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"title": "如果人类能短暂体验猫咪的视觉、听觉和嗅觉，最震撼的会是什么？",
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"description": "<div><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-af378ae9aa3fcc0733ae61c352a13fc2_fhd.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"头图\"/><div><div>\n<p>我猜最震撼的应该是啥都看不太清吧。</p>\n<p>和猫相比，人类五感中最强大的是视觉，人类也高度依赖视觉，要是眼前的世界瞬间变得暗淡模糊，像是梦境，那还不够震撼？</p>\n<p>但高速移动的物体却变得清晰起来，比如在你眼前一掠而过的苍蝇，可能变成“慢动作”，徒手捉住它不再是奢望。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-b43641023d46b8fc1f87d525aa636234_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>猫的视锥细胞仅有两种（人类有三种），只对蓝绿色光敏感，缺乏对红色敏感的视锥细胞，所以猫只能分辨蓝、绿、黄、紫，无法分辨红色、橙色。</p>\n<p>试想一下失去红色和橙色的世界，是不是没有温度，比较“阴间”？</p>\n<p>猫也是近视眼，静态视力相当于人类 400 度近视，6 米开外就模糊了。但近又不能太近，20 厘米之内的物体，也看不太清，这是因为猫眼的晶状体调节能力不足，仅有人类的 1/4。它们对近处物体的感知更多靠脸上的触须。</p>\n<p>这些眼睛上的“缺陷”都是为了适应捕猎。</p>\n<p>为强大的夜视能力，牺牲了感知颜色的视椎细胞。眼睛就那么大，堆积了更多视杆细胞，就没地方堆积视椎细胞了。</p>\n<p>为了中远距离（2-6 米，它猎物最主要的活动范围）的动态捕捉能力，能够快速锁定移动的猎物，牺牲了近距离静态清晰度。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-af49d3b598f89bead38408f4bd443124_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>眼睛上的这些缺陷，靠强大的嗅觉、听觉以及触须的感知能力弥补。猫的听觉和狗子不相上下，其中高频声音的敏感度更是狗子的 1.5 倍，在特定区域内的声音（15-30 米之间），定位精准度比狗子还高。</p>\n<p>嗅觉也和狗子不相上下，家猫鼻腔里有超过 2 亿个嗅觉受体细胞，狗子因品种不同，稍有差异，在 2-3 亿之间，某些特定品种可高达 3 亿个，而人类只有区区 1 千万个左右。</p>\n<p>虽然视觉上吃了亏，但如果瞬间拥有像猫一样强大的听觉和嗅觉，也是很震撼的，想像一下这种感觉：眼前模糊暗淡，但四周的感知却清晰，像是身处一个立体的地图里，知道微弱气流的方向，听到花盆里虫子啃食叶片的声音，知道楼上小学生在翻动书页，闻到楼下早点摊上刚开锅的煮玉米，闻到我老公藏在沙发缝隙的一包香烟。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-b022d12746e777092c046fe42e598ccc_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>对了，要是我拥有了猫咪这样强大的嗅觉，就能把老公藏在家里的香烟都找出来，还有私房钱！他要是再狡辩，说身上的烟味是朋友抽的二手烟，我就能有理有据有节地揭穿他：</p>\n<p>你衣服上的二手烟是昨天老吴头的利群，而你早上抽的华子，是老六给你的吧？四个小时前又抽了支黄鹤楼，就是洪经理给的，你们俩呼出的烟味浓度一样，味道一样！</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.zhihu.com/people/d16f5d65bcdc7fab35e2c84d461877e8\">@知乎萌宠</a></p>\n</div>\n</div>\n\n\n<div><a href=\"https://www.zhihu.com/question/1933883883893560965\">查看知乎讨论<span></span></a></div>\n\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n</div><br><hr><div>获取更多RSS：<br><a href=\"https://feedx.net\" style=\"color:orange\" target=\"_blank\">https://feedx.net</a> <br><a href=\"https://feedx.site\" style=\"color:orange\" target=\"_blank\">https://feedx.site</a><br></div>",
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"content": "<div><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-af378ae9aa3fcc0733ae61c352a13fc2_fhd.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"头图\"/><div><div>\n<p>我猜最震撼的应该是啥都看不太清吧。</p>\n<p>和猫相比，人类五感中最强大的是视觉，人类也高度依赖视觉，要是眼前的世界瞬间变得暗淡模糊，像是梦境，那还不够震撼？</p>\n<p>但高速移动的物体却变得清晰起来，比如在你眼前一掠而过的苍蝇，可能变成“慢动作”，徒手捉住它不再是奢望。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-b43641023d46b8fc1f87d525aa636234_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>猫的视锥细胞仅有两种（人类有三种），只对蓝绿色光敏感，缺乏对红色敏感的视锥细胞，所以猫只能分辨蓝、绿、黄、紫，无法分辨红色、橙色。</p>\n<p>试想一下失去红色和橙色的世界，是不是没有温度，比较“阴间”？</p>\n<p>猫也是近视眼，静态视力相当于人类 400 度近视，6 米开外就模糊了。但近又不能太近，20 厘米之内的物体，也看不太清，这是因为猫眼的晶状体调节能力不足，仅有人类的 1/4。它们对近处物体的感知更多靠脸上的触须。</p>\n<p>这些眼睛上的“缺陷”都是为了适应捕猎。</p>\n<p>为强大的夜视能力，牺牲了感知颜色的视椎细胞。眼睛就那么大，堆积了更多视杆细胞，就没地方堆积视椎细胞了。</p>\n<p>为了中远距离（2-6 米，它猎物最主要的活动范围）的动态捕捉能力，能够快速锁定移动的猎物，牺牲了近距离静态清晰度。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-af49d3b598f89bead38408f4bd443124_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>眼睛上的这些缺陷，靠强大的嗅觉、听觉以及触须的感知能力弥补。猫的听觉和狗子不相上下，其中高频声音的敏感度更是狗子的 1.5 倍，在特定区域内的声音（15-30 米之间），定位精准度比狗子还高。</p>\n<p>嗅觉也和狗子不相上下，家猫鼻腔里有超过 2 亿个嗅觉受体细胞，狗子因品种不同，稍有差异，在 2-3 亿之间，某些特定品种可高达 3 亿个，而人类只有区区 1 千万个左右。</p>\n<p>虽然视觉上吃了亏，但如果瞬间拥有像猫一样强大的听觉和嗅觉，也是很震撼的，想像一下这种感觉：眼前模糊暗淡，但四周的感知却清晰，像是身处一个立体的地图里，知道微弱气流的方向，听到花盆里虫子啃食叶片的声音，知道楼上小学生在翻动书页，闻到楼下早点摊上刚开锅的煮玉米，闻到我老公藏在沙发缝隙的一包香烟。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-b022d12746e777092c046fe42e598ccc_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>对了，要是我拥有了猫咪这样强大的嗅觉，就能把老公藏在家里的香烟都找出来，还有私房钱！他要是再狡辩，说身上的烟味是朋友抽的二手烟，我就能有理有据有节地揭穿他：</p>\n<p>你衣服上的二手烟是昨天老吴头的利群，而你早上抽的华子，是老六给你的吧？四个小时前又抽了支黄鹤楼，就是洪经理给的，你们俩呼出的烟味浓度一样，味道一样！</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.zhihu.com/people/d16f5d65bcdc7fab35e2c84d461877e8\">@知乎萌宠</a></p>\n</div>\n</div>\n\n\n<div><a href=\"https://www.zhihu.com/question/1933883883893560965\">查看知乎讨论<span></span></a></div>\n\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n</div><br><hr><div>获取更多RSS：<br><a href=\"https://feedx.net\" style=\"color:orange\" target=\"_blank\">https://feedx.net</a> <br><a href=\"https://feedx.site\" style=\"color:orange\" target=\"_blank\">https://feedx.site</a><br></div>",
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"link": "https://daily.zhihu.com/story/9783612",
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"pubDate": "Sun, 31 Aug 2025 00:27:03 +0000",
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"title": "如果生物进化是为了适应环境，为何地球上的地理环境类型这么少，而生物的种类却有这么多？",
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"description": "<div><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-1e2143b2943e4a15b31dd36dbfbcc4ea_fhd.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"头图\"/><div><div>\n<p>谢邀。当有人说“地球上的地理环境这么少”时，出发点其实非常宏观。按我们初中地理学过的内容，地理环境无非是山地、平原、森林、沙漠、湿地、海洋等等几个大类。即使再加上气候带的差异，也不过是几十种组合。</p>\n<p>但地球上的生物种类却高达数百万、近千万种 ---- 那为什么有限的环境种类能产生如此庞大的生物多样性呢？这里面关键的答案之一，隐藏在“微环境多样性”与“生态位分化”这两个概念里。</p>\n<p><strong>微环境是无限细节环境，可以提供无限多的演化舞台</strong>。</p>\n<p>比如在表面上看，一片森林只是“森林”；一片湖泊就只是“湖泊”。但对生物来说，它们所处的并不是一个大环境，而是千千万万个精细的“微环境”。</p>\n<p>拿森林里面的一棵树为例：从树根部到树顶，从主干到树枝，从树皮到树叶，每一个空间都拥有不同的温度、湿度、光照、气流、营养、共生物种和天敌密度。这些不同因素的微小差异，最终导致一个个微环境的形成，又在孕育出不同的生物群体后逐渐被正向巩固。</p>\n<p>比如树叶的背面相较于正面更加湿润、阳光较弱，适合某些喜阴的昆虫藏身和取食。有很多蚜虫类体型极小的植物刺吸性昆虫，就常常栖息在树叶背面。蚜虫专门吸食嫩叶和幼芽的汁液，它们偏好呆在叶背这一侧，一方面因为较为潮湿、气温稳定，有利于它们生存和繁殖；另一方面也能躲避鸟类和阳光直射。</p>\n<p>更有甚者，一些蚜虫还能诱导植物形成“虫瘿”（gall）作为隐蔽的繁殖场所 ---- 这属于动物靠一己之力改变了植物的转录组，让植物变形成为原本不可能达到的样子，算是进化上的小奇迹。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-edfd53f9acb946ee8ea83d632ac35d61_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>每颗虫瘿里都有一只奋力改革的蚜虫。。。。</figcaption></figure>\n<p>与躲在树叶背面的蚜虫不同，很多椿象以树木为宿主，专门在树干缝隙中产卵和躲藏。椿象有坚硬的口器，可以刺入树皮吸食汁液。这些缝隙不仅提供食物来源，还能为其越冬提供庇护，避免天敌入侵。</p>\n<p>除此以外，常年暗无天日的树根也并没有更显荒芜。很多真菌可以在这里找到最合适的共生环境，就比如松露与橡树、榛子树等植物的根系形成外生菌根。</p>\n<p>这种共生关系也是多年进化的产物，双向互利，在树木这一边来看，可以让树木从土壤中更高效地吸收矿物质和水分；从松露这一边来看，松露可以通过植物提供的碳水化合物维持生长。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-b0b80bb58e7ed28ded5e8ed854a2bd5f_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>即便是同一棵树，也并不是每个角落都处在稳定微环境里一成不变 ---- 在不同的季节、时段、天气条件下，这棵树会形成动态变化的微环境，足以支持一整个小型生态系统的存在。</p>\n<p>上面提到的不同的微环境就对不同的季节有不同的偏好。夏季树叶多，枝叶间形成阴凉潮湿的空间，适合蜗牛、蚜虫等湿生生物栖息。而冬季落叶后，阳光可直射树干，使得椿象更活跃。</p>\n<p>甚至一天之间也有不同的生物代谢活性：清晨露水凝结，有利于菌类孢子萌发；中午日照强烈，温度升高，则可能促使昆虫加速代谢、繁殖。暴雨来临前，空气湿度剧增，蚂蚁会改变觅食路径，转向树冠更干燥区域。</p>\n<p>这些微小而频繁的环境波动，构成了一个高度动态的生态舞台，促使不同生物在时间和空间中灵活分布、分工协作，维系着一棵树上的“小型生态系统”。</p>\n<p>在进化的漫长尺度里，两个生活在同一棵树上的虫类，如果分别生活在不同的微环境中（比如地表与树冠），其进化路径也会逐渐分化，最终形成两个不同的物种。这就是非常常见的异地分化。</p>\n<p>除了“客观环境”促成的分化以外，生物自己也会在一定程度上改变环境、为其他生物造就环境，从此进一步演化出更多微环境和物种。这里面要靠的，就是生物和生物之间的相互作用，也就是<strong>生态位的有限环境里可以发挥巨大的作用</strong>。</p>\n<p>笼统来说，生态位指的是一个物种在生态系统中所扮演的角色，包括它吃什么、被谁吃、在什么时候活动、在哪里繁殖、与谁竞争、如何利用资源等等。换句话说，生态位属于是相同Line truncated
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"content": "<div><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-1e2143b2943e4a15b31dd36dbfbcc4ea_fhd.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"头图\"/><div><div>\n<p>谢邀。当有人说“地球上的地理环境这么少”时，出发点其实非常宏观。按我们初中地理学过的内容，地理环境无非是山地、平原、森林、沙漠、湿地、海洋等等几个大类。即使再加上气候带的差异，也不过是几十种组合。</p>\n<p>但地球上的生物种类却高达数百万、近千万种 ---- 那为什么有限的环境种类能产生如此庞大的生物多样性呢？这里面关键的答案之一，隐藏在“微环境多样性”与“生态位分化”这两个概念里。</p>\n<p><strong>微环境是无限细节环境，可以提供无限多的演化舞台</strong>。</p>\n<p>比如在表面上看，一片森林只是“森林”；一片湖泊就只是“湖泊”。但对生物来说，它们所处的并不是一个大环境，而是千千万万个精细的“微环境”。</p>\n<p>拿森林里面的一棵树为例：从树根部到树顶，从主干到树枝，从树皮到树叶，每一个空间都拥有不同的温度、湿度、光照、气流、营养、共生物种和天敌密度。这些不同因素的微小差异，最终导致一个个微环境的形成，又在孕育出不同的生物群体后逐渐被正向巩固。</p>\n<p>比如树叶的背面相较于正面更加湿润、阳光较弱，适合某些喜阴的昆虫藏身和取食。有很多蚜虫类体型极小的植物刺吸性昆虫，就常常栖息在树叶背面。蚜虫专门吸食嫩叶和幼芽的汁液，它们偏好呆在叶背这一侧，一方面因为较为潮湿、气温稳定，有利于它们生存和繁殖；另一方面也能躲避鸟类和阳光直射。</p>\n<p>更有甚者，一些蚜虫还能诱导植物形成“虫瘿”（gall）作为隐蔽的繁殖场所 ---- 这属于动物靠一己之力改变了植物的转录组，让植物变形成为原本不可能达到的样子，算是进化上的小奇迹。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-edfd53f9acb946ee8ea83d632ac35d61_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>每颗虫瘿里都有一只奋力改革的蚜虫。。。。</figcaption></figure>\n<p>与躲在树叶背面的蚜虫不同，很多椿象以树木为宿主，专门在树干缝隙中产卵和躲藏。椿象有坚硬的口器，可以刺入树皮吸食汁液。这些缝隙不仅提供食物来源，还能为其越冬提供庇护，避免天敌入侵。</p>\n<p>除此以外，常年暗无天日的树根也并没有更显荒芜。很多真菌可以在这里找到最合适的共生环境，就比如松露与橡树、榛子树等植物的根系形成外生菌根。</p>\n<p>这种共生关系也是多年进化的产物，双向互利，在树木这一边来看，可以让树木从土壤中更高效地吸收矿物质和水分；从松露这一边来看，松露可以通过植物提供的碳水化合物维持生长。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-b0b80bb58e7ed28ded5e8ed854a2bd5f_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>即便是同一棵树，也并不是每个角落都处在稳定微环境里一成不变 ---- 在不同的季节、时段、天气条件下，这棵树会形成动态变化的微环境，足以支持一整个小型生态系统的存在。</p>\n<p>上面提到的不同的微环境就对不同的季节有不同的偏好。夏季树叶多，枝叶间形成阴凉潮湿的空间，适合蜗牛、蚜虫等湿生生物栖息。而冬季落叶后，阳光可直射树干，使得椿象更活跃。</p>\n<p>甚至一天之间也有不同的生物代谢活性：清晨露水凝结，有利于菌类孢子萌发；中午日照强烈，温度升高，则可能促使昆虫加速代谢、繁殖。暴雨来临前，空气湿度剧增，蚂蚁会改变觅食路径，转向树冠更干燥区域。</p>\n<p>这些微小而频繁的环境波动，构成了一个高度动态的生态舞台，促使不同生物在时间和空间中灵活分布、分工协作，维系着一棵树上的“小型生态系统”。</p>\n<p>在进化的漫长尺度里，两个生活在同一棵树上的虫类，如果分别生活在不同的微环境中（比如地表与树冠），其进化路径也会逐渐分化，最终形成两个不同的物种。这就是非常常见的异地分化。</p>\n<p>除了“客观环境”促成的分化以外，生物自己也会在一定程度上改变环境、为其他生物造就环境，从此进一步演化出更多微环境和物种。这里面要靠的，就是生物和生物之间的相互作用，也就是<strong>生态位的有限环境里可以发挥巨大的作用</strong>。</p>\n<p>笼统来说，生态位指的是一个物种在生态系统中所扮演的角色，包括它吃什么、被谁吃、在什么时候活动、在哪里繁殖、与谁竞争、如何利用资源等等。换句话说，生态位属于是相同地Line truncated
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"title": "为什么年轻人「认真你就输了」成情感趋势，难道我们的「情感表达」正在集体降级吗？",
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"description": "<div><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-c93ebc2c399c2f139818b6c0bb269fcc_fhd.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"头图\"/><div><div>\n<p>看题主这个问题，我想起鲁迅先生笔下的九斤老太的叹息”一代不如一代“。</p>\n<p>这样的表达，不难看到有代际隔阂和误解存在，隐含着对年轻一代情感模式的道德审判，认为过去认真才是正常的标准，如今的不认真是退化。</p>\n<p>但这种审视，其实忽略了时代变迁的深刻影响。</p>\n<p>在当下社会环境中——经济不确定性和前几年特殊时期产生的心理冲击等等——让年轻人面临的多重压力远远超过我们这些老家伙们，如果不了解当下社会结构性变化，这样的判断有失公允。</p>\n<p><strong>一、结构性变化：高压、不确定性和文化 meme 的催化</strong></p>\n<p>当代年轻人面对的环境是快节奏、经济不稳定、关系流动性强、稳定承诺越来越稀薄的时代。</p>\n<p><strong>1.社会节奏加快，导致时间稀缺与注意力碎片化</strong></p>\n<p>社会学家 Hartmut Rosa 在《社会加速》中提出“加速社会”<strong>理论，指出科技、交通、信息流加速让人持续处于</strong>时间稀缺感中，即便物理时间不变，心理上却感到“没有时间认真建立关系”。</p>\n<p>比如年轻的知乎儿雄心勃勃要打造自己有影响力有收入的知乎账号，可能需要认真创作几个小时，认真互动数小时，还得兼顾工作和职场社交，这种高度旋转忙碌的生活节奏可能会让情感关系很容易被边缘化，情感互动投入成了见缝插针的事情。</p>\n<p><strong>2.经济不稳定，必有财务焦虑，重视风险规避</strong></p>\n<p>关于全球经济不稳定，我就不多例举数据了，应该算是当下共识了。</p>\n<p>如此现状，必然对正处在婚恋成家立业关键期的年轻人带来心理冲击。根据<strong>前景理论</strong>（Kahneman & Tversky, 1979），人在不稳定经济环境中更倾向于规避损失，这种心理会迁移到情感投资中——害怕“认真”后遭遇情感亏损。</p>\n<p><strong>3.关系流动性加剧，难以预期未来关系，稳定承诺稀薄化</strong></p>\n<p>在鲍曼所言的液态现代性社会中，经济不稳定带来的影响之一就是工作机会越来越不稳定，为了生存，需要不断搬家转换租房社区，自顾不暇，在这样的情况下，年轻人还有多少勇气敢于做出长期承诺呢？如此以来，不少年轻人明确表示”不要承诺，活在当下“，其实就是规避未来不确定性带来心理落差啊！</p>\n<p>小结：在上述这些变化构成的社会语境中，稳定承诺变成了稀缺资源，年轻人选择用”认真你就输了“来调侃和防御，其实是对环境压力的本能适应，而不是单纯的情感降级。</p>\n<p>说完上述变化，再来聊一聊<strong>文化 meme</strong>对”认真你就输了“的催化。</p>\n<blockquote>Meme，是近年来全球互联网中最能体现“病毒式传播”的事物了。在中文互联网中，它被我们习以为常地称之为“梗”。“梗”是那些洗脑式的、被大量自发复制流传，让几乎每个人看到时都能会心一笑的文字或表情包，比如，“为什么要吃兔兔”“流泪猫猫头”……在互联网的不断流变中，Meme 本身也发展成为了一类包罗万象，形式从单独的文字、音乐、视频乃至互相混合的“专门体裁”。<br><br>道金斯在他 1976 年的畅销书《自私的基因》（The Selfish Gene）中，首次创造了“模因”（Meme）一词。在此书的最后一章中，他用余笔提出了一个关于“模因”的有趣类比，将其比作文化传播的基因。他认为，文化元素的传播和演化可以用类似于生物基因传播和演化的方式来理解，以此能够在人类文化中广泛传播并持续存在。<br><br>同为进化生物学家的丹尼尔·丹尼特（Daniel Dennett），则更进一步。1996 年，丹尼特在他的著作《达尔文的危险想法：演化与生命的意义》（Darwin's Dangerous Idea：Evolution and the Meanings of Life）中，相当大胆地指出，“文化以模因形式对人脑的入侵，创造了人类心灵”。这让人类（心灵）区别于动物（心灵）。</blockquote>\n<p>也就是说，作为文化传播媒介的模因，不仅仅是理解人类文化多样性和创造力的关键，更是人类文化演变的真正基础。<strong>“模因”使得人类能够超越遗传基因的限制，进而产生复杂的文化和意识形态。</strong><sup>[1]</sup></p>\n<p>”认真你就输了“源于 2000 年代中期 ACFUN 弹幕文化中对竞技类游戏的调侃——谁过度投入、过度较真，谁就“输了娱乐精神”。</p>\n<p>到了 2010 年代后，这个短语被Line truncated
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"description": "<div><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-fdcbc8cd34f9b07fbae9e2aaca3dbf24_fhd.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"头图\"/><div><div>\n<p>赤道旅游骗局喜加一。</p>\n<p>赤道上最常见的骗局是水在赤道两侧流向不同。什么在这边是右旋转的漩涡，另一边是左旋转的漩涡。</p>\n<p>但实际上全是骗，那个小水盆里的水流方向，主要取决于你倒水的方式和容器形状，而不是地球自转。跟赤道一点关系都没有。实际上，想要真的用地球物理学来复现这个，得在大尺度、长时间静置、抑制初始涡度与容器效应时，才能在盆水尺度观测到地转影响；就旅游演示那种，远达不到这个条件。</p>\n<p>另外一个是中国人估计都不信的，就是鸡蛋能在赤道上立起来……</p>\n<p>好家伙我春分立蛋是逗你玩的吗？当然春分立蛋也没什么依据，只要你手巧且稳，找到 3 个支撑点，任意时间任意地点都能立起来……</p>\n<p>这个走直线的就更逗了。</p>\n<p>如果说前几个还算是硬蹭了一些物理学原理，但这个走直线的是把物理学原理给蹭反了。</p>\n<p>地球的自转，会带来一种叫<strong>科氏力</strong>的现象，这个词简单的理解就是，你在一个旋转的球面上走动，会感觉到一个细微的侧向推力，让你的路径产生轻微弯曲。气象学里，正是这个力让气旋旋转、洋流拐弯。</p>\n<p>同时，这个科氏力的大小和所在的纬度有关，所以你要说赤道特殊确实特殊。</p>\n<p>但，这个力是两极最大，赤道最小……</p>\n<p>也就是说，如果要表演走直线，赤道反而是最好走的那个地方。</p>\n<p>那为什么平时我们在中纬度地区感受不到这个科氏力呢？主要是短距离的偏差只是毫米级，感受不出来，但如果你是长距离前进就会受到这个力的影响。</p>\n<blockquote>纯理论上，假设我们以每小时 6 公里的速度走路，每走 1 公里就会向右偏 22 公尺。再如我们以每小时 20 公里的速度骑着脚踏车依照想象的直线前进，每行 1 公里就会向右偏 7 公尺（这两个例子，都是以北纬 30°为参考点）。</blockquote>\n<p>但实际上无论我们是在走路还是骑车，我们边走大脑都会进行修正，所以这个东西在日常生活中很难感受的到。</p>\n<p>另一个赤道特殊的地方会是重力的变化。随着维度的不同，g 值会发生变化，当你沿东西方向运动时，因地球自转与离心效应叠加，测得的重力会有极微小变化，但这种变化是克一级的，根本不会有什么感受……所以这东西也不可能影响走直线。</p>\n<p>实际上，视频里的情况，你不用去赤道，你在任何一个地方画一条直线，在符合一定前提情况下，都可能会复现这个情况。</p>\n<p>这里主要是人的生理和环境因素在作祟。</p>\n<p>首先来看下人是怎么走直线的。</p>\n<p>我们在走直线时，大脑其实在不断综合着视觉信息，前庭系统和本体感受这些复杂的信号。当我们低头盯着地上的线走时，视野被压缩，周边视觉信息减少，前庭和平衡系统就得更多依赖微小的脚步调整来维持平衡。走久了，稍有重心偏移，就容易出现轻微左右摆。这和闭眼走直线会更容易走偏是一个原理。</p>\n<p>而且，实际上走直线这个事情，其实挺难的。可能听起来反直觉，但实际上走直线对我们来说反而是反生理学的动作。我们在日常走路时，脚步会略微左右错开，这是骨盆和膝关节自然摆动的结果。硬要把脚踩在一条窄线中间，就像走窄平衡木，会显著增加平衡控制的负担，走一段后身体会出现轻微动作变形。</p>\n<p>我不知道有多少小朋友跟我一样喜欢踩马路牙子上走路，经常没走几步就掉下来了？实际上，别说马路牙子，你就在平地上画个线，也是走几步就会变形，就是我上边说的道理。</p>\n<p>而如果这时候加持上一个心理暗示。也就是说周围的人都跟你说，这里是赤道，你走直线会被地球给弄走偏了，那么我们可能会下意识放大身体的细小摆动，把原本微不足道的平衡调整感知为被晃，然后自己把自己晃倒了。</p>\n<p>这其实就是一种心理暗示，或者叫做期望效应。</p>\n<p>所以，赤道这些旅游小花招吧，大部分演示更多是为了气氛，而不是严格的物理实验。要不你们想想，赤道国家那么多，数以亿计的人每天都在走来走去，也没见谁被赤道甩的走路平地摔不是？</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n\n\n<div><a href=\"https://www.zhihu.com/question/1938194138299327543\">查看知乎讨论<span></span></a></div>\n\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n</div><br><hr><div>获取更多RSS：<br><a href=\"https://feedx.neLine truncated
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"content": "<div><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-fdcbc8cd34f9b07fbae9e2aaca3dbf24_fhd.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"头图\"/><div><div>\n<p>赤道旅游骗局喜加一。</p>\n<p>赤道上最常见的骗局是水在赤道两侧流向不同。什么在这边是右旋转的漩涡，另一边是左旋转的漩涡。</p>\n<p>但实际上全是骗，那个小水盆里的水流方向，主要取决于你倒水的方式和容器形状，而不是地球自转。跟赤道一点关系都没有。实际上，想要真的用地球物理学来复现这个，得在大尺度、长时间静置、抑制初始涡度与容器效应时，才能在盆水尺度观测到地转影响；就旅游演示那种，远达不到这个条件。</p>\n<p>另外一个是中国人估计都不信的，就是鸡蛋能在赤道上立起来……</p>\n<p>好家伙我春分立蛋是逗你玩的吗？当然春分立蛋也没什么依据，只要你手巧且稳，找到 3 个支撑点，任意时间任意地点都能立起来……</p>\n<p>这个走直线的就更逗了。</p>\n<p>如果说前几个还算是硬蹭了一些物理学原理，但这个走直线的是把物理学原理给蹭反了。</p>\n<p>地球的自转，会带来一种叫<strong>科氏力</strong>的现象，这个词简单的理解就是，你在一个旋转的球面上走动，会感觉到一个细微的侧向推力，让你的路径产生轻微弯曲。气象学里，正是这个力让气旋旋转、洋流拐弯。</p>\n<p>同时，这个科氏力的大小和所在的纬度有关，所以你要说赤道特殊确实特殊。</p>\n<p>但，这个力是两极最大，赤道最小……</p>\n<p>也就是说，如果要表演走直线，赤道反而是最好走的那个地方。</p>\n<p>那为什么平时我们在中纬度地区感受不到这个科氏力呢？主要是短距离的偏差只是毫米级，感受不出来，但如果你是长距离前进就会受到这个力的影响。</p>\n<blockquote>纯理论上，假设我们以每小时 6 公里的速度走路，每走 1 公里就会向右偏 22 公尺。再如我们以每小时 20 公里的速度骑着脚踏车依照想象的直线前进，每行 1 公里就会向右偏 7 公尺（这两个例子，都是以北纬 30°为参考点）。</blockquote>\n<p>但实际上无论我们是在走路还是骑车，我们边走大脑都会进行修正，所以这个东西在日常生活中很难感受的到。</p>\n<p>另一个赤道特殊的地方会是重力的变化。随着维度的不同，g 值会发生变化，当你沿东西方向运动时，因地球自转与离心效应叠加，测得的重力会有极微小变化，但这种变化是克一级的，根本不会有什么感受……所以这东西也不可能影响走直线。</p>\n<p>实际上，视频里的情况，你不用去赤道，你在任何一个地方画一条直线，在符合一定前提情况下，都可能会复现这个情况。</p>\n<p>这里主要是人的生理和环境因素在作祟。</p>\n<p>首先来看下人是怎么走直线的。</p>\n<p>我们在走直线时，大脑其实在不断综合着视觉信息，前庭系统和本体感受这些复杂的信号。当我们低头盯着地上的线走时，视野被压缩，周边视觉信息减少，前庭和平衡系统就得更多依赖微小的脚步调整来维持平衡。走久了，稍有重心偏移，就容易出现轻微左右摆。这和闭眼走直线会更容易走偏是一个原理。</p>\n<p>而且，实际上走直线这个事情，其实挺难的。可能听起来反直觉，但实际上走直线对我们来说反而是反生理学的动作。我们在日常走路时，脚步会略微左右错开，这是骨盆和膝关节自然摆动的结果。硬要把脚踩在一条窄线中间，就像走窄平衡木，会显著增加平衡控制的负担，走一段后身体会出现轻微动作变形。</p>\n<p>我不知道有多少小朋友跟我一样喜欢踩马路牙子上走路，经常没走几步就掉下来了？实际上，别说马路牙子，你就在平地上画个线，也是走几步就会变形，就是我上边说的道理。</p>\n<p>而如果这时候加持上一个心理暗示。也就是说周围的人都跟你说，这里是赤道，你走直线会被地球给弄走偏了，那么我们可能会下意识放大身体的细小摆动，把原本微不足道的平衡调整感知为被晃，然后自己把自己晃倒了。</p>\n<p>这其实就是一种心理暗示，或者叫做期望效应。</p>\n<p>所以，赤道这些旅游小花招吧，大部分演示更多是为了气氛，而不是严格的物理实验。要不你们想想，赤道国家那么多，数以亿计的人每天都在走来走去，也没见谁被赤道甩的走路平地摔不是？</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n\n\n<div><a href=\"https://www.zhihu.com/question/1938194138299327543\">查看知乎讨论<span></span></a></div>\n\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n</div><br><hr><div>获取更多RSS：<br><a href=\"https://feedx.net\" Line truncated
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"title": "同样是生物碱，为什么巧克力的毒性和成瘾性比槟榔低呢?",
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"description": "<div><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-311e9bbf1b6cfc4b896d8c4045b0990b_fhd.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"头图\"/><div><div>\n<p>我认为可以从代谢和信号转导调控机制两个方面回答这个问题。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-e1b2f71f03ebdc1f4a929c3e8838478e_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>先放一只猫在这舒缓一下心情，喵～</figcaption></figure>\n<p>首先是巧克力，巧克力中含有<strong>咖啡因</strong>（caffeine）和<strong>可可碱</strong>（Theobromine），它俩都是甲基黄嘌呤类兴奋剂。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-becf3f72ce271322384d2e105fcbaff5_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>咖啡因（1,3,7- 三甲基黄嘌呤）</figcaption></figure>\n<p>其主要在<strong>肠道内</strong>被吸收，<strong>由肝门静脉入肝</strong>，一部分<strong>在肝脏中</strong>被 CYP450 家族氧化代谢，转化为<strong>无活性</strong>的物质，另一部分则进入血液。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-301067c41a9e8edbe5e1720e59cd3be0_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>肝、小肠与肝门静脉</figcaption></figure>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pica.zhimg.com/v2-044f56cfefd75023de28b61c9e3b9cac_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>咖啡因代谢途径</figcaption></figure>\n<p>其作用于<strong>A1 和 A2A 腺苷能受体</strong>，<strong>竞争性抑制</strong>这些受体，使腺苷无法与之结合。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-9b0fa24f9eb9d9789c3d6430979c1836_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>A1 腺苷能受体</figcaption></figure>\n<p>其中，A1 腺苷能受体偶联 Gi 蛋白，通过抑制腺苷酸环化酶（Adenylate cyclase，AC）降低细胞中 cAMP 含量，从而导致阳离子通道（如钙通道、钠通道）的关闭和<strong>细胞膜的超极化</strong>，导致神经系统的<strong>抑制</strong>。</p>\n<p>好的，请记住以下这句话：<strong>咖啡因受肝脏首过效应影响，是 A1 腺苷能受体拮抗剂，可以提高神经细胞兴奋性，因此可以激活多巴胺通路</strong>。</p>\n<p>记好了吗？我们要继续看<strong>槟榔碱</strong>（arecoline）了。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-12c3e8fcc08d0b201ce43c85f2c558e8_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>槟榔碱</figcaption></figure>\n<p>在口腔中咀嚼槟榔时，槟榔碱可以被<strong>口腔黏膜</strong>吸收，<strong>不经过肝门静脉和肝</strong>，这意味着槟榔碱<strong>不受肝脏首过效应的影响</strong>，<strong>吸收效率比咖啡因高</strong>。</p>\n<p>其次，槟榔碱作用于毒蕈碱型乙酰胆碱受体（Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors，mAChR），尤其是 M3 型乙酰胆碱受体，并<strong>直接激活该受体</strong>，<strong>导致神经细胞兴奋与多巴胺的释放</strong>。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-11c0b41589123ba86166e53de5b9b5be_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>M3 型乙酰胆碱受体</figcaption></figure>\n<p>该受体同样为 GPCR，它与 Gq 蛋白结合，当受体激活时，Gα亚基与 Gβγ亚基解聚，从受体 C 端的 G 蛋白结合域脱离并进行信号转导，<strong>这会导致 GPCR 的 C 端暴露于细胞质内</strong>。</p>\n<p>所以，注意到了吗，<strong>拮抗剂</strong>不会激活受体，也就<strong>不会导致受体 C 端的暴露</strong>；而<strong>激动剂</strong>相反，<strong>会导致受体 C 端的暴露</strong>，这很重要，请记住这一点。</p>\n<p>细胞质中存在一种名为<strong>G 蛋白偶联受体激酶</strong>（G protein-coupled receptor kinase，GRK）的酶，它会<strong>磷酸化 GPCR 暴露的 C 端</strong>，这一磷酸化<strong>使受体不再能够结合 G 蛋白</strong>，从而使受体对配体的结合处于<strong>无响应状态</strong>。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-b910938d6cd5e4bd086763250c1202f2_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>GRK2</figcaption></figure>\n<p>随后，这个磷酸化标记还会招募β- 抑制蛋白（β-Arrestin），导致受体所在的细胞膜凹陷并形成小泡，使受体进入细胞内，不再能接触到细胞膜外的配体，这样<strong>有效的受体数量就减少了</strong>。</p>\n<p>有效的受体数量减少了，也就意味着突触前膜释放等量神经递质引起的突触后神经元响应降低了，在乙酰胆碱的场合下，这导致了<strong>突触后神经元的兴奋性降低</strong>，从而使人萎靡不振、总感觉不对，这就是上瘾了。</p>\n<p>因此，作为受体拮抗剂的咖啡因比作为受体激动剂的槟榔碱成瘾性弱。</p>\n<p>而说到危害，咖啡因最大的危害是通过<strong>拮抗 A2A 受体导致免疫系统过度激活引发炎症</strong>，以及<strong>拮抗Line truncated
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"title": "鸡蛋壳是怎么进化出来的，为什么那么容易碎？",
|
||||
"description": "<div><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-8ee8fb139a0d6a124b1bb7211563e743_fhd.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"头图\"/><div><div>\n<p>可以换位思考下，为什么有一些植物种子的种皮会那么坚不可摧？</p>\n<p>这个很容易理解，主要是因为植物种子需要长距离、长时间传播，而在传播过程中，它可能需要经过动物嘴巴咀嚼，肠道洗礼，石头撞击....等等一系列外力影响。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pica.zhimg.com/v2-318d76070ce38a99d96c3e18e0b96e28_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>©aussiegall</figcaption></figure>\n<p>那动物的蛋呢？</p>\n<p>它只是一个培育胚胎的场所，动物没必要转移传播它，也不会长期保存它，所以它不需要太过于坚硬。</p>\n<p>当然，对产下硬壳蛋的动物来说，还有其它一些因素，让蛋变得更坚硬会没有太多价值！</p>\n<p><strong>动物的蛋是怎么来的？</strong></p>\n<p>大约 3.9 亿年前，那时节肢动物和植物早就已经在陆地上建立生态系统，而一群勇敢的肉鳍鱼才刚刚想要向陆地发起了挑战。</p>\n<p>随着时间的推移，这些进入陆地的鱼的四肢变得越来发达，呼吸空气变得越来越游刃有余，但是它们只能在水体周围活动，因为它们的卵无法在没有水的地方发育。</p>\n<p>直到大约在 3.12 亿年前，一批半水生的鱼（或者称为两栖动物）开发出一种全新的卵，它们用一层膜将胚胎包裹起来，给胚胎提供一个水环境。</p>\n<p>这个膜就是<strong>羊膜</strong>，而这种卵就是<strong>羊膜卵</strong>。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-6569bd48276f0e7f9fb9607e23a4138a_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><strong>羊膜卵是脊椎动物史上最伟大创新之一</strong>，它让鱼第一次真正能够离开水，在完全没有水的地方建立巢穴，在那里产卵，幼体在卵里面发育，孵化后也不需要回到水里。</p>\n<p>这群通过羊膜包裹胚胎的动物就是<strong>羊膜动物</strong>，包括所有爬行动物，所有的鸟类，所有的哺乳动物，以及早已灭绝的恐龙，所有真正适应陆地的脊椎动物都是属于羊膜动物。</p>\n<p>最初羊膜动物产下的卵，和我们现在吃的鸡蛋不同，它外层是革质的，坚韧柔软的，而不是坚硬的，也就是<strong>软壳蛋。</strong></p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-043bce38454c75c30aa0ab6e355768cb_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>其实，现存大部分爬行动物依然产下的是软壳蛋（有一些也演化出产硬壳蛋），而鸟类和鳄鱼只会产下硬壳的蛋。</p>\n<p>硬壳蛋在大约 2 亿年前出现，<strong>最早进化出硬壳蛋的可能是恐龙</strong>，然后被多次独立进化，其实鸟类只是传承了恐龙的这一特征，并不是它们自己独创的，以前的分类学家喜欢将硬壳蛋作为分类鸟类的标准之一，现在看来也不是很合适。</p>\n<p><strong>硬壳蛋为什么没有更硬？</strong></p>\n<p>硬壳蛋给胚胎提供更好的保护是它主要的优势之一，<strong>它其实已经足够坚硬了</strong>，因为它并不是为了防止我们敲击蛋壳，而是防止那些无处不在的节肢动物和体型较小的哺乳动物偷吃。</p>\n<p>您想想恐龙的体型，以及它们产下的蛋能有多大的尺寸，在恐龙时代，哺乳动物的体型整体偏小，那些真正会偷蛋的哺乳动物，根本就无法啃食较大的恐龙蛋。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-6dd00b805d69706b888091c189192267_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>硬壳蛋的另外一个优势是，它可以有效减少水分的蒸发，这让硬壳蛋动物可以将蛋产在更广泛的栖息地内，比如干旱地区，这是软壳蛋无法突破的极限。</p>\n<p>由于硬壳蛋大大提升了羊膜动物的繁殖成功率，以及对陆地的征服能力，所以可以说<strong>硬壳蛋也是羊膜动物进化的里程碑之一</strong>。</p>\n<p><strong>至于蛋有没有必要变得更坚硬？</strong>很难说，但可以肯定是，让蛋变得更坚硬动物的收益只会越来越小——因为能防的动物普通硬壳蛋就能搞定，而不能防的动物你继续提升硬度也无济于事。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-556cb6848c20c3e25043001e320a3dab_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption> ©Suphaya Wachiraboworntham</figcaption></figure>\n<p>另一方面，蛋硬度的提升不仅像您提到的那样会影响雏鸟出壳，它其实还有许多其它负面影响，比如影响胚胎呼吸，母体的营养等等。</p>\n<p>每一枚蛋上都有许多小孔，这些小孔是用于呼吸的，而它也会让蛋变得更脆，如果一味提升硬度肯定影响小孔，并影响胚胎呼吸。</p>\n<p>总之，不断提Line truncated
|
||||
"content": "<div><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-8ee8fb139a0d6a124b1bb7211563e743_fhd.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"头图\"/><div><div>\n<p>可以换位思考下，为什么有一些植物种子的种皮会那么坚不可摧？</p>\n<p>这个很容易理解，主要是因为植物种子需要长距离、长时间传播，而在传播过程中，它可能需要经过动物嘴巴咀嚼，肠道洗礼，石头撞击....等等一系列外力影响。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pica.zhimg.com/v2-318d76070ce38a99d96c3e18e0b96e28_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>©aussiegall</figcaption></figure>\n<p>那动物的蛋呢？</p>\n<p>它只是一个培育胚胎的场所，动物没必要转移传播它，也不会长期保存它，所以它不需要太过于坚硬。</p>\n<p>当然，对产下硬壳蛋的动物来说，还有其它一些因素，让蛋变得更坚硬会没有太多价值！</p>\n<p><strong>动物的蛋是怎么来的？</strong></p>\n<p>大约 3.9 亿年前，那时节肢动物和植物早就已经在陆地上建立生态系统，而一群勇敢的肉鳍鱼才刚刚想要向陆地发起了挑战。</p>\n<p>随着时间的推移，这些进入陆地的鱼的四肢变得越来发达，呼吸空气变得越来越游刃有余，但是它们只能在水体周围活动，因为它们的卵无法在没有水的地方发育。</p>\n<p>直到大约在 3.12 亿年前，一批半水生的鱼（或者称为两栖动物）开发出一种全新的卵，它们用一层膜将胚胎包裹起来，给胚胎提供一个水环境。</p>\n<p>这个膜就是<strong>羊膜</strong>，而这种卵就是<strong>羊膜卵</strong>。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-6569bd48276f0e7f9fb9607e23a4138a_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><strong>羊膜卵是脊椎动物史上最伟大创新之一</strong>，它让鱼第一次真正能够离开水，在完全没有水的地方建立巢穴，在那里产卵，幼体在卵里面发育，孵化后也不需要回到水里。</p>\n<p>这群通过羊膜包裹胚胎的动物就是<strong>羊膜动物</strong>，包括所有爬行动物，所有的鸟类，所有的哺乳动物，以及早已灭绝的恐龙，所有真正适应陆地的脊椎动物都是属于羊膜动物。</p>\n<p>最初羊膜动物产下的卵，和我们现在吃的鸡蛋不同，它外层是革质的，坚韧柔软的，而不是坚硬的，也就是<strong>软壳蛋。</strong></p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-043bce38454c75c30aa0ab6e355768cb_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>其实，现存大部分爬行动物依然产下的是软壳蛋（有一些也演化出产硬壳蛋），而鸟类和鳄鱼只会产下硬壳的蛋。</p>\n<p>硬壳蛋在大约 2 亿年前出现，<strong>最早进化出硬壳蛋的可能是恐龙</strong>，然后被多次独立进化，其实鸟类只是传承了恐龙的这一特征，并不是它们自己独创的，以前的分类学家喜欢将硬壳蛋作为分类鸟类的标准之一，现在看来也不是很合适。</p>\n<p><strong>硬壳蛋为什么没有更硬？</strong></p>\n<p>硬壳蛋给胚胎提供更好的保护是它主要的优势之一，<strong>它其实已经足够坚硬了</strong>，因为它并不是为了防止我们敲击蛋壳，而是防止那些无处不在的节肢动物和体型较小的哺乳动物偷吃。</p>\n<p>您想想恐龙的体型，以及它们产下的蛋能有多大的尺寸，在恐龙时代，哺乳动物的体型整体偏小，那些真正会偷蛋的哺乳动物，根本就无法啃食较大的恐龙蛋。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-6dd00b805d69706b888091c189192267_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>硬壳蛋的另外一个优势是，它可以有效减少水分的蒸发，这让硬壳蛋动物可以将蛋产在更广泛的栖息地内，比如干旱地区，这是软壳蛋无法突破的极限。</p>\n<p>由于硬壳蛋大大提升了羊膜动物的繁殖成功率，以及对陆地的征服能力，所以可以说<strong>硬壳蛋也是羊膜动物进化的里程碑之一</strong>。</p>\n<p><strong>至于蛋有没有必要变得更坚硬？</strong>很难说，但可以肯定是，让蛋变得更坚硬动物的收益只会越来越小——因为能防的动物普通硬壳蛋就能搞定，而不能防的动物你继续提升硬度也无济于事。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-556cb6848c20c3e25043001e320a3dab_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption> ©Suphaya Wachiraboworntham</figcaption></figure>\n<p>另一方面，蛋硬度的提升不仅像您提到的那样会影响雏鸟出壳，它其实还有许多其它负面影响，比如影响胚胎呼吸，母体的营养等等。</p>\n<p>每一枚蛋上都有许多小孔，这些小孔是用于呼吸的，而它也会让蛋变得更脆，如果一味提升硬度肯定影响小孔，并影响胚胎呼吸。</p>\n<p>总之，不断提升Line truncated
|
||||
"description": "<div><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-8ee8fb139a0d6a124b1bb7211563e743_fhd.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"头图\"/><div><div>\n<p>可以换位思考下，为什么有一些植物种子的种皮会那么坚不可摧？</p>\n<p>这个很容易理解，主要是因为植物种子需要长距离、长时间传播，而在传播过程中，它可能需要经过动物嘴巴咀嚼，肠道洗礼，石头撞击....等等一系列外力影响。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pica.zhimg.com/v2-318d76070ce38a99d96c3e18e0b96e28_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>©aussiegall</figcaption></figure>\n<p>那动物的蛋呢？</p>\n<p>它只是一个培育胚胎的场所，动物没必要转移传播它，也不会长期保存它，所以它不需要太过于坚硬。</p>\n<p>当然，对产下硬壳蛋的动物来说，还有其它一些因素，让蛋变得更坚硬会没有太多价值！</p>\n<p><strong>动物的蛋是怎么来的？</strong></p>\n<p>大约 3.9 亿年前，那时节肢动物和植物早就已经在陆地上建立生态系统，而一群勇敢的肉鳍鱼才刚刚想要向陆地发起了挑战。</p>\n<p>随着时间的推移，这些进入陆地的鱼的四肢变得越来发达，呼吸空气变得越来越游刃有余，但是它们只能在水体周围活动，因为它们的卵无法在没有水的地方发育。</p>\n<p>直到大约在 3.12 亿年前，一批半水生的鱼（或者称为两栖动物）开发出一种全新的卵，它们用一层膜将胚胎包裹起来，给胚胎提供一个水环境。</p>\n<p>这个膜就是<strong>羊膜</strong>，而这种卵就是<strong>羊膜卵</strong>。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-6569bd48276f0e7f9fb9607e23a4138a_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><strong>羊膜卵是脊椎动物史上最伟大创新之一</strong>，它让鱼第一次真正能够离开水，在完全没有水的地方建立巢穴，在那里产卵，幼体在卵里面发育，孵化后也不需要回到水里。</p>\n<p>这群通过羊膜包裹胚胎的动物就是<strong>羊膜动物</strong>，包括所有爬行动物，所有的鸟类，所有的哺乳动物，以及早已灭绝的恐龙，所有真正适应陆地的脊椎动物都是属于羊膜动物。</p>\n<p>最初羊膜动物产下的卵，和我们现在吃的鸡蛋不同，它外层是革质的，坚韧柔软的，而不是坚硬的，也就是<strong>软壳蛋。</strong></p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-043bce38454c75c30aa0ab6e355768cb_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>其实，现存大部分爬行动物依然产下的是软壳蛋（有一些也演化出产硬壳蛋），而鸟类和鳄鱼只会产下硬壳的蛋。</p>\n<p>硬壳蛋在大约 2 亿年前出现，<strong>最早进化出硬壳蛋的可能是恐龙</strong>，然后被多次独立进化，其实鸟类只是传承了恐龙的这一特征，并不是它们自己独创的，以前的分类学家喜欢将硬壳蛋作为分类鸟类的标准之一，现在看来也不是很合适。</p>\n<p><strong>硬壳蛋为什么没有更硬？</strong></p>\n<p>硬壳蛋给胚胎提供更好的保护是它主要的优势之一，<strong>它其实已经足够坚硬了</strong>，因为它并不是为了防止我们敲击蛋壳，而是防止那些无处不在的节肢动物和体型较小的哺乳动物偷吃。</p>\n<p>您想想恐龙的体型，以及它们产下的蛋能有多大的尺寸，在恐龙时代，哺乳动物的体型整体偏小，那些真正会偷蛋的哺乳动物，根本就无法啃食较大的恐龙蛋。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-6dd00b805d69706b888091c189192267_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>硬壳蛋的另外一个优势是，它可以有效减少水分的蒸发，这让硬壳蛋动物可以将蛋产在更广泛的栖息地内，比如干旱地区，这是软壳蛋无法突破的极限。</p>\n<p>由于硬壳蛋大大提升了羊膜动物的繁殖成功率，以及对陆地的征服能力，所以可以说<strong>硬壳蛋也是羊膜动物进化的里程碑之一</strong>。</p>\n<p><strong>至于蛋有没有必要变得更坚硬？</strong>很难说，但可以肯定是，让蛋变得更坚硬动物的收益只会越来越小——因为能防的动物普通硬壳蛋就能搞定，而不能防的动物你继续提升硬度也无济于事。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-556cb6848c20c3e25043001e320a3dab_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption> ©Suphaya Wachiraboworntham</figcaption></figure>\n<p>另一方面，蛋硬度的提升不仅像您提到的那样会影响雏鸟出壳，它其实还有许多其它负面影响，比如影响胚胎呼吸，母体的营养等等。</p>\n<p>每一枚蛋上都有许多小孔，这些小孔是用于呼吸的，而它也会让蛋变得更脆，如果一味提升硬度肯定影响小孔，并影响胚胎呼吸。</p>\n<p>总之，不断提Line truncated
|
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"content": "<div><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-8ee8fb139a0d6a124b1bb7211563e743_fhd.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"头图\"/><div><div>\n<p>可以换位思考下，为什么有一些植物种子的种皮会那么坚不可摧？</p>\n<p>这个很容易理解，主要是因为植物种子需要长距离、长时间传播，而在传播过程中，它可能需要经过动物嘴巴咀嚼，肠道洗礼，石头撞击....等等一系列外力影响。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pica.zhimg.com/v2-318d76070ce38a99d96c3e18e0b96e28_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>©aussiegall</figcaption></figure>\n<p>那动物的蛋呢？</p>\n<p>它只是一个培育胚胎的场所，动物没必要转移传播它，也不会长期保存它，所以它不需要太过于坚硬。</p>\n<p>当然，对产下硬壳蛋的动物来说，还有其它一些因素，让蛋变得更坚硬会没有太多价值！</p>\n<p><strong>动物的蛋是怎么来的？</strong></p>\n<p>大约 3.9 亿年前，那时节肢动物和植物早就已经在陆地上建立生态系统，而一群勇敢的肉鳍鱼才刚刚想要向陆地发起了挑战。</p>\n<p>随着时间的推移，这些进入陆地的鱼的四肢变得越来发达，呼吸空气变得越来越游刃有余，但是它们只能在水体周围活动，因为它们的卵无法在没有水的地方发育。</p>\n<p>直到大约在 3.12 亿年前，一批半水生的鱼（或者称为两栖动物）开发出一种全新的卵，它们用一层膜将胚胎包裹起来，给胚胎提供一个水环境。</p>\n<p>这个膜就是<strong>羊膜</strong>，而这种卵就是<strong>羊膜卵</strong>。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-6569bd48276f0e7f9fb9607e23a4138a_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><strong>羊膜卵是脊椎动物史上最伟大创新之一</strong>，它让鱼第一次真正能够离开水，在完全没有水的地方建立巢穴，在那里产卵，幼体在卵里面发育，孵化后也不需要回到水里。</p>\n<p>这群通过羊膜包裹胚胎的动物就是<strong>羊膜动物</strong>，包括所有爬行动物，所有的鸟类，所有的哺乳动物，以及早已灭绝的恐龙，所有真正适应陆地的脊椎动物都是属于羊膜动物。</p>\n<p>最初羊膜动物产下的卵，和我们现在吃的鸡蛋不同，它外层是革质的，坚韧柔软的，而不是坚硬的，也就是<strong>软壳蛋。</strong></p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-043bce38454c75c30aa0ab6e355768cb_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>其实，现存大部分爬行动物依然产下的是软壳蛋（有一些也演化出产硬壳蛋），而鸟类和鳄鱼只会产下硬壳的蛋。</p>\n<p>硬壳蛋在大约 2 亿年前出现，<strong>最早进化出硬壳蛋的可能是恐龙</strong>，然后被多次独立进化，其实鸟类只是传承了恐龙的这一特征，并不是它们自己独创的，以前的分类学家喜欢将硬壳蛋作为分类鸟类的标准之一，现在看来也不是很合适。</p>\n<p><strong>硬壳蛋为什么没有更硬？</strong></p>\n<p>硬壳蛋给胚胎提供更好的保护是它主要的优势之一，<strong>它其实已经足够坚硬了</strong>，因为它并不是为了防止我们敲击蛋壳，而是防止那些无处不在的节肢动物和体型较小的哺乳动物偷吃。</p>\n<p>您想想恐龙的体型，以及它们产下的蛋能有多大的尺寸，在恐龙时代，哺乳动物的体型整体偏小，那些真正会偷蛋的哺乳动物，根本就无法啃食较大的恐龙蛋。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-6dd00b805d69706b888091c189192267_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>硬壳蛋的另外一个优势是，它可以有效减少水分的蒸发，这让硬壳蛋动物可以将蛋产在更广泛的栖息地内，比如干旱地区，这是软壳蛋无法突破的极限。</p>\n<p>由于硬壳蛋大大提升了羊膜动物的繁殖成功率，以及对陆地的征服能力，所以可以说<strong>硬壳蛋也是羊膜动物进化的里程碑之一</strong>。</p>\n<p><strong>至于蛋有没有必要变得更坚硬？</strong>很难说，但可以肯定是，让蛋变得更坚硬动物的收益只会越来越小——因为能防的动物普通硬壳蛋就能搞定，而不能防的动物你继续提升硬度也无济于事。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-556cb6848c20c3e25043001e320a3dab_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption> ©Suphaya Wachiraboworntham</figcaption></figure>\n<p>另一方面，蛋硬度的提升不仅像您提到的那样会影响雏鸟出壳，它其实还有许多其它负面影响，比如影响胚胎呼吸，母体的营养等等。</p>\n<p>每一枚蛋上都有许多小孔，这些小孔是用于呼吸的，而它也会让蛋变得更脆，如果一味提升硬度肯定影响小孔，并影响胚胎呼吸。</p>\n<p>总之，不断提升Line truncated
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"link": "https://daily.zhihu.com/story/9783580",
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"title": "为什么长征被称为空前绝后的军事奇迹？",
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"description": "<div><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-56ecf6790568affdb19fec81b6d7ea1b_fhd.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"头图\"/><div><div>\n<p>可能大家没有过行军经历，不太明白徒步行军 25000 里到底是什么概念。也不明白爬雪山过草地，对于徒步行军意味着什么。</p>\n<p>我给大家分享一些徒步行军的经历吧。</p>\n<p>我曾服役与第二步兵团，我们团的人，一年里有半年时间都在执行海外战斗任务。我们都管去海外执行作战任务叫“带薪度假”。</p>\n<p>无论是新兵老兵，大家说起来打仗，训练都是一个个谈笑自若，唯一让我们谈之色变的，就是长途行军拉练。</p>\n<p>也许有朋友会认为，行军有啥好怕的，不就是走路吗？在这里，我给大家简单介绍一下什么是行军。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-b442c211c05df8c2c53ce3a6e652cd86_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>野外搭建行军床</figcaption></figure>\n<p>首先，负重。个人所有的装备，生活物资都要背在身上。大背包 15 公斤，包括雨衣，备用军装，鞋子，睡袋，防潮垫，三天口粮，三天饮用水，枪械保养袋。。。小背包里 5 公斤，战斗装备，防毒面具，反生化贴，地雷三角标，急救包，针线包，备用弹夹，手雷，夜视仪，电池等。</p>\n<p>武器在身上，单兵步枪 5 公斤，六个弹夹，钢盔，工兵铲，还要分别携带一把班用重武器这个要看你是打什么位置的，你可能携带，重机枪枪管 10 公斤或机枪子弹一箱，或机枪枪身 11 公斤，或机枪支架 15 公斤，或反坦克火箭筒，或狙击步枪 7 公斤，或步话机加电池 10 公斤，或步兵炮。</p>\n<p>总之无论你打哪个位置，总负重 40-45 公斤。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-25ff985bcb297594a48ae4506fa958e2_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>行军速度:</p>\n<p>正常行军，一小时 4-6 公里。每天最低 40 公里。（地图距离，实际距离五十公里左右）</p>\n<p>急行军，一小时 8-10 公里。每天最低 40 公里。</p>\n<p>强行军，一小时 5 公里，每天最低 60 公里，需要连续走 12 小时以上。</p>\n<p>在上述负重和行军速度下，只需要一天，我脚上最少七八个血泡。</p>\n<p>晚上休息时，我会拿出针线包把针从血泡里穿过去，留个线头在外面，第二天里面的脓水就会顺着线头流出来。</p>\n<p>如果不这样做，第二天在行军的时候，脚上的血泡会越来越大，最后连成一片整个脚底的皮掉下来。</p>\n<p>这个是无法避免的，由于负重太重而且走的大多数是山路，无论是在鞋里垫卫生巾，还是穿两双袜子，都不行。一样会起血泡。</p>\n<p>第二天往后，继续走的时候，由于脚上的血泡破裂，就是里面的肉直接和鞋底摩了，那种感觉每走一步犹如用砂纸在你伤口上打磨一下。有一次，我脚指甲盖顶断了，我一瘸一拐落在队伍后面，班长马上对我吼道，“张，你在学迈克尔杰克逊吗？给我走的像个男人一点。”我只能咬牙快步跟上。</p>\n<p>晚上扎营时，基本上所有人的脚干脆不能看了，很多人袜子根本脱不下来，已经跟脚底磨烂的皮肉粘在一起了。</p>\n<p>第四天，大家抵抗力全面下降，每个人都是那种低烧状态，这是因为脚底的伤口开始溃脓身体产生的正常反应，开始有战友撑不住了，走着走着就摔倒在地，班长过去号一下脉（按住他颈侧大动脉，评估是否心跳过快）摸摸头温。然后对我们喊，“上肩”。</p>\n<p>我们马上跑过去，手快的抢了他的小背包背在胸前。</p>\n<p>其他人，有的拿他的背包，有的拿他的副武器，而最新的新兵，则要负责扛起来这个战友继续走。而当时，最新的新兵就是我。我把我的小战斗背包和重机枪枪身交给其他战友，蹲下身一手抄胳膊一手抄腿，把那个战友横担在我肩膀上。继续走。</p>\n<p>走了大概二十分钟，我觉得嘴巴上面热热的，用手一抹，不知道什么时候我开始流鼻血了。班长看到后跑过来说，“换人。”</p>\n<p>另一个战友从我肩膀上接过人，我则拿回我的重机枪，就这样大家轮流扛着伤病战友继续前进。</p>\n<p>第五天，第六天。。。。。</p>\n<p>这样的行军，在我们部队，七天已经是极限了。再继续下去，就要产生大量非战斗减员，这个连的战斗力也就会大幅度下降。</p>\n<p>美军海军陆战队曾和我们在吉布提联合训练，24 个人的陆战突击队，能够跟我们一起完成 500 公里七天强行军的只有 3 个人。</p>\n<p>而红军战士们，在当时那种敌人围追堵截，没有后勤补给，没有情报支援，还Line truncated
|
||||
"content": "<div><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-56ecf6790568affdb19fec81b6d7ea1b_fhd.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"头图\"/><div><div>\n<p>可能大家没有过行军经历，不太明白徒步行军 25000 里到底是什么概念。也不明白爬雪山过草地，对于徒步行军意味着什么。</p>\n<p>我给大家分享一些徒步行军的经历吧。</p>\n<p>我曾服役与第二步兵团，我们团的人，一年里有半年时间都在执行海外战斗任务。我们都管去海外执行作战任务叫“带薪度假”。</p>\n<p>无论是新兵老兵，大家说起来打仗，训练都是一个个谈笑自若，唯一让我们谈之色变的，就是长途行军拉练。</p>\n<p>也许有朋友会认为，行军有啥好怕的，不就是走路吗？在这里，我给大家简单介绍一下什么是行军。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-b442c211c05df8c2c53ce3a6e652cd86_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>野外搭建行军床</figcaption></figure>\n<p>首先，负重。个人所有的装备，生活物资都要背在身上。大背包 15 公斤，包括雨衣，备用军装，鞋子，睡袋，防潮垫，三天口粮，三天饮用水，枪械保养袋。。。小背包里 5 公斤，战斗装备，防毒面具，反生化贴，地雷三角标，急救包，针线包，备用弹夹，手雷，夜视仪，电池等。</p>\n<p>武器在身上，单兵步枪 5 公斤，六个弹夹，钢盔，工兵铲，还要分别携带一把班用重武器这个要看你是打什么位置的，你可能携带，重机枪枪管 10 公斤或机枪子弹一箱，或机枪枪身 11 公斤，或机枪支架 15 公斤，或反坦克火箭筒，或狙击步枪 7 公斤，或步话机加电池 10 公斤，或步兵炮。</p>\n<p>总之无论你打哪个位置，总负重 40-45 公斤。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-25ff985bcb297594a48ae4506fa958e2_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>行军速度:</p>\n<p>正常行军，一小时 4-6 公里。每天最低 40 公里。（地图距离，实际距离五十公里左右）</p>\n<p>急行军，一小时 8-10 公里。每天最低 40 公里。</p>\n<p>强行军，一小时 5 公里，每天最低 60 公里，需要连续走 12 小时以上。</p>\n<p>在上述负重和行军速度下，只需要一天，我脚上最少七八个血泡。</p>\n<p>晚上休息时，我会拿出针线包把针从血泡里穿过去，留个线头在外面，第二天里面的脓水就会顺着线头流出来。</p>\n<p>如果不这样做，第二天在行军的时候，脚上的血泡会越来越大，最后连成一片整个脚底的皮掉下来。</p>\n<p>这个是无法避免的，由于负重太重而且走的大多数是山路，无论是在鞋里垫卫生巾，还是穿两双袜子，都不行。一样会起血泡。</p>\n<p>第二天往后，继续走的时候，由于脚上的血泡破裂，就是里面的肉直接和鞋底摩了，那种感觉每走一步犹如用砂纸在你伤口上打磨一下。有一次，我脚指甲盖顶断了，我一瘸一拐落在队伍后面，班长马上对我吼道，“张，你在学迈克尔杰克逊吗？给我走的像个男人一点。”我只能咬牙快步跟上。</p>\n<p>晚上扎营时，基本上所有人的脚干脆不能看了，很多人袜子根本脱不下来，已经跟脚底磨烂的皮肉粘在一起了。</p>\n<p>第四天，大家抵抗力全面下降，每个人都是那种低烧状态，这是因为脚底的伤口开始溃脓身体产生的正常反应，开始有战友撑不住了，走着走着就摔倒在地，班长过去号一下脉（按住他颈侧大动脉，评估是否心跳过快）摸摸头温。然后对我们喊，“上肩”。</p>\n<p>我们马上跑过去，手快的抢了他的小背包背在胸前。</p>\n<p>其他人，有的拿他的背包，有的拿他的副武器，而最新的新兵，则要负责扛起来这个战友继续走。而当时，最新的新兵就是我。我把我的小战斗背包和重机枪枪身交给其他战友，蹲下身一手抄胳膊一手抄腿，把那个战友横担在我肩膀上。继续走。</p>\n<p>走了大概二十分钟，我觉得嘴巴上面热热的，用手一抹，不知道什么时候我开始流鼻血了。班长看到后跑过来说，“换人。”</p>\n<p>另一个战友从我肩膀上接过人，我则拿回我的重机枪，就这样大家轮流扛着伤病战友继续前进。</p>\n<p>第五天，第六天。。。。。</p>\n<p>这样的行军，在我们部队，七天已经是极限了。再继续下去，就要产生大量非战斗减员，这个连的战斗力也就会大幅度下降。</p>\n<p>美军海军陆战队曾和我们在吉布提联合训练，24 个人的陆战突击队，能够跟我们一起完成 500 公里七天强行军的只有 3 个人。</p>\n<p>而红军战士们，在当时那种敌人围追堵截，没有后勤补给，没有情报支援，还要一Line truncated
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"description": "<div><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-56ecf6790568affdb19fec81b6d7ea1b_fhd.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"头图\"/><div><div>\n<p>可能大家没有过行军经历，不太明白徒步行军 25000 里到底是什么概念。也不明白爬雪山过草地，对于徒步行军意味着什么。</p>\n<p>我给大家分享一些徒步行军的经历吧。</p>\n<p>我曾服役与第二步兵团，我们团的人，一年里有半年时间都在执行海外战斗任务。我们都管去海外执行作战任务叫“带薪度假”。</p>\n<p>无论是新兵老兵，大家说起来打仗，训练都是一个个谈笑自若，唯一让我们谈之色变的，就是长途行军拉练。</p>\n<p>也许有朋友会认为，行军有啥好怕的，不就是走路吗？在这里，我给大家简单介绍一下什么是行军。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-b442c211c05df8c2c53ce3a6e652cd86_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>野外搭建行军床</figcaption></figure>\n<p>首先，负重。个人所有的装备，生活物资都要背在身上。大背包 15 公斤，包括雨衣，备用军装，鞋子，睡袋，防潮垫，三天口粮，三天饮用水，枪械保养袋。。。小背包里 5 公斤，战斗装备，防毒面具，反生化贴，地雷三角标，急救包，针线包，备用弹夹，手雷，夜视仪，电池等。</p>\n<p>武器在身上，单兵步枪 5 公斤，六个弹夹，钢盔，工兵铲，还要分别携带一把班用重武器这个要看你是打什么位置的，你可能携带，重机枪枪管 10 公斤或机枪子弹一箱，或机枪枪身 11 公斤，或机枪支架 15 公斤，或反坦克火箭筒，或狙击步枪 7 公斤，或步话机加电池 10 公斤，或步兵炮。</p>\n<p>总之无论你打哪个位置，总负重 40-45 公斤。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-25ff985bcb297594a48ae4506fa958e2_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>行军速度:</p>\n<p>正常行军，一小时 4-6 公里。每天最低 40 公里。（地图距离，实际距离五十公里左右）</p>\n<p>急行军，一小时 8-10 公里。每天最低 40 公里。</p>\n<p>强行军，一小时 5 公里，每天最低 60 公里，需要连续走 12 小时以上。</p>\n<p>在上述负重和行军速度下，只需要一天，我脚上最少七八个血泡。</p>\n<p>晚上休息时，我会拿出针线包把针从血泡里穿过去，留个线头在外面，第二天里面的脓水就会顺着线头流出来。</p>\n<p>如果不这样做，第二天在行军的时候，脚上的血泡会越来越大，最后连成一片整个脚底的皮掉下来。</p>\n<p>这个是无法避免的，由于负重太重而且走的大多数是山路，无论是在鞋里垫卫生巾，还是穿两双袜子，都不行。一样会起血泡。</p>\n<p>第二天往后，继续走的时候，由于脚上的血泡破裂，就是里面的肉直接和鞋底摩了，那种感觉每走一步犹如用砂纸在你伤口上打磨一下。有一次，我脚指甲盖顶断了，我一瘸一拐落在队伍后面，班长马上对我吼道，“张，你在学迈克尔杰克逊吗？给我走的像个男人一点。”我只能咬牙快步跟上。</p>\n<p>晚上扎营时，基本上所有人的脚干脆不能看了，很多人袜子根本脱不下来，已经跟脚底磨烂的皮肉粘在一起了。</p>\n<p>第四天，大家抵抗力全面下降，每个人都是那种低烧状态，这是因为脚底的伤口开始溃脓身体产生的正常反应，开始有战友撑不住了，走着走着就摔倒在地，班长过去号一下脉（按住他颈侧大动脉，评估是否心跳过快）摸摸头温。然后对我们喊，“上肩”。</p>\n<p>我们马上跑过去，手快的抢了他的小背包背在胸前。</p>\n<p>其他人，有的拿他的背包，有的拿他的副武器，而最新的新兵，则要负责扛起来这个战友继续走。而当时，最新的新兵就是我。我把我的小战斗背包和重机枪枪身交给其他战友，蹲下身一手抄胳膊一手抄腿，把那个战友横担在我肩膀上。继续走。</p>\n<p>走了大概二十分钟，我觉得嘴巴上面热热的，用手一抹，不知道什么时候我开始流鼻血了。班长看到后跑过来说，“换人。”</p>\n<p>另一个战友从我肩膀上接过人，我则拿回我的重机枪，就这样大家轮流扛着伤病战友继续前进。</p>\n<p>第五天，第六天。。。。。</p>\n<p>这样的行军，在我们部队，七天已经是极限了。再继续下去，就要产生大量非战斗减员，这个连的战斗力也就会大幅度下降。</p>\n<p>美军海军陆战队曾和我们在吉布提联合训练，24 个人的陆战突击队，能够跟我们一起完成 500 公里七天强行军的只有 3 个人。</p>\n<p>而红军战士们，在当时那种敌人围追堵截，没有后勤补给，没有情报支援，还Line truncated
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"content": "<div><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-56ecf6790568affdb19fec81b6d7ea1b_fhd.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"头图\"/><div><div>\n<p>可能大家没有过行军经历，不太明白徒步行军 25000 里到底是什么概念。也不明白爬雪山过草地，对于徒步行军意味着什么。</p>\n<p>我给大家分享一些徒步行军的经历吧。</p>\n<p>我曾服役与第二步兵团，我们团的人，一年里有半年时间都在执行海外战斗任务。我们都管去海外执行作战任务叫“带薪度假”。</p>\n<p>无论是新兵老兵，大家说起来打仗，训练都是一个个谈笑自若，唯一让我们谈之色变的，就是长途行军拉练。</p>\n<p>也许有朋友会认为，行军有啥好怕的，不就是走路吗？在这里，我给大家简单介绍一下什么是行军。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-b442c211c05df8c2c53ce3a6e652cd86_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>野外搭建行军床</figcaption></figure>\n<p>首先，负重。个人所有的装备，生活物资都要背在身上。大背包 15 公斤，包括雨衣，备用军装，鞋子，睡袋，防潮垫，三天口粮，三天饮用水，枪械保养袋。。。小背包里 5 公斤，战斗装备，防毒面具，反生化贴，地雷三角标，急救包，针线包，备用弹夹，手雷，夜视仪，电池等。</p>\n<p>武器在身上，单兵步枪 5 公斤，六个弹夹，钢盔，工兵铲，还要分别携带一把班用重武器这个要看你是打什么位置的，你可能携带，重机枪枪管 10 公斤或机枪子弹一箱，或机枪枪身 11 公斤，或机枪支架 15 公斤，或反坦克火箭筒，或狙击步枪 7 公斤，或步话机加电池 10 公斤，或步兵炮。</p>\n<p>总之无论你打哪个位置，总负重 40-45 公斤。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-25ff985bcb297594a48ae4506fa958e2_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>行军速度:</p>\n<p>正常行军，一小时 4-6 公里。每天最低 40 公里。（地图距离，实际距离五十公里左右）</p>\n<p>急行军，一小时 8-10 公里。每天最低 40 公里。</p>\n<p>强行军，一小时 5 公里，每天最低 60 公里，需要连续走 12 小时以上。</p>\n<p>在上述负重和行军速度下，只需要一天，我脚上最少七八个血泡。</p>\n<p>晚上休息时，我会拿出针线包把针从血泡里穿过去，留个线头在外面，第二天里面的脓水就会顺着线头流出来。</p>\n<p>如果不这样做，第二天在行军的时候，脚上的血泡会越来越大，最后连成一片整个脚底的皮掉下来。</p>\n<p>这个是无法避免的，由于负重太重而且走的大多数是山路，无论是在鞋里垫卫生巾，还是穿两双袜子，都不行。一样会起血泡。</p>\n<p>第二天往后，继续走的时候，由于脚上的血泡破裂，就是里面的肉直接和鞋底摩了，那种感觉每走一步犹如用砂纸在你伤口上打磨一下。有一次，我脚指甲盖顶断了，我一瘸一拐落在队伍后面，班长马上对我吼道，“张，你在学迈克尔杰克逊吗？给我走的像个男人一点。”我只能咬牙快步跟上。</p>\n<p>晚上扎营时，基本上所有人的脚干脆不能看了，很多人袜子根本脱不下来，已经跟脚底磨烂的皮肉粘在一起了。</p>\n<p>第四天，大家抵抗力全面下降，每个人都是那种低烧状态，这是因为脚底的伤口开始溃脓身体产生的正常反应，开始有战友撑不住了，走着走着就摔倒在地，班长过去号一下脉（按住他颈侧大动脉，评估是否心跳过快）摸摸头温。然后对我们喊，“上肩”。</p>\n<p>我们马上跑过去，手快的抢了他的小背包背在胸前。</p>\n<p>其他人，有的拿他的背包，有的拿他的副武器，而最新的新兵，则要负责扛起来这个战友继续走。而当时，最新的新兵就是我。我把我的小战斗背包和重机枪枪身交给其他战友，蹲下身一手抄胳膊一手抄腿，把那个战友横担在我肩膀上。继续走。</p>\n<p>走了大概二十分钟，我觉得嘴巴上面热热的，用手一抹，不知道什么时候我开始流鼻血了。班长看到后跑过来说，“换人。”</p>\n<p>另一个战友从我肩膀上接过人，我则拿回我的重机枪，就这样大家轮流扛着伤病战友继续前进。</p>\n<p>第五天，第六天。。。。。</p>\n<p>这样的行军，在我们部队，七天已经是极限了。再继续下去，就要产生大量非战斗减员，这个连的战斗力也就会大幅度下降。</p>\n<p>美军海军陆战队曾和我们在吉布提联合训练，24 个人的陆战突击队，能够跟我们一起完成 500 公里七天强行军的只有 3 个人。</p>\n<p>而红军战士们，在当时那种敌人围追堵截，没有后勤补给，没有情报支援，还要一Line truncated
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"category": "",
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"link": "https://daily.zhihu.com/story/9783556",
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"title": "同为中国古代三大天才诗人之一，李白和苏轼，哪一个更出色？",
|
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"description": "<div><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-02de6e0b45eda687ddb4057fda978298_fhd.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"头图\"/><div><div>\n<p>即便李白与苏轼二人有同等的天才，但作为一位盛唐养出来的诗人，李白显然更为出色。</p>\n<p>在中国文学史上，盛唐之所以可以被标榜为一种难以企及的“气象”，并不是说盛唐的诗人、文人的技法就一定最高，而是盛唐时代的人文环境能够“养”出不一样的人。</p>\n<p>比如岑参、高适被一直被看作是边塞诗的巅峰。实际上，仅就技法水平来说，岑参、高适未必能独占一档，但比起之前和之后的诗人来说，岑参、高适有着其他人无法企及的优势——盛唐的巨大国土。</p>\n<p>那个时代没有照相机，也拍不了视频，个人在文学创作上的经验积累基本都要通过具体的生命体验来完成。所以，你看之前魏晋时期的边塞诗，以及之后宋明的边塞诗，对于边塞的想象基本就是寒冷、荒凉，因为这些时代的实控国土的西、北方向也就是到内蒙、甘肃这一线。</p>\n<p>但是对于岑参、高适来说——尤其是曾在安西、北庭都护府辖地工作过的岑参来说，情况可就大不一样了。陆游写“尚思为国戍轮台”、“铁马冰河入梦来”，那是他做梦的时候想的，但“轮台九月风夜吼，一川碎石大如斗，随风满地石乱走”、“ 马毛带雪汗气蒸，五花连钱旋作冰，幕中草檄砚水凝”，那是岑参亲身所经历的。较之其他时代的边塞诗多以“豪”而著称，盛唐的边塞诗是可以用前所未闻的雄奇意象来填充这种气势的。</p>\n<p>说回到李白身上，也是一样的。在中国历史上的著名诗人里，你再也找不到这样一个在国外出生（今天版图视角下的国外），小时候就行走万里，而又颇有家资、成长于历史上绝无仅有的盛世，偏偏这个盛世又颇为开放，四海宾服、天下商旅往来不绝。更为难得的是，在文人多出仕的古代，李白因为种种原因只在朝廷工作过很短的时间，其余的时候或闲居、或游历，也有着与苏轼迥然不同的生命体验。</p>\n<p>这一切带给李白作品的加成，就是一如前面所说，李白可以以雄奇、壮阔的意象来融入作品，二来李白本身也有更强的世俗属性，且受儒家观念的影响更小，三则是李白本身的情感表达更为充沛和剧烈。</p>\n<p>具体来说，在第一点上，苏轼一声虽也颠沛流离，但基本都是因为被贬官、流放或调任，而李白的游历则是自主的。对比二人的人生行迹图也可以发现，李白所游历的空间要比苏轼大得多。</p>\n<p>如此，这些诗也就只有李白能写得出来：“明月出天山，苍茫云海间。长风几万里，吹度玉门关”、“幽州胡马客，绿眼虎皮冠”、“燕山雪花大如席，片片吹落轩辕台”、“五月天山雪，无花只有寒”、“黄河西来决昆仑，咆哮万里触龙门”、“洗兵条支海上波，放马天山雪中草”、“从军玉门道，逐虏金微山”……</p>\n<p>对于苏轼来说，“燕山”、“幽州”、“天山”、“昆仑”、“金微山”等等只是在书里才见过的地方，而对李白来说，这就是他所在��家内的国土。</p>\n<p>其二，是李白对于世俗生活，尤其是各种各样的娱乐行为非常的熟稔，这与饱受正统教育且有官场规矩束缚的苏轼又不太一样。比如李白的这首《东山吟》：</p>\n<blockquote>携妓东土山，怅然悲谢安。我妓今朝如花月，<br>他妓古坟荒草寒。白鸡梦后三百岁，洒酒浇君同所欢。<br>酣来自作青海舞，秋风吹落紫绮冠……</blockquote>\n<p>李白甚至有很多诗名字就直接带“妓”：《秋猎孟诸夜归，置酒单父东楼观妓》、《邯郸南亭观妓》、《在水军宴韦司马楼船观妓》。今人可以为李白辩解说，李白说的“妓”和今天意义上的“妓”不一样，那个是有才艺的，但不管怎么说，对于宋以后的官员而言，也是不太能公开把这个写出来并传播的。</p>\n<p>再比如在与杜甫和苏轼在商丘会面后，三人各自作诗。这里面最有趣的是，三个人回忆的重点完全不一样。这里面杜甫写的是“忆与高李辈，论交入酒垆。两公壮藻思，得我色敷腴”，但李白写的是“沉吟此事泪满衣，黄金买醉未能归。连呼五白行六博，分曹赌酒酣驰晖”。</p>\n<p>这就很有意思，杜甫说的是“我跟李白、高适一起喝酒聊天，非常开心”，李白的说是“哥几个划拳、打麻将，玩得真乐呵”——在这方面，李白是很放的开的。</p>\n<p>其三，是李白的感情表达更为充沛和剧烈。今天的很多人说羡慕苏轼心Line truncated
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"content": "<div><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-02de6e0b45eda687ddb4057fda978298_fhd.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"头图\"/><div><div>\n<p>即便李白与苏轼二人有同等的天才，但作为一位盛唐养出来的诗人，李白显然更为出色。</p>\n<p>在中国文学史上，盛唐之所以可以被标榜为一种难以企及的“气象”，并不是说盛唐的诗人、文人的技法就一定最高，而是盛唐时代的人文环境能够“养”出不一样的人。</p>\n<p>比如岑参、高适被一直被看作是边塞诗的巅峰。实际上，仅就技法水平来说，岑参、高适未必能独占一档，但比起之前和之后的诗人来说，岑参、高适有着其他人无法企及的优势——盛唐的巨大国土。</p>\n<p>那个时代没有照相机，也拍不了视频，个人在文学创作上的经验积累基本都要通过具体的生命体验来完成。所以，你看之前魏晋时期的边塞诗，以及之后宋明的边塞诗，对于边塞的想象基本就是寒冷、荒凉，因为这些时代的实控国土的西、北方向也就是到内蒙、甘肃这一线。</p>\n<p>但是对于岑参、高适来说——尤其是曾在安西、北庭都护府辖地工作过的岑参来说，情况可就大不一样了。陆游写“尚思为国戍轮台”、“铁马冰河入梦来”，那是他做梦的时候想的，但“轮台九月风夜吼，一川碎石大如斗，随风满地石乱走”、“ 马毛带雪汗气蒸，五花连钱旋作冰，幕中草檄砚水凝”，那是岑参亲身所经历的。较之其他时代的边塞诗多以“豪”而著称，盛唐的边塞诗是可以用前所未闻的雄奇意象来填充这种气势的。</p>\n<p>说回到李白身上，也是一样的。在中国历史上的著名诗人里，你再也找不到这样一个在国外出生（今天版图视角下的国外），小时候就行走万里，而又颇有家资、成长于历史上绝无仅有的盛世，偏偏这个盛世又颇为开放，四海宾服、天下商旅往来不绝。更为难得的是，在文人多出仕的古代，李白因为种种原因只在朝廷工作过很短的时间，其余的时候或闲居、或游历，也有着与苏轼迥然不同的生命体验。</p>\n<p>这一切带给李白作品的加成，就是一如前面所说，李白可以以雄奇、壮阔的意象来融入作品，二来李白本身也有更强的世俗属性，且受儒家观念的影响更小，三则是李白本身的情感表达更为充沛和剧烈。</p>\n<p>具体来说，在第一点上，苏轼一声虽也颠沛流离，但基本都是因为被贬官、流放或调任，而李白的游历则是自主的。对比二人的人生行迹图也可以发现，李白所游历的空间要比苏轼大得多。</p>\n<p>如此，这些诗也就只有李白能写得出来：“明月出天山，苍茫云海间。长风几万里，吹度玉门关”、“幽州胡马客，绿眼虎皮冠”、“燕山雪花大如席，片片吹落轩辕台”、“五月天山雪，无花只有寒”、“黄河西来决昆仑，咆哮万里触龙门”、“洗兵条支海上波，放马天山雪中草”、“从军玉门道，逐虏金微山”……</p>\n<p>对于苏轼来说，“燕山”、“幽州”、“天山”、“昆仑”、“金微山”等等只是在书里才见过的地方，而对李白来说，这就是他所在国家内的国土。</p>\n<p>其二，是李白对于世俗生活，尤其是各种各样的娱乐行为非常的熟稔，这与饱受正统教育且有官场规矩束缚的苏轼又不太一样。比如李白的这首《东山吟》：</p>\n<blockquote>携妓东土山，怅然悲谢安。我妓今朝如花月，<br>他妓古坟荒草寒。白鸡梦后三百岁，洒酒浇君同所欢。<br>酣来自作青海舞，秋风吹落紫绮冠……</blockquote>\n<p>李白甚至有很多诗名字就直接带“妓”：《秋猎孟诸夜归，置酒单父东楼观妓》、《邯郸南亭观妓》、《在水军宴韦司马楼船观妓》。今人可以为李白辩解说，李白说的“妓”和今天意义上的“妓”不一样，那个是有才艺的，但不管怎么说，对于宋以后的官员而言，也是不太能公开把这个写出来并传播的。</p>\n<p>再比如在与杜甫和苏轼在商丘会面后，三人各自作诗。这里面最有趣的是，三个人回忆的重点完全不一样。这里面杜甫写的是“忆与高李辈，论交入酒垆。两公壮藻思，得我色敷腴”，但李白写的是“沉吟此事泪满衣，黄金买醉未能归。连呼五白行六博，分曹赌酒酣驰晖”。</p>\n<p>这就很有意思，杜甫说的是“我跟李白、高适一起喝酒聊天，非常开心”，李白的说是“哥几个划拳、打麻将，玩得真乐呵”——在这方面，李白是很放的开的。</p>\n<p>其三，是李白的感情表达更为充沛和剧烈。今天的很多人说羡慕苏轼心态Line truncated
|
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"description": "<div><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-02de6e0b45eda687ddb4057fda978298_fhd.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"头图\"/><div><div>\n<p>即便李白与苏轼二人有同等的天才，但作为一位盛唐养出来的诗人，李白显然更为出色。</p>\n<p>在中国文学史上，盛唐之所以可以被标榜为一种难以企及的“气象”，并不是说盛唐的诗人、文人的技法就一定最高，而是盛唐时代的人文环境能够“养”出不一样的人。</p>\n<p>比如岑参、高适被一直被看作是边塞诗的巅峰。实际上，仅就技法水平来说，岑参、高适未必能独占一档，但比起之前和之后的诗人来说，岑参、高适有着其他人无法企及的优势——盛唐的巨大国土。</p>\n<p>那个时代没有照相机，也拍不了视频，个人在文学创作上的经验积累基本都要通过具体的生命体验来完成。所以，你看之前魏晋时期的边塞诗，以及之后宋明的边塞诗，对于边塞的想象基本就是寒冷、荒凉，因为这些时代的实控国土的西、北方向也就是到内蒙、甘肃这一线。</p>\n<p>但是对于岑参、高适来说——尤其是曾在安西、北庭都护府辖地工作过的岑参来说，情况可就大不一样了。陆游写“尚思为国戍轮台”、“铁马冰河入梦来”，那是他做梦的时候想的，但“轮台九月风夜吼，一川碎石大如斗，随风满地石乱走”、“ 马毛带雪汗气蒸，五花连钱旋作冰，幕中草檄砚水凝”，那是岑参亲身所经历的。较之其他时代的边塞诗多以“豪”而著称，盛唐的边塞诗是可以用前所未闻的雄奇意象来填充这种气势的。</p>\n<p>说回到李白身上，也是一样的。在中国历史上的著名诗人里，你再也找不到这样一个在国外出生（今天版图视角下的国外），小时候就行走万里，而又颇有家资、成长于历史上绝无仅有的盛世，偏偏这个盛世又颇为开放，四海宾服、天下商旅往来不绝。更为难得的是，在文人多出仕的古代，李白因为种种原因只在朝廷工作过很短的时间，其余的时候或闲居、或游历，也有着与苏轼迥然不同的生命体验。</p>\n<p>这一切带给李白作品的加成，就是一如前面所说，李白可以以雄奇、壮阔的意象来融入作品，二来李白本身也有更强的世俗属性，且受儒家观念的影响更小，三则是李白本身的情感表达更为充沛和剧烈。</p>\n<p>具体来说，在第一点上，苏轼一声虽也颠沛流离，但基本都是因为被贬官、流放或调任，而李白的游历则是自主的。对比二人的人生行迹图也可以发现，李白所游历的空间要比苏轼大得多。</p>\n<p>如此，这些诗也就只有李白能写得出来：“明月出天山，苍茫云海间。长风几万里，吹度玉门关”、“幽州胡马客，绿眼虎皮冠”、“燕山雪花大如席，片片吹落轩辕台”、“五月天山雪，无花只有寒”、“黄河西来决昆仑，咆哮万里触龙门”、“洗兵条支海上波，放马天山雪中草”、“从军玉门道，逐虏金微山”……</p>\n<p>对于苏轼来说，“燕山”、“幽州”、“天山”、“昆仑”、“金微山”等等只是在书里才见过的地方，而对李白来说，这就是他所在��家内的国土。</p>\n<p>其二，是李白对于世俗生活，尤其是各种各样的娱乐行为非常的熟稔，这与饱受正统教育且有官场规矩束缚的苏轼又不太一样。比如李白的这首《东山吟》：</p>\n<blockquote>携妓东土山，怅然悲谢安。我妓今朝如花月，<br>他妓古坟荒草寒。白鸡梦后三百岁，洒酒浇君同所欢。<br>酣来自作青海舞，秋风吹落紫绮冠……</blockquote>\n<p>李白甚至有很多诗名字就直接带“妓”：《秋猎孟诸夜归，置酒单父东楼观妓》、《邯郸南亭观妓》、《在水军宴韦司马楼船观妓》。今人可以为李白辩解说，李白说的“妓”和今天意义上的“妓”不一样，那个是有才艺的，但不管怎么说，对于宋以后的官员而言，也是不太能公开把这个写出来并传播的。</p>\n<p>再比如在与杜甫和苏轼在商丘会面后，三人各自作诗。这里面最有趣的是，三个人回忆的重点完全不一样。这里面杜甫写的是“忆与高李辈，论交入酒垆。两公壮藻思，得我色敷腴”，但李白写的是“沉吟此事泪满衣，黄金买醉未能归。连呼五白行六博，分曹赌酒酣驰晖”。</p>\n<p>这就很有意思，杜甫说的是“我跟李白、高适一起喝酒聊天，非常开心”，李白的说是“哥几个划拳、打麻将，玩得真乐呵”——在这方面，李白是很放的开的。</p>\n<p>其三，是李白的感情表达更为充沛和剧烈。今天的很多人说羡慕苏轼心Line truncated
|
||||
"content": "<div><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-02de6e0b45eda687ddb4057fda978298_fhd.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"头图\"/><div><div>\n<p>即便李白与苏轼二人有同等的天才，但作为一位盛唐养出来的诗人，李白显然更为出色。</p>\n<p>在中国文学史上，盛唐之所以可以被标榜为一种难以企及的“气象”，并不是说盛唐的诗人、文人的技法就一定最高，而是盛唐时代的人文环境能够“养”出不一样的人。</p>\n<p>比如岑参、高适被一直被看作是边塞诗的巅峰。实际上，仅就技法水平来说，岑参、高适未必能独占一档，但比起之前和之后的诗人来说，岑参、高适有着其他人无法企及的优势——盛唐的巨大国土。</p>\n<p>那个时代没有照相机，也拍不了视频，个人在文学创作上的经验积累基本都要通过具体的生命体验来完成。所以，你看之前魏晋时期的边塞诗，以及之后宋明的边塞诗，对于边塞的想象基本就是寒冷、荒凉，因为这些时代的实控国土的西、北方向也就是到内蒙、甘肃这一线。</p>\n<p>但是对于岑参、高适来说——尤其是曾在安西、北庭都护府辖地工作过的岑参来说，情况可就大不一样了。陆游写“尚思为国戍轮台”、“铁马冰河入梦来”，那是他做梦的时候想的，但“轮台九月风夜吼，一川碎石大如斗，随风满地石乱走”、“ 马毛带雪汗气蒸，五花连钱旋作冰，幕中草檄砚水凝”，那是岑参亲身所经历的。较之其他时代的边塞诗多以“豪”而著称，盛唐的边塞诗是可以用前所未闻的雄奇意象来填充这种气势的。</p>\n<p>说回到李白身上，也是一样的。在中国历史上的著名诗人里，你再也找不到这样一个在国外出生（今天版图视角下的国外），小时候就行走万里，而又颇有家资、成长于历史上绝无仅有的盛世，偏偏这个盛世又颇为开放，四海宾服、天下商旅往来不绝。更为难得的是，在文人多出仕的古代，李白因为种种原因只在朝廷工作过很短的时间，其余的时候或闲居、或游历，也有着与苏轼迥然不同的生命体验。</p>\n<p>这一切带给李白作品的加成，就是一如前面所说，李白可以以雄奇、壮阔的意象来融入作品，二来李白本身也有更强的世俗属性，且受儒家观念的影响更小，三则是李白本身的情感表达更为充沛和剧烈。</p>\n<p>具体来说，在第一点上，苏轼一声虽也颠沛流离，但基本都是因为被贬官、流放或调任，而李白的游历则是自主的。对比二人的人生行迹图也可以发现，李白所游历的空间要比苏轼大得多。</p>\n<p>如此，这些诗也就只有李白能写得出来：“明月出天山，苍茫云海间。长风几万里，吹度玉门关”、“幽州胡马客，绿眼虎皮冠”、“燕山雪花大如席，片片吹落轩辕台”、“五月天山雪，无花只有寒”、“黄河西来决昆仑，咆哮万里触龙门”、“洗兵条支海上波，放马天山雪中草”、“从军玉门道，逐虏金微山”……</p>\n<p>对于苏轼来说，“燕山”、“幽州”、“天山”、“昆仑”、“金微山”等等只是在书里才见过的地方，而对李白来说，这就是他所在国家内的国土。</p>\n<p>其二，是李白对于世俗生活，尤其是各种各样的娱乐行为非常的熟稔，这与饱受正统教育且有官场规矩束缚的苏轼又不太一样。比如李白的这首《东山吟》：</p>\n<blockquote>携妓东土山，怅然悲谢安。我妓今朝如花月，<br>他妓古坟荒草寒。白鸡梦后三百岁，洒酒浇君同所欢。<br>酣来自作青海舞，秋风吹落紫绮冠……</blockquote>\n<p>李白甚至有很多诗名字就直接带“妓”：《秋猎孟诸夜归，置酒单父东楼观妓》、《邯郸南亭观妓》、《在水军宴韦司马楼船观妓》。今人可以为李白辩解说，李白说的“妓”和今天意义上的“妓”不一样，那个是有才艺的，但不管怎么说，对于宋以后的官员而言，也是不太能公开把这个写出来并传播的。</p>\n<p>再比如在与杜甫和苏轼在商丘会面后，三人各自作诗。这里面最有趣的是，三个人回忆的重点完全不一样。这里面杜甫写的是“忆与高李辈，论交入酒垆。两公壮藻思，得我色敷腴”，但李白写的是“沉吟此事泪满衣，黄金买醉未能归。连呼五白行六博，分曹赌酒酣驰晖”。</p>\n<p>这就很有意思，杜甫说的是“我跟李白、高适一起喝酒聊天，非常开心”，李白的说是“哥几个划拳、打麻将，玩得真乐呵”——在这方面，李白是很放的开的。</p>\n<p>其三，是李白的感情表达更为充沛和剧烈。今天的很多人说羡慕苏轼心态Line truncated
|
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"category": "",
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"link": "https://daily.zhihu.com/story/9783536",
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"creator": "",
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@@ -6086,28 +6174,6 @@
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"hash": "4ea79962f94d36cd9c422b700084b3a5",
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"highlights": []
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},
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{
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"title": "瞎扯 · 如何正确地吐槽",
|
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"description": "<div><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-aa0f225d4932354c05172f6ab8c7d192_fhd.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"头图\"/><div><div>\n<div>\n<div>Q：<a href=\"https://www.zhihu.com/question/1925502995644248502/answer/1932187288164610452\" target=\"_blank\">为什么高铁 F 座最受欢迎？</a></div>\n</div>\n<blockquote>\n<div><a href=\"https://www.zhihu.com/people/a0a283d6240a49e203f5a8c4548d6d3f\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">@黑白配</a> ： A 座锻炼膀胱、 B 座磨砺社恐， C 座培养耐心， D 座缓解尿频， F 座训练颈椎。</div>\n</blockquote>\n<div>\n<div>Q：<a href=\"https://www.zhihu.com/question/617746009/answer/3216210597\" target=\"_blank\"> 可以分享一张你相册中的照片吗？</a></div>\n</div>\n<blockquote>\n<div><a href=\"https://www.zhihu.com/people/6ad14cbaeea5751b2f9d5cea29653c26\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">@胡闹</a> ：打雪仗，手机从手中滑落，捡起来后发现自动拍下了这一瞬间。</div>\n</blockquote>\n<figure contenteditable=\"false\">\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/80/v2-c71b32e05c3e09b9df389e89ec29f492_1440w.png?source=ccfced1a\" alt=\"\">\n<div> </div>\n<div> </div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div> </div>\n</div>\n</figure>\n<div>\n<div>Q：<a href=\"https://www.zhihu.com/question/623139710/answer/3229493168\" target=\"_blank\"> 如果把诗词中的马都换成狗那将会是怎样一个意境？</a></div>\n</div>\n<blockquote>\n<div><a href=\"https://www.zhihu.com/people/e7c554acd0ef0444afbc96653373a3a7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">@白鼬</a> ：枯藤老树昏鸦 小桥流水人家 古道西风细狗 夕阳西下 断肠人在天涯 ——狗致远</div>\n</blockquote>\n<div>\n<div>Q：<a href=\"https://www.zhihu.com/question/614424631/answer/3201880256\" target=\"_blank\"> 哪一句话让你沉默了很久？</a></div>\n</div>\n<blockquote>\n<div><a href=\"https://www.zhihu.com/people/bb3b5fe0a2a7e6b1cf6ea907a4529df4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">@巩一</a> ：我爹，时常不联系我，一联系我就能让我沉默许久。</div>\n</blockquote>\n<figure contenteditable=\"false\">\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/80/v2-a41d7f2e9e6de90ef3a76e5aec5398df_1440w.png?source=ccfced1a\" alt=\"\">\n<div> </div>\n<div> </div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div> </div>\n</div>\n</figure>\n<div>\n<div>Q：<a href=\"https://www.zhihu.com/question/285745955/answer/1933864870849283401\" target=\"_blank\"> 有哪些很搞笑的 logo 或者标志？ </a></div>\n</div>\n<blockquote>\n<div><a href=\"https://www.zhihu.com/people/acd992936e63ff9f6ab9354453d77e2c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">@应七</a> ：快三十年了，林皓这个家伙还是让你们津津乐道……</div>\n</blockquote>\n<figure contenteditable=\"false\">\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/80/v2-2e56842b7c6a1064c25923b63d46eb49_1440w.png?source=ccfced1a\" alt=\"\">\n<div> </div>\n<div> </div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div> </div>\n</div>\n</figure>\n<div> </div>\n</div>\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n</div>",
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"content": "<div><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-aa0f225d4932354c05172f6ab8c7d192_fhd.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"头图\"/><div><div>\n<div>\n<div>Q：<a href=\"https://www.zhihu.com/question/1925502995644248502/answer/1932187288164610452\" target=\"_blank\">为什么高铁 F 座最受欢迎？</a></div>\n</div>\n<blockquote>\n<div><a href=\"https://www.zhihu.com/people/a0a283d6240a49e203f5a8c4548d6d3f\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">@黑白配</a> ： A 座锻炼膀胱、 B 座磨砺社恐， C 座培养耐心， D 座缓解尿频， F 座训练颈椎。</div>\n</blockquote>\n<div>\n<div>Q：<a href=\"https://www.zhihu.com/question/617746009/answer/3216210597\" target=\"_blank\"> 可以分享一张你相册中的照片吗？</a></div>\n</div>\n<blockquote>\n<div><a href=\"https://www.zhihu.com/people/6ad14cbaeea5751b2f9d5cea29653c26\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">@胡闹</a> ：打雪仗，手机从手中滑落，捡起来后发现自动拍下了这一瞬间。</div>\n</blockquote>\n<figure contenteditable=\"false\">\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/80/v2-c71b32e05c3e09b9df389e89ec29f492_1440w.png?source=ccfced1a\" alt=\"\">\n<div> </div>\n<div> </div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div> </div>\n</div>\n</figure>\n<div>\n<div>Q：<a href=\"https://www.zhihu.com/question/623139710/answer/3229493168\" target=\"_blank\"> 如果把诗词中的马都换成狗那将会是怎样一个意境？</a></div>\n</div>\n<blockquote>\n<div><a href=\"https://www.zhihu.com/people/e7c554acd0ef0444afbc96653373a3a7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">@白鼬</a> ：枯藤老树昏鸦 小桥流水人家 古道西风细狗 夕阳西下 断肠人在天涯 ——狗致远</div>\n</blockquote>\n<div>\n<div>Q：<a href=\"https://www.zhihu.com/question/614424631/answer/3201880256\" target=\"_blank\"> 哪一句话让你沉默了很久？</a></div>\n</div>\n<blockquote>\n<div><a href=\"https://www.zhihu.com/people/bb3b5fe0a2a7e6b1cf6ea907a4529df4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">@巩一</a> ：我爹，时常不联系我，一联系我就能让我沉默许久。</div>\n</blockquote>\n<figure contenteditable=\"false\">\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/80/v2-a41d7f2e9e6de90ef3a76e5aec5398df_1440w.png?source=ccfced1a\" alt=\"\">\n<div> </div>\n<div> </div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div> </div>\n</div>\n</figure>\n<div>\n<div>Q：<a href=\"https://www.zhihu.com/question/285745955/answer/1933864870849283401\" target=\"_blank\"> 有哪些很搞笑的 logo 或者标志？ </a></div>\n</div>\n<blockquote>\n<div><a href=\"https://www.zhihu.com/people/acd992936e63ff9f6ab9354453d77e2c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">@应七</a> ：快三十年了，林皓这个家伙还是让你们津津乐道……</div>\n</blockquote>\n<figure contenteditable=\"false\">\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/80/v2-2e56842b7c6a1064c25923b63d46eb49_1440w.png?source=ccfced1a\" alt=\"\">\n<div> </div>\n<div> </div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div> </div>\n</div>\n</figure>\n<div> </div>\n</div>\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n</div>",
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"title": "为什么眼睛看到外界的东西，却看不到眼睛内部的东西?",
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"description": "<div><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-a25717ce98919007e5a47743062d930c_fhd.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"头图\"/><div><div>\n<p><strong>不是那样</strong>。</p>\n<p>正常人眼的角膜、房水、晶状体、玻璃体在人眼对应的光波长范围内较为透明，但是人经常看到玻璃体里的悬浮物，这些悬浮物造成病理困扰时称为<strong>飞蚊症</strong>。</p>\n<p>人眼还能看到视网膜前的毛细血管里的<strong>血细胞</strong>。</p>\n<p>一些人有玻璃体浑浊、晶状体变色或浑浊等状况，这经常影响视力。出现在视轴上的小浑浊就能明显影响视觉，晶状体的严重浑浊导致<strong>白内障</strong>。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pica.zhimg.com/v2-8b10fe372e214b7d1a2e16edbdf27d6f_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>人眼解剖构造示意图 By https://www.scientificanimations.com - https://www.scientificanimations.com/wiki-images/, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=87227293</figcaption></figure>\n<p>关于玻璃体内悬浮物：</p>\n<ul>\n<li>每个人都有胚胎阶段的玻璃体动脉退化留下的少许玻璃体内悬浮物。</li>\n<li>随着年龄增长，玻璃体里的局部液化、蛋白质凝集、来自视网膜的细胞碎片等会形成新的悬浮物，这些东西通常能在数天到数月内被人体吸收。</li>\n<li>有时，飞蚊症会显著影响视力并需要手术治疗。</li>\n</ul>\n<p>人看到的自己的玻璃体内悬浮物的示意图：</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-119dd41ee12efeb94f7447e1313e1469_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>关于血细胞：</p>\n<ul>\n<li>晴天白天，仰望蓝色的天空，你会看到一些转瞬即逝的小白点，那是从你视网膜前的毛细血管经过的<strong>白细胞</strong>造成的<sup>[1]</sup>。</li>\n<li>在你血流速度较快的时候（例如刚刚跑完步），白点后面还可以出现黑色的“尾巴”，那是跟在白细胞后面的红细胞造成的，白细胞的尺寸在毛细血管里造成了一定程度的交通堵塞。</li>\n</ul>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-406a2b33c3ad75fdd96e0fc4e04f669c_720w.gif?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>示意图。由 Unmismoobjetivo - 自己的作品，CC BY-SA 3.0，https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=27269687</figcaption></figure>\n<ul>\n<li>天蓝色或深蓝色的大面积色块也能做到一样的事。</li>\n</ul>\n<p>此外，人的视觉可以产生光幻视，一些光幻视能反映眼睛内部的压强变化。可以看看：</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.zhihu.com/question/452810195/answer/1816306103\">黑暗时看到会动的光是什么？</a></p>\n</div>\n</div>\n\n\n<div><a href=\"https://www.zhihu.com/question/35751466\">查看知乎讨论<span></span></a></div>\n\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n</div>",
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"title": "为什么香港作为世界最发达的城市之一，思想却异常封建（风水，鬼神）？",
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"description": "<div><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-810f42bdaf1595baff0938b6a2752b1e_fhd.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"头图\"/><div><div>\n<p>这是一只普通鸽子：</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-f5d06acea35e46cf6b4e348572a9b364_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>当普通鸽子想要努力多多搞到一些食物的时候：</p>\n<p>通常来说，它们会选择积极地早起捕猎，四处寻找掉落的果实等等手段。</p>\n<p>但是很快，居住在城市里的鸽子发现了更便捷的方法，比如：</p>\n<p>直接去人类手上抢一些现成的薯条:</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-ecff784fc5f4023a69a6309c19d0c31e_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>搞错了，再来：</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-fd01bcedba91a784495abf512d179444_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>用抢的始终有被抓到驱赶的风险。</p>\n<p>于是聪明的鸽子学会了工作换吃的，比如打乒乓球：</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-277b499d7b380386f59b0c07f1e61212_720w.gif?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>这是著名的行为学家斯金纳训练的鸽子，他通过食物奖励的方式训练两只鸽子打乒乓球，看得出来虽然有打假球的行为，但是鸽子还是知道努力打球（工作）就会有食物奖励。</p>\n<p>现在我们知道普通的环境会有普通的鸽子</p>\n<p>现成的物质丰富而且惩罚轻微的环境会有容易抢夺的鸽子</p>\n<p>具有固定奖励系统的环境会造就努力工作的鸽子</p>\n<p>那么我们怎么造就一只迷信的鸽子呢？</p>\n<p>答案很简单：</p>\n<p><strong>随机奖励</strong></p>\n<p>随机奖励简直就是万恶之源</p>\n<p>如果你打游戏，宝箱的固定掉率是一万刀出一个传奇武器，你可能都懒得去玩这么费工费时的游戏。</p>\n<p>但是如果把概率改为万分之一，也就是你可能一万刀才出奖励，也可能第一刀砍下去就马上爆出胜利果实。</p>\n<p>你就忽然沉迷了呢~</p>\n<p>这两个机制一对比，你就会发现游戏厂商为了让你沉迷游戏简直用心险恶。</p>\n<p>抽卡也是一样的道理，如果告诉你 6480 可以买一个角色，你可能都懒得抽，但是如果告诉你 64.8 就能抽到这个角色，你可能就会试一试，虽然这个概率调整为了百分之一，你要花的钱甚至比 6480 更多。</p>\n<p>这就是随机奖励的迷人之处。</p>\n<p>让我们把目光回到鸽子身上。</p>\n<p>同样是在斯金纳的实验室，这次他又折腾出了一个新点子：</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-7c09db45ca04c8c70c428c1c55fa8bba_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>这次的实验对象是 8 只鸽子，为了实验效果，还特意饿了它们几天。</p>\n<p>通常来说，训练条件反射是根据动物的行为来给与奖励，也就是动物做出了实验者预期的行为，就会得到奖励。</p>\n<p>但是这次情况不同，这次每隔 15 秒喂食器就会自动掉下来食物，然后放这 8 只连续几天对这些鸽子在箱子里随处溜达，惊人的结果出现了，8 只鸽子里面有 6 只出现了迷信行为。</p>\n<blockquote>斯金纳在报告中写道：“8 只鸽子中的<strong>6 只产生了非常明显的条件反射</strong>，两名观察者得到了完全一致的记录。一只鸽子形成了<strong>在箱子中逆时针转圈的条件反射</strong>，在距离下一次投食时转 2-3 圈；另一只<strong>反复将头撞向箱子上方的一个角落</strong>；第三只鸽子只显现出一种上述反应，<strong>把头放在一根看不见的杆下面并反复抬起</strong>。还有两只鸽子的头和身体呈现出一种类似摇摆的动作，它们<strong>头部前伸，并且从右向左大幅度摇摆，接着再慢慢地转过来，它们的身子也顺势移动，动作幅度过大时还会向前走几步</strong>。还有一只鸽子形成了<strong>不完整</strong>地<strong>啄击或轻触的条件反应</strong>，动作直冲地面但并不接触。”</blockquote>\n<p>斯金纳把这些行为解释为迷信行为，因为鸽子试图尝试做这些无意义的行为来换取食物，当它们真的得到食物以后这种行为就会得到加强一直加强到它们笃信这些毫无意义的行为能够带来食物奖励。</p>\n<p>现在有点头绪了吧？</p>\n<p>发达城市才更容易诞生迷信行为，因为一些人因为顺应环境和时代获得了丰厚的奖励，而他们却选择把这一切归因于他们诚心拜 XX 的行为。</p>\n<p>对此我是有深刻感受的，以前一直觉得上海这样的大都市是开放进步文明讲科学的，直到我发现住了好几个小区都有每月定时烧香拜佛的本地人的时候感到相当震惊。</p>\n<p>就是那种直接每月两次在楼道里面烧纸，Line truncated
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"content": "<div><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-810f42bdaf1595baff0938b6a2752b1e_fhd.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"头图\"/><div><div>\n<p>这是一只普通鸽子：</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-f5d06acea35e46cf6b4e348572a9b364_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>当普通鸽子想要努力多多搞到一些食物的时候：</p>\n<p>通常来说，它们会选择积极地早起捕猎，四处寻找掉落的果实等等手段。</p>\n<p>但是很快，居住在城市里的鸽子发现了更便捷的方法，比如：</p>\n<p>直接去人类手上抢一些现成的薯条:</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-ecff784fc5f4023a69a6309c19d0c31e_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>搞错了，再来：</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-fd01bcedba91a784495abf512d179444_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>用抢的始终有被抓到驱赶的风险。</p>\n<p>于是聪明的鸽子学会了工作换吃的，比如打乒乓球：</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-277b499d7b380386f59b0c07f1e61212_720w.gif?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>这是著名的行为学家斯金纳训练的鸽子，他通过食物奖励的方式训练两只鸽子打乒乓球，看得出来虽然有打假球的行为，但是鸽子还是知道努力打球（工作）就会有食物奖励。</p>\n<p>现在我们知道普通的环境会有普通的鸽子</p>\n<p>现成的物质丰富而且惩罚轻微的环境会有容易抢夺的鸽子</p>\n<p>具有固定奖励系统的环境会造就努力工作的鸽子</p>\n<p>那么我们怎么造就一只迷信的鸽子呢？</p>\n<p>答案很简单：</p>\n<p><strong>随机奖励</strong></p>\n<p>随机奖励简直就是万恶之源</p>\n<p>如果你打游戏，宝箱的固定掉率是一万刀出一个传奇武器，你可能都懒得去玩这么费工费时的游戏。</p>\n<p>但是如果把概率改为万分之一，也就是你可能一万刀才出奖励，也可能第一刀砍下去就马上爆出胜利果实。</p>\n<p>你就忽然沉迷了呢~</p>\n<p>这两个机制一对比，你就会发现游戏厂商为了让你沉迷游戏简直用心险恶。</p>\n<p>抽卡也是一样的道理，如果告诉你 6480 可以买一个角色，你可能都懒得抽，但是如果告诉你 64.8 就能抽到这个角色，你可能就会试一试，虽然这个概率调整为了百分之一，你要花的钱甚至比 6480 更多。</p>\n<p>这就是随机奖励的迷人之处。</p>\n<p>让我们把目光回到鸽子身上。</p>\n<p>同样是在斯金纳的实验室，这次他又折腾出了一个新点子：</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-7c09db45ca04c8c70c428c1c55fa8bba_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>这次的实验对象是 8 只鸽子，为了实验效果，还特意饿了它们几天。</p>\n<p>通常来说，训练条件反射是根据动物的行为来给与奖励，也就是动物做出了实验者预期的行为，就会得到奖励。</p>\n<p>但是这次情况不同，这次每隔 15 秒喂食器就会自动掉下来食物，然后放这 8 只连续几天对这些鸽子在箱子里随处溜达，惊人的结果出现了，8 只鸽子里面有 6 只出现了迷信行为。</p>\n<blockquote>斯金纳在报告中写道：“8 只鸽子中的<strong>6 只产生了非常明显的条件反射</strong>，两名观察者得到了完全一致的记录。一只鸽子形成了<strong>在箱子中逆时针转圈的条件反射</strong>，在距离下一次投食时转 2-3 圈；另一只<strong>反复将头撞向箱子上方的一个角落</strong>；第三只鸽子只显现出一种上述反应，<strong>把头放在一根看不见的杆下面并反复抬起</strong>。还有两只鸽子的头和身体呈现出一种类似摇摆的动作，它们<strong>头部前伸，并且从右向左大幅度摇摆，接着再慢慢地转过来，它们的身子也顺势移动，动作幅度过大时还会向前走几步</strong>。还有一只鸽子形成了<strong>不完整</strong>地<strong>啄击或轻触的条件反应</strong>，动作直冲地面但并不接触。”</blockquote>\n<p>斯金纳把这些行为解释为迷信行为，因为鸽子试图尝试做这些无意义的行为来换取食物，当它们真的得到食物以后这种行为就会得到加强一直加强到它们笃信这些毫无意义的行为能够带来食物奖励。</p>\n<p>现在有点头绪了吧？</p>\n<p>发达城市才更容易诞生迷信行为，因为一些人因为顺应环境和时代获得了丰厚的奖励，而他们却选择把这一切归因于他们诚心拜 XX 的行为。</p>\n<p>对此我是有深刻感受的，以前一直觉得上海这样的大都市是开放进步文明讲科学的，直到我发现住了好几个小区都有每月定时烧香拜佛的本地人的时候感到相当震惊。</p>\n<p>就是那种直接每月两次在楼道里面烧纸，这Line truncated
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"title": "如果珠穆朗玛峰矗立在平原中或者城市中是什么画面呢？",
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"description": "<div><img src=\"http://pica.zhimg.com/v2-9d52905f5db121e38a0da938ebc04185_fhd.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"头图\"/><div><div>\n<p>霓虹国就有一个现成的珠峰等比例模型：<strong>富士山</strong>。</p>\n<p>不妨说得更具体些，你在日本静冈县看到的富士山有多高，在中国东部平原地区看到的珠峰也就是这么高。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pica.zhimg.com/v2-2dff6936e0c1eed34d93a3643e240e14_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>富士山脚下的静冈县夜景</figcaption></figure>\n<p>有人可能不服了：拉倒吧，富士山海拔不是才 3776 米吗？就这种矬子也配和 8848 米的地表第一高峰相提并论？你就继续尬吹吧，假如把这个高度的山峰丢进中国西部的莽莽群山之中，恐怕都很难再找着它……</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-4d0eca2318bb98525c7ed89e82e6416a_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>喀喇昆仑山脉，中国新疆</figcaption></figure>\n<p>你说的也许没错，但这只是其中一部分事实。</p>\n<p>要是被问起珠峰的高度，大部分人脑海中都会蹦出一个中学地理考试必考并且还特好记的数字：8848 米。</p>\n<p>因为这个神奇的数字，很多人都严重高估了珠峰的实际高度。绝大多数人并没有真正到过珠峰脚下，特别是东部地区的朋友可能都没亲眼见过 3000 米级的高山，8848 米根本是个抽象的天文数字。至于照片嘛，都只是实物的微缩版，观者很难通过照片产生在现场的感受。</p>\n<p><strong>而且这个高度也与我们对高度的基本认知严重错位。</strong></p>\n<p>8848 米这个数字其实是从海平面开始计算的峰顶高度，并不是山脚到峰顶的相对高差。通常来说，人们感受一座山峰的高度都是观察这座山从山脚到山顶的相对高度，而不是那种很难用肉眼直接观察的海拔高度。</p>\n<p>用手机笔记画了说明图，比例不准确哈，见谅。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-60b3d36053297d61564c6d0e51d919bc_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>珠峰坐落在平均海拔四五千米的青藏高原之上，如果实在想从平原和沿海城市仰望 8848.86 米的珠峰也不是不行，这就叫体育生把青藏高原这个底座也搬过来……</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-25d3752940aadfc6bfae1a5078c0926e_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>我们最熟悉的珠峰视角其实是从珠峰北坡（中国西藏一侧）附近的珠峰大本营处观察到的。大本营海拔约为 5200 米，这里看到的珠峰高度只有 3648 米。如果从尼泊尔一侧的南坡算起高度还要更低，只有区区 3484 米。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-4f08bae7ad515e0db456b36002ba0e2d_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>珠峰北坡大本营的一块海拔标示碑</figcaption></figure>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-f172413b44fd76051cf1d5834c36e516_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>经典的珠峰北坡大本营视角（远）</figcaption></figure>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-11c698fa869b13512083a4c8a74f1ca9_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>经典的珠峰北坡大本营视角（近）</figcaption></figure>\n<p>由于珠峰所在的位置地势相当复杂，它的山脚到底在哪其实谁也说不准。因而珠峰峰顶相对地面的高度一直存在争议，不同的测量方法会得出不同的结论。我想还是以大家最熟悉的珠峰北坡一侧高度作为参考。</p>\n<p><strong>假如真把珠峰放在中国东部城市，会是啥样的？</strong></p>\n<p>北京市区海拔（40 米）其实和上海市（4 米）差不多，如果让体育生把整座珠峰抬到北京或上海附近，观感可能就是下图这样。PS：别抠细节，图片仅供娱乐……</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-26862c68de7a4b6e01be4481b5b064c0_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>珠峰落户山寨上海，图片由 Grok3 生成</figcaption></figure>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-0136169329aab4734c6dd776623b0aa0_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>珠峰落户低配北京，图片由 Grok3 生成</figcaption></figure>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-2c712fd5f3f53992a5150a498824c531_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>珠峰落户……这破地方我也不知道</figcaption></figure>\n<p>珠峰北坡的高度除了与富士山接近，也和土耳其国境线上的阿勒山（地形突起度 3611 米）差不多。顺便一提，这座山就是大洪水传说中诺亚方舟最后停泊的地方。</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-e70dc4d0d22a83bcf8d167362b7fb30d_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>土耳其与亚美尼亚交界处的阿勒山</figcaptiLine truncated
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"title": "001FRONT - Pivotal role for head-of-state diplomacy",
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"description": "<div></div><img src=\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-08-30/001/20250830_001_06_131.png\" /><p></p>\n<p> President Xi Jinping has leveraged head-of-state diplomacy to advocate for the vision of building a community with a shared future for humanity, injecting the forces of peace, stability and progress into the changing and turbulent world, a senior diplomat said on Friday.</p>\n<p> The vision, put forward by Xi in 2013, has been translated into practice that involves multilateral engagement and features evolution from development to security and from cooperation to governance, Vice-Foreign Minister Ma Zhaoxu said at a news conference in Beijing on activities marking the 80th anniversary of the victory in the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression (1931-45) and the World Anti-Fascist War.</p>\n<p> "The vision breaks the 'small circles' rules of bloc politics and goes beyond the hegemonic logic of 'might makes right', providing a new approach to international relations and global governance," said Ma, adding that it transcends the so-called "universal values" unilaterally defined by a handful of Western countries.</p>\n<p> Noting that head-of-state diplomacy is the supreme form of diplomacy in China, Ma said that while engaging in in-depth strategic communication with world leaders, Xi has fostered friendly relations with the peoples of various countries, and elaborated on the principles of peaceful development, the path of win-win cooperation, and the strategy of global solidarity to address shared challenges.</p>\n<p> The vision of building a community with a shared future for humanity has become an international consensus, he added.</p>\n<p> While explaining why China commemorates its Victory Day, which falls on Sept 3, Ma said: "We aim to bear the history in mind, honor the martyrs, cherish peace and strive for a better future. We aim to uphold the correct perspective on World War II and gather strength to maintain peace."</p>\n<p> He said that this year also marks the 80th anniversary of Taiwan's recovery from Japanese occupation, a significant victorious outcome of World War II and an important part of the postwar international order.</p>\n<p> Attempting to use Taiwan as a means to contain China is akin to playing with fire and those who play with fire will ultimately get burned, he said.</p>\n<p> Ma emphasized that the international community's commitment to the one-China principle has become increasingly solid, and that the Chinese people's just cause of opposing "Taiwan independence" separatist activities and striving for complete national reunification has gained widespread understanding and support from the international community.</p>\n<p> <b>Reunification unstoppable</b></p>\n<p> The Cairo Declaration, the Potsdam Proclamation and a series of other documents with the force of international law all affirmed China's sovereignty over Taiwan, Ma said, noting that the historical and legal facts that Taiwan belongs to China are indisputable.</p>\n<p> "I want to reiterate that the Taiwan question is purely an internal affair for China and brooks no external interference," Ma said, adding that China's ultimate and inevitable reunification is unstoppable.</p>\n<p> At Friday's news conference, Ma also called for strengthening, not weakening, the role of the United Nations, saying that reforms are needed to help the world body tackle global challenges.</p>\n<p> "Recent years have repeatedly reminded us through major crises that the UN's role must be strengthened, not diminished. Its status must be upheld, not replaced," Ma said.</p>\n<p> He stated that the UN's effectiveness depends on member states upholding the UN Charter and observing international law and the basic norms governing international relations.</p>\n<p> Ma added that reforms are needed to help the organization better respond to global challenges, especially by boosting the representation and voice of developing countries in international affairs.</p>\n<p> "For eight decades, the UN has carried the aspirations of people around the world for peace and development, and remains the most universal, authoritative and representative intergovernmental organization," Ma said.</p>\n<p> He noted that despite advances in human civilization, the UN Charter's vision remains far from being fulfilled, particularly undermined by individual countries' unilateralism, wanton withdrawals from treaties and organizations, and the selective use of the UN.</p>\n<p> Such practices, he said, have seriously undermined the international order.</p>\n<p> Ma said that China has taken the lead in practicing true multilateralism and firmly supports the UN in playing a central role in international affairs.</p>\n<p> "As the UN enters its next 80 years, ChiLine truncated
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"content": "<div></div><img src=\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-08-30/001/20250830_001_06_131.png\" /><p></p>\n<p> President Xi Jinping has leveraged head-of-state diplomacy to advocate for the vision of building a community with a shared future for humanity, injecting the forces of peace, stability and progress into the changing and turbulent world, a senior diplomat said on Friday.</p>\n<p> The vision, put forward by Xi in 2013, has been translated into practice that involves multilateral engagement and features evolution from development to security and from cooperation to governance, Vice-Foreign Minister Ma Zhaoxu said at a news conference in Beijing on activities marking the 80th anniversary of the victory in the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression (1931-45) and the World Anti-Fascist War.</p>\n<p> "The vision breaks the 'small circles' rules of bloc politics and goes beyond the hegemonic logic of 'might makes right', providing a new approach to international relations and global governance," said Ma, adding that it transcends the so-called "universal values" unilaterally defined by a handful of Western countries.</p>\n<p> Noting that head-of-state diplomacy is the supreme form of diplomacy in China, Ma said that while engaging in in-depth strategic communication with world leaders, Xi has fostered friendly relations with the peoples of various countries, and elaborated on the principles of peaceful development, the path of win-win cooperation, and the strategy of global solidarity to address shared challenges.</p>\n<p> The vision of building a community with a shared future for humanity has become an international consensus, he added.</p>\n<p> While explaining why China commemorates its Victory Day, which falls on Sept 3, Ma said: "We aim to bear the history in mind, honor the martyrs, cherish peace and strive for a better future. We aim to uphold the correct perspective on World War II and gather strength to maintain peace."</p>\n<p> He said that this year also marks the 80th anniversary of Taiwan's recovery from Japanese occupation, a significant victorious outcome of World War II and an important part of the postwar international order.</p>\n<p> Attempting to use Taiwan as a means to contain China is akin to playing with fire and those who play with fire will ultimately get burned, he said.</p>\n<p> Ma emphasized that the international community's commitment to the one-China principle has become increasingly solid, and that the Chinese people's just cause of opposing "Taiwan independence" separatist activities and striving for complete national reunification has gained widespread understanding and support from the international community.</p>\n<p> <b>Reunification unstoppable</b></p>\n<p> The Cairo Declaration, the Potsdam Proclamation and a series of other documents with the force of international law all affirmed China's sovereignty over Taiwan, Ma said, noting that the historical and legal facts that Taiwan belongs to China are indisputable.</p>\n<p> "I want to reiterate that the Taiwan question is purely an internal affair for China and brooks no external interference," Ma said, adding that China's ultimate and inevitable reunification is unstoppable.</p>\n<p> At Friday's news conference, Ma also called for strengthening, not weakening, the role of the United Nations, saying that reforms are needed to help the world body tackle global challenges.</p>\n<p> "Recent years have repeatedly reminded us through major crises that the UN's role must be strengthened, not diminished. Its status must be upheld, not replaced," Ma said.</p>\n<p> He stated that the UN's effectiveness depends on member states upholding the UN Charter and observing international law and the basic norms governing international relations.</p>\n<p> Ma added that reforms are needed to help the organization better respond to global challenges, especially by boosting the representation and voice of developing countries in international affairs.</p>\n<p> "For eight decades, the UN has carried the aspirations of people around the world for peace and development, and remains the most universal, authoritative and representative intergovernmental organization," Ma said.</p>\n<p> He noted that despite advances in human civilization, the UN Charter's vision remains far from being fulfilled, particularly undermined by individual countries' unilateralism, wanton withdrawals from treaties and organizations, and the selective use of the UN.</p>\n<p> Such practices, he said, have seriously undermined the international order.</p>\n<p> Ma said that China has taken the lead in practicing true multilateralism and firmly supports the UN in playing a central role in international affairs.</p>\n<p> "As the UN enters its next 80 years, China iLine truncated
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"description": "<div></div><p> China has certified a significant addition to its shale gas reserves with the official recognition of a shale gas field in the Jianghan oilfield recently, marking the emergence of another large-scale shale gas resource for the world's second-largest economy amid the trend of steady growth in domestic energy supply.</p>\n<p> China Petroleum & Chemical Corp (Sinopec), the world's largest refiner, announced earlier the discovery of more than 165 billion cubic meters of proven shale gas reserves in a field located at the junction of Hubei province in Central China and Southwest China's Chongqing municipality.</p>\n<p> The geological structure of the shale gas reserves, found at depths between 3,300 and 5,500 meters, is complex with significant challenges in exploration and development. With technological innovation, the shale gas field has achieved a single-well test production volume of 323,500 cubic meters per day, up from an initial 89,000 cubic meters per day, it said.</p>\n<p> Industry experts believe China's energy self-sufficiency is increasingly reliant on domestic oil and gas production, fueled by advancements in exploration and production technologies. This has bolstered the energy resilience of the world's second-largest economy.</p>\n<p> With sustained investment in both conventional and unconventional energy sources, Chinese oil and gas firms are aggressively pursuing exploration and development to expand reserves and improve efficiency, said Lu Ruquan, head of the China National Petroleum Corp Economics and Technology Research Institute.</p>\n<p> The three major players of China's oil and gas industry: China National Petroleum Corp, China National Offshore Oil Corp and Sinopec, have been stepping up investment in exploration and development in recent years, leading to significant discoveries across various oil and gas fields, he said.</p>\n<p> These efforts demonstrably reduced China's reliance on crude oil imports in 2024. The nation's oil and gas sector displayed considerable strength last year, utilizing advanced technologies to ramp up domestic production and lessen dependence on foreign sources, said Lu.</p>\n<p> Figures released by the institute reveal that China's total oil and gas output surpassed 400 million metric tons of oil equivalent last year, while total power generation exceeded 10 trillion kilowatt-hours, marking a 5.7 percent increase over the previous year.</p>\n<p> Currently, Sinopec has established one shale gas field with reserves above 1 trillion cubic meters, namely the Fuling shale gas field in Chongqing, and four smaller and deep shale gas fields each with reserves exceeding 100 billion cubic meters, including the Hongxing field.</p>\n<p> <span>zhengxin@chinadaily.com.cn</span></p>\n<p></p>",
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"title": "007ADVERTORIAL - BOC working to boost global power of renminbi",
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"description": "<div></div><img src=\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-08-30/007/20250830_007_01_47.png\" /><p>The booth of Bank of China at the third China International Supply Chain Expo.</p>\n<img src=\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-08-30/007/20250830_007_01_54.png\" /><p>A staff member from Bank of China's Chongqing Shapingba branch handles cross-border financial services for a customer.</p>\n<img src=\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-08-30/007/20250830_007_01_29.png\" /><p>Bank of China Tower is a landmark building in Hong Kong.</p>\n<img src=\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-08-30/007/20250830_007_01_22.png\" /><p>The Head Office Tower of BOC is located in Beijing's Xicheng district.</p>\n<img src=\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-08-30/007/20250830_007_01_36.png\" /><p>A staff member from BOC showcases the way to use an e-CNY self-service vending machine during an exhibition held in Beijing in 2024.</p>\n<p> According to the latest semi-annual report released by Bank of China on Friday, the group achieved an operating income of 329.4 billion yuan ($46.2 billion), representing a year-on-year increase of 3.61 percent. Net fee income grew by 9.17 percent year-on-year, while after-tax profit reached 126.1 billion yuan. After-tax profit attributable to the bank's shareholders amounted to 117.6 billion yuan.</p>\n<p> The bank's assets and liabilities showed steady growth. Total assets reached 36.79 trillion yuan, an increase of 4.93 percent compared to the end of the previous year. The proportion of high-yield assets, such as loans and bond investments, increased by 2.32 percentage points. Total liabilities amounted to 33.66 trillion yuan, up 4.85 percent from the end of the previous year. The data released also indicate an improvement in the competitiveness of average daily renminbi deposits in the domestic market.</p>\n<p> The internationalization of the RMB, as a key part of the opening-up of China's financial industry, can also benefit the nation's dual-cycle development pattern, which takes the domestic market as the mainstay while allowing domestic and international markets to reinforce each other. As a Chinese commercial bank with a high degree of globalization, BOC, leveraging its century of cross-border financial experience and comprehensive cross-border RMB clearing network, said it will continue to contribute to RMB internationalization and serve China's diplomacy, economy and trade.</p>\n<p> <b>Cross-border network</b></p>\n<p> Since establishing its first overseas institution, the London Office, in 1929, BOC has been developing globally. Currently, the bank's overseas institutions cover 64 countries and regions across six continents, including 45 countries involved in the Belt and Road Initiative. Leveraging its service outlets in key global regions, BOC bridges cross-border exchanges and economic cooperation.</p>\n<p> RMB clearing banks are a significant institutional arrangement to assist the international use of the RMB. Since being appointed as the world's first RMB clearing bank in 2003, BOC has been developing cross-border RMB clearing channels to expand use of the RMB in foreign trade and investment. Currently, the People's Bank of China — the nation's central bank — has authorized 34 RMB clearing banks in 32 countries and regions. BOC operates 16 of these, including all three clearing banks in Africa.</p>\n<p> As the internationalization of the RMB accelerates, the demand for its cross-border payment and settlement continues to grow. The Cross-Border Interbank Payment System, as a critical financial infrastructure, is gradually becoming the main channel.</p>\n<p> BOC is involved in the construction of the CIPS system. As of 2024, 44 BOC institutions have joined the CIPS as direct participants, while also acting as agents for nearly 700 banking financial institutions worldwide.</p>\n<p> Currently, more than 70 percent of global offshore RMB payments are settled in Hong Kong, with the majority processed through the Real Time Gross Settlement in Hong Kong. As Hong Kong's sole RMB business clearing bank and the settlement institution for this system, BOC keeps on promoting such advantages in RMB settlement and clearing. In 2024, BOC's RMB settlement volume in Hong Kong increased by 5.3 times year-on-year.</p>\n<p> By strengthening the regional headquarters functions of BOC (Hong Kong), BOC has enhanced its operations in Southeast Asian countries. To date, BOC serves as the RMB clearing bank for Malaysia, the Philippines and Cambodia, while its Vientiane branch has been approved by the Lao central bank to become the first digital RMB clearing bank. Additionally, as a key partner of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region government, BOC is a major force in promoting the development of Hong Kong's real economy.</p>\Line truncated
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"content": "<div></div><img src=\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-08-30/007/20250830_007_01_47.png\" /><p>The booth of Bank of China at the third China International Supply Chain Expo.</p>\n<img src=\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-08-30/007/20250830_007_01_54.png\" /><p>A staff member from Bank of China's Chongqing Shapingba branch handles cross-border financial services for a customer.</p>\n<img src=\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-08-30/007/20250830_007_01_29.png\" /><p>Bank of China Tower is a landmark building in Hong Kong.</p>\n<img src=\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-08-30/007/20250830_007_01_22.png\" /><p>The Head Office Tower of BOC is located in Beijing's Xicheng district.</p>\n<img src=\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-08-30/007/20250830_007_01_36.png\" /><p>A staff member from BOC showcases the way to use an e-CNY self-service vending machine during an exhibition held in Beijing in 2024.</p>\n<p> According to the latest semi-annual report released by Bank of China on Friday, the group achieved an operating income of 329.4 billion yuan ($46.2 billion), representing a year-on-year increase of 3.61 percent. Net fee income grew by 9.17 percent year-on-year, while after-tax profit reached 126.1 billion yuan. After-tax profit attributable to the bank's shareholders amounted to 117.6 billion yuan.</p>\n<p> The bank's assets and liabilities showed steady growth. Total assets reached 36.79 trillion yuan, an increase of 4.93 percent compared to the end of the previous year. The proportion of high-yield assets, such as loans and bond investments, increased by 2.32 percentage points. Total liabilities amounted to 33.66 trillion yuan, up 4.85 percent from the end of the previous year. The data released also indicate an improvement in the competitiveness of average daily renminbi deposits in the domestic market.</p>\n<p> The internationalization of the RMB, as a key part of the opening-up of China's financial industry, can also benefit the nation's dual-cycle development pattern, which takes the domestic market as the mainstay while allowing domestic and international markets to reinforce each other. As a Chinese commercial bank with a high degree of globalization, BOC, leveraging its century of cross-border financial experience and comprehensive cross-border RMB clearing network, said it will continue to contribute to RMB internationalization and serve China's diplomacy, economy and trade.</p>\n<p> <b>Cross-border network</b></p>\n<p> Since establishing its first overseas institution, the London Office, in 1929, BOC has been developing globally. Currently, the bank's overseas institutions cover 64 countries and regions across six continents, including 45 countries involved in the Belt and Road Initiative. Leveraging its service outlets in key global regions, BOC bridges cross-border exchanges and economic cooperation.</p>\n<p> RMB clearing banks are a significant institutional arrangement to assist the international use of the RMB. Since being appointed as the world's first RMB clearing bank in 2003, BOC has been developing cross-border RMB clearing channels to expand use of the RMB in foreign trade and investment. Currently, the People's Bank of China — the nation's central bank — has authorized 34 RMB clearing banks in 32 countries and regions. BOC operates 16 of these, including all three clearing banks in Africa.</p>\n<p> As the internationalization of the RMB accelerates, the demand for its cross-border payment and settlement continues to grow. The Cross-Border Interbank Payment System, as a critical financial infrastructure, is gradually becoming the main channel.</p>\n<p> BOC is involved in the construction of the CIPS system. As of 2024, 44 BOC institutions have joined the CIPS as direct participants, while also acting as agents for nearly 700 banking financial institutions worldwide.</p>\n<p> Currently, more than 70 percent of global offshore RMB payments are settled in Hong Kong, with the majority processed through the Real Time Gross Settlement in Hong Kong. As Hong Kong's sole RMB business clearing bank and the settlement institution for this system, BOC keeps on promoting such advantages in RMB settlement and clearing. In 2024, BOC's RMB settlement volume in Hong Kong increased by 5.3 times year-on-year.</p>\n<p> By strengthening the regional headquarters functions of BOC (Hong Kong), BOC has enhanced its operations in Southeast Asian countries. To date, BOC serves as the RMB clearing bank for Malaysia, the Philippines and Cambodia, while its Vientiane branch has been approved by the Lao central bank to become the first digital RMB clearing bank. Additionally, as a key partner of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region government, BOC is a major force in promoting the development of Hong Kong's real economy.</p>\n<p>Line truncated
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"title": "012LIFE - Industrial setting proves to be 'en pointe'",
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"description": "<div></div><img src=\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-08-30/012/20250830_012_01_13.png\" /><p>Ballet dancers perform at the Shenyang Imperial Palace Museum in Shenyang, Northeast China's Liaoning province, to celebrate the Liaoning (Shenyang) Ballet Competition held between Aug 8 and 14.</p>\n<img src=\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-08-30/012/20250830_012_01_20.png\" /><p>In front of the grand Dazheng Hall at the Shenyang Imperial Palace Museum, a ballerina is lifted by her dance partner.</p>\n<img src=\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-08-30/012/20250830_012_01_44.png\" /><p>Led by dancers from the Liaoning Ballet, residents and tourists put their ballet skills to the test at a cultural and creative park in Shenyang.</p>\n<img src=\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-08-30/012/20250830_012_01_51.png\" /><p>Ballet dancers performing during the award ceremony. The competition gathered more than 400 participants from over 10 countries and regions.</p>\n<img src=\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-08-30/012/20250830_012_01_32.png\" /><p>Dancers from the Liaoning Ballet perform the original production Qi Xi, based on the well-known Chinese love story of the cowherd and the weaver girl.</p>\n<img src=\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-08-30/012/20250830_012_01_37.png\" /><p>Students take a ballet course at the Liaoning Ballet Dance School in Shenyang.</p>\n<img src=\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-08-30/012/20250830_012_01_27.png\" /><p>At the award ceremony at the Liaoning Grand Theatre on Aug 14, dancers from the Liaoning Ballet go through their paces.</p>\n<p> Amid the rhythmic hum of machinery at a heavy-industry manufacturing site, an elegant art form has taken root and flourished.</p>\n<p> In a striking juxtaposition of industrial might and artistic elegance, Shenyang, Liaoning province, has emerged as an unexpected powerhouse in the world of ballet.</p>\n<p> From Aug 8 to 14, the Liaoning (Shenyang) Ballet Competition brought together more than 400 participants from over 10 countries and regions to the Liaoning Grand Theatre for a competition, with a jury of 20 masters of the world stage.</p>\n<p> The event transformed the city into a ballet hub, with participants from countries including the United States, Russia, France and Italy converging on the Shenyang stage.</p>\n<p> Leading soloist Dias Kurmangazy from the Astana Opera, who won Best Performance, notes that the competition was well organized and offered an invaluable experience.</p>\n<p> "Our fellow competitors performed with great skill, but we too gave our all, our energy, artistry and mastery, to represent our country and theater with dignity. Such competitions always bring immense emotions," Kurmangazy says.</p>\n<p> Beyond the international spectacle lies a deeper story: Ballet has been quietly thriving in this industrial city for more than four decades, with the Liaoning Ballet established in 1980.</p>\n<p> While maintaining classical productions like Swan Lake, Sleeping Beauty and Don Quixote, it has also developed distinctive Chinese ballet brands by producing original Chinese-themed ballets that blend Western techniques with Eastern storytelling, like the modern ballet The Last Emperor.</p>\n<p> During the competition, dancers with the Liaoning Ballet performed at various Shenyang landmarks, such as the Shenyang Imperial Palace Museum, Liaoning Grand Theatre and the bank of the Hunhe River.</p>\n<p> Each collision of elegant movement with urban architecture presented the world with a business card rich in historical depth and artistic poetry.</p>\n<p> As the competition demonstrated, the industrial city has become a place where tradition and innovation dance together — where steel and en pointe shoes coexist in harmonious rhythm, creating a new cultural narrative for the country's northeastern region.</p>\n<p> Serving as a judge at the competition, Austrian ballet dancer and choreographer Vladimir Malakhov speaks highly of the event.</p>\n<p> "It is becoming a platform for the exchange of global ballet art, and I am very pleased to witness the prosperous development of ballet here," he says. Widely recognized as an iconic figure in contemporary dance, Malakhov was appointed as the first non-Chinese dean of the ballet department at the Beijing Dance Academy last year.</p>\n<p></p>",
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"title": "005CHINA - Rural Chongqing's 'Stephen Hawking' blazes a trail for smart agriculture",
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"description": "<div></div><img src=\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-08-29/005/20250829_005_04_111.png\" />\n<img src=\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-08-29/005/20250829_005_04_67.png\" /><p>Li Xia manages real-time operations on his farm using a suspended computer screen while lying in bed on Feb 10.</p>\n<p> In the picturesque outskirts of northwestern Chongqing, 36-year-old Li Xia, despite grappling with a rare congenital ailment that left him with just a single movable finger and toe, has become a renowned farm owner who runs a smart home farm and is leading fellow villagers toward embracing artificial intelligence.</p>\n<p> Self-taught in agricultural internet of things technology, Li is dubbed the "Stephen Hawking of rural Chongqing".</p>\n<p> Famed British scientist Hawking (1942-2018) battled ALS throughout his life while making groundbreaking contributions in theoretical physics and cosmology.</p>\n<p> Li was diagnosed in childhood with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, a rare genetic neuromuscular disorder. While different from ALS, both conditions can cause muscle weakness and atrophy, sometimes leading to death from complete muscular paralysis. At 32, Li underwent a tracheostomy, as Hawking had. But in a more severe turn, Li's respiratory muscles were impaired, and he has since relied on a ventilator to breathe.</p>\n<p> "I never thought I could make it past 30, given that many of my fellow patients died around 20. So now I just want to make the rest of my days count," Li said. After every few sentences, the ventilator prompts him to inhale, causing fluctuations in his voice.</p>\n<p> In June, a fresh batch of hydroponically grown celery from his farm — about 5,000 kilograms in total — sold out within a week, bringing in revenue of about 10,000 yuan ($1,400). Another batch has since begun sprouting and is expected to go on sale in mid-September.</p>\n<p> Since Li's first crop entered the market in March, after more than three years of experimentation, his farm has attracted wide public attention.</p>\n<p> Chongqing Yuchen Farm, located in Shiping village, Mu'er township of Chongqing's Yubei district, specializes in hydroponic vegetable cultivation — a farming method that allows plant growth without soil. The farm now has four greenhouses covering 0.17 hectare.</p>\n<p> Inside the greenhouses, automatic shade canopies more than 3 meters high regulate light, while fans circulate air around the celery. Nutrient solution is pumped through pipelines into the hydroponic beds to nourish the plants. In the seedling room, 12 grow lights flicker on simultaneously as more than 30,000 seeds sprout.</p>\n<p> From the farm's control room — a converted shipping container — Li manages real-time operations while lying in bed, tubes and ventilator equipment beside him. Using his left index finger to control the mouse and his right index toe to click, he monitors 10 systems displayed on a suspended computer screen.</p>\n<p> Meanwhile, his 61-year-old mother, Wu Meidi, walks from greenhouse to greenhouse checking on the crops.</p>\n<p> "My son is the brain of the farm, and I am his hands and feet," Wu said.</p>\n<p> In addition to caring for Li, Wu handles the farm's daily work — acting as an electrician, planter, machinery technician and crop health manager — all under her son's guidance via video call.</p>\n<p> Li's path to science was unusual. He lost the ability to walk and dropped out of school at age 11. But when he borrowed physics textbooks from a neighbor, he became fascinated with electronic mechanics. He taught himself physics and programming using digital technology company Arduino's software and ordered chips online to conduct experiments.</p>\n<p> Despite physical challenges and financial hardship, Li stayed optimistic. By working part-time online, he bought his first electric wheelchair at 18, later modifying it for better performance. He also enjoyed traveling with friends and family.</p>\n<p> His explorations ended in 2020 when his health declined. His motor functions deteriorated to the point that he only had one functional finger and toe. After undergoing a tracheostomy, his body was tethered to tubes and ventilator support, and he temporarily lost the ability to speak.</p>\n<p> Following more than a year of recovery, Li stabilized and returned to his scientific pursuits. Drawing on his programming and IoT skills, he developed an automated irrigation system for his balcony. At 33, he founded Chongqing Yuchen Farm with his mother's support.</p>\n<p> After abandoning an early attempt at growing water spinach, Li and Wu succeeded with another variety of spinach, cucumber, Chinese flowering cabbage, lettuce and celery.</p>\n<p> "Green, organic, hydroponically grown vegetables offer richer nutrition and a fresher taste compareLine truncated
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"content": "<div></div><img src=\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-08-29/005/20250829_005_04_111.png\" />\n<img src=\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-08-29/005/20250829_005_04_67.png\" /><p>Li Xia manages real-time operations on his farm using a suspended computer screen while lying in bed on Feb 10.</p>\n<p> In the picturesque outskirts of northwestern Chongqing, 36-year-old Li Xia, despite grappling with a rare congenital ailment that left him with just a single movable finger and toe, has become a renowned farm owner who runs a smart home farm and is leading fellow villagers toward embracing artificial intelligence.</p>\n<p> Self-taught in agricultural internet of things technology, Li is dubbed the "Stephen Hawking of rural Chongqing".</p>\n<p> Famed British scientist Hawking (1942-2018) battled ALS throughout his life while making groundbreaking contributions in theoretical physics and cosmology.</p>\n<p> Li was diagnosed in childhood with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, a rare genetic neuromuscular disorder. While different from ALS, both conditions can cause muscle weakness and atrophy, sometimes leading to death from complete muscular paralysis. At 32, Li underwent a tracheostomy, as Hawking had. But in a more severe turn, Li's respiratory muscles were impaired, and he has since relied on a ventilator to breathe.</p>\n<p> "I never thought I could make it past 30, given that many of my fellow patients died around 20. So now I just want to make the rest of my days count," Li said. After every few sentences, the ventilator prompts him to inhale, causing fluctuations in his voice.</p>\n<p> In June, a fresh batch of hydroponically grown celery from his farm — about 5,000 kilograms in total — sold out within a week, bringing in revenue of about 10,000 yuan ($1,400). Another batch has since begun sprouting and is expected to go on sale in mid-September.</p>\n<p> Since Li's first crop entered the market in March, after more than three years of experimentation, his farm has attracted wide public attention.</p>\n<p> Chongqing Yuchen Farm, located in Shiping village, Mu'er township of Chongqing's Yubei district, specializes in hydroponic vegetable cultivation — a farming method that allows plant growth without soil. The farm now has four greenhouses covering 0.17 hectare.</p>\n<p> Inside the greenhouses, automatic shade canopies more than 3 meters high regulate light, while fans circulate air around the celery. Nutrient solution is pumped through pipelines into the hydroponic beds to nourish the plants. In the seedling room, 12 grow lights flicker on simultaneously as more than 30,000 seeds sprout.</p>\n<p> From the farm's control room — a converted shipping container — Li manages real-time operations while lying in bed, tubes and ventilator equipment beside him. Using his left index finger to control the mouse and his right index toe to click, he monitors 10 systems displayed on a suspended computer screen.</p>\n<p> Meanwhile, his 61-year-old mother, Wu Meidi, walks from greenhouse to greenhouse checking on the crops.</p>\n<p> "My son is the brain of the farm, and I am his hands and feet," Wu said.</p>\n<p> In addition to caring for Li, Wu handles the farm's daily work — acting as an electrician, planter, machinery technician and crop health manager — all under her son's guidance via video call.</p>\n<p> Li's path to science was unusual. He lost the ability to walk and dropped out of school at age 11. But when he borrowed physics textbooks from a neighbor, he became fascinated with electronic mechanics. He taught himself physics and programming using digital technology company Arduino's software and ordered chips online to conduct experiments.</p>\n<p> Despite physical challenges and financial hardship, Li stayed optimistic. By working part-time online, he bought his first electric wheelchair at 18, later modifying it for better performance. He also enjoyed traveling with friends and family.</p>\n<p> His explorations ended in 2020 when his health declined. His motor functions deteriorated to the point that he only had one functional finger and toe. After undergoing a tracheostomy, his body was tethered to tubes and ventilator support, and he temporarily lost the ability to speak.</p>\n<p> Following more than a year of recovery, Li stabilized and returned to his scientific pursuits. Drawing on his programming and IoT skills, he developed an automated irrigation system for his balcony. At 33, he founded Chongqing Yuchen Farm with his mother's support.</p>\n<p> After abandoning an early attempt at growing water spinach, Li and Wu succeeded with another variety of spinach, cucumber, Chinese flowering cabbage, lettuce and celery.</p>\n<p> "Green, organic, hydroponically grown vegetables offer richer nutrition and a fresher taste compared toLine truncated
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"title": "009VIEWS - Cooperation for global peace and prosperity",
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"description": "<div></div><p> Uzbekistan, along with other states, stood at the origins of the formation and strengthening of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the role and significance of which are becoming more visible and important with each passing year. Today its activities affect not only the development of member states, but also the well-being of everyone living in this vast region.</p>\n<p> Before moving to the issues of SCO cooperation, I want to dwell on our strategic partnership with China — a country that is extremely close to Uzbekistan in spirit, culture and vital energy.</p>\n<p> In recent years, Uzbek-Chinese relations have demonstrated high dynamics, covering key areas from political dialogue and security to comprehensive trade and economic cooperation, cultural and people-to-people exchanges. Their consistent strengthening contributes to ensuring stability and sustainable growth in Central Asia and the SCO space.</p>\n<p> An important factor in deepening bilateral cooperation is the regular political dialogue of the heads of the two states. In January 2024, during my state visit to China, President of China Xi Jinping and I elevated our relations to an unprecedentedly high level of all-weather comprehensive strategic partnership for a new era, and identified key areas of cooperation and interaction in the international arena.</p>\n<p> This unprecedented progress in our relations has become possible due to the personal attention and tireless efforts of our dear friend — President Xi Jinping — to further develop and strengthen Uzbek-Chinese comprehensive cooperation. The implementation of all our agreements is ensured by the mechanisms of the Intergovernmental Committee, the Inter-Parliamentary Group and the Strategic Dialogue of Foreign Ministers.</p>\n<p> Strengthening mutual political trust and strategic partnership is facilitated by full understanding and consideration of each other's fundamental interests. Uzbekistan firmly adheres to the one-China principle. We are grateful to China for supporting Uzbekistan's efforts to deepen regional cooperation in Central Asia and form the "spirit of Central Asian partnership".</p>\n<p> Our countries are also actively cooperating in the fight against the "three forces of evil" — terrorism, separatism and extremism.</p>\n<p> Since 2017 bilateral trade turnover increased threefold reaching $14 billion. We aim to increase it to $20 billion in the near future. Over the same period, $24.6 billion Chinese investments were attracted to the country.</p>\n<p> An important milestone in the development of industrial cooperation with China was the launch in 2024 of the first enterprise in the country and in Central Asia for the production of BYD electric vehicles, as well as the opening of the Luban Workshop in Tashkent, where Uzbek students acquire modern skills in logistics management and use of information technology.</p>\n<p> The Confucius Institutes in Tashkent and Samarkand make a great contribution to the study of the Chinese language and culture in Uzbekistan, upbringing a new generation of Sinologists and specialists with knowledge of the Chinese language.</p>\n<p> A significant step toward further deepening people-to-people cooperation was the introduction of a visa-free regime between Uzbekistan and China in June this year. It will facilitate more active and productive contacts between people, and promote business interactions and tourist exchanges.</p>\n<p> Today Uzbek-Chinese cooperation is becoming a model of pragmatic and balanced partnership that contributes to the sustainable development of the region and strengthening the position of the SCO as a platform for mutually beneficial multilateral cooperation.</p>\n<p> Further developing stable relations between our countries is of particular importance in the context of an increasingly complex international situation. The world system is undergoing profound upheavals. The former order, based on universally recognized norms and principles of international law, is losing its stability.</p>\n<p> A large-scale transformation in international relations is accompanied by intensified geopolitical competition and growing conflict potential among major powers, disruption of established balance of power, and the weakening of collective governance mechanisms.</p>\n<p> The architecture of global security is becoming less and less capable of coping with increasing volume of challenges and threats, facing a crisis of trust. This leads to even greater fragmentation, which will be difficult to overcome in the near future.</p>\n<p> In the world economy, countries are facing rising protectionism, disruptions of traditional supply chains, and the redistribution of production capacities. Competition is intensifying over access to critically important raw materials and technologies, and the struggle for leadership in digital and &quoLine truncated
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"title": "011WORLD - Briefly",
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"description": "<div></div><p> <b>AFRICA</b></p>\n<p> <b>Rwanda, Mozambique sign peace agreement</b></p>\n<p> Rwanda and Mozambique have signed a "peace and security "agreement during a visit by the southern African leader to Kigali on Wednesday, as their forces battle a long-running insurgency in Mozambique's north. Contacted by AFP, the Rwandan Defense Forces spokesman, Ronald Rwivanga, said there were "no details yet" about the deal. However, it comes as attacks in Mozambique have multiplied. Rwandan leader Paul Kagame welcomed the deal.</p>\n<p> <b>SOUTH KOREA</b></p>\n<p> <b>Mobile phones to be banned in schools</b></p>\n<p> South Korea has passed a bill banning the use of mobile phones in school classrooms nationwide, officials said on Thursday, joining other countries in efforts to curb social media use among minors. South Korea has recently sought to tighten rules on electronic devices in schools, citing concerns over smartphone addiction among students. The bill, which will take effect in March next year, bans the use of smart devices, including mobile phones, in classrooms and was passed on Wednesday, a National Assembly spokeswoman told AFP.</p>\n<p> <b>UNITED STATES</b></p>\n<p> <b>White House fires health agency head</b></p>\n<p> The US administration confirmed on Wednesday it had fired Susan Monarez, the head of the top US public health agency after she refused to step down during a standoff with vaccine skeptic Health Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. The escalating dispute over Kennedy's sweeping overhaul of US vaccine policy also led to the resignation of five other senior officials at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, according to a union representing some of the agency's workers.</p>\n<p></p><br><hr><div>获取更多RSS：<br><a href=\"https://feedx.net\" style=\"color:orange\" target=\"_blank\">https://feedx.net</a> <br><a href=\"https://feedx.site\" style=\"color:orange\" target=\"_blank\">https://feedx.site</a><br></div>",
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"content": "<div></div><p> <b>AFRICA</b></p>\n<p> <b>Rwanda, Mozambique sign peace agreement</b></p>\n<p> Rwanda and Mozambique have signed a "peace and security "agreement during a visit by the southern African leader to Kigali on Wednesday, as their forces battle a long-running insurgency in Mozambique's north. Contacted by AFP, the Rwandan Defense Forces spokesman, Ronald Rwivanga, said there were "no details yet" about the deal. However, it comes as attacks in Mozambique have multiplied. Rwandan leader Paul Kagame welcomed the deal.</p>\n<p> <b>SOUTH KOREA</b></p>\n<p> <b>Mobile phones to be banned in schools</b></p>\n<p> South Korea has passed a bill banning the use of mobile phones in school classrooms nationwide, officials said on Thursday, joining other countries in efforts to curb social media use among minors. South Korea has recently sought to tighten rules on electronic devices in schools, citing concerns over smartphone addiction among students. The bill, which will take effect in March next year, bans the use of smart devices, including mobile phones, in classrooms and was passed on Wednesday, a National Assembly spokeswoman told AFP.</p>\n<p> <b>UNITED STATES</b></p>\n<p> <b>White House fires health agency head</b></p>\n<p> The US administration confirmed on Wednesday it had fired Susan Monarez, the head of the top US public health agency after she refused to step down during a standoff with vaccine skeptic Health Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. The escalating dispute over Kennedy's sweeping overhaul of US vaccine policy also led to the resignation of five other senior officials at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, according to a union representing some of the agency's workers.</p>\n<p></p><br><hr><div>获取更多RSS：<br><a href=\"https://feedx.net\" style=\"color:orange\" target=\"_blank\">https://feedx.net</a> <br><a href=\"https://feedx.site\" style=\"color:orange\" target=\"_blank\">https://feedx.site</a><br></div>",
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"title": "013BUSINESS - Power play",
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||||
"description": "<div></div><img src=\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-08-29/013/20250829_013_02_31953.png\" /><p>Staff members from State Grid Hotan conduct X-ray inspections on hybrid gas insulated switchgear equipment for a 220 kilovolt transmission line in Hotan prefecture in the Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region. Hotan currently has nine geographic information system substations, allowing new technology to perform precise equipment "health checks", and displaying the allure of digital and intelligent empowerment.</p>\n<p></p>",
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"title": "014BUSINESS - Enhanced green efforts reshaping future of mobility, energy",
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"description": "<div></div><p> China's green efforts are reshaping the global future of mobility and energy, with electric vehicles and charging infrastructure leading the way, said industry experts.</p>\n<p> "China is moving rapidly toward electrification, at a pace nine times faster than the global average," said Ma Jun, director of the Institute of Public and Environmental Affairs, a Beijing-based non-profit environmental organization.</p>\n<p> Ma made the remarks at an event hosted by the Center for China and Globalization, a Beijing-based think tank.</p>\n<p> Ma said that as the penetration rate of EVs in China now approaches 50 percent, the country is expanding its push beyond passenger cars to heavy-duty trucks, broader transport systems, and even industrial and lifestyle electrification.</p>\n<p> "The country's low-carbon transition is advancing at a steady pace," he said.</p>\n<p> According to data from the China Machinery Industry Federation, a notable milestone was reached in NEV market penetration in the first half of this year, hitting 44.3 percent, an all-time high for the period.</p>\n<p> "More than half of the world's new energy vehicles are now on China's roads, reflecting how green mobility and clean energy consumption are becoming deeply rooted in everyday life," said Du Zhongming, head of the electricity bureau at the National Energy Administration.</p>\n<p> NEA data show that during the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-25), China built the world's largest EV charging network. As of the end of July, the country had 16.7 million charging points — equivalent to two chargers for every five EVs.</p>\n<p> "In the collective effort to achieve carbon neutrality and zero emissions goals, China's EV industry is expected to make a major contribution," said Wang Yang, founder and CEO of charging service provider NaaS Technology, at the CCG event.</p>\n<p> That is because Chinese expertise in EV technology, charging infrastructure and operational platforms is increasingly being shared worldwide, Wang added.</p>\n<p> She also highlighted the role of digital technology in transforming energy systems. "The future of EV charging will be driven not by human choice but by algorithms. For example, artificial intelligence will help determine which stations have free capacity or which routes are most energy-efficient, reducing the burden on drivers," Wang said.</p>\n<p> According to the executive, China's extensive deployment of new energy solutions is generating vast amounts of data, forming the foundation for AI-enabled innovation in the sector.</p>\n<p> "I believe the country will not only remain at the forefront of the new energy industry but also lead globally in applying AI to the energy sector — from algorithms and computing power to large language models," Wang said, adding that as a major charging service platform, NaaS aims to connect upstream and downstream players in the charging ecosystem to boost overall industry efficiency.</p>\n<p> <span>lijiaying@chinadaily.com.cn</span></p>\n<p></p>",
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"content": "<div></div><p> China's green efforts are reshaping the global future of mobility and energy, with electric vehicles and charging infrastructure leading the way, said industry experts.</p>\n<p> "China is moving rapidly toward electrification, at a pace nine times faster than the global average," said Ma Jun, director of the Institute of Public and Environmental Affairs, a Beijing-based non-profit environmental organization.</p>\n<p> Ma made the remarks at an event hosted by the Center for China and Globalization, a Beijing-based think tank.</p>\n<p> Ma said that as the penetration rate of EVs in China now approaches 50 percent, the country is expanding its push beyond passenger cars to heavy-duty trucks, broader transport systems, and even industrial and lifestyle electrification.</p>\n<p> "The country's low-carbon transition is advancing at a steady pace," he said.</p>\n<p> According to data from the China Machinery Industry Federation, a notable milestone was reached in NEV market penetration in the first half of this year, hitting 44.3 percent, an all-time high for the period.</p>\n<p> "More than half of the world's new energy vehicles are now on China's roads, reflecting how green mobility and clean energy consumption are becoming deeply rooted in everyday life," said Du Zhongming, head of the electricity bureau at the National Energy Administration.</p>\n<p> NEA data show that during the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-25), China built the world's largest EV charging network. As of the end of July, the country had 16.7 million charging points — equivalent to two chargers for every five EVs.</p>\n<p> "In the collective effort to achieve carbon neutrality and zero emissions goals, China's EV industry is expected to make a major contribution," said Wang Yang, founder and CEO of charging service provider NaaS Technology, at the CCG event.</p>\n<p> That is because Chinese expertise in EV technology, charging infrastructure and operational platforms is increasingly being shared worldwide, Wang added.</p>\n<p> She also highlighted the role of digital technology in transforming energy systems. "The future of EV charging will be driven not by human choice but by algorithms. For example, artificial intelligence will help determine which stations have free capacity or which routes are most energy-efficient, reducing the burden on drivers," Wang said.</p>\n<p> According to the executive, China's extensive deployment of new energy solutions is generating vast amounts of data, forming the foundation for AI-enabled innovation in the sector.</p>\n<p> "I believe the country will not only remain at the forefront of the new energy industry but also lead globally in applying AI to the energy sector — from algorithms and computing power to large language models," Wang said, adding that as a major charging service platform, NaaS aims to connect upstream and downstream players in the charging ecosystem to boost overall industry efficiency.</p>\n<p> <span>lijiaying@chinadaily.com.cn</span></p>\n<p></p>",
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"title": "019SPORTS - Kane's late goal saves Bayern's blushes",
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"description": "<div></div><img src=\"https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/resfile/2025-08-29/019/20250829_019_02_44683.png\" /><p>Bayern Munich's Harry Kane celebrates scoring the winner on Wednesday.</p>\n<p> Harry Kane headed the winning goal deep into added time to give Bayern Munich a 3-2 win over third-tier Wehen Wiesbaden on Wednesday, avoiding a potential shock first-round exit in the German Cup.</p>\n<p> Kane had already scored one penalty and seen another saved by Wiesbaden goalkeeper Florian Stritzel when he leaped to head in Josip Stanisic's cross in the fourth minute of five added on.</p>\n<p> "Crazy game ... We had some big, big chances to put the game away, but credit to them, they stuck at it," Kane told broadcaster Sky Sport.</p>\n<p> "We know we're not the perfect team yet. We know we've got stuff to work on, and tonight shows that."</p>\n<p> Bayern has had some shock cup losses in recent years, and came dangerously close to another after giving up a two-goal lead.</p>\n<p> Kane got Bayern started from the penalty spot in the 16th minute after Wiesbaden's Ryan Johansson shoved Bayern fullback Sacha Boey.</p>\n<p> It was Kane's 90th Bayern goal in his 99th game in all competitions for the German club, and followed a hattrick against Leipzig in the Bundesliga last week.</p>\n<p> Michael Olise made it 2-0 off a loose ball in the 50th minute, but Wiesbaden hit back soon after when Fatih Kaya scored on a rare attack by the host.</p>\n<p> Kaya's speed made the difference again when he outpaced Bayern defender Jonathan Tah on another counter to level the score.</p>\n<p> Kane had the chance to seal the win with another penalty after he was fouled with a clumsy sliding challenge, but Stritzel saved both the England captain's spotkick and his follow-up header.</p>\n<p> As extra time loomed, Stanisic hit a cross from deep and Kane rose above defender Justin Janitzek to head in the winner.</p>\n<p> The German Cup has been Bayern's least successful competition in recent years. Since its last win in 2020, Bayern hasn't got past the quarterfinals and has lost in the second round in three of the last five years.</p>\n<p> Bayern's win over Wiesbaden was the last of the 32 first-round games. All but one of the 18 Bundesliga teams made it into the second round in the end. Werder Bremen was the exception, beaten by second-tier Arminia Bielefeld, last year's runner-up.</p>\n<p></p>",
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Reference in new issue
Block a user