n

China's consumption market is upgrading from goods consumption to service consumption, a critical stage in crossing the high-income threshold. In recent years, travel, entertainment and sports have become the new pillars of service consumption.

\n

Of course, the rapid growth of service consumption does not mean that goods consumption has slowed down. The demand for quality goods is increasing, and will drive continuous upgrades in the functionality and quality of goods consumption.

\n

The two major growth areas for future consumption in China are the improvement in the quality of goods consumption and the expansion of service consumption. However, more incremental growth will come from service consumption.

\n

Yet, on the supply side, there are shortcomings in the innovation and development capabilities of service consumption, with a mismatch between supply and demand for mid-to-high-end quality service consumption. On the demand side, the public has varying perceptions of service consumption. A series of measures can help. First, greater efforts must be made to promote the opening-up of the service sector and attracting innovative resources and high-level services from across the world to improve the quality of life of the Chinese people.

\n

At the same time, it is necessary to further lower the threshold for private enterprises to enter the service sector.

\n

Second, not only should investment access be further liberalized, but the free flow of human resources should also be encouraged more. Opening up the service sector helps in better allocation of resources, attracts innovative resources and meets the public's demand for services.

\n

Third, most of the entities providing services in China are small and micro enterprises. Therefore, policies must provide targeted support to these enterprises.

\n

Fourth, laws and regulations related to consumer rights protection must be updated to keep pace with the times. Past laws were primarily aligned with goods consumption. However, the service consumption market is more prone to issues such as information asymmetry and unequal status between large entities and consumers, leading to inadequate protection of consumer rights. It is necessary to further improve regulatory standards for the service sector, and introduce and revise laws and regulations covering services such as housing, education, healthcare and finance, to enhance the growth of the service sector.

\n

Fifth, the paid annual leave system should be strictly implemented. The growth of service consumption requires more leisure time and a balance between work and rest. The paid annual leave system should be made more flexible to allow people to have more say in planning their holidays. For instance, they can combine paid annual leave with short holidays to achieve staggered vacations.

\n

At the same time, workers' rights must be legally protected.

\n

", diff --git a/.obsidian/plugins/update-time-on-edit/data.json b/.obsidian/plugins/update-time-on-edit/data.json index 5e526cfa..0d4b5d93 100644 --- a/.obsidian/plugins/update-time-on-edit/data.json +++ b/.obsidian/plugins/update-time-on-edit/data.json @@ -79,12 +79,12 @@ "08-Inbox/marp/Themes.md": "3f8e611ad4fc63c56177adf52337daeea9aab6e09c4d20b84bd94b907ce4576c", "10-WebClipper/最近热火朝天的 MCP 是什么鬼？如何使用 MCP？一文给你讲清楚！.md": "1600d0f6c1d901080c6a669a229bf0413127ca36ca1a4a182485807d0dcd29e0", "07-个人事务/敦煌旅行规划.md": "66038dcb0e7038dea0c7e09f97da6632be099499c50e68264fe747e11725d6a9", - "01-工作日记/2025-09-10.md": "4ff7c49b3fe8b47aaa711cb529abf97aee8a857ca026a3a8579a0d47744694fc", + "01-工作日记/2025-09-10.md": "017e153828eae6359dfd714fd0c0efdcc3463a59e98441e5a566cfcd011af16a", "08-Inbox/会议纪要/党员大会2025.9.10.md": "0722dc1ea9d29a0fc219bf65d726f59b6c9e9bbdaa39f0977bac7fe9e7a56318", "50-Memos/2025/07/小苹果为什么恨我？不得其解，很可能是关掉了iPad外网连接！总之，不能太惯她了 (2025-07-28 10-48).md": "8f09e39fb79745d54b8217469e683fc9bd7c19791deb508b09392d104972e115", "50-Memos/2025/07/这几天身体欠佳，咳嗽、皮肤痒还痛，今天拉肚子，从炎陵回来后，就是如此，需要好好调养，在旅行时也需要自... (2025-07-28 16-03).md": "1f17eab2709c46257248dde92daafaef3ee0032c03ae5aa0ce3249d1f0664e96", "50-Memos/2025/07/移动端不能登录和同步 (2025-07-27 10-02).md": "da482327a2eca4bbc754e9af2e94baf30c0b0c072381b984ff4c51ada106a387", "60-Imports/63-WuCai/2025/08/在 Omnivore 停服之际发现新的替代品继续构建自己的「稍后阅读」系统 – 效率火箭火箭君的新博客.md": "ee746f4d09771ad919b84a097a17b50e769e91a87a5c9966aca98695a14ebfad", - "01-工作日记/2025-09-11.md": "c082085fb5ba7f5ab3ba1787b342699e13b1492a40ff03bd230465050aec105e" + "01-工作日记/2025-09-11.md": "5f88d921f2103f1851f425fc520f62ec577667f172590aa728fa9bd8538cc448" } } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/.obsidian/workspace.json b/.obsidian/workspace.json index 3b13273c..069647a4 100644 --- a/.obsidian/workspace.json +++ b/.obsidian/workspace.json @@ -20,23 +20,8 @@ "icon": "lucide-file", "title": "2025-09-11" } - }, - { - "id": "55ba13a280aa8f9f", - "type": "leaf", - "state": { - "type": "markdown", - "state": { - "file": "01-工作日记/2025-09-10.md", - "mode": "source", - "source": false - }, - "icon": "lucide-file", - "title": "2025-09-10" - } } - ], - "currentTab": 1 + ] } ], "direction": "vertical" @@ -193,13 +178,13 @@ "state": { "type": "outline", "state": { - "file": "01-工作日记/2025-09-10.md", + "file": "01-工作日记/2025-09-11.md", "followCursor": false, "showSearch": false, "searchQuery": "" }, "icon": "lucide-list", - "title": "2025-09-10 的大纲" + "title": "2025-09-11 的大纲" } }, { @@ -351,8 +336,9 @@ "quick-tagger:Remove tag from current note": false } }, - "active": "55ba13a280aa8f9f", + "active": "52a43ee2e7af37ce", "lastOpenFiles": [ + "01-工作日记/2025-09-10.md", "01-工作日记/2025-09-11.md", "50-Memos/2025/07/搭建了第一个日记软件memos 使用一段时间，看是否可以替代dayone！ (2025-07-12 11-30).md", "50-Memos/2025/07/移动端不能登录和同步 (2025-07-27 10-02).md", @@ -367,7 +353,6 @@ "50-Memos/2025/07/今天又来社区打针，五天一共七百多元，一般人真不能病，这么贵的费用，谁敢病啊！国家医改真的是一团糟，哪... (2025-07-31 09-36).md", "08-Inbox/会议纪要/关于尹飞梅的快速会议的纪要.txt", "08-Inbox/会议纪要/党员大会2025.9.10.md", - "01-工作日记/2025-09-10.md", "08-Inbox/sync text.txt", "03-学习笔记/Docker/mac 安装及使用docker_docker for mac-CSDN博客.md", "08-Inbox/滴滴出行行程报销单.pdf", diff --git a/01-工作日记/2025-09-10.md b/01-工作日记/2025-09-10.md index e080f869..edf54379 100644 --- a/01-工作日记/2025-09-10.md +++ b/01-工作日记/2025-09-10.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ tags: rating: ⭐️ excerpt: created: 2025-09-10T07:53 -updated: 2025-09-11T09:07 +updated: 2025-09-11T10:18 --- ## 1TODO - [x] 多喝水，避免久坐不动 ✅ 2025-09-11 @@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ https://forum-zh.obsidian.md/t/topic/13207/2 - OB插件：text extractor 从图片、PDF等文件提取txt + ## 3 Tips ## 4 Questions diff --git a/01-工作日记/2025-09-11.md b/01-工作日记/2025-09-11.md index d1f96b63..e35e4e06 100644 --- a/01-工作日记/2025-09-11.md +++ b/01-工作日记/2025-09-11.md @@ -3,10 +3,11 @@ title: 🐈日志<% tp.file.title %> date: <% tp.date.now("YYYY-MM-DD HH:mm:ss") %> tags: - dailynote + - clash rating: ⭐️ excerpt: created: 2025-09-11T07:35 -updated: 2025-09-11T07:58 +updated: 2025-09-11T10:18 --- ## 1TODO - [ ] 多喝水，避免久坐不动 @@ -17,7 +18,8 @@ updated: 2025-09-11T07:58 大多数是memos插件中Ai分析后留下来的很乱 安装了quick tag插件来管理 - +- Clash配置修复： +由于之前IPLC线路问题，网络不稳定，作了多次更新，目前已趋稳定，配置文件总获取代理节点的服务器IP为：120.241.226.11 替换之前的120.241.226.44,mini上更新成功，fnOS、fnOS-T、181还使用的是GG线路，一旦GG有问题再替换IPLC配置文件 ## 3 Tips ## 4 Questions