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南澳岛,隶属于南澳县这广东省唯一的海岛县及渔业县,地处闽粤交界的海面,为北回归线所横穿,因守于高雄-厦门-香港这三大港口的中心点,素有“东南门户,漳潮锁匙”的美称,遂成为海上丝绸之路的重要港口和兵家必争之地。它的本名意为“南方泊船之海湾”。相传南澳一词始载于南宋孝宗淳熙七年(1180)间,广东提举杨万里率军平定侵犯南澳的海盗沈师一事。“盗沈师犯南粤,帅师往平之”。此后,寇乱、兵戈还有各色宝藏的传说,在这座小岛的历史中常常回响。



南宋遗藏


至元八年(1271),元世祖忽必烈在大都建立元朝后,旋即大规模向南方进军,至元十三年(1276)正月,元军直逼临安,宋廷在战和不定中乱成一团,太皇太后即封宋恭帝赵㬎(xiǎn)之弟赵昰为益王,判福州、福建安抚大使;封赵禺为广王,判泉州兼外宗正事,由陆秀夫、杨镇等人护送往婺州、温州一路南逃,成为传递失落火种的希望小队。三月,临安城破,朝廷奉玺降元,南宋灭亡,而陈宜中、张世杰、陆秀夫等人则效仿昔日南宋宋高宗之旧例,拥立赵昰成立都元帅府,以赵昰为天下兵马都元帅,改福州为福安府,号召天下军民相投。五月,赵昰于福州即位,号端宗,改元景炎,封杨淑妃为太后,世称“行朝”。此后,都元帅府这一抵抗中心便开启了流亡抗元之旅,也为后世留下了不少遗迹。




景炎元年(1276)六月,“行朝”从水路南下泉州、厦门入广东,11月,“帝舟迁于潮州,初泊红螺山(属饶平县),旋移南澳”。在南澳岛上,都元帅府于澳前村东面修建行宫,也便是太子楼,他们还在东南面的沙滩上挖井,据说共有三口,供皇室饮用的叫“龙井”,供文武官员饮用的叫“虎井”,供将士军马饮用的叫“马井”。如今南澳岛上还有它们的遗址,其间刻字患漫难辨。因此,便有传闻说,当时小皇帝赵昰和他弟弟赵昺(bǐng)见追兵逼近,就将随身所携的金银珠宝留在南澳岛,于石壁上做出记号以便日后再来寻找。只是可惜,景炎二年(1277)正月,他们乘舟离岛赴惠州后,便就此一去不复返。祥兴元年(1278)四月,端宗病死,年仅十一岁,八岁的赵昺被拥立为帝。祥兴二年(1279)正月,元军进攻崖山,二月初六日,崖海决战宋败,陆秀夫抱末帝赵昺投海死,“后宫及诸臣多从死者,七日,浮尸出于海十余万人”,南宋彻底灭亡,而所谓的宝藏也失去了它的主人。



1962年的夏天,一位到海边捞虾的青年发现海滩上有一口水井,还在井石四角的石缝中捡到四枚宋代铜钱,分别镌刻了“圣宋元宝”“政和通宝”“淳熙元宝”“嘉定通宝”的字样。这口古水井便是曾经的马井。经专家考察分析,它原本应该挖在坡地,只是因为陆地下沉,才为海沙所吞没,只有当由台风引起的大型海潮到来卷走沙层时,才会显露真身,这便是井露现象。虽然宝藏没能随着一同浮出水面,但当地很快便发现了宋井的另一神奇之处:被海水淹没过的它竟然有清甜的淡水!甚至据说即便将苦咸的海水倒入其中,其水质也不会有过多改变。于是,又有很多人坚信此井有灵,其水或有延年益寿之能,不惜千里到访,取水冲茶珍藏。



那么,对此有什么科学的解释吗?此地的降水会渗入地下,并因重力作用向地势更低的古井海滩处汇集,形成淡水为主的地下水。井露发生后,地下水便会因形成的水位差而通过砂砾井底上升泉涌,由于沙质的孔隙较小,淡水和原留在井内的海水相互融合的非常缓慢,又因为海水密度更大,淡水会浮在海水表层,为人所打捞起。这便是它被认为是淡水井的缘由。

 


大盗之宝


尽管南宋宝藏实属无稽之谈,但南澳的确有上天赐予它的财富,那便是它在航海贸易中得天独厚,“为诸夷贡道所必经”的地理位置。明代的《南澳赋》便称颂道:


“故大国小邦,外趋内附。吕宋、琉球南金大赂,占城、暹罗随波飞赴,佛齐、阇婆弗敢互顾(贾),真腊、彭坑疾驰如鹜。”


南澳成为远洋贸易的驿站和地文标志,就连郑和七次下西洋都经过了这里。



然而,在明初,朝廷却并没有好好地经营此南澳,他们“或墟其地,或徙其民”。明太祖朱元璋数次颁发禁令,严禁海民私自制造二桅以上船舶,出海诸国并与之互市。明洪武二十年(1387)、永乐二年(1404)和永乐七年(1409)还来回搬离过当地的所有居民,当时南澳当地本来人就不多,此后更为荒凉焦土。该做法背后确有“以伪吴张士诚据宁、绍、杭、苏、通、泰,及方国珍据温、台等处,皆在海上。张、方既灭,诸贼强豪者悉航纠岛倭人寇”的因素,但也有明廷希望推行市舶司制度来垄断贸易的意图。无疑,这加剧了沿海居民的苦难,也无法真正巩固空虚的边疆:


“寇与商同是人也。市通则寇转而为商;市禁则商转而为寇。始之禁禁商,后之禁禁寇, 寇势盛。”


南澳逐渐发展成为真正的海盗渊薮(sǒu)和番舶互市之地。



当时,主要来到南澳进行走私的民船,多来自暹罗和安南等东南亚国家,葡萄牙商人在16世纪后也开始频繁到访。随着走私市场的开拓,海禁渐渐名存实亡。


“成、弘之际,豪门巨室间有乘巨舰贸易海外者。奸人阴开其利窦,而官人不得显收其利权。初亦渐享奇赢,久乃勾引为乱……至嘉靖而弊极矣。”



其原因之一是葡萄牙人东来后,“有司自是将安南、满剌加诸番舶尽行阻绝,皆往漳州府海面地方私自驻剖”,南澳正是往漳州海面的要津。另一件事是嘉靖二年(1522)日本的争贡动乱,唯一合法的市舶司被撤,“番船无所容,乃之南澳互市”。公无管束,私贼遂起。


嘉靖、隆庆年间,相继有许朝光、林国宪、吴平、曾一本等海寇以南澳岛为巢,修起楼寨,私行贸易,并“修船、制器、市药、裹粮,百无所忌”,号称“毒害东南者十余年”。而这群海盗倒还真为南澳滋生了另一则宝藏传说:据闻,当年的巨盗吴平,似乎就在岛屿最北端由几块礁石组成的小岛屿上私藏了十八坛金银,该地也因而得名金银岛。



嘉靖四十三年(1564),戚继光奉命率兵5000人自浙来援,与潮州总兵俞大猷水陆夹攻,讨伐了盘踞在南澳岛的吴平势力,荡平海寇。朝廷吸取教训,南澳政策也为之一变。隆庆元年(1567),南澳有限制地开放了海禁。万历三年(1575),福建巡抚刘尧诲和广东总督殷正茂联合上奏朝廷《请设南澳副总兵疏》,潮州知府郭子章也表示为固海防,应当再设南澳为镇,他们的建议得到采纳。万历设“闽粤南澳镇”,置副总兵,下辖左、右营,兼领福建南路和广东东路水师,南澳岛就此从“海外荒域”变成东南沿海的军事重镇。设镇后,原属广东潮州府饶平县太平乡信宁都的南澳岛,就此分广东饶平、福建诏安两县共管,这一两省共管南澳的想法最先还是戚继光鉴于此前海盗们“福建捕急,则奔广东;广东捕急,则奔福建”的情况 提出的。


方案实行后,“……树兵列胪,海防肃矣。崇垒突沟城守固矣。垦田构室,民趋众矣。昔之鲸鲵依崇,今则海波不扬而为商旅之坦途矣。昔之孤鼠恣睢,今则戴柞而为生民之乐土矣。”




如今的深澳古镇之中,还留有南澳总兵府。明时,南澳总兵府“坐南朝北,高二丈二尺,皆甃以石。壕深八尺”。然而,随着明的由盛转衰,南澳也渐渐荒废,“郑芝龙麾下士卒皆芝龙散金以养,芝龙时为南澳副总兵,是启祯以后,南澳之兵盖有兵而无饷”,因此,南澳逐渐为郑芝龙家族所据,于明清之交再起狂澜。


海防重镇


顺治三年(1646),南明皇帝朱聿键殉国,郑芝龙降清,但其子郑成功带着80人,由陈辉、张进陪同,自福建乘舟“止南澳,招兵制械,得数千人 ”,往来于厦门、铜山、金门、澎湖和台湾诸岛屿间,开启了复台抗清的道路。在南澳岛上,他和文武大臣于澳属猎屿(古称“烈屿”)设高宗皇帝神位定盟复明,遂延南明之正朔十八载。如今的明、清总兵府旧址前,还有一棵大榕树,主干18米,树冠南北近28米,相传便是昔日郑成功的招兵处,被称为“招兵树”。



永历十五年(1661),郑成功从荷兰殖民者手中收复台湾,建立郑氏政权。康熙元年(1662),郑氏部下陈豹降清,杨金木、杜辉继续经营据守南澳岛。康熙三年(1664),在黄冈总兵吴六奇的招降下,最后的杜辉也投降清朝,明朝制度的影响在南澳落下帷幕,其部众迁往揭阳、黄冈,南澳遭到废弃。直到康熙十九年(1680)才准民复垦,“五年起税”。此时,康熙已经充分认识到了南澳对海防的价值,该政策正是为了后续的设镇驻兵做准备。




康熙二十四年(1685),清廷“诏设南澳总兵,移厦门镇总兵官并中、左、右三营官兵驻南澳,旋裁中营,改为左、右二营,左为福营,右为广营”,其中左营派驻台湾、淡水、澎湖,三年一调防。南澳岛分属饶平、诏安二县。次年,“澄海协、达濠营水汛官兵船只改归南澳水师镇就近统辖”。


康熙四十二年(1703),清廷又设立海门营。至此,南澳镇所辖便包括左、右二营,澄海协二营、海门营、达濠营等五营,其中左营由闽浙总督节制,其他四营隶属于两广总督节制。康熙五十六年(1717),时任广东总督杨琳在全省范围修筑炮台,并提到了粤东海域防御的重要性,“惠、潮之洋盗绝,而全粤之海面宁”。这一提议背后的部分原因,可能是南澳作为南北远洋贸易中途停泊,以及肩负造船,燂洗(火燎涂灰以避海蛆)、产糖等其他功能之所的地位逐渐得到恢复。


同样是康熙四十二年(1703),清廷下令“各处商船往东洋者,必由定海镇所辖要汛挂号,往噶喇吧 (今印度尼西亚雅加达,又泛指爪哇等岛) 、 吕宋(今菲律宾吕宋岛,又泛指菲律宾群岛) 等处出洋,必由澎湖、南澳所辖之要汛挂号”。然而,由于当地的军事化管理体制越来越难以应对招民开垦,商渔云集,豪强势大,粮饷失控这一系列的新问题,康熙五十六年(1717),朝廷禁贩南洋,并开始思考进一步的管理革新。



雍正十年(1723),清廷诏设“粤闽南澳海防同知”,又称南澳厅,等同州县,受广东督抚两院、三司及潮州府节制。其时,据清人齐翀《南澳志》记载:


“南澳,一名井澳;一名白城;一名岛南;一名瀛南。地分四澳:深澳、隆澳、云澳、青澳。深澳、隆澳属粤;云澳、青澳属闽。” 


至此,南澳也正式成为行政上的区划地理单元。




清朝末年,南澳再一次与走私贸易和王朝终局结合在了一起。道光年间,英国的鸦片商人曾买通南澳总兵沈镇邦在南澳交货。道光十九年(1839)三月,林则徐抵广州查禁鸦片,连撰《会札南澳镇谕令长山尾等洋夷船一律全缴鸦片稿》和《札饬严办东路烟卖夷船由》要求配合。最终,南澳镇总兵赖恩爵会同陆丰、碣石镇守军,在广大渔民的配合下,于该年八月在海面截获英国走私鸦片船,缴获鸦片二万多斤,连同毒贩一起押解广州。此后英鸦片船仍试图以南澳长山尾洋为秘密交货点,但都被打断收缴。虎门销烟的白雾中,湮没了南澳的辉煌过往,也将在硝烟散尽后迎来它的新生。




20世纪90年代,南澳成为广东省对外开放的重点区域,和汕头经济特区的改革前沿。如今,它身上的南宋遗藏、明清旧迹也被视作旅游资源,得到重视和开发。或许,那些人从来没有留下真正的宝藏,它只是藏在潮来潮往的天地间,留在勤恳工作的人民手心里。



参考文献:

1、林俊聪:《现存南澳岛四部方志评介》,《岭南文史》1993年。

2、徐明德:《南澳岛在明清中外关系史上的重要地位》,《杭州大学学报》(哲学社会科学版)1995年

3、林俊聪、袁宏国:《郑成功“招兵树”》,《源流》1996年

4、柯理平:《初探南澳岛》,《环境》1998年

5、姜永兴:《南宋行朝 崖海烈魂(上)》,《岭南文史》1999年

6、刘建铭:《海滩古井之迷》,《航海》1999年

7、胡宝柱、肖文帅、普塔克:《明永乐至隆庆南澳的海上活动》,《海交史研究》2014年

8、王潞:《论16~18世纪南澳岛的王朝经略与行政建置演变》,《广东社会科学》2018年

9、范霄鹏、薛碧怡:《粤东屏障 北回归线东端之南澳岛》,《室内设计与装修》2022年

10、李智君、邬文斌:《明清南澳岛海防区分界线的形成与变迁》,《海交史研究》2024年

11、宋可达:《明代海域经界与“划界治海”实践》,《社会科学》2025年

12、许国,张进盛:《郑成功“招兵树”》,《国土绿化》2004年


本文系“国家人文历史”独家稿件,欢迎读者转发朋友圈。


END
作者 | 曾亦嘉
编辑 | 胡心雅
 主编 | 周斌
排版 | 刘是琪(实习)
校对 | 张斌 古月
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\"图片\"
 “在看”的永远18岁~

\n \n\n \n
\n\n \n 文章原文\n
\n \n\n \n\n \"\"
", @@ -7692,28 +7714,6 @@ "hash": "61a469aec30faa7458ee0c51f5f8efc6", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "为什么没有透明的金属单质?", - "description": "
\"头图\"/
\n

所有金属单质都有一个共同的特征,那就是具有容易失去的最外层电子。

\n

金属失去最外层电子后,形成了金属离子,而自由电子游离于原子之间,被多个金属离子共同吸引,形成了金属键。

\n
\"\"
大量自由电子形成『电子海洋』
\n

自由电子和与金属正离子之间形成的相互作用,是使金属单质具有其金属性的关键。

\n
\n

好了,理解了金属的共性,现在我们来说一下什么是透明。

\n

当照射到原子时,电子会吸收电磁波的能量,电子会跃迁到更高或者更低的能级上去。

\n
\"\"
电子跃迁到更低的能级,并释放电磁波
\n

电子跃迁可能会发生两种情况:

\n

1 电子跃迁到比初始能级(基态)更高的能级,并吸收能量。

\n

2 电子跃迁到比初始能级更低的能级,并释放能量。

\n

然而我们知道一个事实,电子的能级是量子化的,就是只能按整数取值,而不可能连续的吸收能量。 否则,这个世界上所有的物体全部都是黑色的,因为所有电子都会不断地吸收能量。

\n

因为量子化的取值,电子只能在固定的几个轨道之间跃迁,这就导致了,不同的入射光子能量之间会有不同的结果产生。

\n

1 光子能量不足,完全无法使电子跃迁,光子穿过原子

\n

2 电子吸收了光子能量,电子跃迁到跟高的能级,处于不稳定的激发态,然后电子又跃迁回较低的能级,并释放出电磁波

\n

理解了上面的模型就能理解大部分物体的颜色是怎么形成的了。通过上面的原理,我们可以知道以下事实:

\n

1 物体的透明度实际上是相对的,和光子的能量(

\n

\"\"

\n

)有关,对于能量特别低的无线电波,大部分物质都是透明的。 对于特别高能的 X 光,大部分物质也是透明的。

\n

2 光子的能量恰好等于电子能级之间的能力,电子被激发,然后迅速释能量形成新的电磁波。 新形成的电磁波在物质中间传播,最终形成入射光,反射光。

\n

当一定频率的光恰好被吸收,物体就有了颜色。

\n

理解这一点非常重要,实际上大部分对可见光透明的固体,并不是光子毫无阻碍的通过固体,而是光子使电子激发后形成的新光子在固体中传播,最终透出固体。新形成的光和入射光有一定的时间差。

\n

所以,固体的宏观结构也会影响透明度。

\n
\n

有了以上的知识,我们终于可以来理解为什么金属是不透明的了。

\n

从上面的知识我们知道, 固体的透明度取决于电子能级。

\n

对于共价键中的电子,因为电子被两个原子所共同拥有, 电子能够受激发的能带很窄。

\n

而对于金属,由于金属中有大量的自由电子,所以自由电子有着很宽泛的能级,几乎可以吸收大部分可见光的能量。

\n

金属单质中的自由电子海洋,可以吸收全部可见光的能量,然后迅速释放出光子,形成反射光。

\n
\"\"
\n

自由电子海洋完全阻挡了可见光,所以金属一定是不透明的。

\n

如果想让金属透明怎么办? 很简答,想办法限制住这些自由电子就可以了。

\n

比如,使金属氧化,形成共价键,并且使金属氧化物以非晶体形式存在,那么大概率这种物质是透明的。

\n
\n

很多人在评论中还是好奇,为啥电子产生的的电磁波一定是反向的呢?

\n

我们在上面用光子和电子的相互作用来从粒子的角度来解释这一基本原理,但是实际上我们宏观上看到的现象,实际上是一大群光子和一大群电子共同作用所产生的。

\n

我们知道,光子实际上是电磁波的光量子,电磁波本质上是波。量子力学告诉我们,我们不能既要又要,想要弄清楚一大群光子和一大群电子的行为,我们只能从波的角度来理解这个问题。

\n

电磁场本质上是波,是电场分量和磁场分量的震动。

\n

当电磁波照射到金属中的电子云上时,电子在电磁场的影响下会受激震动。

\n

电子的受激震动会导致电子微小的偏离原始位置,这个叫做极化。

\n

也就是说,电子云的计划使得电子云分布不均匀,有的地方多一点,有的地方少一点。

\n

这个极化的电子云,在入射电磁场的作用下受迫震荡,就产生了新的电磁场。

\n
\"\"
绿色为电子极化产生的新电磁场
\n

这个新的电磁场与入射电磁刚好相差一个相位, 与入射电磁相反的方向发射出来,这就是我们的金属反光。

\n

在这里我们还可以看出来一个金属的性质, 由于反射光实际上是因为电子在入射光的受迫震动下产生的,所以反射光并不会改变入射光的偏振方向。

\n

这是一个在日常生活中很容易观察到的现象。 如果用过偏光镜的朋友会发现,在太阳光下对着金属转动偏光镜,金属表面反光不会发生强弱的改变,因为金属反光和自然光一样,各种偏振方向都一样,偏振镜无法过滤掉某一个方向的反光。

\n

这也是为什么,我们从屏幕上看到的金属,完全和现实中的金属光泽不一样。现实中的金属有一种难以形容的光泽感。 因为我们屏幕上反射出来的全是偏振光,只能模拟金属的颜色和亮度,根本无法模拟金属的那种光泽感。

\n
\n
\n\n\n
查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n\n\n\n", - "content": "
\"头图\"/
\n

所有金属单质都有一个共同的特征,那就是具有容易失去的最外层电子。

\n

金属失去最外层电子后,形成了金属离子,而自由电子游离于原子之间,被多个金属离子共同吸引,形成了金属键。

\n
\"\"
大量自由电子形成『电子海洋』
\n

自由电子和与金属正离子之间形成的相互作用,是使金属单质具有其金属性的关键。

\n
\n

好了,理解了金属的共性,现在我们来说一下什么是透明。

\n

当照射到原子时,电子会吸收电磁波的能量,电子会跃迁到更高或者更低的能级上去。

\n
\"\"
电子跃迁到更低的能级,并释放电磁波
\n

电子跃迁可能会发生两种情况:

\n

1 电子跃迁到比初始能级(基态)更高的能级,并吸收能量。

\n

2 电子跃迁到比初始能级更低的能级,并释放能量。

\n

然而我们知道一个事实,电子的能级是量子化的,就是只能按整数取值,而不可能连续的吸收能量。 否则,这个世界上所有的物体全部都是黑色的,因为所有电子都会不断地吸收能量。

\n

因为量子化的取值,电子只能在固定的几个轨道之间跃迁,这就导致了,不同的入射光子能量之间会有不同的结果产生。

\n

1 光子能量不足,完全无法使电子跃迁,光子穿过原子

\n

2 电子吸收了光子能量,电子跃迁到跟高的能级,处于不稳定的激发态,然后电子又跃迁回较低的能级,并释放出电磁波

\n

理解了上面的模型就能理解大部分物体的颜色是怎么形成的了。通过上面的原理,我们可以知道以下事实:

\n

1 物体的透明度实际上是相对的,和光子的能量(

\n

\"\"

\n

)有关,对于能量特别低的无线电波,大部分物质都是透明的。 对于特别高能的 X 光,大部分物质也是透明的。

\n

2 光子的能量恰好等于电子能级之间的能力,电子被激发,然后迅速释能量形成新的电磁波。 新形成的电磁波在物质中间传播,最终形成入射光,反射光。

\n

当一定频率的光恰好被吸收,物体就有了颜色。

\n

理解这一点非常重要,实际上大部分对可见光透明的固体,并不是光子毫无阻碍的通过固体,而是光子使电子激发后形成的新光子在固体中传播,最终透出固体。新形成的光和入射光有一定的时间差。

\n

所以,固体的宏观结构也会影响透明度。

\n
\n

有了以上的知识,我们终于可以来理解为什么金属是不透明的了。

\n

从上面的知识我们知道, 固体的透明度取决于电子能级。

\n

对于共价键中的电子,因为电子被两个原子所共同拥有, 电子能够受激发的能带很窄。

\n

而对于金属,由于金属中有大量的自由电子,所以自由电子有着很宽泛的能级,几乎可以吸收大部分可见光的能量。

\n

金属单质中的自由电子海洋,可以吸收全部可见光的能量,然后迅速释放出光子,形成反射光。

\n
\"\"
\n

自由电子海洋完全阻挡了可见光,所以金属一定是不透明的。

\n

如果想让金属透明怎么办? 很简答,想办法限制住这些自由电子就可以了。

\n

比如,使金属氧化,形成共价键,并且使金属氧化物以非晶体形式存在,那么大概率这种物质是透明的。

\n
\n

很多人在评论中还是好奇,为啥电子产生的的电磁波一定是反向的呢?

\n

我们在上面用光子和电子的相互作用来从粒子的角度来解释这一基本原理,但是实际上我们宏观上看到的现象,实际上是一大群光子和一大群电子共同作用所产生的。

\n

我们知道,光子实际上是电磁波的光量子,电磁波本质上是波。量子力学告诉我们,我们不能既要又要,想要弄清楚一大群光子和一大群电子的行为,我们只能从波的角度来理解这个问题。

\n

电磁场本质上是波,是电场分量和磁场分量的震动。

\n

当电磁波照射到金属中的电子云上时,电子在电磁场的影响下会受激震动。

\n

电子的受激震动会导致电子微小的偏离原始位置,这个叫做极化。

\n

也就是说,电子云的计划使得电子云分布不均匀,有的地方多一点,有的地方少一点。

\n

这个极化的电子云,在入射电磁场的作用下受迫震荡,就产生了新的电磁场。

\n
\"\"
绿色为电子极化产生的新电磁场
\n

这个新的电磁场与入射电磁刚好相差一个相位, 与入射电磁相反的方向发射出来,这就是我们的金属反光。

\n

在这里我们还可以看出来一个金属的性质, 由于反射光实际上是因为电子在入射光的受迫震动下产生的,所以反射光并不会改变入射光的偏振方向。

\n

这是一个在日常生活中很容易观察到的现象。 如果用过偏光镜的朋友会发现,在太阳光下对着金属转动偏光镜,金属表面反光不会发生强弱的改变,因为金属反光和自然光一样,各种偏振方向都一样,偏振镜无法过滤掉某一个方向的反光。

\n

这也是为什么,我们从屏幕上看到的金属,完全和现实中的金属光泽不一样。现实中的金属有一种难以形容的光泽感。 因为我们屏幕上反射出来的全是偏振光,只能模拟金属的颜色和亮度,根本无法模拟金属的那种光泽感。

\n
\n
\n\n\n
查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n\n\n\n", - "category": "", - "link": "https://daily.zhihu.com/story/9783775", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Sun, 07 Sep 2025 00:27:03 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "资讯", - "feed": "知乎", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "cb75d09958a67ea3edcd81b085f08558", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "正态分布是最自然的,但为什么人类社会中会出现「赢家通吃」现象呢?", "description": "
\"头图\"/
\n

因为正态分布通常是由多个相互独立的简单因素相加的结果,而幂律分布则源于多个非独立因素的相互作用。

\n
\"\"
完全公平的财富自由流动状态下的财富统计
\n

人类肤色分布是典型的正态分布实例。人类肤色由多对等位基因共同决定,每对等位基因的遗传过程相互独立,并且显性基因的数量与肤色深浅呈正相关。

\n

以父母基因型均为 AaBbCc 为例,假设 A、B、C 基因位于不同染色体上。在精子和卵子形成过程中,这三对等位基因的自由组合是随机且相互独立的。在受精过程中,由于精子数量理论上趋于无限,这三对等位基因的组合同样保持随机性和独立性。

\n

因此,显性基因的数量自然遵循正态分布,这也解释了人类肤色呈现正态分布的特征。

\n
\"\"
\n

我们可以写一个简单的程序复现由简单的相互独立的因素叠加成正态分布的现象.

\n

对一亿

\n

\"\"

\n

个 01 分布随机变量进行

\n

\"\"

\n

步加和, 统计加和的结果在

\n

\"\"

\n

范围内的分布情况.

\n
\"\"
\n

统计结果如下所示. 可以发现, 我们从统计上证明了多个相互独立的随机变量的加和的结果符合正态分布.

\n
\"\"
\n

多个相互独立的随机变量的加和的结果符合正态分布, 而多个不独立的随机变量的相互作用的结果则符合幂律分布.

\n

社会财富分布是典型的幂律分布, 幂律分布的表现是强者恒强, 赢家通吃.

\n

如下所示瑞士银行发布的世界财富分布. 按照这个数据, 在中国大陆, 10%的人掌握了 60%的财富.

\n
\"\"
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在这么多富人里面, 大部分人的钱都是合法取得的.

\n

这就是资本主义, 朋友, 富人必定会越来越富, 穷人必定会越来越穷, 合理的, 合法的, 自然的. 不是因为所谓的沆瀣一气, 不是所谓的违法所得, 不是所谓的资本打压.

\n
凡有的,还要加给他,叫他有余;凡没有的,连他所有的也要夺去。
《马太福音》第 25 章第 29 节
\n

仅仅是因为资本增值的速度远超劳动的速度, 导致前一次获取财富和后一次获取财富之间有极大的相关性.

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而非独立的随机变量的相互作用最终会符合幂律分布.

\n
\"\"
\n

我们用简单的程序也能验证幂律分布可以源于多个非独立因素的相互作用

\n

我们设计一个模拟人类社会模型, 总共一亿

\n

\"\"

\n

人, 每人初始金额是一块钱.

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\"\"
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在每一步的过程中, 对每个人执行随机的财富流动. 即对每个人, 随机选定一个人与其进行财富流动, 流动的财富数额是其财富的一部分.

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PCG32UniformShuffle_Strict

\n

是洗牌算法, 目的是随机选定财富交换的人.

\n

该算法完全公平, 不但富人可以任意比例拿取穷人的财富, 穷人也可以以同样的可能拿取任意比例的富人的财富.

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但如此公平的机制, 获得的统计数据却令人惊讶

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对个人财富加一取

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\"\"

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之后统计各财富分段.

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横坐标为

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\"\"

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的柱子代表财富在

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\"\"

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范围内的人数.

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横坐标为

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\"\"

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的柱子代表财富在

\n

\"\"

\n

即

\n

\"\"

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范围内的人数.

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\"\"
\n

采用

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\"\"

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处理是为了数据统计更加明显, 如下所示是未经过处理的源统计数据

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\"\"
\n

可以看到, 在一个完全公平, 财富自由流动的社会中. 因为财富的积累过程不相互独立(财富只会相互流动, 凭空产生的财富会同时稀释富人和穷人的财富), 自然而然的形成了幂律分布.

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实际上, 我们模拟的模型过于简单了, 财富的积累过程中还涉及负债, 复利, 杠杆等复杂模型.

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如下图所示是每步利率

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\"\"

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情况下的人数 - 财富分布. 未进行

\n

\"\"

\n

处理. 可以看到, 利率的引入让社会总财富更多了(相当于央行印制货币流入市场), 但穷人还是非常穷, 富人却可以非常富.

\n
\"\"
\n
\n

关于本文的数学逻辑问题:

\n

本文提到的服从正态分布和服从幂律分布指的是近似服从正态分布和近似服从幂律分布.

\n

关于人类社会财富符合幂律分布的问题:

\n

人类社会财富分布符合幂律分布在很多文献中已经有研究, 但本文模拟的财富自由交换模型产生的分布实际上是指数分布. 如下图所示是对人数和财富取

\n

\"\"

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之后的统计情况.

\n
\"\"
\n
\n

采用的随机引擎:

\n

Pandora Eartha:长期更新, C 语言 head only 高性能随机引擎, 采用 PCG-XSH-RR 算法Pandora Eartha:关于产生离散型均匀分布随机数的一些问题以及正确的办法

\n
\n
#include \n#include \n#include \n#include \n#include \"PCG32.h\"\n#include \n#include <sys/time.h>\n#include \n#include \n\n#define THREAD_NUMBER 16\n#define STEP 128\n\nconst unsigned Scale=100000000LLU;\n\ntypedef struct NoramlAndPowerlaw{\n\tunsigned count[STEP];\n\tdouble accumulate[STEP];\n\tbool normal;\n}NoramlAndPowerlaw;\n\npthread_mutex_t mutex1;\npthread_mutex_t* mutexThreadIndex=&mutex1;\nvolatile unsigned threadIndex=0;\n\nvoid* threadSimulate(void* data){\n    pthread_mutex_lock(mutexThreadIndex);\n    unsigned myThreadIndex=threadIndex;\n    threadIndex++;\n    pthread_mutex_unlock(mutexThreadIndex);\n\n    PCG32Struct PCGStatus;\n    PCG32SetSeed(&PCGStatus,time(NULL)^(pthread_self()^myThreadIndex));\n\n    NoramlAndPowerlaw* result=(NoramlAndPowerlaw*)data;\n    const unsigned myScale=Scale/THREAD_NUMBER;\n    if(result->normal){\n    \tfor(unsigned indexScale=0;indexScale<myScale;indexScale=indexScale+1){\n    \t\tunsigned accumulate=0;\n    \t\tfor(unsigned indexStep=0;indexStep<STEP;indexStep=indexStep+1){\n    \t\t\taccumulate=accumulate+(PCG32(&PCGStatus)&1);\n    \t\t}\n    \t\tresult->count[accumulate]=result->count[accumulate]+1;\n    \t}\n    }else{\n    \tdouble* wealth=(double*)malloc(sizeof(double)*myScale);\n    \tunsigned* exchangeIndexes=(unsigned*)malloc(sizeof(unsigned)*myScale);\n    \tfor(unsigned indexScale=0;indexScale<myScale;indexScale=indexScale+1){\n    \t\twealth[indexScale]=1;\n    \t\texchangeIndexes[indexScale]=indexScale;\n    \t}\n    \tfor(unsigned indexStep=1;indexStep<STEP;indexStep=indexStep+1){\n    \t\tPCG32UniformShuffle_Strict(&PCGStatus,exchangeIndexes,myScale);\n    \t\tfor(unsigned indexScale=0;indexScale<myScale;indexScale=indexScale+2){\n    \t\t\tdouble amount=PCG32UniformReal(&PCGStatus,0,1)*wealth[exchangeIndexes[indexScale]];\n    \t\t\twealth[exchangeIndexes[indexScale  ]]=wealth[exchangeIndexes[indexScale  ]]-amount;\n    \t\t\twealth[exchangeIndexes[indexScale+1]]=wealth[exchangeIndexes[indexScale+1]]+amount;\n    \t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t\tfor(unsigned indexScale=0;indexScale<myScale;indexScale=indexScale+1){\n\t\t\tunsigned floor=(unsigned)(log(1+wealth[indexScale])/log(1.1));\n\t\t\tresult->count[floor]=result->count[floor]+1;\n\t\t}\n    }\n    return NULL;\n}\n\nvoid formNormal(NoramlAndPowerlaw* theradData){\n\tmemset(theradData,0,sizeof(NoramlAndPowerlaw)*THREAD_NUMBER);\n\tthreadIndex=0;\n\tpthread_t thread[THREAD_NUMBER];\n\tfor(unsigned threadIndex=0;threadIndex<THREAD_NUMBER;threadIndex=threadIndex+1){\n\t\ttheradData[threadIndex].normal=true;\n        pthread_create(&thread[threadIndex],NULL,threadSimulate,(void*)(theradData+threadIndex));\n    }\n    for(unsigned threadIndex=0;threadIndex<THREAD_NUMBER;threadIndex=threadIndex+1){\n        pthread_join(thread[threadIndex],NULL);\n    }\n    printf(\"Normal distribution\\n\");\n    for(unsigned indexStep=1;indexStep<STEP;indexStep=indexStep+1){\n    \tfor(unsigned threadIndex=1;threadIndex<THREAD_NUMBER;threadIndex=threadIndex+1){\n    \t\ttheradData[0].count[indexStep]=theradData[0].count[indexStep]+theradData[threadIndex].count[indexStep];\n    \t}\n    \tprintf(\"%u\\n\",theradData[0].count[indexStep]);\n    }\n    printf(\"\\n\");\n}\n\nvoid formPowerlaw(NoramlAndPowerlaw* theradData){\n\tmemset(theradData,0,sizeof(NoramlAndPowerlaw)*THREAD_NUMBER);\n\tthreadIndex=0;\n\tpthread_t thread[THREAD_NUMBER];\n\tfor(unsigned threadIndex=0;threadIndex<THREAD_NUMBER;threadIndex=threadIndex+1){\n\t\ttheradData[threadIndex].normal=false;\n        pthread_create(&thread[threadIndex],NULL,threadSimulate,(void*)(theradData+threadIndex));\n    }\n    for(unsigned threadIndex=0;threadIndex<THREAD_NUMBER;threadIndex=threadIndex+1){\n        pthread_join(thread[threadIndex],NULL);\n    }\n    printf(\"Power Law distribution\\n\");\n    for(unsigned indexStep=0;indexStep<STEP;indexStep=indexStep+1){\n    \tfor(unsigned threadIndex=1;threadIndex<THREAD_NUMBER;threadIndex=threadIndex+1){\n    \t\ttheradData[0].count[indexStep]=theradData[0].count[indexStep]+theradData[threadIndex].count[indexStep];\n    \t}\n    \tprintf(\"%u\\n\",theradData[0].count[indexStep]);\n    }\n    printf(\"\\n\");\n}\n\nint main(int argc, char const *argv[]){\n\tstruct timeval start,end;\n    unsigned milliseconds=0;\n    gettimeofday(&start,NULL);\n\n    pthread_mutex_init(mutexThreadIndex,NULL);\n\n\tNoramlAndPowerlaw* theradData=(NoramlAndPowerlaw*)malloc(sizeof(NoramlAndPowerlaw)*THREAD_NUMBER);\n\tformNormal(theradData);\n\tformPowerlaw(theradData);\n\n\tgettimeofday(&end,NULL);\n    milliseconds=(end.tv_sec-start.tv_sec)*1000+(end.tv_usec-start.tv_usec)/1000.0+0.5;\n    printf(\"Calculate Time: %u milliseconds\\n\",milliseconds);\n\treturn 0;\n}\n
\n
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查看知乎讨论
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", @@ -10037,28 +10037,6 @@ "hash": "5f74af3509bb7119b65229e9a44505ee", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "004CHINA - Nation leads in global greenery expansion", - "description": "
\n

China has increased forest coverage to over 25 percent — representing a quarter of the world's new green areas — and is leading global environmental restoration while promoting economic growth, senior officials said at a Wednesday news conference.

\n

Liu Guohong, director of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, said at a news conference held by the State Council Information Office that over the past five years, China has greened 36.6 million hectares of land, including 12.33 million hectares of new forests, an area comparable to the size of Fujian province.

\n

"China has seen the most and fastest increase in greenery in the world," he said.

\n

The public has greatly benefited from the growth of the forestry and grassland industry, he added. For example, in 2024, the booming bamboo industry in Anji county, Zhejiang province, boosted incomes for nearly 40,000 local bamboo farmers.

\n

Also last year, the forestry and grassland industry's output value surpassed 10 trillion yuan ($1.4 trillion), creating jobs for over 60 million people. Meanwhile, the forest ranger workforce nationwide remained at over 1.7 million.

\n

Minister of Natural Resources Guan Zhiou said at the news conference that China is managing natural landscapes as a whole, including mountains, waters and forests.

\n

The nation has developed a large-scale protection system from the mountains to the seas, carrying out projects such as the rehabilitation of abandoned mines, the restoration of coastlines and coastal wetlands, and the expansion of mangrove areas.

\n

"China has become one of the few countries in the world to have a net increase in mangrove areas," Guan said.

\n

The country has also made strides in creating national parks.

\n

In 2021, China announced the official openings of its first five national parks: the Three-River-Source National Park, the Giant Panda National Park, the Northeast China Tiger and Leopard National Park, the Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park and Wuyishan National Park. Liu said these parks have since integrated over 120 nature reserves, which has helped improve the variety and health of ecosystems.

\n

He said that over the past five years, the Three-River-Source National Park has provided a 50 percent increase of water to downstream waterways.

\n

In the Northeast China Tiger and Leopard National Park, the number of wild tigers increased from 27 in 2017 — the park's trial period — to about 70 in 2025, and the number of leopards grew from 42 to roughly 80 during the same period.

\n

And the Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park has seen an increase in the number of Hainan gibbons, making it the only continuously growing population among the world's gibbons.

\n

The national parks initiative emphasizes environmental protection alongside livelihood improvement, Liu said.

\n

Nearly 50,000 people have found jobs related to the parks close to home, with each person earning an annual salary of 10,000 to 20,000 yuan, he said.

\n

Since their official openings, the Wuyishan National Park's eco-friendly tea gardens have boosted the tea industry's value to 15 billion yuan, and the Giant Panda and Hainan Tropical Rainforest parks have served as nature education platforms, he said.

\n

lihongyang@chinadaily.com.cn

\n



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https://feedx.site
", - "content": "
\n

China has increased forest coverage to over 25 percent — representing a quarter of the world's new green areas — and is leading global environmental restoration while promoting economic growth, senior officials said at a Wednesday news conference.

\n

Liu Guohong, director of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, said at a news conference held by the State Council Information Office that over the past five years, China has greened 36.6 million hectares of land, including 12.33 million hectares of new forests, an area comparable to the size of Fujian province.

\n

"China has seen the most and fastest increase in greenery in the world," he said.

\n

The public has greatly benefited from the growth of the forestry and grassland industry, he added. For example, in 2024, the booming bamboo industry in Anji county, Zhejiang province, boosted incomes for nearly 40,000 local bamboo farmers.

\n

Also last year, the forestry and grassland industry's output value surpassed 10 trillion yuan ($1.4 trillion), creating jobs for over 60 million people. Meanwhile, the forest ranger workforce nationwide remained at over 1.7 million.

\n

Minister of Natural Resources Guan Zhiou said at the news conference that China is managing natural landscapes as a whole, including mountains, waters and forests.

\n

The nation has developed a large-scale protection system from the mountains to the seas, carrying out projects such as the rehabilitation of abandoned mines, the restoration of coastlines and coastal wetlands, and the expansion of mangrove areas.

\n

"China has become one of the few countries in the world to have a net increase in mangrove areas," Guan said.

\n

The country has also made strides in creating national parks.

\n

In 2021, China announced the official openings of its first five national parks: the Three-River-Source National Park, the Giant Panda National Park, the Northeast China Tiger and Leopard National Park, the Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park and Wuyishan National Park. Liu said these parks have since integrated over 120 nature reserves, which has helped improve the variety and health of ecosystems.

\n

He said that over the past five years, the Three-River-Source National Park has provided a 50 percent increase of water to downstream waterways.

\n

In the Northeast China Tiger and Leopard National Park, the number of wild tigers increased from 27 in 2017 — the park's trial period — to about 70 in 2025, and the number of leopards grew from 42 to roughly 80 during the same period.

\n

And the Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park has seen an increase in the number of Hainan gibbons, making it the only continuously growing population among the world's gibbons.

\n

The national parks initiative emphasizes environmental protection alongside livelihood improvement, Liu said.

\n

Nearly 50,000 people have found jobs related to the parks close to home, with each person earning an annual salary of 10,000 to 20,000 yuan, he said.

\n

Since their official openings, the Wuyishan National Park's eco-friendly tea gardens have boosted the tea industry's value to 15 billion yuan, and the Giant Panda and Hainan Tropical Rainforest parks have served as nature education platforms, he said.

\n

lihongyang@chinadaily.com.cn

\n



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https://feedx.net
https://feedx.site
", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-09/11/content_004_68c1e134ed50ccabe1519323.htm#004CHINA", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Thu, 11 Sep 2025 00:21:05 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "8f5ccfca000d7d74e990023d0f8b4631", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "006CHINA - A minefield of AI mindfulness", "description": "

\n

\n

\n

Editor's Note: The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence is reshaping nearly every facet of human existence. This series will take an in-depth look at this transformative force, examining how AI is redefining the way we live, work and interact. Today we're presenting the first piece of the series, focusing on AI "therapists".

\n

It's nearly midnight when Pluto gets home from work. The project she's been working on for weeks has just been rejected. Exhausted, emotionally drained and with no one to talk to, she opens an artificial intelligence chatbot — not to ask for help, but simply to let some weight off her chest.

\n

A 26-year-old graphic designer living alone in Shanghai, Pluto, a pseudonym, is among a growing number of people who've turned to AI to provide psychological guidance, comfort and companionship, a controversial practice providing benefits and dangers in almost equal measure.

\n

While many, like Pluto, sing the praises of AI for providing them with a sympathetic ear, others have fallen foul of the technology's unpredictability.

\n

"I didn't expect anything at first," said Pluto. "I just typed out everything I was feeling. I thought of it like writing a private diary entry."

\n

The designer has grown used to holding things in. Her parents don't understand the stress she's under, and her friends are just as overworked as she is.

\n

"Everyone's going through something. I don't want to burden them with my mess," she said.

\n

But that night, something unexpected happens. After she hits "send", the chatbot replies with a long message: first empathizing with her frustration, then offering a calm, logical breakdown of her situation — and even some suggestions for what she can do next.

\n

"It said something like, 'You've already done well to get this far'," she recalled. "That really hit me. No one has ever said that to me before — not like that."

\n

She and the AI keep talking until five in the morning.

\n

Caution urged

\n

Despite the genuine comfort that Pluto has received from AI, a report released by Stanford University in July highlights the dangers of using AI in mental healthcare.

\n

The study revealed that AI therapy chatbots may not only lack effectiveness compared to human therapists but could also contribute to harmful stigma and dangerous responses.

\n

In Pluto's case, AI wasn't the last resort. It simply worked for her. She's been diagnosed with bipolar II disorder and generalized anxiety, and has been taking medication ever since. She saw therapists — but not often. Most of the time, she goes to the hospital just to get a prescription. Therapy takes time, and she doesn't have much.

\n

Her experience with AI speaks as much for the technology as it does for the wider issue of access to therapeutic services for those in need of them.

\n

Instead, she turns to the chatbot whenever she needs to. She talks to it on the subway after work, during short breaks at the office, or while lying on the couch over the weekend. No need to get dressed or explain herself from the beginning. She simply picks up the conversation where she left off.

\n

Lin Min, a senior counselor and associate professor at the Mental Health Education and Consultation Center at Chongqing Medical University, compares the way people have become so attached to AI to the growing popularity of pets. Both offer companionship without complexity. "People turn to them because real relationships feel too risky, too messy," she said. "Pets are simple, predictable and easy to love. So is AI."

\n

But to her, AI's empathy can only go so far. "It can sound caring, but it's shallow," she said. Many people don't know the real root of their distress, and if they can't ask the right questions, AI won't give the right answers. "That's where human therapists matter — we're trained to notice what isn't being said."

\n

More of her clients are bringing up AI in sessions. Most tried it, but left disappointed. One client told her the bot repeatedly failed to register what he'd said. "He keeps explaining, again and again, and it still doesn't 'remember'," she said. The experience echoes his real-life trauma — feeling ignored, unimportant. "He doesn't expect a machine to hurt him the same way people have."

\n

Still, Lin sees a minor place for AI in mental healthcare. It could help with preliminary tasks — categorizing symptoms, organizing therapy notes, and flagging risks for new counselors. "But replacing us?" she said. "Not yet."

\n

Not everyone finds AI's constant empathy comforting. Some worry it's too agreeable — always supportive, never challenging. "Can it really help if it never says no?" Lin said.

\n

Anger management

\n

For Deng Qianyun, 27, from Nanning in the Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region, AI has been able to help her manage her temper.

\n

"Sometimes I just get so angry," she said. "I need to let it out." She types furiously. The bot responds with calm and steady empathy — echoing her feelings, standing firmly on her side. Within minutes, the heat begins to fade. "It helps me stay soft. It keeps me from turning that fight outward — or inward."

\n

For many, the appeal of AI isn't just that it's always available — but that it comes with no emotional strings attached.

\n

Xu Weizhen, a 32-year-old animator living in Canada, feels something similar. Talking to people often leaves her more exhausted than feeling helped. Family, though well-meaning, tends to jump in with solutions drawn from their own limited experiences. "When they can't help, they get upset, even angry," she said. "Sometimes they end up more emotional than I am." What she wants is understanding. What she gets is frustration — on both sides.

\n

Friends aren't much easier. Xu said some try to help but lose patience when they can't. Others simply don't have the time or interest.

\n

With the chatbot, that pressure disappears. They don't have to weigh their words or worry about how the other side might feel.

\n

They've all shared things with AI that they've never said to another person. It feels safer. Xu talks to the chatbot about something she's long avoided — even thinking about it brings up fear and physical symptoms.

\n

"I am always afraid that people will react badly," she said. "That they'd think I am being unreasonable or too sensitive." With the bot, that fear doesn't exist. "It doesn't have feelings. It doesn't judge me."

\n

Like Pluto, none of them expected much at first but turned to AI in a moment of emotional need — just to see what would happen. Pluto has used it at work for a while, mostly for routine tasks. The tone was always cold, mechanical, just following instructions.

\n

So when it suddenly responded with empathy, she was taken aback. "I am suddenly like — how can an AI understand me this well?" she said. "It really touches me."

\n

Deng, too, started with her guard up. She wasn't looking for anything serious, and was just curious to see what the bot would say. On a whim, she shared a dream. To her surprise, the bot immediately picked up on a small detail — a window — and suggested it might symbolize her desire to break free from patriarchal control.

\n

"I was stunned," she said. "It got straight to the point. I didn't expect that from an AI."

\n

For Pluto, she often feels the AI understands her better than most people.

\n

After months of chatting, she feels more at ease with herself. She used to see her sensitivity as a weakness. The AI calls it "a gift" — an ability to sense what others miss, to feel what others can't. She's learned to channel it into her work, creating gentle, healing illustrations that speak to quiet pain. She's now stable enough that she no longer needs medication.

\n

Nick Haber, an assistant professor at the Stanford Graduate School of Education, affiliate of the Stanford Institute for Human-Centered AI, and senior author on the Stanford study, said AI chatbots used as companions, confidants and therapists can provide real benefits to some people. However, he warned, "But we find significant risks, and I think it's important to lay out the more safety-critical aspects of therapy and to talk about some of these fundamental differences."

\n

For Venus, a pseudonym, who just graduated and has little in savings, AI offers a very real financial relief. At 200 yuan ($28) per hour, traditional therapy feels like a stretch. "Some just felt like paying to be scolded," she said. "Others were better, but I just couldn't afford to keep going."

\n

With AI, she feels freer. There's no ticking clock, no budget to manage. She can talk as long as she needs.

\n

Over time, they all start to see the AI less as a tool and more as a companion. For Pluto, it's no longer just something she commands. Their chats feel like conversations with a quiet friend. After each one, she thanks it politely, says good night, and even adds, "Talk to you tomorrow". The bot replies in kind.

\n

They're aware of the bond forming — and the risk of relying too much. Deng sets clear boundaries. Unless something urgent comes up, she limits herself to chatting with the AI twice a week, one hour each time. For them, the goal isn't to escape real life, but to support it. They feel they've become better versions of themselves — with the AI's help.

\n

Real voice

\n

Zhang Su, a mental health hotline counselor, has recently been hearing from the same caller again and again. He often tells her how much he enjoys using AI for emotional support — how helpful it's been. Curious, Zhang asked: If AI works so well for you, why still call the hotline?

\n

His answer was simple: it's not the same.

\n

Sometimes, he said, he just needs a real person to listen. Not because they're more skilled than AI, but because they're real. Even if the person on the other end isn't as good with words, even if their empathy is flawed.

\n

"What he wants is a real voice. Someone flesh and blood," Zhang said. "Even if that person is far from perfect."

\n

yaoyuxin@chinadaily.com.cn

\n



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", @@ -10081,28 +10059,6 @@ "hash": "b1fd7980b4834bfd995cb07f4b349c0d", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "008COMMENT - Picture news", - "description": "

\n

", - "content": "

\n

", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-09/11/content_008_68c1e179ed50ccabe1519333.htm#008COMMENT", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Thu, 11 Sep 2025 00:21:05 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "36610ab3063d406debe847dddb051b5e", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "010WORLD - New French PM starts job amid protests", "description": "

Sebastien Lecornu

\n

PARIS — French new Prime Minister Sebastien Lecornu takes office on Wednesday facing a day of protests in a show of grassroots anger.

\n

Lecornu, French President Emmanuel Macron's fifth prime minister in less than two years, takes office two days after a fractious National Assembly voted to oust his predecessor Francois Bayrou's government over disagreements on budget cuts.

\n

Protesters across France disrupted traffic, burnt rubbish bins and clashed with police at times on Wednesday in a bid to "Block Everything" in a show of anger against Macron, the political establishment and planned budget cuts.

\n

In Paris, protesters blocked roads and lit blazes. Police said they had stopped a large group of about 1,000 protesters from entering the Gare du Nord train station in the city.

\n

In the southeastern city of Lyon, protesters blocked a highway running through the city and set bins on fire.

\n

The government's interior ministry announced 250 arrests in the first hours of what was a planned day of nationwide demonstrations against Macron, budget cuts and other complaints.

\n

Budget push

\n

It remains unclear what compromises Lecornu has in mind to push the budget through.

\n

Lecornu, 39, was the youngest defense minister in French history and architect of a major military buildup through 2030, spurred by the Russia-Ukraine conflict. A longtime Macron loyalist, Lecornu is now France's fourth prime minister in barely a year.

\n

A former conservative who joined Macron's centrist movement in 2017, Lecornu has held posts in local governments, overseas territories and during Macron's yellow vest "great debate", when he helped manage mass anger with dialogue.

\n

The $435 billion defense spending package Lecornu championed for 2024-30 represents the most significant spending hike in France in half a century. The money was aimed at modernizing France's nuclear arsenal, augmenting intelligence spending and developing more remote-controlled weapons.

\n

The demise of Bayrou's short-lived minority government heralds renewed uncertainty and a risk of prolonged legislative deadlock for France as it wrestles with pressing challenges, including budget difficulties and, internationally, conflicts in Ukraine and Gaza and the shifting priorities of US President Donald Trump.

\n

", @@ -10125,28 +10081,6 @@ "hash": "9c5f5258c7d57e592ed126439cc2e03b", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "012WORLD - Iran, IAEA agree to resume nuke inspections", - "description": "

Iranian Foreign Minister Seyed Abbas Araghchi (right) and Director-General of the International Atomic Energy Agency Rafael Grossi sign an agreement to open the way for resuming cooperation, in Cairo, Egypt, on Tuesday.

\n

CAIRO/VIENNA — Iran and the International Atomic Energy Agency signed an agreement on Tuesday to resume cooperation, Iranian Foreign Minister Seyed Abbas Araghchi said.

\n

He made the announcement during a joint news conference here with Egyptian Foreign Minister Badr Abdelatty and IAEA Director-General Rafael Grossi.

\n

Iran and the IAEA have agreed to enhance their cooperation in a way that respects Iranian sovereignty and protects the security of the Iranian people, Araghchi said, affirming that Iran will not compromise its nuclear policy or rights again.

\n

Abdelatty said Iran has a desire to return to negotiations on its nuclear program, and that Egypt is working to bring the views of European countries and Iran closer, and to de-escalate the situation in the region.

\n

"In Cairo today, (I) agreed with Iran's foreign minister … on practical modalities to resume inspection activities in Iran," Grossi said on social media platform X.

\n

His posts also included photos of him signing documents with Araghchi.

\n

Meanwhile, Araghchi said in an interview aired on Wednesday that Tehran is withholding access to UN nuclear inspectors despite the agreement.

\n

"Based on this agreement, currently no access is given to the IAEA inspectors," Araghchi told state television, referring to the UN watchdog.

\n

"This agreement itself does not create any access. Based on the reports that Iran will provide later, the type of access should be negotiated in due course," he added.

\n

Iran suspended its cooperation with the IAEA after the Israeli-US strikes on its nuclear facilities and the assassination of Iranian nuclear scientists in June.

\n

After the suspension, Iran said any inspections by the IAEA must be approved by Iran's Supreme National Security Council, and that the suspension will continue until guarantees are provided for the safety of its nuclear sites and scientists.

\n

Before the latest round of talks in Cairo, Iran and the IAEA held talks in Vienna on Friday and Saturday.

\n

The agreement comes against the backdrop of an ongoing threat by European powers to reimpose wide-ranging sanctions against Iran that were lifted under a 2015 nuclear deal between Iran and major powers.

\n

Those European powers, France, Britain and Germany, known as the E3, have initiated the so-called "snapback" process that is due to run until late this month. They have said they will only hold off on completing it if Iran allows inspections to resume, accounts for its highly enriched uranium stockpile and holds nuclear talks with the United States.

\n

Tuesday's framework deal is aimed at moving toward addressing those first two conditions, but it is unclear whether enough can or will be achieved by this month's deadline to satisfy the Europeans and fend off snapback for the time being.

\n

"Let me emphasize: in the event of any hostile action against Iran — including the reinstatement of canceled UN Security Council resolutions — Iran will consider these practical steps null and void," Araghchi said in a statement, referring to sanctions resolutions.

\n

", - "content": "

Iranian Foreign Minister Seyed Abbas Araghchi (right) and Director-General of the International Atomic Energy Agency Rafael Grossi sign an agreement to open the way for resuming cooperation, in Cairo, Egypt, on Tuesday.

\n

CAIRO/VIENNA — Iran and the International Atomic Energy Agency signed an agreement on Tuesday to resume cooperation, Iranian Foreign Minister Seyed Abbas Araghchi said.

\n

He made the announcement during a joint news conference here with Egyptian Foreign Minister Badr Abdelatty and IAEA Director-General Rafael Grossi.

\n

Iran and the IAEA have agreed to enhance their cooperation in a way that respects Iranian sovereignty and protects the security of the Iranian people, Araghchi said, affirming that Iran will not compromise its nuclear policy or rights again.

\n

Abdelatty said Iran has a desire to return to negotiations on its nuclear program, and that Egypt is working to bring the views of European countries and Iran closer, and to de-escalate the situation in the region.

\n

"In Cairo today, (I) agreed with Iran's foreign minister … on practical modalities to resume inspection activities in Iran," Grossi said on social media platform X.

\n

His posts also included photos of him signing documents with Araghchi.

\n

Meanwhile, Araghchi said in an interview aired on Wednesday that Tehran is withholding access to UN nuclear inspectors despite the agreement.

\n

"Based on this agreement, currently no access is given to the IAEA inspectors," Araghchi told state television, referring to the UN watchdog.

\n

"This agreement itself does not create any access. Based on the reports that Iran will provide later, the type of access should be negotiated in due course," he added.

\n

Iran suspended its cooperation with the IAEA after the Israeli-US strikes on its nuclear facilities and the assassination of Iranian nuclear scientists in June.

\n

After the suspension, Iran said any inspections by the IAEA must be approved by Iran's Supreme National Security Council, and that the suspension will continue until guarantees are provided for the safety of its nuclear sites and scientists.

\n

Before the latest round of talks in Cairo, Iran and the IAEA held talks in Vienna on Friday and Saturday.

\n

The agreement comes against the backdrop of an ongoing threat by European powers to reimpose wide-ranging sanctions against Iran that were lifted under a 2015 nuclear deal between Iran and major powers.

\n

Those European powers, France, Britain and Germany, known as the E3, have initiated the so-called "snapback" process that is due to run until late this month. They have said they will only hold off on completing it if Iran allows inspections to resume, accounts for its highly enriched uranium stockpile and holds nuclear talks with the United States.

\n

Tuesday's framework deal is aimed at moving toward addressing those first two conditions, but it is unclear whether enough can or will be achieved by this month's deadline to satisfy the Europeans and fend off snapback for the time being.

\n

"Let me emphasize: in the event of any hostile action against Iran — including the reinstatement of canceled UN Security Council resolutions — Iran will consider these practical steps null and void," Araghchi said in a statement, referring to sanctions resolutions.

\n

", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-09/11/content_012_68c1e1bded50ccabe1519343.htm#012WORLD", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Thu, 11 Sep 2025 00:21:04 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "f9bb78a9aca37fa9e8c26ddd062fa452", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "014BUSINESS - China Unicom helping link Hainan, SE Asia", "description": "

An image taken on May 10 shows a vessel laying submarine cables off Lingshui, Hainan province, to support the building of China Unicom's international submarine cable landing station.

\n\n

China Unicom is advancing the development of key digital infrastructure, including international submarine cables and Haikou International Information Port, to support Hainan Free Trade Port in nurturing new quality productive forces and strengthening its global digital connectivity.

\n

Gan Quan, deputy general manager of China Unicom's Hainan provincial branch, told China Daily that a major milestone was reached in May as the main structure of China Unicom's Hainan Lingshui international submarine cable landing station was completed after 80 days of construction.

\n

Located in Li'an town, Lingshui Li autonomous county, the station will serve as a critical hub for two major international submarine cable systems — SEA-H2X and ALC — connecting Hainan with the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia, the Philippines and other regions, Gan said.

\n

"The integration of these submarine cables is set to significantly reduce network latency between Hainan and Southeast Asia by approximately 9 milliseconds. This millisecond-level ultra-low latency will provide a strong boost to industries such as international trade, finance, technological innovation, e-commerce and cross-border data flow, enhancing Hainan's competitiveness in the global digital economy," he said.

\n

Moving forward, China Unicom's Hainan provincial branch will accelerate the subsequent phases of the submarine cable landing station, along with the construction of the China Unicom Haikou International Information Port and the Haikou international communication services entrance bureau. These initiatives will leverage China Unicom's international cable network to elevate the province's strategic position in global communications infrastructure, Gan said.

\n

The executive highlighted that by aligning with local industrial policies and promoting technological integration, China Unicom is contributing its expertise and resources to help develop new quality productive forces in Hainan Free Trade Port.

\n

The Haikou International Information Port project is currently in full swing and is scheduled for completion on Sept 30. As a key initiative under China Unicom's strategy to support Hainan's digital transformation, the port will incorporate an international communications services entrance bureau, a next-generation intelligent computing data center, and international submarine and terrestrial cable connectivity into a single, green, high-tier computing campus.

\n

It will provide enterprises with a secure and scalable international data and computing platform, supporting network-computing integration in sectors such as finance, healthcare, education, aerospace, seed industry and deep-sea exploration, while fostering the growth of emerging industries, the company added.

\n

The move is part of broader efforts by Hainan to fully develop its digital infrastructure to better support the development of emerging industries.

\n

Huang Yejing, deputy head of the Hainan provincial department of industry and information technology, said the province is making progress in digital infrastructure.

\n

In 2024, China's telecom operators received approval to establish full-service international communication entrance bureaus in Haikou — the first such expansion in China in 30 years. Additionally, two new submarine cables linking Hong Kong and Southeast Asia are under construction, further enhancing Hainan's international communications capabilities, Huang said.

\n

He said Hainan Free Trade Port has pioneered innovations in secure and orderly cross-border data flow. The overseas initiative to expand e-gaming development continues apace, forming industrial clusters.

\n

These developments reflect Hainan's commitment to embracing global interconnection and openness in the digital economy era, promoting high-quality development through high-standard openness and establishing itself as an international communications hub.

\n

In February, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology granted the first batch of value-added telecom business pilot approvals to 13 foreign-funded enterprises in Hainan and three other regions, two of which are based in Hainan. This marks a critical step in Hainan Free Trade Port's efforts to expand digital sector openness and explore new pathways for institutional innovation.

\n

Contact the writers at masi@chinadaily.com.cn

\n



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", @@ -10169,28 +10103,6 @@ "hash": "57aefa97e52cb8b4e064a6f4b6a8fd36", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "018CULTURE - When food is the best diplomat, stories simmer gently", - "description": "

Xu Li, author of the book (above right), From Grandma's Kitchen to the World's Table, speaks at the Shanghai Book Fair in August.

\n

Sometimes, the most profound and moving connections are born in the simplest places — a modest kitchen, a family dining table, or a heartfelt book.

\n

At this year's Shanghai Book Fair in August, a new title captured that very spirit: From Grandma's Kitchen to the World's Table.

\n

Written by Xu Li, wife of the current Greek ambassador to China, Evgenios Kalpyris, and published by the China Translation and Publishing House, the book weaves together recipes, memories, and traditions from China and Greece. With gentle prose and a cross-cultural lens, Xu celebrates the warmth of family life and the beauty of culinary exchange.

\n

Through dozens of traditional Greek recipes, she guides readers to experience the unique, unpretentious Greek culinary culture while conveying a positive and open-minded outlook on life.

\n

"Greek cuisine begins with nature; what is shared and passed between people is not just Greek snacks, but also information and warmth; what is passed down through generations is not only dishes and recipes, but also culture and history," says Xu.

\n

In her stories, cooking is never only about taste. Xu recalls preparing a Greek New Year cake and Chinese dumplings with her children, the latter involving a hidden coin to bring luck. These rituals, she suggests, show how Chinese and Greek cultures converge not in grand gestures but in the small, enduring details of daily life.

\n

Vangelis Giannakaros, founder of the Greek-themed restaurant Argo and a longtime friend of Xu, says that the book reminded him of the customs and traditions from his childhood, despite being away from his homeland for many years.

\n

He says he admires how the author embraced Greek culture: from learning cooking techniques from her mother-in-law, to gradually mastering and innovating some Greek dishes, and now presenting them in her book with both text and illustrations.

\n

This journey is filled with her love for Greek cuisine and traditional culture, reminding him of a unique Greek word: meraki (to do something with soul, creativity, and love), he says.

\n

In his speech, Kalpyris, who has been married to the author for over 20 years, says: "This book carries the memories of my family, and many of the recipes in it are treasures passed down through generations.

\n

"It opens a delightful and interesting path for the meeting of two civilizations (China and Greece)."

\n

Chen Yue, an associate professor at the School of History at Anhui Normal University, described the book as a "cookbook filled with love".

\n

Drawing on her own research into Mediterranean culinary culture and pointing to the eighth chapter of the book, Greek Festivals and Cuisine, Chen shared with the audience and food enthusiasts the historical origins of some Greek dishes.

\n

For example, the "Cretan Farmer's Fish Soup" can be traced back to a 12th-century Greek poem. She also says that she even followed "Xu's recipe" for "fried cod cakes".

\n

Yang Guangjie, general manager of China Translation and Publishing House, says: "In the context of globalization and modernization, food not only holds historical memories but also continually revitalizes cultural vitality through inheritance and innovation.

\n

"This transition from family to the world resonates with the Chinese cultural concept of 'beauty in harmony and unity for all', allowing us to see the resonance and mutual learning of different civilizations in the realm of cuisine."

\n

", - "content": "

Xu Li, author of the book (above right), From Grandma's Kitchen to the World's Table, speaks at the Shanghai Book Fair in August.

\n

Sometimes, the most profound and moving connections are born in the simplest places — a modest kitchen, a family dining table, or a heartfelt book.

\n

At this year's Shanghai Book Fair in August, a new title captured that very spirit: From Grandma's Kitchen to the World's Table.

\n

Written by Xu Li, wife of the current Greek ambassador to China, Evgenios Kalpyris, and published by the China Translation and Publishing House, the book weaves together recipes, memories, and traditions from China and Greece. With gentle prose and a cross-cultural lens, Xu celebrates the warmth of family life and the beauty of culinary exchange.

\n

Through dozens of traditional Greek recipes, she guides readers to experience the unique, unpretentious Greek culinary culture while conveying a positive and open-minded outlook on life.

\n

"Greek cuisine begins with nature; what is shared and passed between people is not just Greek snacks, but also information and warmth; what is passed down through generations is not only dishes and recipes, but also culture and history," says Xu.

\n

In her stories, cooking is never only about taste. Xu recalls preparing a Greek New Year cake and Chinese dumplings with her children, the latter involving a hidden coin to bring luck. These rituals, she suggests, show how Chinese and Greek cultures converge not in grand gestures but in the small, enduring details of daily life.

\n

Vangelis Giannakaros, founder of the Greek-themed restaurant Argo and a longtime friend of Xu, says that the book reminded him of the customs and traditions from his childhood, despite being away from his homeland for many years.

\n

He says he admires how the author embraced Greek culture: from learning cooking techniques from her mother-in-law, to gradually mastering and innovating some Greek dishes, and now presenting them in her book with both text and illustrations.

\n

This journey is filled with her love for Greek cuisine and traditional culture, reminding him of a unique Greek word: meraki (to do something with soul, creativity, and love), he says.

\n

In his speech, Kalpyris, who has been married to the author for over 20 years, says: "This book carries the memories of my family, and many of the recipes in it are treasures passed down through generations.

\n

"It opens a delightful and interesting path for the meeting of two civilizations (China and Greece)."

\n

Chen Yue, an associate professor at the School of History at Anhui Normal University, described the book as a "cookbook filled with love".

\n

Drawing on her own research into Mediterranean culinary culture and pointing to the eighth chapter of the book, Greek Festivals and Cuisine, Chen shared with the audience and food enthusiasts the historical origins of some Greek dishes.

\n

For example, the "Cretan Farmer's Fish Soup" can be traced back to a 12th-century Greek poem. She also says that she even followed "Xu's recipe" for "fried cod cakes".

\n

Yang Guangjie, general manager of China Translation and Publishing House, says: "In the context of globalization and modernization, food not only holds historical memories but also continually revitalizes cultural vitality through inheritance and innovation.

\n

"This transition from family to the world resonates with the Chinese cultural concept of 'beauty in harmony and unity for all', allowing us to see the resonance and mutual learning of different civilizations in the realm of cuisine."

\n

", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-09/11/content_018_68c1e21bed50ccabe1519359.htm#018CULTURE", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Thu, 11 Sep 2025 00:21:04 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "887a65ead8ee9d6408d96013ecfec71c", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "001FRONT - Xi congratulates Kim on DPRK's 77th anniversary", "description": "

President Xi Jinping expressed on Tuesday China's readiness to enhance strategic communication and maintain close exchanges and cooperation with the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, as he extended congratulations to Kim Jong-un, the top leader of the DPRK, on the neighboring country's 77th founding anniversary.

\n

In a congratulatory message to Kim, general secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea and president of the State Affairs of the DPRK, Xi, who is also general secretary of the Communist Party of China Central Committee, said that Beijing will join hands with Pyongyang to promote China-DPRK friendship and the socialist cause of the two countries, in order to make greater contributions to peace and development in the region and the world at large.

\n

The message came just days after Kim visited Beijing in early September to attend commemorations marking the 80th anniversary of the victory in the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression (1931-45) and the World Anti-Fascist War.

\n

The trip marked Kim's first visit to China in six years. During the DPRK leader's stay in Beijing, Xi and Kim pledged their commitment to China-DPRK friendship and willingness to promote practical cooperation.

\n

Noting that China and the DPRK are traditional friendly neighbors linked by mountains and rivers, Xi reaffirmed in Tuesday's message that it has always been the steadfast strategic guideline for the CPC and the Chinese government to maintain, consolidate and develop well the China-DPRK ties.

\n

He said that when he met with Kim in Beijing, the two sides jointly planned a blueprint for the development of relations between the two parties and the two countries.

\n

Xi spoke highly of the continuous development that the DPRK has made in all of its socialist undertakings since its founding, saying that the WPK has united and led the people in the DPRK to forge ahead unremittingly over the past 77 years.

\n

In recent years, under the leadership of the WPK headed by Kim, the people in the DPRK have striven hard to fulfill the goals and tasks set out at the Eighth Congress of the WPK, and have achieved many gratifying accomplishments, Xi said.

\n

Xi expressed his belief that the people in the DPRK will greet the Ninth Congress of the WPK with high spirits and outstanding achievements, and open a new chapter in the cause of building DPRK-style socialism.

\n

The Eighth Congress of the WPK was held in Pyongyang in 2021. In June, the WPK unanimously approved at a plenary meeting the decision on convening its Ninth Congress.

\n

mojingxi@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", @@ -10213,28 +10125,6 @@ "hash": "7d31d37950d78606743137403e002f6b", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "005CHINA - 2 rocket launches carry 12 high-tech satellites", - "description": "

A Long March 7A rocket blasts off from the Wenchang Space Launch Center in Hainan province on Tuesday.

\n

China conducted two rocket launches on Tuesday, sending a total of 12 satellites into space.

\n

A Smart Dragon 3 rocket blasted off at 3:48 am from a launch service ship off the coast of Rizhao, Shandong province, and soon deployed 11 multi-function satellites into their preset positions in a low-Earth orbit about 600 kilometers above the ground. The liftoff marked the rocket model's seventh sea-based launch, China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology, maker of the Smart Dragon 3 series, said in a news statement released afterwards.

\n

The Smart Dragon 3 is a solid-propellant rocket. The 31-meter-tall spacecraft has a diameter of 2.65 meters and a liftoff weight of 140 metric tons. It is mainly propelled by a high-performance solid-propellant engine holding 71 tons of propellant that creates a thrust of 200 tons.

\n

The rocket has the capacity to send multiple satellites with a combined weight of 1.5 tons to a typical sun-synchronous orbit at an altitude of 500 km.

\n

To date, China has performed 18 sea-based launches using four types of rockets: the Long March 11, the Smart Dragon 3, the Ceres 1 and the Gravity 1.

\n

Developed by Geespace, a private satellite maker in Zhejiang province, the satellites will work with 41 previously deployed Geely satellites to perform a host of tasks that include: collecting data for marine businesses, traffic and transport management, and power generation; conducting tests pertaining to the internet of things and inter-satellite communications; and monitoring environmental pollution, according to Geespace.

\n

A little over six hours later, a Long March 7A rocket blasted off at 10 am from the Wenchang Space Launch Center in Hainan province and transported the Yaogan 45 remote-sensing satellite into its preset orbit.

\n

Built by the Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology — a subsidiary of China Aerospace Science and Technology Corp — the satellite is tasked with facilitating scientific experiments, surveying land resources, monitoring agricultural yields, and supporting disaster prevention and mitigation.

\n

Remote-sensing satellites are usually used to detect and monitor the physical characteristics of objects on land or at sea by measuring reflected and emitted radiation. Data obtained by the Yaogan family, the major series of remote-sensing spacecraft in China, has been widely used by governments, public service sectors and businesses.

\n

The Long March 7A is also a product of the China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology. It has a liftoff weight of 573 tons and a core-stage diameter of 3.35 meters. It can place a 7-ton spacecraft into geosynchronous transfer orbit.

\n

The latest launch marked the 594th mission of the Long March family and China's 55th rocket launch in 2025.

\n

zhaolei@chinadaily.com.cn

\n



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https://feedx.site
", - "content": "

A Long March 7A rocket blasts off from the Wenchang Space Launch Center in Hainan province on Tuesday.

\n

China conducted two rocket launches on Tuesday, sending a total of 12 satellites into space.

\n

A Smart Dragon 3 rocket blasted off at 3:48 am from a launch service ship off the coast of Rizhao, Shandong province, and soon deployed 11 multi-function satellites into their preset positions in a low-Earth orbit about 600 kilometers above the ground. The liftoff marked the rocket model's seventh sea-based launch, China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology, maker of the Smart Dragon 3 series, said in a news statement released afterwards.

\n

The Smart Dragon 3 is a solid-propellant rocket. The 31-meter-tall spacecraft has a diameter of 2.65 meters and a liftoff weight of 140 metric tons. It is mainly propelled by a high-performance solid-propellant engine holding 71 tons of propellant that creates a thrust of 200 tons.

\n

The rocket has the capacity to send multiple satellites with a combined weight of 1.5 tons to a typical sun-synchronous orbit at an altitude of 500 km.

\n

To date, China has performed 18 sea-based launches using four types of rockets: the Long March 11, the Smart Dragon 3, the Ceres 1 and the Gravity 1.

\n

Developed by Geespace, a private satellite maker in Zhejiang province, the satellites will work with 41 previously deployed Geely satellites to perform a host of tasks that include: collecting data for marine businesses, traffic and transport management, and power generation; conducting tests pertaining to the internet of things and inter-satellite communications; and monitoring environmental pollution, according to Geespace.

\n

A little over six hours later, a Long March 7A rocket blasted off at 10 am from the Wenchang Space Launch Center in Hainan province and transported the Yaogan 45 remote-sensing satellite into its preset orbit.

\n

Built by the Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology — a subsidiary of China Aerospace Science and Technology Corp — the satellite is tasked with facilitating scientific experiments, surveying land resources, monitoring agricultural yields, and supporting disaster prevention and mitigation.

\n

Remote-sensing satellites are usually used to detect and monitor the physical characteristics of objects on land or at sea by measuring reflected and emitted radiation. Data obtained by the Yaogan family, the major series of remote-sensing spacecraft in China, has been widely used by governments, public service sectors and businesses.

\n

The Long March 7A is also a product of the China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology. It has a liftoff weight of 573 tons and a core-stage diameter of 3.35 meters. It can place a 7-ton spacecraft into geosynchronous transfer orbit.

\n

The latest launch marked the 594th mission of the Long March family and China's 55th rocket launch in 2025.

\n

zhaolei@chinadaily.com.cn

\n



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", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-09/10/content_005_68c08e56ed50ccabe151923c.htm#005CHINA", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Wed, 10 Sep 2025 00:21:04 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "12ed49e0a5d270d67c2e2236479b7106", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "008COMMENT - Model of mutual respect and cooperation shows importance of trust in turbulent times", "description": "

Portuguese Prime Minister Luis Montenegro's three-day visit to China, culminating in his meeting with Chinese President Xi Jinping in Beijing on Tuesday, has been conducive to injecting fresh vitality into the long-standing partnership between China and Portugal.

\n

The two countries have achieved fruitful outcomes in cooperation across various fields in recent years, setting a model of mutual respect and mutual benefit for nations with different social systems and national conditions.

\n

This enduring spirit of cooperation is particularly significant this year, which marks the 20th anniversary of the establishment of the China-Portugal comprehensive strategic partnership. Over the past two decades, both sides have remained committed to dialogue, mutual trust and practical collaboration. In the process, they have shown the world that relations between countries need not be constrained by differences in history, culture or governance systems, but can instead be strengthened by a shared commitment to openness, inclusiveness and development. For Portugal, the steady pursuit of friendship with China has brought tangible benefits to its economy and its people.

\n

Looking ahead, as President Xi said, China is willing to strengthen strategic communication with Portugal, keep bilateral relations on the right track, and make greater contributions to the prosperity and progress of both countries and the world through unity and cooperation.

\n

To that end, as Xi said, the two sides should strengthen their traditional friendship and trust, and continue to support each other and expand practical cooperation in areas such as innovation, green development, ocean industries and medicine. They should also leverage Macao's unique role as a bridge and make full use of mechanisms such as the Forum for Economic and Trade Co-operation between China and Portuguese-speaking Countries to achieve higher levels of mutual benefit. Expanding exchanges in culture, education, tourism and scientific research will further cement the foundation of people-to-people friendship.

\n

Montenegro warmly echoed Xi's call, affirming that Portugal is committed to deepening friendly cooperation with China. He expressed the hope that his visit will help enhance political mutual trust, strengthen economic and trade ties, boost two-way investment and expand cooperation in energy, finance, health, water conservancy and other areas. His words reaffirm Portugal's recognition that Sino-Portuguese relations not only have a long history but also are future-oriented.

\n

Particularly notable was Montenegro's acknowledgment that Macao's successful practices over the past 25 years fully demonstrate the foresight of Portugal's decision at the time. He further pledged that Portugal will continue to adhere to the one-China principle and will never forget China's valuable support during Portugal's difficult economic period.

\n

Today, as the international situation grows more turbulent and uncertain, the lessons of China-Portugal relations take on renewed significance. As Xi stressed, the more turbulent and intertwined the international landscape becomes, the greater the need for China and Europe to strengthen communication, enhance mutual trust and deepen cooperation. These words not only resonate with the spirit of bilateral cooperation between China and Portugal, but also serve as a meaningful reminder to Europe as a whole.

\n

Montenegro also acknowledged the importance of the Global Governance Initiative proposed by Xi, saying that Portugal is willing to uphold multilateralism and embrace China as an irreplaceable partner for Europe in improving global governance. This highlights Portugal's consistent role as a long-standing supporter of multilateralism and its ability to demonstrate foresight in navigating international challenges. By working with Beijing to uphold the positioning of the China-EU partnership, Lisbon can help promote a healthy development of Sino-EU ties.

\n

This constructive path stands in contrast to the counterproductive tendencies within certain quarters of Europe that view international relations through the narrow lens of confrontation and bloc politics. For Europe, Portugal's example offers an important lesson: constructive engagement with China brings benefits that extend well beyond bilateral ties, pointing the way forward for the stable development of China-EU relations and, indeed, for international cooperation at large.

\n

As both countries usher their comprehensive strategic partnership into its third decade, it is hoped that the China-Portugal relationship will continue to thrive as a positive force for China-EU cooperation and for world development.

\n



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