From 4ae4d3def1ae1a51b5a36b78abefec955a6e8739 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: CrazyJasonwell Date: Sun, 31 Aug 2025 11:54:56 +0800 Subject: [PATCH] vault backup: 2025-08-31 11:54:56 --- .obsidian/community-plugins.json | 3 +- .obsidian/plugins/cubox-sync/data.json | 2 +- .../plugins/obsidian-custom-frames/data.json | 17 + .../plugins/obsidian-custom-frames/main.js | 657 ++++++++++++++++++ .../obsidian-custom-frames/manifest.json | 11 + .../plugins/obsidian-custom-frames/styles.css | 30 + .../data.json | 15 + .../plugins/recent-files-obsidian/data.json | 28 +- .obsidian/plugins/rss-reader/data.json | 254 +++---- .../plugins/update-time-on-edit/data.json | 5 +- .obsidian/workspace.json | 48 +- 01-工作日记/2025-08-31.md | 6 +- 02-技术评测/AI专题/AI使用评测.md | 7 + 10-WebClipper/感谢DeepSeek，1天就赚了3100.md | 256 +++++++ 14 files changed, 1137 insertions(+), 202 deletions(-) create mode 100644 .obsidian/plugins/obsidian-custom-frames/data.json create mode 100644 .obsidian/plugins/obsidian-custom-frames/main.js create mode 100644 .obsidian/plugins/obsidian-custom-frames/manifest.json create mode 100644 .obsidian/plugins/obsidian-custom-frames/styles.css create mode 100644 10-WebClipper/感谢DeepSeek，1天就赚了3100.md diff --git a/.obsidian/community-plugins.json b/.obsidian/community-plugins.json index 588c0bea..826024d9 100644 --- a/.obsidian/community-plugins.json +++ b/.obsidian/community-plugins.json @@ -62,5 +62,6 @@ "onlyoffice", "obsidian42-brat", "soundscapes", - "execute-code" + "execute-code", + "obsidian-custom-frames" ] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/.obsidian/plugins/cubox-sync/data.json b/.obsidian/plugins/cubox-sync/data.json index 84b891da..9c598da3 100644 --- a/.obsidian/plugins/cubox-sync/data.json +++ b/.obsidian/plugins/cubox-sync/data.json @@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ "contentTemplate": "# {{{title}}}\n\n{{{description}}}\n\n{{{article_title}}} //文章内容标题\n{{{content}}} //文章正文\n\n\n[Read in Cubox]({{{cubox_url}}}) \n[Read Original]({{{url}}}) \n\n---\n\n{{#highlights.length}}\n## Annotations \n\n{{#highlights}}\n> {{{text}}} \n\n{{#note}}\n{{{note}}}\n{{/note}}\n[Link️]({{{cubox_url}}}) \n\n{{/highlights}}\n{{/highlights.length}}", "highlightInContent": true, "dateFormat": "yyyy-MM-dd", - "lastSyncTime": 1756608449359, + "lastSyncTime": 1756612049514, "lastSyncCardId": "7358083230366436785", "lastCardUpdateTime": "2025-08-21T13:52:28.950+0800", "syncing": false diff --git a/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-custom-frames/data.json b/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-custom-frames/data.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b5bd9cf3 --- /dev/null +++ b/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-custom-frames/data.json @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ + "frames": [ + { + "url": "", + "displayName": "New Frame", + "icon": "", + "hideOnMobile": true, + "addRibbonIcon": false, + "openInCenter": false, + "zoomLevel": 1, + "forceIframe": false, + "customCss": "", + "customJs": "" + } + ], + "padding": 5 +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-custom-frames/main.js b/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-custom-frames/main.js new file mode 100644 index 00000000..85b80498 --- /dev/null +++ b/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-custom-frames/main.js @@ -0,0 +1,657 @@ +/* +THIS IS A GENERATED/BUNDLED FILE BY ESBUILD +if you want to view the source, please visit the github repository of this plugin +*/ +var __create = Object.create; +var __defProp = Object.defineProperty; +var __getOwnPropDesc = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor; +var __getOwnPropNames = Object.getOwnPropertyNames; +var __getProtoOf = Object.getPrototypeOf; +var __hasOwnProp = Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty; +var __markAsModule = (target) => __defProp(target, "__esModule", { value: true }); +var __export = (target, all) => { + __markAsModule(target); + for (var name in all) + __defProp(target, name, { get: all[name], enumerable: true }); +}; +var __reExport = (target, module2, desc) => { + if (module2 && typeof module2 === "object" || typeof module2 === "function") { + for (let key of __getOwnPropNames(module2)) + if (!__hasOwnProp.call(target, key) && key !== "default") + __defProp(target, key, { get: () => module2[key], enumerable: !(desc = __getOwnPropDesc(module2, key)) || desc.enumerable }); + } + return target; +}; +var __toModule = (module2) => { + return __reExport(__markAsModule(__defProp(module2 != null ? __create(__getProtoOf(module2)) : {}, "default", module2 && module2.__esModule && "default" in module2 ? { get: () => module2.default, enumerable: true } : { value: module2, enumerable: true })), module2); +}; +var __async = (__this, __arguments, generator) => { + return new Promise((resolve, reject) => { + var fulfilled = (value) => { + try { + step(generator.next(value)); + } catch (e) { + reject(e); + } + }; + var rejected = (value) => { + try { + step(generator.throw(value)); + } catch (e) { + reject(e); + } + }; + var step = (x) => x.done ? resolve(x.value) : Promise.resolve(x.value).then(fulfilled, rejected); + step((generator = generator.apply(__this, __arguments)).next()); + }); +}; + +// src/main.ts +__export(exports, { + default: () => CustomFramesPlugin +}); +var import_obsidian4 = __toModule(require("obsidian")); + +// src/frame.ts +var import_obsidian = __toModule(require("obsidian")); + +// src/settings.ts +var defaultSettings = { + frames: [], + padding: 5 +}; +var presets = { + "obsidian": { + url: "https://forum.obsidian.md/", + displayName: "Obsidian Forum", + icon: "edit", + hideOnMobile: true, + addRibbonIcon: true, + openInCenter: true, + zoomLevel: 1, + forceIframe: false, + customCss: "", + customJs: "" + }, + "detexify": { + url: "https://detexify.kirelabs.org/classify.html", + displayName: "Detexify", + icon: "type", + hideOnMobile: true, + addRibbonIcon: true, + openInCenter: false, + zoomLevel: 0.95, + forceIframe: false, + customCss: `/* hide info clutter and ad banner */ +#classify--info-area, +.adsbygoogle { + display: none !important +}`, + customJs: "" + }, + "calendar": { + url: "https://calendar.google.com/calendar", + displayName: "Google Calendar", + icon: "calendar", + hideOnMobile: true, + addRibbonIcon: true, + openInCenter: true, + zoomLevel: 1, + forceIframe: false, + customCss: `/* hide the menu bar "Calendar" text and remove minimum width */ +div[style*="min-width: 238px"] { + min-width: 0 !important; + padding-right: 0 !important; +} +div[style*="min-width: 238px"] span[role*="heading"] { + display: none !important; +}`, + customJs: "" + }, + "keep": { + url: "https://keep.google.com", + displayName: "Google Keep", + icon: "files", + hideOnMobile: true, + addRibbonIcon: false, + openInCenter: false, + zoomLevel: 1, + forceIframe: false, + customCss: `/* hide the menu bar, the "Keep" text and the Google Apps button */ +html > body > div:nth-child(2) > div:nth-child(2) > div:first-child, +html > body > div:first-child > header:first-child > div > div:first-child > div > div:first-child > a:first-child > span, +html > body > div:first-child > header:first-child > div:nth-child(2) > div:first-child > div:first-child, +html > body > div:first-child > header:first-child > div:nth-child(2) > div:nth-child(3) > div:first-child > div:first-child > div:first-child { + display: none !important; +} +html > body > div:first-child > header:first-child > div > div:first-child > div > div:first-child > a:first-child { + cursor: default; +}`, + customJs: "" + }, + "todoist": { + url: "https://todoist.com", + displayName: "Todoist", + icon: "list-checks", + hideOnMobile: true, + addRibbonIcon: false, + openInCenter: false, + zoomLevel: 1, + forceIframe: false, + customCss: `/* hide the help, home, search, and productivity overview buttons, create extra space, and prevent toast pop-up from acting weird */ +[aria-label="Go to Home view"], #quick_find, [aria-label="Productivity"], [aria-label="Help & Feedback"] { + display: none !important; +} + +.view_content { + padding-left: 15px; +} + +.view_header { + padding-left: 15px; + padding-top: 10px; +} + +.undo_toast { + width: 95%; +}`, + customJs: "" + }, + "notion": { + url: "https://www.notion.so/", + displayName: "Notion", + icon: "box", + hideOnMobile: true, + addRibbonIcon: true, + openInCenter: true, + zoomLevel: 1, + forceIframe: false, + customCss: "", + customJs: "" + }, + "twitter": { + url: "https://twitter.com", + displayName: "Twitter", + icon: "twitter", + hideOnMobile: true, + addRibbonIcon: false, + openInCenter: false, + zoomLevel: 1, + forceIframe: false, + customCss: "", + customJs: "" + }, + "tasks": { + url: "https://tasks.google.com/embed/?origin=https://calendar.google.com&fullWidth=1", + displayName: "Google Tasks", + icon: "list-checks", + hideOnMobile: true, + addRibbonIcon: false, + openInCenter: false, + zoomLevel: 1, + forceIframe: false, + customCss: "", + customJs: "" + }, + "readwise-daily-review": { + "url": "https://readwise.io/dailyreview", + "displayName": "Readwise Daily Review", + "icon": "highlighter", + "hideOnMobile": true, + "addRibbonIcon": false, + "openInCenter": false, + "zoomLevel": 1, + "forceIframe": false, + "customCss": ".fixed-nav {\n display: none !important;\n}", + "customJs": "" + } +}; +function getIcon(settings) { + return settings.icon ? `lucide-${settings.icon}` : "documents"; +} +function getId(settings) { + return settings.displayName.toLowerCase().replace(/\s/g, "-"); +} + +// src/frame.ts +var CustomFrame = class { + constructor(settings, data) { + this.settings = settings; + this.data = data; + } + create(parent, additionalStyle = void 0, urlSuffix = void 0) { + let style = `padding: ${this.settings.padding}px;`; + if (additionalStyle) + style += additionalStyle; + if (import_obsidian.Platform.isDesktopApp && !this.data.forceIframe) { + let frameDoc = parent.doc; + this.frame = frameDoc.createElement("webview"); + this.frame.partition = "persist:vault-" + app.appId; + parent.appendChild(this.frame); + this.frame.setAttribute("allowpopups", ""); + this.frame.addEventListener("dom-ready", () => { + this.frame.setZoomFactor(this.data.zoomLevel); + this.frame.insertCSS(this.data.customCss); + this.frame.executeJavaScript(this.data.customJs); + }); + this.frame.addEventListener("destroyed", () => { + if (frameDoc != parent.doc) { + this.frame.detach(); + this.create(parent, additionalStyle, urlSuffix); + } + }); + } else { + this.frame = parent.doc.createElement("iframe"); + parent.appendChild(this.frame); + this.frame.setAttribute("sandbox", "allow-forms allow-modals allow-popups allow-presentation allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-top-navigation-by-user-activation allow-downloads"); + this.frame.setAttribute("allow", "encrypted-media; fullscreen; oversized-images; picture-in-picture; sync-xhr; geolocation;"); + style += `transform: scale(${this.data.zoomLevel}); transform-origin: 0 0;`; + } + this.frame.addClass("custom-frames-frame"); + this.frame.addClass(`custom-frames-${getId(this.data)}`); + this.frame.setAttribute("style", style); + let src = new URL(this.data.url); + if (urlSuffix) { + let suffix = new URL(urlSuffix, src.origin); + suffix.searchParams.forEach((value, key) => { + src.searchParams.set(key, value); + }); + if (suffix.pathname !== "/") { + src.pathname += suffix.pathname; + } + src.hash = suffix.hash || src.hash; + } + this.frame.setAttribute("src", src.toString()); + } + refresh() { + if (this.frame instanceof HTMLIFrameElement) { + this.frame.contentWindow.location.reload(); + } else { + this.frame.reload(); + } + } + return() { + if (this.frame instanceof HTMLIFrameElement) { + this.frame.contentWindow.open(this.data.url); + } else { + this.frame.loadURL(this.data.url); + } + } + goBack() { + if (this.frame instanceof HTMLIFrameElement) { + this.frame.contentWindow.history.back(); + } else { + this.frame.goBack(); + } + } + goForward() { + if (this.frame instanceof HTMLIFrameElement) { + this.frame.contentWindow.history.forward(); + } else { + this.frame.goForward(); + } + } + toggleDevTools() { + if (!(this.frame instanceof HTMLIFrameElement)) { + if (!this.frame.isDevToolsOpened()) { + this.frame.openDevTools(); + } else { + this.frame.closeDevTools(); + } + } + } + getCurrentUrl() { + return this.frame instanceof HTMLIFrameElement ? this.frame.contentWindow.location.href : this.frame.getURL(); + } + focus() { + if (this.frame instanceof HTMLIFrameElement) { + this.frame.contentWindow.focus(); + } else { + this.frame.focus(); + } + } +}; + +// src/settings-tab.ts +var import_obsidian2 = __toModule(require("obsidian")); +var CustomFramesSettingTab = class extends import_obsidian2.PluginSettingTab { + constructor(app2, plugin) { + super(app2, plugin); + this.plugin = plugin; + } + display() { + this.containerEl.empty(); + this.containerEl.createEl("h2", { text: "Custom Frames Settings" }); + this.containerEl.createEl("p", { + text: "Please note that Obsidian has to be restarted or reloaded for most of these settings to take effect.", + cls: "mod-warning" + }); + new import_obsidian2.Setting(this.containerEl).setName("Frame Padding").setDesc("The padding that should be left around the inside of custom frame panes, in pixels.").addText((t) => { + t.inputEl.type = "number"; + t.setValue(String(this.plugin.settings.padding)); + t.onChange((v) => __async(this, null, function* () { + this.plugin.settings.padding = v.length ? Number(v) : defaultSettings.padding; + yield this.plugin.saveSettings(); + })); + }); + for (let frame of this.plugin.settings.frames) { + let heading = this.containerEl.createEl("h3", { text: frame.displayName || "Unnamed Frame" }); + let toggle = new import_obsidian2.ButtonComponent(this.containerEl).setButtonText("Show Settings").setClass("custom-frames-show").onClick(() => __async(this, null, function* () { + content.hidden = !content.hidden; + toggle.setButtonText(content.hidden ? "Show Settings" : "Hide Settings"); + })); + let content = this.containerEl.createDiv(); + content.hidden = true; + new import_obsidian2.Setting(content).setName("Display Name").setDesc("The display name that this frame should have.").addText((t) => { + t.setValue(frame.displayName); + t.onChange((v) => __async(this, null, function* () { + frame.displayName = v; + heading.setText(frame.displayName || "Unnamed Frame"); + yield this.plugin.saveSettings(); + })); + }); + new import_obsidian2.Setting(content).setName("Icon").setDesc(createFragment((f) => { + f.createSpan({ text: "The icon that this frame's pane should have. The names of any " }); + f.createEl("a", { text: "Lucide icons", href: "https://lucide.dev/" }); + f.createSpan({ text: " can be used." }); + })).addText((t) => { + t.setValue(frame.icon); + t.onChange((v) => __async(this, null, function* () { + frame.icon = v; + yield this.plugin.saveSettings(); + })); + }); + new import_obsidian2.Setting(content).setName("URL").setDesc("The URL that should be opened in this frame.").addText((t) => { + t.setValue(frame.url); + t.onChange((v) => __async(this, null, function* () { + frame.url = v; + yield this.plugin.saveSettings(); + })); + }); + new import_obsidian2.Setting(content).setName("Disable on Mobile").setDesc("Custom Frames is a lot more restricted on mobile devices and doesn't allow for the same types of content to be displayed. If a frame doesn't work as expected on mobile, it can be disabled.").addToggle((t) => { + t.setValue(frame.hideOnMobile); + t.onChange((v) => __async(this, null, function* () { + frame.hideOnMobile = v; + yield this.plugin.saveSettings(); + })); + }); + new import_obsidian2.Setting(content).setName("Add Ribbon Icon").setDesc("Whether a button to open this frame should be added to the ribbon.").addToggle((t) => { + t.setValue(frame.addRibbonIcon); + t.onChange((v) => __async(this, null, function* () { + frame.addRibbonIcon = v; + yield this.plugin.saveSettings(); + })); + }); + new import_obsidian2.Setting(content).setName("Open in Center").setDesc("Whether this frame should be opened in the unpinned center editor rather than one of the panes on the side. This is useful for sites that don't work well in a narrow view, or sites that don't require a note to be open when viewed.").addToggle((t) => { + t.setValue(frame.openInCenter); + t.onChange((v) => __async(this, null, function* () { + frame.openInCenter = v; + yield this.plugin.saveSettings(); + })); + }); + new import_obsidian2.Setting(content).setName("Force iframe").setDesc(createFragment((f) => { + f.createSpan({ text: "Whether this frame should use iframes on desktop as opposed to Electron webviews." }); + f.createEl("br"); + f.createEl("em", { text: "Only enable this setting if the frame is causing issues or frequent crashes. This setting causes all Desktop-only settings to be ignored." }); + })).addToggle((t) => { + t.setValue(frame.forceIframe); + t.onChange((v) => __async(this, null, function* () { + frame.forceIframe = v; + yield this.plugin.saveSettings(); + })); + }); + new import_obsidian2.Setting(content).setName("Page Zoom").setDesc("The zoom that this frame's page should be displayed with, as a percentage.").addText((t) => { + t.inputEl.type = "number"; + t.setValue(String(frame.zoomLevel * 100)); + t.onChange((v) => __async(this, null, function* () { + frame.zoomLevel = v.length ? Number(v) / 100 : 1; + yield this.plugin.saveSettings(); + })); + }); + new import_obsidian2.Setting(content).setName("Additional CSS").setDesc(createFragment((f) => { + f.createSpan({ text: "A snippet of additional CSS that should be applied to this frame." }); + f.createEl("br"); + f.createEl("em", { text: "Note that this is only applied on Desktop." }); + })).addTextArea((t) => { + t.inputEl.rows = 5; + t.inputEl.cols = 50; + t.setValue(frame.customCss); + t.onChange((v) => __async(this, null, function* () { + frame.customCss = v; + yield this.plugin.saveSettings(); + })); + }); + new import_obsidian2.Setting(content).setName("Additional JavaScript").setDesc(createFragment((f) => { + f.createSpan({ text: "A snippet of additional JavaScript that should be applied to this frame." }); + f.createEl("br"); + f.createEl("em", { text: "Note that this is only applied on Desktop." }); + })).addTextArea((t) => { + t.inputEl.rows = 5; + t.inputEl.cols = 50; + t.setValue(frame.customJs); + t.onChange((v) => __async(this, null, function* () { + frame.customJs = v; + yield this.plugin.saveSettings(); + })); + }); + new import_obsidian2.ButtonComponent(content).setButtonText("Remove Frame").onClick(() => __async(this, null, function* () { + this.plugin.settings.frames.remove(frame); + yield this.plugin.saveSettings(); + this.display(); + })); + } + this.containerEl.createEl("hr"); + this.containerEl.createEl("p", { text: `Create a new frame, either from a preset shipped with the plugin, or a custom one that you can edit yourself. Each frame's pane can be opened using the "Custom Frames: Open" command.` }); + let addDiv = this.containerEl.createDiv(); + let dropdown = new import_obsidian2.DropdownComponent(addDiv); + dropdown.addOption("new", "Custom"); + for (let [key, value] of Object.entries(presets).sort((a, b) => a[1].displayName.localeCompare(b[1].displayName))) + dropdown.addOption(key, value.displayName); + new import_obsidian2.ButtonComponent(addDiv).setButtonText("Add Frame").setClass("custom-frames-add").onClick(() => __async(this, null, function* () { + let option = dropdown.getValue(); + if (option == "new") { + this.plugin.settings.frames.push({ + url: "", + displayName: "New Frame", + icon: "", + hideOnMobile: true, + addRibbonIcon: false, + openInCenter: false, + zoomLevel: 1, + forceIframe: false, + customCss: "", + customJs: "" + }); + } else { + this.plugin.settings.frames.push(presets[option]); + } + yield this.plugin.saveSettings(); + this.display(); + })); + let disclaimer = this.containerEl.createEl("p", { cls: "mod-warning" }); + disclaimer.createSpan({ text: "Please be advised that, when adding a site as a custom frame, you potentially expose personal information you enter to other plugins you have installed. For more information, see " }); + disclaimer.createEl("a", { + text: "this discussion", + href: "https://github.com/Ellpeck/ObsidianCustomFrames/issues/54#issuecomment-1210879685", + cls: "mod-warning" + }); + disclaimer.createSpan({ text: "." }); + this.containerEl.createEl("hr"); + this.containerEl.createEl("p", { text: "Need help using the plugin? Feel free to join the Discord server!" }); + this.containerEl.createEl("a", { href: "https://link.ellpeck.de/discordweb" }).createEl("img", { + attr: { src: "https://ellpeck.de/res/discord-wide.png" }, + cls: "custom-frames-support" + }); + this.containerEl.createEl("p", { text: "If you like this plugin and want to support its development, you can do so through my website by clicking this fancy image!" }); + this.containerEl.createEl("a", { href: "https://ellpeck.de/support" }).createEl("img", { + attr: { src: "https://ellpeck.de/res/generalsupport-wide.png" }, + cls: "custom-frames-support" + }); + } +}; + +// src/view.ts +var import_obsidian3 = __toModule(require("obsidian")); +var _CustomFrameView = class extends import_obsidian3.ItemView { + constructor(leaf, settings, data, name) { + super(leaf); + this.data = data; + this.name = name; + this.frame = new CustomFrame(settings, data); + this.navigation = data.openInCenter; + for (let action of _CustomFrameView.actions) + this.addAction(action.icon, action.name, () => action.action(this)); + } + onload() { + this.contentEl.empty(); + this.contentEl.addClass("custom-frames-view"); + this.frame.create(this.contentEl); + } + onPaneMenu(menu, source) { + super.onPaneMenu(menu, source); + for (let action of _CustomFrameView.actions) { + menu.addItem((i) => { + i.setTitle(action.name); + i.setIcon(action.icon); + i.onClick(() => action.action(this)); + }); + } + } + getViewType() { + return this.name; + } + getDisplayText() { + return this.data.displayName; + } + getIcon() { + return getIcon(this.data); + } + focus() { + this.frame.focus(); + } +}; +var CustomFrameView = _CustomFrameView; +CustomFrameView.actions = [ + { + name: "Return to original page", + icon: "home", + action: (v) => v.frame.return() + }, + { + name: "Open dev tools", + icon: "binary", + action: (v) => v.frame.toggleDevTools() + }, + { + name: "Copy link", + icon: "link", + action: (v) => navigator.clipboard.writeText(v.frame.getCurrentUrl()) + }, + { + name: "Open in browser", + icon: "globe", + action: (v) => open(v.frame.getCurrentUrl()) + }, + { + name: "Refresh", + icon: "refresh-cw", + action: (v) => v.frame.refresh() + }, + { + name: "Go forward", + icon: "arrow-right", + action: (v) => v.frame.goForward() + }, + { + name: "Go back", + icon: "arrow-left", + action: (v) => v.frame.goBack() + } +]; + +// src/main.ts +var CustomFramesPlugin = class extends import_obsidian4.Plugin { + onload() { + return __async(this, null, function* () { + yield this.loadSettings(); + for (let frame of this.settings.frames) { + if (!frame.url || !frame.displayName) + continue; + let name = `custom-frames-${getId(frame)}`; + if (import_obsidian4.Platform.isMobileApp && frame.hideOnMobile) { + console.log(`Skipping frame ${name} which is hidden on mobile`); + continue; + } + try { + console.log(`Registering frame ${name} for URL ${frame.url}`); + this.registerView(name, (l) => new CustomFrameView(l, this.settings, frame, name)); + this.addCommand({ + id: `open-${name}`, + name: `Open ${frame.displayName}`, + callback: () => this.openLeaf(name, frame.openInCenter, false) + }); + if (frame.addRibbonIcon) + this.addRibbonIcon(getIcon(frame), `Open ${frame.displayName}`, (e) => this.openLeaf(name, frame.openInCenter, import_obsidian4.Platform.isMacOS ? e.metaKey : e.ctrlKey)); + } catch (e) { + console.error(`Couldn't register frame ${name}, is there already one with the same name?`); + } + } + this.addSettingTab(new CustomFramesSettingTab(this.app, this)); + this.registerMarkdownCodeBlockProcessor("custom-frames", (s, e) => { + e.empty(); + e.addClass("custom-frames-view-file"); + let frameMatch = /frame:([^\n]+)/gi.exec(s); + let frameName = frameMatch && frameMatch[1].trim(); + if (!frameName) { + e.createSpan({ text: "Couldn't parse frame name" }); + return; + } + let data = this.settings.frames.find((f) => f.displayName == frameName); + if (!data) { + e.createSpan({ text: `Couldn't find a frame with name ${frameName}` }); + return; + } + if (import_obsidian4.Platform.isMobileApp && data.hideOnMobile) { + e.createSpan({ text: `${frameName} is hidden on mobile` }); + return; + } + let styleMatch = /style:([^\n]+)/gi.exec(s); + let style = styleMatch && styleMatch[1].trim(); + style || (style = "height: 600px;"); + let urlSuffixMatch = /urlsuffix:([^\n]+)/gi.exec(s); + let urlSuffix = urlSuffixMatch && urlSuffixMatch[1].trim(); + urlSuffix || (urlSuffix = ""); + let frame = new CustomFrame(this.settings, data); + frame.create(e, style, urlSuffix); + }); + }); + } + loadSettings() { + return __async(this, null, function* () { + this.settings = Object.assign({}, defaultSettings, yield this.loadData()); + }); + } + saveSettings() { + return __async(this, null, function* () { + yield this.saveData(this.settings); + }); + } + openLeaf(name, center, split) { + return __async(this, null, function* () { + let leaf; + if (center) { + leaf = this.app.workspace.getLeaf(split); + yield leaf.setViewState({ type: name, active: true }); + } else { + if (!this.app.workspace.getLeavesOfType(name).length) + yield this.app.workspace.getRightLeaf(false).setViewState({ type: name, active: true }); + leaf = this.app.workspace.getLeavesOfType(name)[0]; + this.app.workspace.revealLeaf(leaf); + } + if (leaf.view instanceof CustomFrameView) + leaf.view.focus(); + }); + } +}; + +/* nosourcemap */ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-custom-frames/manifest.json b/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-custom-frames/manifest.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e93cae1f --- /dev/null +++ b/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-custom-frames/manifest.json @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +{ + "id": "obsidian-custom-frames", + "name": "Custom Frames", + "version": "2.5.0", + "minAppVersion": "1.2.0", + "description": "A plugin that turns web apps into panes using iframes with custom styling. Also comes with presets for Google Keep, Todoist and more.", + "author": "Ellpeck", + "authorUrl": "https://ellpeck.de", + "fundingUrl": "https://ellpeck.de/support", + "isDesktopOnly": false +} diff --git a/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-custom-frames/styles.css b/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-custom-frames/styles.css new file mode 100644 index 00000000..bd8d98f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-custom-frames/styles.css @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +.custom-frames-view { + padding: 0 !important; + overflow: hidden !important; +} + +.custom-frames-view-file { + padding: 0; + overflow: auto; +} + +.custom-frames-frame { + width: 100%; + height: 100%; + border: none; + background-color: white; + background-clip: content-box; +} + +.custom-frames-add { + margin-left: 10px; +} + +.custom-frames-show { + margin-bottom: 18px; +} + +.custom-frames-support { + width: 100%; + height: auto; +} diff --git a/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-image-auto-upload-plugin/data.json b/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-image-auto-upload-plugin/data.json index af21d5ea..f4c5ab24 100644 --- a/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-image-auto-upload-plugin/data.json +++ b/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-image-auto-upload-plugin/data.json @@ -942,6 +942,21 @@ "id": "3bdb9f84-6002-45a0-ab24-683a9c5ea5a8", "createdAt": 1756554053733, "updatedAt": 1756554053733 + }, + { + "isEncrypted": 1, + "EncryptedData": "4186d7afa89e4b81583c357436ded730: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", + "fileName": "image.png", + "width": 447, + "height": 312, + "extname": ".png", + "imgUrl": "https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/08/31/68b3bf0beaf6a.png", + "hash": "ntO0XS", + "type": "lskyplist", + "shortUrl": "https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/08/31/68b3bf0beaf6a.png", + "id": "53d64f4b-7718-4455-a9da-be097376722d", + "createdAt": 1756610316955, + "updatedAt": 1756610316955 } ] } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/.obsidian/plugins/recent-files-obsidian/data.json b/.obsidian/plugins/recent-files-obsidian/data.json index cce36c66..2e184891 100644 --- a/.obsidian/plugins/recent-files-obsidian/data.json +++ b/.obsidian/plugins/recent-files-obsidian/data.json @@ -5,16 +5,28 @@ "path": "01-工作日记/2025-08-31.md" }, { - "basename": "成都旅游亮点@20250831_104638", - "path": "60-Imports/64-AI/成都旅游亮点@20250831_104638.md" + "basename": "AI使用评测", + "path": "02-技术评测/AI专题/AI使用评测.md" + }, + { + "basename": "Changsha_Summer_Attractions_Guide@20250831_095229", + "path": "60-Imports/64-AI/Changsha_Summer_Attractions_Guide@20250831_095229.md" }, { "basename": "长沙夏季旅游推荐@20250831_095229", "path": "60-Imports/64-AI/长沙夏季旅游推荐@20250831_095229.md" }, { - "basename": "Changsha_Summer_Attractions_Guide@20250831_095229", - "path": "60-Imports/64-AI/Changsha_Summer_Attractions_Guide@20250831_095229.md" + "basename": "成都旅游亮点@20250831_104638", + "path": "60-Imports/64-AI/成都旅游亮点@20250831_104638.md" + }, + { + "basename": "感谢DeepSeek，1天就赚了3100", + "path": "10-WebClipper/感谢DeepSeek，1天就赚了3100.md" + }, + { + "basename": "Linux查看某个程序占用的端口号_linux查询某个程序的端口号-CSDN博客", + "path": "10-WebClipper/Linux查看某个程序占用的端口号_linux查询某个程序的端口号-CSDN博客.md" }, { "basename": "OnlyOffice安装教程", @@ -124,10 +136,6 @@ "basename": "扩展无限可能：Obsidian Web Viewer插件解析", "path": "10-WebClipper/扩展无限可能：Obsidian Web Viewer插件解析.md" }, - { - "basename": "Linux查看某个程序占用的端口号_linux查询某个程序的端口号-CSDN博客", - "path": "10-WebClipper/Linux查看某个程序占用的端口号_linux查询某个程序的端口号-CSDN博客.md" - }, { "basename": "Obsidian笔记多端同步解决办法 | DiyBeta's Blog", "path": "10-WebClipper/Obsidian笔记多端同步解决办法 | DiyBeta's Blog.md" @@ -191,10 +199,6 @@ { "basename": "党员组织看山河为证2个多小时 晚上在最大的杨裕兴面馆吃面 (2025-08-25 19-25)", "path": "50-Memos/2025/08/党员组织看山河为证2个多小时 晚上在最大的杨裕兴面馆吃面 (2025-08-25 19-25).md" - }, - { - "basename": "督导任职期限已到（7月），收入要下降很多，今后要靠自己努力挣钱了！ 花钱也要谨慎行事！ 也许是个好事... (2025-08-21 18-21)", - "path": "50-Memos/2025/08/督导任职期限已到（7月），收入要下降很多，今后要靠自己努力挣钱了！ 花钱也要谨慎行事！ 也许是个好事... (2025-08-21 18-21).md" } ], "omittedPaths": [], diff --git a/.obsidian/plugins/rss-reader/data.json b/.obsidian/plugins/rss-reader/data.json index 1236f5e6..3550bd6f 100644 --- a/.obsidian/plugins/rss-reader/data.json +++ b/.obsidian/plugins/rss-reader/data.json @@ -5734,6 +5734,94 @@ "image": "http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/Nc53lZXDjZwDTSISGR4xlicLicHSZQ2Az6yzuTwWm4iboHMSnJhn5s6HodjpicYZW8YxeqiaPoMJ1rJdCW8a0Ywllug/0?wx_fmt=png", "description": "", "items": [ + { + "title": "如果人类能短暂体验猫咪的视觉、听觉和嗅觉，最震撼的会是什么？", + "description": "
\"头图\"/
\n

我猜最震撼的应该是啥都看不太清吧。

\n

和猫相比，人类五感中最强大的是视觉，人类也高度依赖视觉，要是眼前的世界瞬间变得暗淡模糊，像是梦境，那还不够震撼？

\n

但高速移动的物体却变得清晰起来，比如在你眼前一掠而过的苍蝇，可能变成“慢动作”，徒手捉住它不再是奢望。

\n
\"\"
\n

猫的视锥细胞仅有两种（人类有三种），只对蓝绿色光敏感，缺乏对红色敏感的视锥细胞，所以猫只能分辨蓝、绿、黄、紫，无法分辨红色、橙色。

\n

试想一下失去红色和橙色的世界，是不是没有温度，比较“阴间”？

\n

猫也是近视眼，静态视力相当于人类 400 度近视，6 米开外就模糊了。但近又不能太近，20 厘米之内的物体，也看不太清，这是因为猫眼的晶状体调节能力不足，仅有人类的 1/4。它们对近处物体的感知更多靠脸上的触须。

\n

这些眼睛上的“缺陷”都是为了适应捕猎。

\n

为强大的夜视能力，牺牲了感知颜色的视椎细胞。眼睛就那么大，堆积了更多视杆细胞，就没地方堆积视椎细胞了。

\n

为了中远距离（2-6 米，它猎物最主要的活动范围）的动态捕捉能力，能够快速锁定移动的猎物，牺牲了近距离静态清晰度。

\n
\"\"
\n

眼睛上的这些缺陷，靠强大的嗅觉、听觉以及触须的感知能力弥补。猫的听觉和狗子不相上下，其中高频声音的敏感度更是狗子的 1.5 倍，在特定区域内的声音（15-30 米之间），定位精准度比狗子还高。

\n

嗅觉也和狗子不相上下，家猫鼻腔里有超过 2 亿个嗅觉受体细胞，狗子因品种不同，稍有差异，在 2-3 亿之间，某些特定品种可高达 3 亿个，而人类只有区区 1 千万个左右。

\n

虽然视觉上吃了亏，但如果瞬间拥有像猫一样强大的听觉和嗅觉，也是很震撼的，想像一下这种感觉：眼前模糊暗淡，但四周的感知却清晰，像是身处一个立体的地图里，知道微弱气流的方向，听到花盆里虫子啃食叶片的声音，知道楼上小学生在翻动书页，闻到楼下早点摊上刚开锅的煮玉米，闻到我老公藏在沙发缝隙的一包香烟。

\n
\"\"
\n

对了，要是我拥有了猫咪这样强大的嗅觉，就能把老公藏在家里的香烟都找出来，还有私房钱！他要是再狡辩，说身上的烟味是朋友抽的二手烟，我就能有理有据有节地揭穿他：

\n

你衣服上的二手烟是昨天老吴头的利群，而你早上抽的华子，是老六给你的吧？四个小时前又抽了支黄鹤楼，就是洪经理给的，你们俩呼出的烟味浓度一样，味道一样！

\n

@知乎萌宠

\n
\n
\n\n\n
查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n\n\n\n
获取更多RSS：
https://feedx.net
https://feedx.site
", + "content": "
\"头图\"/
\n

我猜最震撼的应该是啥都看不太清吧。

\n

和猫相比，人类五感中最强大的是视觉，人类也高度依赖视觉，要是眼前的世界瞬间变得暗淡模糊，像是梦境，那还不够震撼？

\n

但高速移动的物体却变得清晰起来，比如在你眼前一掠而过的苍蝇，可能变成“慢动作”，徒手捉住它不再是奢望。

\n
\"\"
\n

猫的视锥细胞仅有两种（人类有三种），只对蓝绿色光敏感，缺乏对红色敏感的视锥细胞，所以猫只能分辨蓝、绿、黄、紫，无法分辨红色、橙色。

\n

试想一下失去红色和橙色的世界，是不是没有温度，比较“阴间”？

\n

猫也是近视眼，静态视力相当于人类 400 度近视，6 米开外就模糊了。但近又不能太近，20 厘米之内的物体，也看不太清，这是因为猫眼的晶状体调节能力不足，仅有人类的 1/4。它们对近处物体的感知更多靠脸上的触须。

\n

这些眼睛上的“缺陷”都是为了适应捕猎。

\n

为强大的夜视能力，牺牲了感知颜色的视椎细胞。眼睛就那么大，堆积了更多视杆细胞，就没地方堆积视椎细胞了。

\n

为了中远距离（2-6 米，它猎物最主要的活动范围）的动态捕捉能力，能够快速锁定移动的猎物，牺牲了近距离静态清晰度。

\n
\"\"
\n

眼睛上的这些缺陷，靠强大的嗅觉、听觉以及触须的感知能力弥补。猫的听觉和狗子不相上下，其中高频声音的敏感度更是狗子的 1.5 倍，在特定区域内的声音（15-30 米之间），定位精准度比狗子还高。

\n

嗅觉也和狗子不相上下，家猫鼻腔里有超过 2 亿个嗅觉受体细胞，狗子因品种不同，稍有差异，在 2-3 亿之间，某些特定品种可高达 3 亿个，而人类只有区区 1 千万个左右。

\n

虽然视觉上吃了亏，但如果瞬间拥有像猫一样强大的听觉和嗅觉，也是很震撼的，想像一下这种感觉：眼前模糊暗淡，但四周的感知却清晰，像是身处一个立体的地图里，知道微弱气流的方向，听到花盆里虫子啃食叶片的声音，知道楼上小学生在翻动书页，闻到楼下早点摊上刚开锅的煮玉米，闻到我老公藏在沙发缝隙的一包香烟。

\n
\"\"
\n

对了，要是我拥有了猫咪这样强大的嗅觉，就能把老公藏在家里的香烟都找出来，还有私房钱！他要是再狡辩，说身上的烟味是朋友抽的二手烟，我就能有理有据有节地揭穿他：

\n

你衣服上的二手烟是昨天老吴头的利群，而你早上抽的华子，是老六给你的吧？四个小时前又抽了支黄鹤楼，就是洪经理给的，你们俩呼出的烟味浓度一样，味道一样！

\n

@知乎萌宠

\n
\n
\n\n\n
查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n\n\n\n
获取更多RSS：
https://feedx.net
https://feedx.site
", + "category": "", + "link": "https://daily.zhihu.com/story/9783612", + "creator": "", + "pubDate": "Sun, 31 Aug 2025 00:27:03 +0000", + "enclosure": "", + "enclosureType": "", + "image": "", + "id": "", + "language": "", + "folder": "资讯", + "feed": "知乎", + "read": false, + "favorite": false, + "created": false, + "tags": [], + "hash": "2256973a5815eecd392d3012b3a9a03e", + "highlights": [] + }, + { + "title": "如果生物进化是为了适应环境，为何地球上的地理环境类型这么少，而生物的种类却有这么多？", + "description": "
\"头图\"/
\n

谢邀。当有人说“地球上的地理环境这么少”时，出发点其实非常宏观。按我们初中地理学过的内容，地理环境无非是山地、平原、森林、沙漠、湿地、海洋等等几个大类。即使再加上气候带的差异，也不过是几十种组合。

\n

但地球上的生物种类却高达数百万、近千万种 ---- 那为什么有限的环境种类能产生如此庞大的生物多样性呢？这里面关键的答案之一，隐藏在“微环境多样性”与“生态位分化”这两个概念里。

\n

微环境是无限细节环境，可以提供无限多的演化舞台。

\n

比如在表面上看，一片森林只是“森林”；一片湖泊就只是“湖泊”。但对生物来说，它们所处的并不是一个大环境，而是千千万万个精细的“微环境”。

\n

拿森林里面的一棵树为例：从树根部到树顶，从主干到树枝，从树皮到树叶，每一个空间都拥有不同的温度、湿度、光照、气流、营养、共生物种和天敌密度。这些不同因素的微小差异，最终导致一个个微环境的形成，又在孕育出不同的生物群体后逐渐被正向巩固。

\n

比如树叶的背面相较于正面更加湿润、阳光较弱，适合某些喜阴的昆虫藏身和取食。有很多蚜虫类体型极小的植物刺吸性昆虫，就常常栖息在树叶背面。蚜虫专门吸食嫩叶和幼芽的汁液，它们偏好呆在叶背这一侧，一方面因为较为潮湿、气温稳定，有利于它们生存和繁殖；另一方面也能躲避鸟类和阳光直射。

\n

更有甚者，一些蚜虫还能诱导植物形成“虫瘿”（gall）作为隐蔽的繁殖场所 ---- 这属于动物靠一己之力改变了植物的转录组，让植物变形成为原本不可能达到的样子，算是进化上的小奇迹。

\n
\"\"
每颗虫瘿里都有一只奋力改革的蚜虫。。。。
\n

与躲在树叶背面的蚜虫不同，很多椿象以树木为宿主，专门在树干缝隙中产卵和躲藏。椿象有坚硬的口器，可以刺入树皮吸食汁液。这些缝隙不仅提供食物来源，还能为其越冬提供庇护，避免天敌入侵。

\n

除此以外，常年暗无天日的树根也并没有更显荒芜。很多真菌可以在这里找到最合适的共生环境，就比如松露与橡树、榛子树等植物的根系形成外生菌根。

\n

这种共生关系也是多年进化的产物，双向互利，在树木这一边来看，可以让树木从土壤中更高效地吸收矿物质和水分；从松露这一边来看，松露可以通过植物提供的碳水化合物维持生长。

\n
\"\"
\n

即便是同一棵树，也并不是每个角落都处在稳定微环境里一成不变 ---- 在不同的季节、时段、天气条件下，这棵树会形成动态变化的微环境，足以支持一整个小型生态系统的存在。

\n

上面提到的不同的微环境就对不同的季节有不同的偏好。夏季树叶多，枝叶间形成阴凉潮湿的空间，适合蜗牛、蚜虫等湿生生物栖息。而冬季落叶后，阳光可直射树干，使得椿象更活跃。

\n

甚至一天之间也有不同的生物代谢活性：清晨露水凝结，有利于菌类孢子萌发；中午日照强烈，温度升高，则可能促使昆虫加速代谢、繁殖。暴雨来临前，空气湿度剧增，蚂蚁会改变觅食路径，转向树冠更干燥区域。

\n

这些微小而频繁的环境波动，构成了一个高度动态的生态舞台，促使不同生物在时间和空间中灵活分布、分工协作，维系着一棵树上的“小型生态系统”。

\n

在进化的漫长尺度里，两个生活在同一棵树上的虫类，如果分别生活在不同的微环境中（比如地表与树冠），其进化路径也会逐渐分化，最终形成两个不同的物种。这就是非常常见的异地分化。

\n

除了“客观环境”促成的分化以外，生物自己也会在一定程度上改变环境、为其他生物造就环境，从此进一步演化出更多微环境和物种。这里面要靠的，就是生物和生物之间的相互作用，也就是生态位的有限环境里可以发挥巨大的作用。

\n

笼统来说，生态位指的是一个物种在生态系统中所扮演的角色，包括它吃什么、被谁吃、在什么时候活动、在哪里繁殖、与谁竞争、如何利用资源等等。换句话说，生态位属于是相同地理位置里面的特异性“功能位置”。

\n

用我们熟悉的社会和城市打个比方 ---- 如果把一片森林比作一座城市，那么生态位就像是城市里的各种职业和生活方式：即使大家都住在城市里，有人是清洁工，有人是医生，有人是夜班工人，有人做外卖配送，每个人的作息、行动轨迹、社会功能都不同。

\n

同样，即使是生活在同一片湿地，不同种鸟类可以通过取食方式（捉虫、啄鱼、滤食水中浮游生物）、活动时间（白天、黄昏、夜间）和筑巢地点（地面、树上、洞穴）来划分各自的生态位。这也就是说，即使大家都吃一种东西、都用一块地、都被同一个东西吃，也可以靠倒时差来实现井水不犯河水。

\n
\"\"
\n

比如非洲的羚羊种类众多，有些吃低矮的灌木，有些吃高草，有些则专吃树叶。哪怕它们都生活在同一片草原上，因为食物来源这一生态位变量不同，它们就能和平共处，各自演化出适应自身饮食方式的身体结构和行为模式。

\n

因此，生物所适应的“环境”，远不止地形与气候这些大尺度的分类，而是无限细分的各种微环境、和不同生物靠占据不同的生态位来实现的。

\n
\"\"
生物多样性，图片来自 Ecological and Evolutionary Implications of Microbial Dispersal
\n
\n
\n\n\n
查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n\n\n\n", + "content": "
\"头图\"/
\n

谢邀。当有人说“地球上的地理环境这么少”时，出发点其实非常宏观。按我们初中地理学过的内容，地理环境无非是山地、平原、森林、沙漠、湿地、海洋等等几个大类。即使再加上气候带的差异，也不过是几十种组合。

\n

但地球上的生物种类却高达数百万、近千万种 ---- 那为什么有限的环境种类能产生如此庞大的生物多样性呢？这里面关键的答案之一，隐藏在“微环境多样性”与“生态位分化”这两个概念里。

\n

微环境是无限细节环境，可以提供无限多的演化舞台。

\n

比如在表面上看，一片森林只是“森林”；一片湖泊就只是“湖泊”。但对生物来说，它们所处的并不是一个大环境，而是千千万万个精细的“微环境”。

\n

拿森林里面的一棵树为例：从树根部到树顶，从主干到树枝，从树皮到树叶，每一个空间都拥有不同的温度、湿度、光照、气流、营养、共生物种和天敌密度。这些不同因素的微小差异，最终导致一个个微环境的形成，又在孕育出不同的生物群体后逐渐被正向巩固。

\n

比如树叶的背面相较于正面更加湿润、阳光较弱，适合某些喜阴的昆虫藏身和取食。有很多蚜虫类体型极小的植物刺吸性昆虫，就常常栖息在树叶背面。蚜虫专门吸食嫩叶和幼芽的汁液，它们偏好呆在叶背这一侧，一方面因为较为潮湿、气温稳定，有利于它们生存和繁殖；另一方面也能躲避鸟类和阳光直射。

\n

更有甚者，一些蚜虫还能诱导植物形成“虫瘿”（gall）作为隐蔽的繁殖场所 ---- 这属于动物靠一己之力改变了植物的转录组，让植物变形成为原本不可能达到的样子，算是进化上的小奇迹。

\n
\"\"
每颗虫瘿里都有一只奋力改革的蚜虫。。。。
\n

与躲在树叶背面的蚜虫不同，很多椿象以树木为宿主，专门在树干缝隙中产卵和躲藏。椿象有坚硬的口器，可以刺入树皮吸食汁液。这些缝隙不仅提供食物来源，还能为其越冬提供庇护，避免天敌入侵。

\n

除此以外，常年暗无天日的树根也并没有更显荒芜。很多真菌可以在这里找到最合适的共生环境，就比如松露与橡树、榛子树等植物的根系形成外生菌根。

\n

这种共生关系也是多年进化的产物，双向互利，在树木这一边来看，可以让树木从土壤中更高效地吸收矿物质和水分；从松露这一边来看，松露可以通过植物提供的碳水化合物维持生长。

\n
\"\"
\n

即便是同一棵树，也并不是每个角落都处在稳定微环境里一成不变 ---- 在不同的季节、时段、天气条件下，这棵树会形成动态变化的微环境，足以支持一整个小型生态系统的存在。

\n

上面提到的不同的微环境就对不同的季节有不同的偏好。夏季树叶多，枝叶间形成阴凉潮湿的空间，适合蜗牛、蚜虫等湿生生物栖息。而冬季落叶后，阳光可直射树干，使得椿象更活跃。

\n

甚至一天之间也有不同的生物代谢活性：清晨露水凝结，有利于菌类孢子萌发；中午日照强烈，温度升高，则可能促使昆虫加速代谢、繁殖。暴雨来临前，空气湿度剧增，蚂蚁会改变觅食路径，转向树冠更干燥区域。

\n

这些微小而频繁的环境波动，构成了一个高度动态的生态舞台，促使不同生物在时间和空间中灵活分布、分工协作，维系着一棵树上的“小型生态系统”。

\n

在进化的漫长尺度里，两个生活在同一棵树上的虫类，如果分别生活在不同的微环境中（比如地表与树冠），其进化路径也会逐渐分化，最终形成两个不同的物种。这就是非常常见的异地分化。

\n

除了“客观环境”促成的分化以外，生物自己也会在一定程度上改变环境、为其他生物造就环境，从此进一步演化出更多微环境和物种。这里面要靠的，就是生物和生物之间的相互作用，也就是生态位的有限环境里可以发挥巨大的作用。

\n

笼统来说，生态位指的是一个物种在生态系统中所扮演的角色，包括它吃什么、被谁吃、在什么时候活动、在哪里繁殖、与谁竞争、如何利用资源等等。换句话说，生态位属于是相同地理位置里面的特异性“功能位置”。

\n

用我们熟悉的社会和城市打个比方 ---- 如果把一片森林比作一座城市，那么生态位就像是城市里的各种职业和生活方式：即使大家都住在城市里，有人是清洁工，有人是医生，有人是夜班工人，有人做外卖配送，每个人的作息、行动轨迹、社会功能都不同。

\n

同样，即使是生活在同一片湿地，不同种鸟类可以通过取食方式（捉虫、啄鱼、滤食水中浮游生物）、活动时间（白天、黄昏、夜间）和筑巢地点（地面、树上、洞穴）来划分各自的生态位。这也就是说，即使大家都吃一种东西、都用一块地、都被同一个东西吃，也可以靠倒时差来实现井水不犯河水。

\n
\"\"
\n

比如非洲的羚羊种类众多，有些吃低矮的灌木，有些吃高草，有些则专吃树叶。哪怕它们都生活在同一片草原上，因为食物来源这一生态位变量不同，它们就能和平共处，各自演化出适应自身饮食方式的身体结构和行为模式。

\n

因此，生物所适应的“环境”，远不止地形与气候这些大尺度的分类，而是无限细分的各种微环境、和不同生物靠占据不同的生态位来实现的。

\n
\"\"
生物多样性，图片来自 Ecological and Evolutionary Implications of Microbial Dispersal
\n
\n
\n\n\n
查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n\n\n\n", + "category": "", + "link": "https://daily.zhihu.com/story/9783613", + "creator": "", + "pubDate": "Sun, 31 Aug 2025 00:27:03 +0000", + "enclosure": "", + "enclosureType": "", + "image": "", + "id": "", + "language": "", + "folder": "资讯", + "feed": "知乎", + "read": false, + "favorite": false, + "created": false, + "tags": [], + "hash": "959d7e2d8b77933affd4b92f64aba8cf", + "highlights": [] + }, + { + "title": "为什么年轻人「认真你就输了」成情感趋势，难道我们的「情感表达」正在集体降级吗？", + "description": "
\"头图\"/
\n

看题主这个问题，我想起鲁迅先生笔下的九斤老太的叹息”一代不如一代“。

\n

这样的表达，不难看到有代际隔阂和误解存在，隐含着对年轻一代情感模式的道德审判，认为过去认真才是正常的标准，如今的不认真是退化。

\n

但这种审视，其实忽略了时代变迁的深刻影响。

\n

在当下社会环境中——经济不确定性和前几年特殊时期产生的心理冲击等等——让年轻人面临的多重压力远远超过我们这些老家伙们，如果不了解当下社会结构性变化，这样的判断有失公允。

\n

一、结构性变化：高压、不确定性和文化 meme 的催化

\n

当代年轻人面对的环境是快节奏、经济不稳定、关系流动性强、稳定承诺越来越稀薄的时代。

\n

1.社会节奏加快，导致时间稀缺与注意力碎片化

\n

社会学家 Hartmut Rosa 在《社会加速》中提出“加速社会”理论，指出科技、交通、信息流加速让人持续处于时间稀缺感中，即便物理时间不变，心理上却感到“没有时间认真建立关系”。

\n

比如年轻的知乎儿雄心勃勃要打造自己有影响力有收入的知乎账号，可能需要认真创作几个小时，认真互动数小时，还得兼顾工作和职场社交，这种高度旋转忙碌的生活节奏可能会让情感关系很容易被边缘化，情感互动投入成了见缝插针的事情。

\n

2.经济不稳定，必有财务焦虑，重视风险规避

\n

关于全球经济不稳定，我就不多例举数据了，应该算是当下共识了。

\n

如此现状，必然对正处在婚恋成家立业关键期的年轻人带来心理冲击。根据前景理论（Kahneman & Tversky, 1979），人在不稳定经济环境中更倾向于规避损失，这种心理会迁移到情感投资中——害怕“认真”后遭遇情感亏损。

\n

3.关系流动性加剧，难以预期未来关系，稳定承诺稀薄化

\n

在鲍曼所言的液态现代性社会中，经济不稳定带来的影响之一就是工作机会越来越不稳定，为了生存，需要不断搬家转换租房社区，自顾不暇，在这样的情况下，年轻人还有多少勇气敢于做出长期承诺呢？如此以来，不少年轻人明确表示”不要承诺，活在当下“，其实就是规避未来不确定性带来心理落差啊！

\n

小结：在上述这些变化构成的社会语境中，稳定承诺变成了稀缺资源，年轻人选择用”认真你就输了“来调侃和防御，其实是对环境压力的本能适应，而不是单纯的情感降级。

\n

说完上述变化，再来聊一聊文化 meme对”认真你就输了“的催化。

\n
Meme，是近年来全球互联网中最能体现“病毒式传播”的事物了。在中文互联网中，它被我们习以为常地称之为“梗”。“梗”是那些洗脑式的、被大量自发复制流传，让几乎每个人看到时都能会心一笑的文字或表情包，比如，“为什么要吃兔兔”“流泪猫猫头”……在互联网的不断流变中，Meme 本身也发展成为了一类包罗万象，形式从单独的文字、音乐、视频乃至互相混合的“专门体裁”。

道金斯在他 1976 年的畅销书《自私的基因》（The Selfish Gene）中，首次创造了“模因”（Meme）一词。在此书的最后一章中，他用余笔提出了一个关于“模因”的有趣类比，将其比作文化传播的基因。他认为，文化元素的传播和演化可以用类似于生物基因传播和演化的方式来理解，以此能够在人类文化中广泛传播并持续存在。

同为进化生物学家的丹尼尔·丹尼特（Daniel Dennett），则更进一步。1996 年，丹尼特在他的著作《达尔文的危险想法：演化与生命的意义》（Darwin's Dangerous Idea：Evolution and the Meanings of Life）中，相当大胆地指出，“文化以模因形式对人脑的入侵，创造了人类心灵”。这让人类（心灵）区别于动物（心灵）。
\n

也就是说，作为文化传播媒介的模因，不仅仅是理解人类文化多样性和创造力的关键，更是人类文化演变的真正基础。“模因”使得人类能够超越遗传基因的限制，进而产生复杂的文化和意识形态。[1]

\n

”认真你就输了“源于 2000 年代中期 ACFUN 弹幕文化中对竞技类游戏的调侃——谁过度投入、过度较真，谁就“输了娱乐精神”。

\n

到了 2010 年代后，这个短语被用于社交、恋爱、职场等情境中，含义转向“先投入感情的人会在关系中吃亏”。

\n

经过微博、B 站、小红书等社交媒体传播加速，配合表情包、短视频，成为对“情感风险”的幽默化表达。

\n

这个文化 meme 说通俗一点就是各种梗的流行。而梗或是 meme 的流行，从心理学角度而言，会出现群体认同效应，让越来越多年轻人面对棘手的感情问题，拿来当作情感防御工具，借此来传达”我不傻，我才不先动心“，减少情感脆弱风险。而 meme 的传播和运用，则为年轻人也提供了同是天涯沦落人感，降低了情绪压力，把潜在痛苦转化成了自我调侃且可以用来分享的生活笑点。

\n

二、”认真你就输了“是情感领域的”文化 meme“,有其影响的双重性

\n

年轻人喊出”认真你就输了“，其实是对环境的一种适应性调整，应该承认有积极的一面。

\n

首先，这是边界感的觉醒。过去我们常常把全身心投入视为真爱证明，结果可能遇上负心人，所有的努力成了对方眼中的笑话。如今年轻人更倾向于先给自己设个情感缓冲区。

\n

其实，这是自我空间的主权意识。能防御个人情绪被伴侣的情绪波动过度牵引或操控。

\n

第三，这是对”沉没成本陷阱“的防御。在经济学里，沉没成本让人明治不值得还要继续投下去，而现在的部分年轻人会给自己留下一条撤退通道，不被过去的付出绑架自己的未来选择。

\n

换句话说，”认真你就输了“并不简单等于”算计爱“，也很可能是”爱得清醒理智“，有可能是亲密关系的调节阀，既让爱情持久，也避免爱情昏了头。

\n

霭霭我的隐忧是：防御机制一旦过度，问题就走向负面。

\n

过度防御、警觉有可能让浅层化关系泛滥，人人都不敢付出真诚，可能导致情感麻木症，削弱建立深度关系的能力。

\n

那么”认真你就输了“也许就成了加速孤岛化的咒语。

\n

三、怎么办？

\n

对于情感关系，对于爱情不敢认真不敢迈出那一步，但又确实渴望与心中人走在一起的的亲们，我个人的建议是，不妨试试”情感投资红绿灯原则“，来尝试自我校准：

\n

绿灯：对方有稳定回应、相互尊重的表现 →→ 允许自己逐步增加真诚投入。

\n

黄灯：言行不一、信息不对称 →→ 保留一定的观察期，避免冲动表白或过度付出。

\n

红灯：对方有情感操控、边界侵犯迹象 →→ 果断减少投入撤退，及时止损。

\n

每当想用”不认真“保护自己时，不妨先问问自己三个问题：

\n

1.我是因为恐惧吗？有没有让自己恐惧的真实依据？

\n

2.我是自我保护，还是预设灾难？

\n

3.如果对方消失，我会不会后悔没有表达过真诚？

\n

最后，我想说，我们对于年轻人的文化 meme 多一点理解少一点道德评判，毕竟他们真的是不容易，如果跨越代际鸿沟，换位思考，我们可以发现，年轻人的”不认真“，其实是想在高压世界里保住自己的最后一块安全地。

\n

期望，下一句文化 meme 是”认真但又边界“——敢于投入，也懂及时撤退。

\n

我是@停云霭霭，喜欢从阅读和生活中去观察和感悟心理现象，在这里真诚分享感悟，欢迎您关注我，或关注订阅我的专栏：心理瞭望角，玫瑰。

\n
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查看知乎讨论
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\n

看题主这个问题，我想起鲁迅先生笔下的九斤老太的叹息”一代不如一代“。

\n

这样的表达，不难看到有代际隔阂和误解存在，隐含着对年轻一代情感模式的道德审判，认为过去认真才是正常的标准，如今的不认真是退化。

\n

但这种审视，其实忽略了时代变迁的深刻影响。

\n

在当下社会环境中——经济不确定性和前几年特殊时期产生的心理冲击等等——让年轻人面临的多重压力远远超过我们这些老家伙们，如果不了解当下社会结构性变化，这样的判断有失公允。

\n

一、结构性变化：高压、不确定性和文化 meme 的催化

\n

当代年轻人面对的环境是快节奏、经济不稳定、关系流动性强、稳定承诺越来越稀薄的时代。

\n

1.社会节奏加快，导致时间稀缺与注意力碎片化

\n

社会学家 Hartmut Rosa 在《社会加速》中提出“加速社会”理论，指出科技、交通、信息流加速让人持续处于时间稀缺感中，即便物理时间不变，心理上却感到“没有时间认真建立关系”。

\n

比如年轻的知乎儿雄心勃勃要打造自己有影响力有收入的知乎账号，可能需要认真创作几个小时，认真互动数小时，还得兼顾工作和职场社交，这种高度旋转忙碌的生活节奏可能会让情感关系很容易被边缘化，情感互动投入成了见缝插针的事情。

\n

2.经济不稳定，必有财务焦虑，重视风险规避

\n

关于全球经济不稳定，我就不多例举数据了，应该算是当下共识了。

\n

如此现状，必然对正处在婚恋成家立业关键期的年轻人带来心理冲击。根据前景理论（Kahneman & Tversky, 1979），人在不稳定经济环境中更倾向于规避损失，这种心理会迁移到情感投资中——害怕“认真”后遭遇情感亏损。

\n

3.关系流动性加剧，难以预期未来关系，稳定承诺稀薄化

\n

在鲍曼所言的液态现代性社会中，经济不稳定带来的影响之一就是工作机会越来越不稳定，为了生存，需要不断搬家转换租房社区，自顾不暇，在这样的情况下，年轻人还有多少勇气敢于做出长期承诺呢？如此以来，不少年轻人明确表示”不要承诺，活在当下“，其实就是规避未来不确定性带来心理落差啊！

\n

小结：在上述这些变化构成的社会语境中，稳定承诺变成了稀缺资源，年轻人选择用”认真你就输了“来调侃和防御，其实是对环境压力的本能适应，而不是单纯的情感降级。

\n

说完上述变化，再来聊一聊文化 meme对”认真你就输了“的催化。

\n
Meme，是近年来全球互联网中最能体现“病毒式传播”的事物了。在中文互联网中，它被我们习以为常地称之为“梗”。“梗”是那些洗脑式的、被大量自发复制流传，让几乎每个人看到时都能会心一笑的文字或表情包，比如，“为什么要吃兔兔”“流泪猫猫头”……在互联网的不断流变中，Meme 本身也发展成为了一类包罗万象，形式从单独的文字、音乐、视频乃至互相混合的“专门体裁”。

道金斯在他 1976 年的畅销书《自私的基因》（The Selfish Gene）中，首次创造了“模因”（Meme）一词。在此书的最后一章中，他用余笔提出了一个关于“模因”的有趣类比，将其比作文化传播的基因。他认为，文化元素的传播和演化可以用类似于生物基因传播和演化的方式来理解，以此能够在人类文化中广泛传播并持续存在。

同为进化生物学家的丹尼尔·丹尼特（Daniel Dennett），则更进一步。1996 年，丹尼特在他的著作《达尔文的危险想法：演化与生命的意义》（Darwin's Dangerous Idea：Evolution and the Meanings of Life）中，相当大胆地指出，“文化以模因形式对人脑的入侵，创造了人类心灵”。这让人类（心灵）区别于动物（心灵）。
\n

也就是说，作为文化传播媒介的模因，不仅仅是理解人类文化多样性和创造力的关键，更是人类文化演变的真正基础。“模因”使得人类能够超越遗传基因的限制，进而产生复杂的文化和意识形态。[1]

\n

”认真你就输了“源于 2000 年代中期 ACFUN 弹幕文化中对竞技类游戏的调侃——谁过度投入、过度较真，谁就“输了娱乐精神”。

\n

到了 2010 年代后，这个短语被用于社交、恋爱、职场等情境中，含义转向“先投入感情的人会在关系中吃亏”。

\n

经过微博、B 站、小红书等社交媒体传播加速，配合表情包、短视频，成为对“情感风险”的幽默化表达。

\n

这个文化 meme 说通俗一点就是各种梗的流行。而梗或是 meme 的流行，从心理学角度而言，会出现群体认同效应，让越来越多年轻人面对棘手的感情问题，拿来当作情感防御工具，借此来传达”我不傻，我才不先动心“，减少情感脆弱风险。而 meme 的传播和运用，则为年轻人也提供了同是天涯沦落人感，降低了情绪压力，把潜在痛苦转化成了自我调侃且可以用来分享的生活笑点。

\n

二、”认真你就输了“是情感领域的”文化 meme“,有其影响的双重性

\n

年轻人喊出”认真你就输了“，其实是对环境的一种适应性调整，应该承认有积极的一面。

\n

首先，这是边界感的觉醒。过去我们常常把全身心投入视为真爱证明，结果可能遇上负心人，所有的努力成了对方眼中的笑话。如今年轻人更倾向于先给自己设个情感缓冲区。

\n

其实，这是自我空间的主权意识。能防御个人情绪被伴侣的情绪波动过度牵引或操控。

\n

第三，这是对”沉没成本陷阱“的防御。在经济学里，沉没成本让人明治不值得还要继续投下去，而现在的部分年轻人会给自己留下一条撤退通道，不被过去的付出绑架自己的未来选择。

\n

换句话说，”认真你就输了“并不简单等于”算计爱“，也很可能是”爱得清醒理智“，有可能是亲密关系的调节阀，既让爱情持久，也避免爱情昏了头。

\n

霭霭我的隐忧是：防御机制一旦过度，问题就走向负面。

\n

过度防御、警觉有可能让浅层化关系泛滥，人人都不敢付出真诚，可能导致情感麻木症，削弱建立深度关系的能力。

\n

那么”认真你就输了“也许就成了加速孤岛化的咒语。

\n

三、怎么办？

\n

对于情感关系，对于爱情不敢认真不敢迈出那一步，但又确实渴望与心中人走在一起的的亲们，我个人的建议是，不妨试试”情感投资红绿灯原则“，来尝试自我校准：

\n

绿灯：对方有稳定回应、相互尊重的表现 →→ 允许自己逐步增加真诚投入。

\n

黄灯：言行不一、信息不对称 →→ 保留一定的观察期，避免冲动表白或过度付出。

\n

红灯：对方有情感操控、边界侵犯迹象 →→ 果断减少投入撤退，及时止损。

\n

每当想用”不认真“保护自己时，不妨先问问自己三个问题：

\n

1.我是因为恐惧吗？有没有让自己恐惧的真实依据？

\n

2.我是自我保护，还是预设灾难？

\n

3.如果对方消失，我会不会后悔没有表达过真诚？

\n

最后，我想说，我们对于年轻人的文化 meme 多一点理解少一点道德评判，毕竟他们真的是不容易，如果跨越代际鸿沟，换位思考，我们可以发现，年轻人的”不认真“，其实是想在高压世界里保住自己的最后一块安全地。

\n

期望，下一句文化 meme 是”认真但又边界“——敢于投入，也懂及时撤退。

\n

我是@停云霭霭，喜欢从阅读和生活中去观察和感悟心理现象，在这里真诚分享感悟，欢迎您关注我，或关注订阅我的专栏：心理瞭望角，玫瑰。

\n
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查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n\n\n\n", + "category": "", + "link": "https://daily.zhihu.com/story/9783622", + "creator": "", + "pubDate": "Sun, 31 Aug 2025 00:27:03 +0000", + "enclosure": "", + "enclosureType": "", + "image": "", + "id": "", + "language": "", + "folder": "资讯", + "feed": "知乎", + "read": false, + "favorite": false, + "created": false, + "tags": [], + "hash": "68ca6067f57734fb09b10164d716312e", + "highlights": [] + }, + { + "title": "有网友尝试在赤道上走直线，没走两步就重心不稳差点摔倒，这是真的吗？", + "description": "
\"头图\"/
\n

赤道旅游骗局喜加一。

\n

赤道上最常见的骗局是水在赤道两侧流向不同。什么在这边是右旋转的漩涡，另一边是左旋转的漩涡。

\n

但实际上全是骗，那个小水盆里的水流方向，主要取决于你倒水的方式和容器形状，而不是地球自转。跟赤道一点关系都没有。实际上，想要真的用地球物理学来复现这个，得在大尺度、长时间静置、抑制初始涡度与容器效应时，才能在盆水尺度观测到地转影响；就旅游演示那种，远达不到这个条件。

\n

另外一个是中国人估计都不信的，就是鸡蛋能在赤道上立起来……

\n

好家伙我春分立蛋是逗你玩的吗？当然春分立蛋也没什么依据，只要你手巧且稳，找到 3 个支撑点，任意时间任意地点都能立起来……

\n

这个走直线的就更逗了。

\n

如果说前几个还算是硬蹭了一些物理学原理，但这个走直线的是把物理学原理给蹭反了。

\n

地球的自转，会带来一种叫科氏力的现象，这个词简单的理解就是，你在一个旋转的球面上走动，会感觉到一个细微的侧向推力，让你的路径产生轻微弯曲。气象学里，正是这个力让气旋旋转、洋流拐弯。

\n

同时，这个科氏力的大小和所在的纬度有关，所以你要说赤道特殊确实特殊。

\n

但，这个力是两极最大，赤道最小……

\n

也就是说，如果要表演走直线，赤道反而是最好走的那个地方。

\n

那为什么平时我们在中纬度地区感受不到这个科氏力呢？主要是短距离的偏差只是毫米级，感受不出来，但如果你是长距离前进就会受到这个力的影响。

\n
纯理论上，假设我们以每小时 6 公里的速度走路，每走 1 公里就会向右偏 22 公尺。再如我们以每小时 20 公里的速度骑着脚踏车依照想象的直线前进，每行 1 公里就会向右偏 7 公尺（这两个例子，都是以北纬 30°为参考点）。
\n

但实际上无论我们是在走路还是骑车，我们边走大脑都会进行修正，所以这个东西在日常生活中很难感受的到。

\n

另一个赤道特殊的地方会是重力的变化。随着维度的不同，g 值会发生变化，当你沿东西方向运动时，因地球自转与离心效应叠加，测得的重力会有极微小变化，但这种变化是克一级的，根本不会有什么感受……所以这东西也不可能影响走直线。

\n

实际上，视频里的情况，你不用去赤道，你在任何一个地方画一条直线，在符合一定前提情况下，都可能会复现这个情况。

\n

这里主要是人的生理和环境因素在作祟。

\n

首先来看下人是怎么走直线的。

\n

我们在走直线时，大脑其实在不断综合着视觉信息，前庭系统和本体感受这些复杂的信号。当我们低头盯着地上的线走时，视野被压缩，周边视觉信息减少，前庭和平衡系统就得更多依赖微小的脚步调整来维持平衡。走久了，稍有重心偏移，就容易出现轻微左右摆。这和闭眼走直线会更容易走偏是一个原理。

\n

而且，实际上走直线这个事情，其实挺难的。可能听起来反直觉，但实际上走直线对我们来说反而是反生理学的动作。我们在日常走路时，脚步会略微左右错开，这是骨盆和膝关节自然摆动的结果。硬要把脚踩在一条窄线中间，就像走窄平衡木，会显著增加平衡控制的负担，走一段后身体会出现轻微动作变形。

\n

我不知道有多少小朋友跟我一样喜欢踩马路牙子上走路，经常没走几步就掉下来了？实际上，别说马路牙子，你就在平地上画个线，也是走几步就会变形，就是我上边说的道理。

\n

而如果这时候加持上一个心理暗示。也就是说周围的人都跟你说，这里是赤道，你走直线会被地球给弄走偏了，那么我们可能会下意识放大身体的细小摆动，把原本微不足道的平衡调整感知为被晃，然后自己把自己晃倒了。

\n

这其实就是一种心理暗示，或者叫做期望效应。

\n

所以，赤道这些旅游小花招吧，大部分演示更多是为了气氛，而不是严格的物理实验。要不你们想想，赤道国家那么多，数以亿计的人每天都在走来走去，也没见谁被赤道甩的走路平地摔不是？

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\n\n
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", + "content": "
\"头图\"/
\n

赤道旅游骗局喜加一。

\n

赤道上最常见的骗局是水在赤道两侧流向不同。什么在这边是右旋转的漩涡，另一边是左旋转的漩涡。

\n

但实际上全是骗，那个小水盆里的水流方向，主要取决于你倒水的方式和容器形状，而不是地球自转。跟赤道一点关系都没有。实际上，想要真的用地球物理学来复现这个，得在大尺度、长时间静置、抑制初始涡度与容器效应时，才能在盆水尺度观测到地转影响；就旅游演示那种，远达不到这个条件。

\n

另外一个是中国人估计都不信的，就是鸡蛋能在赤道上立起来……

\n

好家伙我春分立蛋是逗你玩的吗？当然春分立蛋也没什么依据，只要你手巧且稳，找到 3 个支撑点，任意时间任意地点都能立起来……

\n

这个走直线的就更逗了。

\n

如果说前几个还算是硬蹭了一些物理学原理，但这个走直线的是把物理学原理给蹭反了。

\n

地球的自转，会带来一种叫科氏力的现象，这个词简单的理解就是，你在一个旋转的球面上走动，会感觉到一个细微的侧向推力，让你的路径产生轻微弯曲。气象学里，正是这个力让气旋旋转、洋流拐弯。

\n

同时，这个科氏力的大小和所在的纬度有关，所以你要说赤道特殊确实特殊。

\n

但，这个力是两极最大，赤道最小……

\n

也就是说，如果要表演走直线，赤道反而是最好走的那个地方。

\n

那为什么平时我们在中纬度地区感受不到这个科氏力呢？主要是短距离的偏差只是毫米级，感受不出来，但如果你是长距离前进就会受到这个力的影响。

\n
纯理论上，假设我们以每小时 6 公里的速度走路，每走 1 公里就会向右偏 22 公尺。再如我们以每小时 20 公里的速度骑着脚踏车依照想象的直线前进，每行 1 公里就会向右偏 7 公尺（这两个例子，都是以北纬 30°为参考点）。
\n

但实际上无论我们是在走路还是骑车，我们边走大脑都会进行修正，所以这个东西在日常生活中很难感受的到。

\n

另一个赤道特殊的地方会是重力的变化。随着维度的不同，g 值会发生变化，当你沿东西方向运动时，因地球自转与离心效应叠加，测得的重力会有极微小变化，但这种变化是克一级的，根本不会有什么感受……所以这东西也不可能影响走直线。

\n

实际上，视频里的情况，你不用去赤道，你在任何一个地方画一条直线，在符合一定前提情况下，都可能会复现这个情况。

\n

这里主要是人的生理和环境因素在作祟。

\n

首先来看下人是怎么走直线的。

\n

我们在走直线时，大脑其实在不断综合着视觉信息，前庭系统和本体感受这些复杂的信号。当我们低头盯着地上的线走时，视野被压缩，周边视觉信息减少，前庭和平衡系统就得更多依赖微小的脚步调整来维持平衡。走久了，稍有重心偏移，就容易出现轻微左右摆。这和闭眼走直线会更容易走偏是一个原理。

\n

而且，实际上走直线这个事情，其实挺难的。可能听起来反直觉，但实际上走直线对我们来说反而是反生理学的动作。我们在日常走路时，脚步会略微左右错开，这是骨盆和膝关节自然摆动的结果。硬要把脚踩在一条窄线中间，就像走窄平衡木，会显著增加平衡控制的负担，走一段后身体会出现轻微动作变形。

\n

我不知道有多少小朋友跟我一样喜欢踩马路牙子上走路，经常没走几步就掉下来了？实际上，别说马路牙子，你就在平地上画个线，也是走几步就会变形，就是我上边说的道理。

\n

而如果这时候加持上一个心理暗示。也就是说周围的人都跟你说，这里是赤道，你走直线会被地球给弄走偏了，那么我们可能会下意识放大身体的细小摆动，把原本微不足道的平衡调整感知为被晃，然后自己把自己晃倒了。

\n

这其实就是一种心理暗示，或者叫做期望效应。

\n

所以，赤道这些旅游小花招吧，大部分演示更多是为了气氛，而不是严格的物理实验。要不你们想想，赤道国家那么多，数以亿计的人每天都在走来走去，也没见谁被赤道甩的走路平地摔不是？

\n
\n
\n\n\n
查看知乎讨论
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获取更多RSS：
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", + "category": "", + "link": "https://daily.zhihu.com/story/9783611", + "creator": "", + "pubDate": "Sun, 31 Aug 2025 00:27:02 +0000", + "enclosure": "", + "enclosureType": "", + "image": "", + "id": "", + "language": "", + "folder": "资讯", + "feed": "知乎", + "read": false, + "favorite": false, + "created": false, + "tags": [], + "hash": "c09e8710ba66dfc6b251dbab4c5ffead", + "highlights": [] + }, { "title": "同样是生物碱，为什么巧克力的毒性和成瘾性比槟榔低呢?", "description": "
\"头图\"/
\n

我认为可以从代谢和信号转导调控机制两个方面回答这个问题。

\n
\"\"
先放一只猫在这舒缓一下心情，喵～
\n

首先是巧克力，巧克力中含有咖啡因（caffeine）和可可碱（Theobromine），它俩都是甲基黄嘌呤类兴奋剂。

\n
\"\"
咖啡因（1,3,7- 三甲基黄嘌呤）
\n

其主要在肠道内被吸收，由肝门静脉入肝，一部分在肝脏中被 CYP450 家族氧化代谢，转化为无活性的物质，另一部分则进入血液。

\n
\"\"
肝、小肠与肝门静脉
\n
\"\"
咖啡因代谢途径
\n

其作用于A1 和 A2A 腺苷能受体，竞争性抑制这些受体，使腺苷无法与之结合。

\n
\"\"
A1 腺苷能受体
\n

其中，A1 腺苷能受体偶联 Gi 蛋白，通过抑制腺苷酸环化酶（Adenylate cyclase，AC）降低细胞中 cAMP 含量，从而导致阳离子通道（如钙通道、钠通道）的关闭和细胞膜的超极化，导致神经系统的抑制。

\n

好的，请记住以下这句话：咖啡因受肝脏首过效应影响，是 A1 腺苷能受体拮抗剂，可以提高神经细胞兴奋性，因此可以激活多巴胺通路。

\n

记好了吗？我们要继续看槟榔碱（arecoline）了。

\n
\"\"
槟榔碱
\n

在口腔中咀嚼槟榔时，槟榔碱可以被口腔黏膜吸收，不经过肝门静脉和肝，这意味着槟榔碱不受肝脏首过效应的影响，吸收效率比咖啡因高。

\n

其次，槟榔碱作用于毒蕈碱型乙酰胆碱受体（Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors，mAChR），尤其是 M3 型乙酰胆碱受体，并直接激活该受体，导致神经细胞兴奋与多巴胺的释放。

\n
\"\"
M3 型乙酰胆碱受体
\n

该受体同样为 GPCR，它与 Gq 蛋白结合，当受体激活时，Gα亚基与 Gβγ亚基解聚，从受体 C 端的 G 蛋白结合域脱离并进行信号转导，这会导致 GPCR 的 C 端暴露于细胞质内。

\n

所以，注意到了吗，拮抗剂不会激活受体，也就不会导致受体 C 端的暴露；而激动剂相反，会导致受体 C 端的暴露，这很重要，请记住这一点。

\n

细胞质中存在一种名为G 蛋白偶联受体激酶（G protein-coupled receptor kinase，GRK）的酶，它会磷酸化 GPCR 暴露的 C 端，这一磷酸化使受体不再能够结合 G 蛋白，从而使受体对配体的结合处于无响应状态。

\n
\"\"
GRK2
\n

随后，这个磷酸化标记还会招募β- 抑制蛋白（β-Arrestin），导致受体所在的细胞膜凹陷并形成小泡，使受体进入细胞内，不再能接触到细胞膜外的配体，这样有效的受体数量就减少了。

\n

有效的受体数量减少了，也就意味着突触前膜释放等量神经递质引起的突触后神经元响应降低了，在乙酰胆碱的场合下，这导致了突触后神经元的兴奋性降低，从而使人萎靡不振、总感觉不对，这就是上瘾了。

\n

因此，作为受体拮抗剂的咖啡因比作为受体激动剂的槟榔碱成瘾性弱。

\n

而说到危害，咖啡因最大的危害是通过拮抗 A2A 受体导致免疫系统过度激活引发炎症，以及拮抗 A1 受体导致心动过速，它们都需要极高浓度或较长时间维持高浓度的咖啡因才能达成；但 M3 胆碱能受体不一样，它被激活后会间接激活 PKC，磷酸化 Raf，通过一系列级联反应激活丝裂原活化的蛋白激酶（mitogen-activated protein kinase ，MAPK）、MEKK 和 MKK 等蛋白激酶，激活的 MAPK 等激酶转位入核，磷酸化激活 Fos、Myc、Jun 等转录因子，从而促进了细胞的增殖与向癌细胞的转化。

\n
\"\"
\n

以上。

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\n\n\n
查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n\n\n\n", @@ -5868,8 +5956,8 @@ }, { "title": "鸡蛋壳是怎么进化出来的，为什么那么容易碎？", - "description": "
\"头图\"/
\n

可以换位思考下，为什么有一些植物种子的种皮会那么坚不可摧？

\n

这个很容易理解，主要是因为植物种子需要长距离、长时间传播，而在传播过程中，它可能需要经过动物嘴巴咀嚼，肠道洗礼，石头撞击....等等一系列外力影响。

\n
\"\"
©aussiegall
\n

那动物的蛋呢？

\n

它只是一个培育胚胎的场所，动物没必要转移传播它，也不会长期保存它，所以它不需要太过于坚硬。

\n

当然，对产下硬壳蛋的动物来说，还有其它一些因素，让蛋变得更坚硬会没有太多价值！

\n

动物的蛋是怎么来的？

\n

大约 3.9 亿年前，那时节肢动物和植物早就已经在陆地上建立生态系统，而一群勇敢的肉鳍鱼才刚刚想要向陆地发起了挑战。

\n

随着时间的推移，这些进入陆地的鱼的四肢变得越来发达，呼吸空气变得越来越游刃有余，但是它们只能在水体周围活动，因为它们的卵无法在没有水的地方发育。

\n

直到大约在 3.12 亿年前，一批半水生的鱼（或者称为两栖动物）开发出一种全新的卵，它们用一层膜将胚胎包裹起来，给胚胎提供一个水环境。

\n

这个膜就是羊膜，而这种卵就是羊膜卵。

\n
\"\"
\n

羊膜卵是脊椎动物史上最伟大创新之一，它让鱼第一次真正能够离开水，在完全没有水的地方建立巢穴，在那里产卵，幼体在卵里面发育，孵化后也不需要回到水里。

\n

这群通过羊膜包裹胚胎的动物就是羊膜动物，包括所有爬行动物，所有的鸟类，所有的哺乳动物，以及早已灭绝的恐龙，所有真正适应陆地的脊椎动物都是属于羊膜动物。

\n

最初羊膜动物产下的卵，和我们现在吃的鸡蛋不同，它外层是革质的，坚韧柔软的，而不是坚硬的，也就是软壳蛋。

\n
\"\"
\n

其实，现存大部分爬行动物依然产下的是软壳蛋（有一些也演化出产硬壳蛋），而鸟类和鳄鱼只会产下硬壳的蛋。

\n

硬壳蛋在大约 2 亿年前出现，最早进化出硬壳蛋的可能是恐龙，然后被多次独立进化，其实鸟类只是传承了恐龙的这一特征，并不是它们自己独创的，以前的分类学家喜欢将硬壳蛋作为分类鸟类的标准之一，现在看来也不是很合适。

\n

硬壳蛋为什么没有更硬？

\n

硬壳蛋给胚胎提供更好的保护是它主要的优势之一，它其实已经足够坚硬了，因为它并不是为了防止我们敲击蛋壳，而是防止那些无处不在的节肢动物和体型较小的哺乳动物偷吃。

\n

您想想恐龙的体型，以及它们产下的蛋能有多大的尺寸，在恐龙时代，哺乳动物的体型整体偏小，那些真正会偷蛋的哺乳动物，根本就无法啃食较大的恐龙蛋。

\n
\"\"
\n

硬壳蛋的另外一个优势是，它可以有效减少水分的蒸发，这让硬壳蛋动物可以将蛋产在更广泛的栖息地内，比如干旱地区，这是软壳蛋无法突破的极限。

\n

由于硬壳蛋大大提升了羊膜动物的繁殖成功率，以及对陆地的征服能力，所以可以说硬壳蛋也是羊膜动物进化的里程碑之一。

\n

至于蛋有没有必要变得更坚硬？很难说，但可以肯定是，让蛋变得更坚硬动物的收益只会越来越小——因为能防的动物普通硬壳蛋就能搞定，而不能防的动物你继续提升硬度也无济于事。

\n
\"\"
©Suphaya Wachiraboworntham
\n

另一方面，蛋硬度的提升不仅像您提到的那样会影响雏鸟出壳，它其实还有许多其它负面影响，比如影响胚胎呼吸，母体的营养等等。

\n

每一枚蛋上都有许多小孔，这些小孔是用于呼吸的，而它也会让蛋变得更脆，如果一味提升硬度肯定影响小孔，并影响胚胎呼吸。

\n

总之，不断提升蛋得硬度，对动物来说它的收益会越来越小，而付出的成本会越来越大。

\n
\"\"
©belekekin
\n

最后再说一个，关于硬壳蛋我知道事实，就是硬壳蛋是一条不归路！

\n

蛋的营养丰富，没有逃跑和反击能力，妥妥的“能量罐”，可以说是动物梦寐以求的食物，所以它怎么演化都会被不怀好意的其它动物偷取。

\n

不过有一个解决方案，就是卵胎生，或者直接变成胎生，将胚胎一直携带在身上（这也会带来一些问题，比如母体的生存能力会下降）。

\n

其它羊膜动物，甚至是鱼类、两栖类都有走向卵胎生和胎生的群体，但是据我所知，硬壳蛋动物（鸟类和鳄鱼）从来没有走向这条路。

\n

可能硬壳蛋的坚硬外壳让卵胎生成为不可能，也可能硬壳蛋带来的繁殖成功率太显著了，以至于被偷几个蛋不值一提，总之它是一条不归路。

\n

参考：

\n

[1].https://bio.libretexts.org/Workbench/BIOL-11B_Clovis_Community_College/16%3A_Reptilia/16.01%3A_Evolution_of_Amniota

\n
\n
\n\n\n
查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n\n\n\n", - "content": "
\"头图\"/
\n

可以换位思考下，为什么有一些植物种子的种皮会那么坚不可摧？

\n

这个很容易理解，主要是因为植物种子需要长距离、长时间传播，而在传播过程中，它可能需要经过动物嘴巴咀嚼，肠道洗礼，石头撞击....等等一系列外力影响。

\n
\"\"
©aussiegall
\n

那动物的蛋呢？

\n

它只是一个培育胚胎的场所，动物没必要转移传播它，也不会长期保存它，所以它不需要太过于坚硬。

\n

当然，对产下硬壳蛋的动物来说，还有其它一些因素，让蛋变得更坚硬会没有太多价值！

\n

动物的蛋是怎么来的？

\n

大约 3.9 亿年前，那时节肢动物和植物早就已经在陆地上建立生态系统，而一群勇敢的肉鳍鱼才刚刚想要向陆地发起了挑战。

\n

随着时间的推移，这些进入陆地的鱼的四肢变得越来发达，呼吸空气变得越来越游刃有余，但是它们只能在水体周围活动，因为它们的卵无法在没有水的地方发育。

\n

直到大约在 3.12 亿年前，一批半水生的鱼（或者称为两栖动物）开发出一种全新的卵，它们用一层膜将胚胎包裹起来，给胚胎提供一个水环境。

\n

这个膜就是羊膜，而这种卵就是羊膜卵。

\n
\"\"
\n

羊膜卵是脊椎动物史上最伟大创新之一，它让鱼第一次真正能够离开水，在完全没有水的地方建立巢穴，在那里产卵，幼体在卵里面发育，孵化后也不需要回到水里。

\n

这群通过羊膜包裹胚胎的动物就是羊膜动物，包括所有爬行动物，所有的鸟类，所有的哺乳动物，以及早已灭绝的恐龙，所有真正适应陆地的脊椎动物都是属于羊膜动物。

\n

最初羊膜动物产下的卵，和我们现在吃的鸡蛋不同，它外层是革质的，坚韧柔软的，而不是坚硬的，也就是软壳蛋。

\n
\"\"
\n

其实，现存大部分爬行动物依然产下的是软壳蛋（有一些也演化出产硬壳蛋），而鸟类和鳄鱼只会产下硬壳的蛋。

\n

硬壳蛋在大约 2 亿年前出现，最早进化出硬壳蛋的可能是恐龙，然后被多次独立进化，其实鸟类只是传承了恐龙的这一特征，并不是它们自己独创的，以前的分类学家喜欢将硬壳蛋作为分类鸟类的标准之一，现在看来也不是很合适。

\n

硬壳蛋为什么没有更硬？

\n

硬壳蛋给胚胎提供更好的保护是它主要的优势之一，它其实已经足够坚硬了，因为它并不是为了防止我们敲击蛋壳，而是防止那些无处不在的节肢动物和体型较小的哺乳动物偷吃。

\n

您想想恐龙的体型，以及它们产下的蛋能有多大的尺寸，在恐龙时代，哺乳动物的体型整体偏小，那些真正会偷蛋的哺乳动物，根本就无法啃食较大的恐龙蛋。

\n
\"\"
\n

硬壳蛋的另外一个优势是，它可以有效减少水分的蒸发，这让硬壳蛋动物可以将蛋产在更广泛的栖息地内，比如干旱地区，这是软壳蛋无法突破的极限。

\n

由于硬壳蛋大大提升了羊膜动物的繁殖成功率，以及对陆地的征服能力，所以可以说硬壳蛋也是羊膜动物进化的里程碑之一。

\n

至于蛋有没有必要变得更坚硬？很难说，但可以肯定是，让蛋变得更坚硬动物的收益只会越来越小——因为能防的动物普通硬壳蛋就能搞定，而不能防的动物你继续提升硬度也无济于事。

\n
\"\"
©Suphaya Wachiraboworntham
\n

另一方面，蛋硬度的提升不仅像您提到的那样会影响雏鸟出壳，它其实还有许多其它负面影响，比如影响胚胎呼吸，母体的营养等等。

\n

每一枚蛋上都有许多小孔，这些小孔是用于呼吸的，而它也会让蛋变得更脆，如果一味提升硬度肯定影响小孔，并影响胚胎呼吸。

\n

总之，不断提升蛋得硬度，对动物来说它的收益会越来越小，而付出的成本会越来越大。

\n
\"\"
©belekekin
\n

最后再说一个，关于硬壳蛋我知道事实，就是硬壳蛋是一条不归路！

\n

蛋的营养丰富，没有逃跑和反击能力，妥妥的“能量罐”，可以说是动物梦寐以求的食物，所以它怎么演化都会被不怀好意的其它动物偷取。

\n

不过有一个解决方案，就是卵胎生，或者直接变成胎生，将胚胎一直携带在身上（这也会带来一些问题，比如母体的生存能力会下降）。

\n

其它羊膜动物，甚至是鱼类、两栖类都有走向卵胎生和胎生的群体，但是据我所知，硬壳蛋动物（鸟类和鳄鱼）从来没有走向这条路。

\n

可能硬壳蛋的坚硬外壳让卵胎生成为不可能，也可能硬壳蛋带来的繁殖成功率太显著了，以至于被偷几个蛋不值一提，总之它是一条不归路。

\n

参考：

\n

[1].https://bio.libretexts.org/Workbench/BIOL-11B_Clovis_Community_College/16%3A_Reptilia/16.01%3A_Evolution_of_Amniota

\n
\n
\n\n\n
查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n\n\n\n", + "description": "
\"头图\"/
\n

可以换位思考下，为什么有一些植物种子的种皮会那么坚不可摧？

\n

这个很容易理解，主要是因为植物种子需要长距离、长时间传播，而在传播过程中，它可能需要经过动物嘴巴咀嚼，肠道洗礼，石头撞击....等等一系列外力影响。

\n
\"\"
©aussiegall
\n

那动物的蛋呢？

\n

它只是一个培育胚胎的场所，动物没必要转移传播它，也不会长期保存它，所以它不需要太过于坚硬。

\n

当然，对产下硬壳蛋的动物来说，还有其它一些因素，让蛋变得更坚硬会没有太多价值！

\n

动物的蛋是怎么来的？

\n

大约 3.9 亿年前，那时节肢动物和植物早就已经在陆地上建立生态系统，而一群勇敢的肉鳍鱼才刚刚想要向陆地发起了挑战。

\n

随着时间的推移，这些进入陆地的鱼的四肢变得越来发达，呼吸空气变得越来越游刃有余，但是它们只能在水体周围活动，因为它们的卵无法在没有水的地方发育。

\n

直到大约在 3.12 亿年前，一批半水生的鱼（或者称为两栖动物）开发出一种全新的卵，它们用一层膜将胚胎包裹起来，给胚胎提供一个水环境。

\n

这个膜就是羊膜，而这种卵就是羊膜卵。

\n
\"\"
\n

羊膜卵是脊椎动物史上最伟大创新之一，它让鱼第一次真正能够离开水，在完全没有水的地方建立巢穴，在那里产卵，幼体在卵里面发育，孵化后也不需要回到水里。

\n

这群通过羊膜包裹胚胎的动物就是羊膜动物，包括所有爬行动物，所有的鸟类，所有的哺乳动物，以及早已灭绝的恐龙，所有真正适应陆地的脊椎动物都是属于羊膜动物。

\n

最初羊膜动物产下的卵，和我们现在吃的鸡蛋不同，它外层是革质的，坚韧柔软的，而不是坚硬的，也就是软壳蛋。

\n
\"\"
\n

其实，现存大部分爬行动物依然产下的是软壳蛋（有一些也演化出产硬壳蛋），而鸟类和鳄鱼只会产下硬壳的蛋。

\n

硬壳蛋在大约 2 亿年前出现，最早进化出硬壳蛋的可能是恐龙，然后被多次独立进化，其实鸟类只是传承了恐龙的这一特征，并不是它们自己独创的，以前的分类学家喜欢将硬壳蛋作为分类鸟类的标准之一，现在看来也不是很合适。

\n

硬壳蛋为什么没有更硬？

\n

硬壳蛋给胚胎提供更好的保护是它主要的优势之一，它其实已经足够坚硬了，因为它并不是为了防止我们敲击蛋壳，而是防止那些无处不在的节肢动物和体型较小的哺乳动物偷吃。

\n

您想想恐龙的体型，以及它们产下的蛋能有多大的尺寸，在恐龙时代，哺乳动物的体型整体偏小，那些真正会偷蛋的哺乳动物，根本就无法啃食较大的恐龙蛋。

\n
\"\"
\n

硬壳蛋的另外一个优势是，它可以有效减少水分的蒸发，这让硬壳蛋动物可以将蛋产在更广泛的栖息地内，比如干旱地区，这是软壳蛋无法突破的极限。

\n

由于硬壳蛋大大提升了羊膜动物的繁殖成功率，以及对陆地的征服能力，所以可以说硬壳蛋也是羊膜动物进化的里程碑之一。

\n

至于蛋有没有必要变得更坚硬？很难说，但可以肯定是，让蛋变得更坚硬动物的收益只会越来越小——因为能防的动物普通硬壳蛋就能搞定，而不能防的动物你继续提升硬度也无济于事。

\n
\"\"
©Suphaya Wachiraboworntham
\n

另一方面，蛋硬度的提升不仅像您提到的那样会影响雏鸟出壳，它其实还有许多其它负面影响，比如影响胚胎呼吸，母体的营养等等。

\n

每一枚蛋上都有许多小孔，这些小孔是用于呼吸的，而它也会让蛋变得更脆，如果一味提升硬度肯定影响小孔，并影响胚胎呼吸。

\n

总之，不断提升蛋得硬度，对动物来说它的收益会越来越小，而付出的成本会越来越大。

\n
\"\"
©belekekin
\n

最后再说一个，关于硬壳蛋我知道事实，就是硬壳蛋是一条不归路！

\n

蛋的营养丰富，没有逃跑和反击能力，妥妥的“能量罐”，可以说是动物梦寐以求的食物，所以它怎么演化都会被不怀好意的其它动物偷取。

\n

不过有一个解决方案，就是卵胎生，或者直接变成胎生，将胚胎一直携带在身上（这也会带来一些问题，比如母体的生存能力会下降）。

\n

其它羊膜动物，甚至是鱼类、两栖类都有走向卵胎生和胎生的群体，但是据我所知，硬壳蛋动物（鸟类和鳄鱼）从来没有走向这条路。

\n

可能硬壳蛋的坚硬外壳让卵胎生成为不可能，也可能硬壳蛋带来的繁殖成功率太显著了，以至于被偷几个蛋不值一提，总之它是一条不归路。

\n

参考：

\n

[1].https://bio.libretexts.org/Workbench/BIOL-11B_Clovis_Community_College/16%3A_Reptilia/16.01%3A_Evolution_of_Amniota

\n
\n
\n\n\n
查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n\n\n\n
获取更多RSS：
https://feedx.net
https://feedx.site
", + "content": "
\"头图\"/
\n

可以换位思考下，为什么有一些植物种子的种皮会那么坚不可摧？

\n

这个很容易理解，主要是因为植物种子需要长距离、长时间传播，而在传播过程中，它可能需要经过动物嘴巴咀嚼，肠道洗礼，石头撞击....等等一系列外力影响。

\n
\"\"
©aussiegall
\n

那动物的蛋呢？

\n

它只是一个培育胚胎的场所，动物没必要转移传播它，也不会长期保存它，所以它不需要太过于坚硬。

\n

当然，对产下硬壳蛋的动物来说，还有其它一些因素，让蛋变得更坚硬会没有太多价值！

\n

动物的蛋是怎么来的？

\n

大约 3.9 亿年前，那时节肢动物和植物早就已经在陆地上建立生态系统，而一群勇敢的肉鳍鱼才刚刚想要向陆地发起了挑战。

\n

随着时间的推移，这些进入陆地的鱼的四肢变得越来发达，呼吸空气变得越来越游刃有余，但是它们只能在水体周围活动，因为它们的卵无法在没有水的地方发育。

\n

直到大约在 3.12 亿年前，一批半水生的鱼（或者称为两栖动物）开发出一种全新的卵，它们用一层膜将胚胎包裹起来，给胚胎提供一个水环境。

\n

这个膜就是羊膜，而这种卵就是羊膜卵。

\n
\"\"
\n

羊膜卵是脊椎动物史上最伟大创新之一，它让鱼第一次真正能够离开水，在完全没有水的地方建立巢穴，在那里产卵，幼体在卵里面发育，孵化后也不需要回到水里。

\n

这群通过羊膜包裹胚胎的动物就是羊膜动物，包括所有爬行动物，所有的鸟类，所有的哺乳动物，以及早已灭绝的恐龙，所有真正适应陆地的脊椎动物都是属于羊膜动物。

\n

最初羊膜动物产下的卵，和我们现在吃的鸡蛋不同，它外层是革质的，坚韧柔软的，而不是坚硬的，也就是软壳蛋。

\n
\"\"
\n

其实，现存大部分爬行动物依然产下的是软壳蛋（有一些也演化出产硬壳蛋），而鸟类和鳄鱼只会产下硬壳的蛋。

\n

硬壳蛋在大约 2 亿年前出现，最早进化出硬壳蛋的可能是恐龙，然后被多次独立进化，其实鸟类只是传承了恐龙的这一特征，并不是它们自己独创的，以前的分类学家喜欢将硬壳蛋作为分类鸟类的标准之一，现在看来也不是很合适。

\n

硬壳蛋为什么没有更硬？

\n

硬壳蛋给胚胎提供更好的保护是它主要的优势之一，它其实已经足够坚硬了，因为它并不是为了防止我们敲击蛋壳，而是防止那些无处不在的节肢动物和体型较小的哺乳动物偷吃。

\n

您想想恐龙的体型，以及它们产下的蛋能有多大的尺寸，在恐龙时代，哺乳动物的体型整体偏小，那些真正会偷蛋的哺乳动物，根本就无法啃食较大的恐龙蛋。

\n
\"\"
\n

硬壳蛋的另外一个优势是，它可以有效减少水分的蒸发，这让硬壳蛋动物可以将蛋产在更广泛的栖息地内，比如干旱地区，这是软壳蛋无法突破的极限。

\n

由于硬壳蛋大大提升了羊膜动物的繁殖成功率，以及对陆地的征服能力，所以可以说硬壳蛋也是羊膜动物进化的里程碑之一。

\n

至于蛋有没有必要变得更坚硬？很难说，但可以肯定是，让蛋变得更坚硬动物的收益只会越来越小——因为能防的动物普通硬壳蛋就能搞定，而不能防的动物你继续提升硬度也无济于事。

\n
\"\"
©Suphaya Wachiraboworntham
\n

另一方面，蛋硬度的提升不仅像您提到的那样会影响雏鸟出壳，它其实还有许多其它负面影响，比如影响胚胎呼吸，母体的营养等等。

\n

每一枚蛋上都有许多小孔，这些小孔是用于呼吸的，而它也会让蛋变得更脆，如果一味提升硬度肯定影响小孔，并影响胚胎呼吸。

\n

总之，不断提升蛋得硬度，对动物来说它的收益会越来越小，而付出的成本会越来越大。

\n
\"\"
©belekekin
\n

最后再说一个，关于硬壳蛋我知道事实，就是硬壳蛋是一条不归路！

\n

蛋的营养丰富，没有逃跑和反击能力，妥妥的“能量罐”，可以说是动物梦寐以求的食物，所以它怎么演化都会被不怀好意的其它动物偷取。

\n

不过有一个解决方案，就是卵胎生，或者直接变成胎生，将胚胎一直携带在身上（这也会带来一些问题，比如母体的生存能力会下降）。

\n

其它羊膜动物，甚至是鱼类、两栖类都有走向卵胎生和胎生的群体，但是据我所知，硬壳蛋动物（鸟类和鳄鱼）从来没有走向这条路。

\n

可能硬壳蛋的坚硬外壳让卵胎生成为不可能，也可能硬壳蛋带来的繁殖成功率太显著了，以至于被偷几个蛋不值一提，总之它是一条不归路。

\n

参考：

\n

[1].https://bio.libretexts.org/Workbench/BIOL-11B_Clovis_Community_College/16%3A_Reptilia/16.01%3A_Evolution_of_Amniota

\n
\n
\n\n\n
查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n\n\n\n
获取更多RSS：
https://feedx.net
https://feedx.site
", "category": "", "link": "https://daily.zhihu.com/story/9783580", "creator": "", @@ -5956,8 +6044,8 @@ }, { "title": "为什么长征被称为空前绝后的军事奇迹？", - "description": "
\"头图\"/
\n

可能大家没有过行军经历，不太明白徒步行军 25000 里到底是什么概念。也不明白爬雪山过草地，对于徒步行军意味着什么。

\n

我给大家分享一些徒步行军的经历吧。

\n

我曾服役与第二步兵团，我们团的人，一年里有半年时间都在执行海外战斗任务。我们都管去海外执行作战任务叫“带薪度假”。

\n

无论是新兵老兵，大家说起来打仗，训练都是一个个谈笑自若，唯一让我们谈之色变的，就是长途行军拉练。

\n

也许有朋友会认为，行军有啥好怕的，不就是走路吗？在这里，我给大家简单介绍一下什么是行军。

\n
\"\"
野外搭建行军床
\n

首先，负重。个人所有的装备，生活物资都要背在身上。大背包 15 公斤，包括雨衣，备用军装，鞋子，睡袋，防潮垫，三天口粮，三天饮用水，枪械保养袋。。。小背包里 5 公斤，战斗装备，防毒面具，反生化贴，地雷三角标，急救包，针线包，备用弹夹，手雷，夜视仪，电池等。

\n

武器在身上，单兵步枪 5 公斤，六个弹夹，钢盔，工兵铲，还要分别携带一把班用重武器这个要看你是打什么位置的，你可能携带，重机枪枪管 10 公斤或机枪子弹一箱，或机枪枪身 11 公斤，或机枪支架 15 公斤，或反坦克火箭筒，或狙击步枪 7 公斤，或步话机加电池 10 公斤，或步兵炮。

\n

总之无论你打哪个位置，总负重 40-45 公斤。

\n
\"\"
\n

行军速度:

\n

正常行军，一小时 4-6 公里。每天最低 40 公里。（地图距离，实际距离五十公里左右）

\n

急行军，一小时 8-10 公里。每天最低 40 公里。

\n

强行军，一小时 5 公里，每天最低 60 公里，需要连续走 12 小时以上。

\n

在上述负重和行军速度下，只需要一天，我脚上最少七八个血泡。

\n

晚上休息时，我会拿出针线包把针从血泡里穿过去，留个线头在外面，第二天里面的脓水就会顺着线头流出来。

\n

如果不这样做，第二天在行军的时候，脚上的血泡会越来越大，最后连成一片整个脚底的皮掉下来。

\n

这个是无法避免的，由于负重太重而且走的大多数是山路，无论是在鞋里垫卫生巾，还是穿两双袜子，都不行。一样会起血泡。

\n

第二天往后，继续走的时候，由于脚上的血泡破裂，就是里面的肉直接和鞋底摩了，那种感觉每走一步犹如用砂纸在你伤口上打磨一下。有一次，我脚指甲盖顶断了，我一瘸一拐落在队伍后面，班长马上对我吼道，“张，你在学迈克尔杰克逊吗？给我走的像个男人一点。”我只能咬牙快步跟上。

\n

晚上扎营时，基本上所有人的脚干脆不能看了，很多人袜子根本脱不下来，已经跟脚底磨烂的皮肉粘在一起了。

\n

第四天，大家抵抗力全面下降，每个人都是那种低烧状态，这是因为脚底的伤口开始溃脓身体产生的正常反应，开始有战友撑不住了，走着走着就摔倒在地，班长过去号一下脉（按住他颈侧大动脉，评估是否心跳过快）摸摸头温。然后对我们喊，“上肩”。

\n

我们马上跑过去，手快的抢了他的小背包背在胸前。

\n

其他人，有的拿他的背包，有的拿他的副武器，而最新的新兵，则要负责扛起来这个战友继续走。而当时，最新的新兵就是我。我把我的小战斗背包和重机枪枪身交给其他战友，蹲下身一手抄胳膊一手抄腿，把那个战友横担在我肩膀上。继续走。

\n

走了大概二十分钟，我觉得嘴巴上面热热的，用手一抹，不知道什么时候我开始流鼻血了。班长看到后跑过来说，“换人。”

\n

另一个战友从我肩膀上接过人，我则拿回我的重机枪，就这样大家轮流扛着伤病战友继续前进。

\n

第五天，第六天。。。。。

\n

这样的行军，在我们部队，七天已经是极限了。再继续下去，就要产生大量非战斗减员，这个连的战斗力也就会大幅度下降。

\n

美军海军陆战队曾和我们在吉布提联合训练，24 个人的陆战突击队，能够跟我们一起完成 500 公里七天强行军的只有 3 个人。

\n

而红军战士们，在当时那种敌人围追堵截，没有后勤补给，没有情报支援，还要一边行军一边作战。。这种情况下，走了 2 年，25000 里。

\n
\"\"
\n

我毫不夸张的说，当今世界任何一个国家的军队，也办不到。

\n

这其中还有特殊地形作战，就比如爬雪山吧。

\n

红军战士们在长征时，包括夹金山、梦笔山、亚克夏山、昌德山、达古山等 20 余座海拔 4000 米以上的雪山。

\n

2006 年我做过高山巡防。当时值守的雪山海拔 4300 米，在极寒环境下高山行军，是非常危险的事。有时候一个普通感冒就肺水肿了。

\n
\"\"
我在雪山巡防时。用手机拍以前的纸照片，高糊
\n

爬雪山的时候，要走大之字，往上爬升一公里，需要之字往返走八公里。爬的时候会很热，出很多汗，休息时要马上拿出厚衣物披上，否则几分钟就可能失温。

\n

晚上睡觉时要斜着挖雪洞，里面头脚位置要挖驱寒坑，里面点上蜡烛防止冷空气凝结。

\n

夜里的雪山能冷到什么程度?

\n

跟我睡一个雪洞的战友，晚上起来拉粑粑。经常夜里跑雪山上大便的朋友都知道，在雪山上蹲不住，晚上都是冰，很容易滑下去，所以要抓个固定物。

\n

我正在雪洞里看书，突然就听见他在外面大喊“张，快出来。”

\n

我跑出去一看，他把破冰镐插在面前，两手抓住破冰镐。结果，没带手套（为了脱衣服脱裤子方便），手被冻到破冰镐上了。

\n

我吹了个响哨，又叫来两个战友，我们仨一边哈哈笑着，一边解开裤子，朝他手上撒尿。就这样，他的手才慢慢跟破冰镐分开。

\n

我们携带的睡袋可以防到零下 12 度，晚上睡觉依然有战友被冻到全身血液流速过缓而昏迷，呼叫直升机给接下山去抢救。

\n
\"\"
\n

我无法想象，我们的红军战士是如何在没有御寒装备的情况下，在雪山上生存。

\n

您让当今全世界最精锐山地部队，不携带任何御寒装备，去爬雪山并且在 4000 米以上的海拔生存，也是不可能完成的任务。而我们的红军战士们做到了，这不是奇迹是什么。

\n

还有很多其他的战略战术的运用，都属于创造性的，无法复刻的，全军每人每日口粮不足三两，全程 600 余次战役，平均每三天爆发一次战斗。

\n

和这种军事强度比起来，那什么委内瑞拉“猎人班”，什么海豹突击队地狱周，简直如幼儿园里逗小朋友玩的游戏。

\n

这一点我毫不夸张，委内瑞拉陆军特战学校里面的抗饥饿训练只有三天，每天单兵口粮 3 两。这个训练强度还不如我们新兵训练时的抗饥饿训练强度（全日野外拉练，五天 0 单兵口粮）。

\n

长征里还有许多奇迹，其他回答里有的，我就不再重叙了。我认为，即便以今天的军事水平和装备，依然没有任何一个国家的军队，可以完成长征这种难度的军事奇迹。

\n

感谢您的阅读。

\n
\n
\n\n\n
查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n\n\n\n", - "content": "
\"头图\"/
\n

可能大家没有过行军经历，不太明白徒步行军 25000 里到底是什么概念。也不明白爬雪山过草地，对于徒步行军意味着什么。

\n

我给大家分享一些徒步行军的经历吧。

\n

我曾服役与第二步兵团，我们团的人，一年里有半年时间都在执行海外战斗任务。我们都管去海外执行作战任务叫“带薪度假”。

\n

无论是新兵老兵，大家说起来打仗，训练都是一个个谈笑自若，唯一让我们谈之色变的，就是长途行军拉练。

\n

也许有朋友会认为，行军有啥好怕的，不就是走路吗？在这里，我给大家简单介绍一下什么是行军。

\n
\"\"
野外搭建行军床
\n

首先，负重。个人所有的装备，生活物资都要背在身上。大背包 15 公斤，包括雨衣，备用军装，鞋子，睡袋，防潮垫，三天口粮，三天饮用水，枪械保养袋。。。小背包里 5 公斤，战斗装备，防毒面具，反生化贴，地雷三角标，急救包，针线包，备用弹夹，手雷，夜视仪，电池等。

\n

武器在身上，单兵步枪 5 公斤，六个弹夹，钢盔，工兵铲，还要分别携带一把班用重武器这个要看你是打什么位置的，你可能携带，重机枪枪管 10 公斤或机枪子弹一箱，或机枪枪身 11 公斤，或机枪支架 15 公斤，或反坦克火箭筒，或狙击步枪 7 公斤，或步话机加电池 10 公斤，或步兵炮。

\n

总之无论你打哪个位置，总负重 40-45 公斤。

\n
\"\"
\n

行军速度:

\n

正常行军，一小时 4-6 公里。每天最低 40 公里。（地图距离，实际距离五十公里左右）

\n

急行军，一小时 8-10 公里。每天最低 40 公里。

\n

强行军，一小时 5 公里，每天最低 60 公里，需要连续走 12 小时以上。

\n

在上述负重和行军速度下，只需要一天，我脚上最少七八个血泡。

\n

晚上休息时，我会拿出针线包把针从血泡里穿过去，留个线头在外面，第二天里面的脓水就会顺着线头流出来。

\n

如果不这样做，第二天在行军的时候，脚上的血泡会越来越大，最后连成一片整个脚底的皮掉下来。

\n

这个是无法避免的，由于负重太重而且走的大多数是山路，无论是在鞋里垫卫生巾，还是穿两双袜子，都不行。一样会起血泡。

\n

第二天往后，继续走的时候，由于脚上的血泡破裂，就是里面的肉直接和鞋底摩了，那种感觉每走一步犹如用砂纸在你伤口上打磨一下。有一次，我脚指甲盖顶断了，我一瘸一拐落在队伍后面，班长马上对我吼道，“张，你在学迈克尔杰克逊吗？给我走的像个男人一点。”我只能咬牙快步跟上。

\n

晚上扎营时，基本上所有人的脚干脆不能看了，很多人袜子根本脱不下来，已经跟脚底磨烂的皮肉粘在一起了。

\n

第四天，大家抵抗力全面下降，每个人都是那种低烧状态，这是因为脚底的伤口开始溃脓身体产生的正常反应，开始有战友撑不住了，走着走着就摔倒在地，班长过去号一下脉（按住他颈侧大动脉，评估是否心跳过快）摸摸头温。然后对我们喊，“上肩”。

\n

我们马上跑过去，手快的抢了他的小背包背在胸前。

\n

其他人，有的拿他的背包，有的拿他的副武器，而最新的新兵，则要负责扛起来这个战友继续走。而当时，最新的新兵就是我。我把我的小战斗背包和重机枪枪身交给其他战友，蹲下身一手抄胳膊一手抄腿，把那个战友横担在我肩膀上。继续走。

\n

走了大概二十分钟，我觉得嘴巴上面热热的，用手一抹，不知道什么时候我开始流鼻血了。班长看到后跑过来说，“换人。”

\n

另一个战友从我肩膀上接过人，我则拿回我的重机枪，就这样大家轮流扛着伤病战友继续前进。

\n

第五天，第六天。。。。。

\n

这样的行军，在我们部队，七天已经是极限了。再继续下去，就要产生大量非战斗减员，这个连的战斗力也就会大幅度下降。

\n

美军海军陆战队曾和我们在吉布提联合训练，24 个人的陆战突击队，能够跟我们一起完成 500 公里七天强行军的只有 3 个人。

\n

而红军战士们，在当时那种敌人围追堵截，没有后勤补给，没有情报支援，还要一边行军一边作战。。这种情况下，走了 2 年，25000 里。

\n
\"\"
\n

我毫不夸张的说，当今世界任何一个国家的军队，也办不到。

\n

这其中还有特殊地形作战，就比如爬雪山吧。

\n

红军战士们在长征时，包括夹金山、梦笔山、亚克夏山、昌德山、达古山等 20 余座海拔 4000 米以上的雪山。

\n

2006 年我做过高山巡防。当时值守的雪山海拔 4300 米，在极寒环境下高山行军，是非常危险的事。有时候一个普通感冒就肺水肿了。

\n
\"\"
我在雪山巡防时。用手机拍以前的纸照片，高糊
\n

爬雪山的时候，要走大之字，往上爬升一公里，需要之字往返走八公里。爬的时候会很热，出很多汗，休息时要马上拿出厚衣物披上，否则几分钟就可能失温。

\n

晚上睡觉时要斜着挖雪洞，里面头脚位置要挖驱寒坑，里面点上蜡烛防止冷空气凝结。

\n

夜里的雪山能冷到什么程度?

\n

跟我睡一个雪洞的战友，晚上起来拉粑粑。经常夜里跑雪山上大便的朋友都知道，在雪山上蹲不住，晚上都是冰，很容易滑下去，所以要抓个固定物。

\n

我正在雪洞里看书，突然就听见他在外面大喊“张，快出来。”

\n

我跑出去一看，他把破冰镐插在面前，两手抓住破冰镐。结果，没带手套（为了脱衣服脱裤子方便），手被冻到破冰镐上了。

\n

我吹了个响哨，又叫来两个战友，我们仨一边哈哈笑着，一边解开裤子，朝他手上撒尿。就这样，他的手才慢慢跟破冰镐分开。

\n

我们携带的睡袋可以防到零下 12 度，晚上睡觉依然有战友被冻到全身血液流速过缓而昏迷，呼叫直升机给接下山去抢救。

\n
\"\"
\n

我无法想象，我们的红军战士是如何在没有御寒装备的情况下，在雪山上生存。

\n

您让当今全世界最精锐山地部队，不携带任何御寒装备，去爬雪山并且在 4000 米以上的海拔生存，也是不可能完成的任务。而我们的红军战士们做到了，这不是奇迹是什么。

\n

还有很多其他的战略战术的运用，都属于创造性的，无法复刻的，全军每人每日口粮不足三两，全程 600 余次战役，平均每三天爆发一次战斗。

\n

和这种军事强度比起来，那什么委内瑞拉“猎人班”，什么海豹突击队地狱周，简直如幼儿园里逗小朋友玩的游戏。

\n

这一点我毫不夸张，委内瑞拉陆军特战学校里面的抗饥饿训练只有三天，每天单兵口粮 3 两。这个训练强度还不如我们新兵训练时的抗饥饿训练强度（全日野外拉练，五天 0 单兵口粮）。

\n

长征里还有许多奇迹，其他回答里有的，我就不再重叙了。我认为，即便以今天的军事水平和装备，依然没有任何一个国家的军队，可以完成长征这种难度的军事奇迹。

\n

感谢您的阅读。

\n
\n
\n\n\n
查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n\n\n\n", + "description": "
\"头图\"/
\n

可能大家没有过行军经历，不太明白徒步行军 25000 里到底是什么概念。也不明白爬雪山过草地，对于徒步行军意味着什么。

\n

我给大家分享一些徒步行军的经历吧。

\n

我曾服役与第二步兵团，我们团的人，一年里有半年时间都在执行海外战斗任务。我们都管去海外执行作战任务叫“带薪度假”。

\n

无论是新兵老兵，大家说起来打仗，训练都是一个个谈笑自若，唯一让我们谈之色变的，就是长途行军拉练。

\n

也许有朋友会认为，行军有啥好怕的，不就是走路吗？在这里，我给大家简单介绍一下什么是行军。

\n
\"\"
野外搭建行军床
\n

首先，负重。个人所有的装备，生活物资都要背在身上。大背包 15 公斤，包括雨衣，备用军装，鞋子，睡袋，防潮垫，三天口粮，三天饮用水，枪械保养袋。。。小背包里 5 公斤，战斗装备，防毒面具，反生化贴，地雷三角标，急救包，针线包，备用弹夹，手雷，夜视仪，电池等。

\n

武器在身上，单兵步枪 5 公斤，六个弹夹，钢盔，工兵铲，还要分别携带一把班用重武器这个要看你是打什么位置的，你可能携带，重机枪枪管 10 公斤或机枪子弹一箱，或机枪枪身 11 公斤，或机枪支架 15 公斤，或反坦克火箭筒，或狙击步枪 7 公斤，或步话机加电池 10 公斤，或步兵炮。

\n

总之无论你打哪个位置，总负重 40-45 公斤。

\n
\"\"
\n

行军速度:

\n

正常行军，一小时 4-6 公里。每天最低 40 公里。（地图距离，实际距离五十公里左右）

\n

急行军，一小时 8-10 公里。每天最低 40 公里。

\n

强行军，一小时 5 公里，每天最低 60 公里，需要连续走 12 小时以上。

\n

在上述负重和行军速度下，只需要一天，我脚上最少七八个血泡。

\n

晚上休息时，我会拿出针线包把针从血泡里穿过去，留个线头在外面，第二天里面的脓水就会顺着线头流出来。

\n

如果不这样做，第二天在行军的时候，脚上的血泡会越来越大，最后连成一片整个脚底的皮掉下来。

\n

这个是无法避免的，由于负重太重而且走的大多数是山路，无论是在鞋里垫卫生巾，还是穿两双袜子，都不行。一样会起血泡。

\n

第二天往后，继续走的时候，由于脚上的血泡破裂，就是里面的肉直接和鞋底摩了，那种感觉每走一步犹如用砂纸在你伤口上打磨一下。有一次，我脚指甲盖顶断了，我一瘸一拐落在队伍后面，班长马上对我吼道，“张，你在学迈克尔杰克逊吗？给我走的像个男人一点。”我只能咬牙快步跟上。

\n

晚上扎营时，基本上所有人的脚干脆不能看了，很多人袜子根本脱不下来，已经跟脚底磨烂的皮肉粘在一起了。

\n

第四天，大家抵抗力全面下降，每个人都是那种低烧状态，这是因为脚底的伤口开始溃脓身体产生的正常反应，开始有战友撑不住了，走着走着就摔倒在地，班长过去号一下脉（按住他颈侧大动脉，评估是否心跳过快）摸摸头温。然后对我们喊，“上肩”。

\n

我们马上跑过去，手快的抢了他的小背包背在胸前。

\n

其他人，有的拿他的背包，有的拿他的副武器，而最新的新兵，则要负责扛起来这个战友继续走。而当时，最新的新兵就是我。我把我的小战斗背包和重机枪枪身交给其他战友，蹲下身一手抄胳膊一手抄腿，把那个战友横担在我肩膀上。继续走。

\n

走了大概二十分钟，我觉得嘴巴上面热热的，用手一抹，不知道什么时候我开始流鼻血了。班长看到后跑过来说，“换人。”

\n

另一个战友从我肩膀上接过人，我则拿回我的重机枪，就这样大家轮流扛着伤病战友继续前进。

\n

第五天，第六天。。。。。

\n

这样的行军，在我们部队，七天已经是极限了。再继续下去，就要产生大量非战斗减员，这个连的战斗力也就会大幅度下降。

\n

美军海军陆战队曾和我们在吉布提联合训练，24 个人的陆战突击队，能够跟我们一起完成 500 公里七天强行军的只有 3 个人。

\n

而红军战士们，在当时那种敌人围追堵截，没有后勤补给，没有情报支援，还要一边行军一边作战。。这种情况下，走了 2 年，25000 里。

\n
\"\"
\n

我毫不夸张的说，当今世界任何一个国家的军队，也办不到。

\n

这其中还有特殊地形作战，就比如爬雪山吧。

\n

红军战士们在长征时，包括夹金山、梦笔山、亚克夏山、昌德山、达古山等 20 余座海拔 4000 米以上的雪山。

\n

2006 年我做过高山巡防。当时值守的雪山海拔 4300 米，在极寒环境下高山行军，是非常危险的事。有时候一个普通感冒就肺水肿了。

\n
\"\"
我在雪山巡防时。用手机拍以前的纸照片，高糊
\n

爬雪山的时候，要走大之字，往上爬升一公里，需要之字往返走八公里。爬的时候会很热，出很多汗，休息时要马上拿出厚衣物披上，否则几分钟就可能失温。

\n

晚上睡觉时要斜着挖雪洞，里面头脚位置要挖驱寒坑，里面点上蜡烛防止冷空气凝结。

\n

夜里的雪山能冷到什么程度?

\n

跟我睡一个雪洞的战友，晚上起来拉粑粑。经常夜里跑雪山上大便的朋友都知道，在雪山上蹲不住，晚上都是冰，很容易滑下去，所以要抓个固定物。

\n

我正在雪洞里看书，突然就听见他在外面大喊“张，快出来。”

\n

我跑出去一看，他把破冰镐插在面前，两手抓住破冰镐。结果，没带手套（为了脱衣服脱裤子方便），手被冻到破冰镐上了。

\n

我吹了个响哨，又叫来两个战友，我们仨一边哈哈笑着，一边解开裤子，朝他手上撒尿。就这样，他的手才慢慢跟破冰镐分开。

\n

我们携带的睡袋可以防到零下 12 度，晚上睡觉依然有战友被冻到全身血液流速过缓而昏迷，呼叫直升机给接下山去抢救。

\n
\"\"
\n

我无法想象，我们的红军战士是如何在没有御寒装备的情况下，在雪山上生存。

\n

您让当今全世界最精锐山地部队，不携带任何御寒装备，去爬雪山并且在 4000 米以上的海拔生存，也是不可能完成的任务。而我们的红军战士们做到了，这不是奇迹是什么。

\n

还有很多其他的战略战术的运用，都属于创造性的，无法复刻的，全军每人每日口粮不足三两，全程 600 余次战役，平均每三天爆发一次战斗。

\n

和这种军事强度比起来，那什么委内瑞拉“猎人班”，什么海豹突击队地狱周，简直如幼儿园里逗小朋友玩的游戏。

\n

这一点我毫不夸张，委内瑞拉陆军特战学校里面的抗饥饿训练只有三天，每天单兵口粮 3 两。这个训练强度还不如我们新兵训练时的抗饥饿训练强度（全日野外拉练，五天 0 单兵口粮）。

\n

长征里还有许多奇迹，其他回答里有的，我就不再重叙了。我认为，即便以今天的军事水平和装备，依然没有任何一个国家的军队，可以完成长征这种难度的军事奇迹。

\n

感谢您的阅读。

\n
\n
\n\n\n
查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n\n\n\n
获取更多RSS：
https://feedx.net
https://feedx.site
", + "content": "
\"头图\"/
\n

可能大家没有过行军经历，不太明白徒步行军 25000 里到底是什么概念。也不明白爬雪山过草地，对于徒步行军意味着什么。

\n

我给大家分享一些徒步行军的经历吧。

\n

我曾服役与第二步兵团，我们团的人，一年里有半年时间都在执行海外战斗任务。我们都管去海外执行作战任务叫“带薪度假”。

\n

无论是新兵老兵，大家说起来打仗，训练都是一个个谈笑自若，唯一让我们谈之色变的，就是长途行军拉练。

\n

也许有朋友会认为，行军有啥好怕的，不就是走路吗？在这里，我给大家简单介绍一下什么是行军。

\n
\"\"
野外搭建行军床
\n

首先，负重。个人所有的装备，生活物资都要背在身上。大背包 15 公斤，包括雨衣，备用军装，鞋子，睡袋，防潮垫，三天口粮，三天饮用水，枪械保养袋。。。小背包里 5 公斤，战斗装备，防毒面具，反生化贴，地雷三角标，急救包，针线包，备用弹夹，手雷，夜视仪，电池等。

\n

武器在身上，单兵步枪 5 公斤，六个弹夹，钢盔，工兵铲，还要分别携带一把班用重武器这个要看你是打什么位置的，你可能携带，重机枪枪管 10 公斤或机枪子弹一箱，或机枪枪身 11 公斤，或机枪支架 15 公斤，或反坦克火箭筒，或狙击步枪 7 公斤，或步话机加电池 10 公斤，或步兵炮。

\n

总之无论你打哪个位置，总负重 40-45 公斤。

\n
\"\"
\n

行军速度:

\n

正常行军，一小时 4-6 公里。每天最低 40 公里。（地图距离，实际距离五十公里左右）

\n

急行军，一小时 8-10 公里。每天最低 40 公里。

\n

强行军，一小时 5 公里，每天最低 60 公里，需要连续走 12 小时以上。

\n

在上述负重和行军速度下，只需要一天，我脚上最少七八个血泡。

\n

晚上休息时，我会拿出针线包把针从血泡里穿过去，留个线头在外面，第二天里面的脓水就会顺着线头流出来。

\n

如果不这样做，第二天在行军的时候，脚上的血泡会越来越大，最后连成一片整个脚底的皮掉下来。

\n

这个是无法避免的，由于负重太重而且走的大多数是山路，无论是在鞋里垫卫生巾，还是穿两双袜子，都不行。一样会起血泡。

\n

第二天往后，继续走的时候，由于脚上的血泡破裂，就是里面的肉直接和鞋底摩了，那种感觉每走一步犹如用砂纸在你伤口上打磨一下。有一次，我脚指甲盖顶断了，我一瘸一拐落在队伍后面，班长马上对我吼道，“张，你在学迈克尔杰克逊吗？给我走的像个男人一点。”我只能咬牙快步跟上。

\n

晚上扎营时，基本上所有人的脚干脆不能看了，很多人袜子根本脱不下来，已经跟脚底磨烂的皮肉粘在一起了。

\n

第四天，大家抵抗力全面下降，每个人都是那种低烧状态，这是因为脚底的伤口开始溃脓身体产生的正常反应，开始有战友撑不住了，走着走着就摔倒在地，班长过去号一下脉（按住他颈侧大动脉，评估是否心跳过快）摸摸头温。然后对我们喊，“上肩”。

\n

我们马上跑过去，手快的抢了他的小背包背在胸前。

\n

其他人，有的拿他的背包，有的拿他的副武器，而最新的新兵，则要负责扛起来这个战友继续走。而当时，最新的新兵就是我。我把我的小战斗背包和重机枪枪身交给其他战友，蹲下身一手抄胳膊一手抄腿，把那个战友横担在我肩膀上。继续走。

\n

走了大概二十分钟，我觉得嘴巴上面热热的，用手一抹，不知道什么时候我开始流鼻血了。班长看到后跑过来说，“换人。”

\n

另一个战友从我肩膀上接过人，我则拿回我的重机枪，就这样大家轮流扛着伤病战友继续前进。

\n

第五天，第六天。。。。。

\n

这样的行军，在我们部队，七天已经是极限了。再继续下去，就要产生大量非战斗减员，这个连的战斗力也就会大幅度下降。

\n

美军海军陆战队曾和我们在吉布提联合训练，24 个人的陆战突击队，能够跟我们一起完成 500 公里七天强行军的只有 3 个人。

\n

而红军战士们，在当时那种敌人围追堵截，没有后勤补给，没有情报支援，还要一边行军一边作战。。这种情况下，走了 2 年，25000 里。

\n
\"\"
\n

我毫不夸张的说，当今世界任何一个国家的军队，也办不到。

\n

这其中还有特殊地形作战，就比如爬雪山吧。

\n

红军战士们在长征时，包括夹金山、梦笔山、亚克夏山、昌德山、达古山等 20 余座海拔 4000 米以上的雪山。

\n

2006 年我做过高山巡防。当时值守的雪山海拔 4300 米，在极寒环境下高山行军，是非常危险的事。有时候一个普通感冒就肺水肿了。

\n
\"\"
我在雪山巡防时。用手机拍以前的纸照片，高糊
\n

爬雪山的时候，要走大之字，往上爬升一公里，需要之字往返走八公里。爬的时候会很热，出很多汗，休息时要马上拿出厚衣物披上，否则几分钟就可能失温。

\n

晚上睡觉时要斜着挖雪洞，里面头脚位置要挖驱寒坑，里面点上蜡烛防止冷空气凝结。

\n

夜里的雪山能冷到什么程度?

\n

跟我睡一个雪洞的战友，晚上起来拉粑粑。经常夜里跑雪山上大便的朋友都知道，在雪山上蹲不住，晚上都是冰，很容易滑下去，所以要抓个固定物。

\n

我正在雪洞里看书，突然就听见他在外面大喊“张，快出来。”

\n

我跑出去一看，他把破冰镐插在面前，两手抓住破冰镐。结果，没带手套（为了脱衣服脱裤子方便），手被冻到破冰镐上了。

\n

我吹了个响哨，又叫来两个战友，我们仨一边哈哈笑着，一边解开裤子，朝他手上撒尿。就这样，他的手才慢慢跟破冰镐分开。

\n

我们携带的睡袋可以防到零下 12 度，晚上睡觉依然有战友被冻到全身血液流速过缓而昏迷，呼叫直升机给接下山去抢救。

\n
\"\"
\n

我无法想象，我们的红军战士是如何在没有御寒装备的情况下，在雪山上生存。

\n

您让当今全世界最精锐山地部队，不携带任何御寒装备，去爬雪山并且在 4000 米以上的海拔生存，也是不可能完成的任务。而我们的红军战士们做到了，这不是奇迹是什么。

\n

还有很多其他的战略战术的运用，都属于创造性的，无法复刻的，全军每人每日口粮不足三两，全程 600 余次战役，平均每三天爆发一次战斗。

\n

和这种军事强度比起来，那什么委内瑞拉“猎人班”，什么海豹突击队地狱周，简直如幼儿园里逗小朋友玩的游戏。

\n

这一点我毫不夸张，委内瑞拉陆军特战学校里面的抗饥饿训练只有三天，每天单兵口粮 3 两。这个训练强度还不如我们新兵训练时的抗饥饿训练强度（全日野外拉练，五天 0 单兵口粮）。

\n

长征里还有许多奇迹，其他回答里有的，我就不再重叙了。我认为，即便以今天的军事水平和装备，依然没有任何一个国家的军队，可以完成长征这种难度的军事奇迹。

\n

感谢您的阅读。

\n
\n
\n\n\n
查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n\n\n\n
获取更多RSS：
https://feedx.net
https://feedx.site
", "category": "", "link": "https://daily.zhihu.com/story/9783556", "creator": "", @@ -6044,8 +6132,8 @@ }, { "title": "同为中国古代三大天才诗人之一，李白和苏轼，哪一个更出色？", - "description": "
\"头图\"/
\n

即便李白与苏轼二人有同等的天才，但作为一位盛唐养出来的诗人，李白显然更为出色。

\n

在中国文学史上，盛唐之所以可以被标榜为一种难以企及的“气象”，并不是说盛唐的诗人、文人的技法就一定最高，而是盛唐时代的人文环境能够“养”出不一样的人。

\n

比如岑参、高适被一直被看作是边塞诗的巅峰。实际上，仅就技法水平来说，岑参、高适未必能独占一档，但比起之前和之后的诗人来说，岑参、高适有着其他人无法企及的优势——盛唐的巨大国土。

\n

那个时代没有照相机，也拍不了视频，个人在文学创作上的经验积累基本都要通过具体的生命体验来完成。所以，你看之前魏晋时期的边塞诗，以及之后宋明的边塞诗，对于边塞的想象基本就是寒冷、荒凉，因为这些时代的实控国土的西、北方向也就是到内蒙、甘肃这一线。

\n

但是对于岑参、高适来说——尤其是曾在安西、北庭都护府辖地工作过的岑参来说，情况可就大不一样了。陆游写“尚思为国戍轮台”、“铁马冰河入梦来”，那是他做梦的时候想的，但“轮台九月风夜吼，一川碎石大如斗，随风满地石乱走”、“ 马毛带雪汗气蒸，五花连钱旋作冰，幕中草檄砚水凝”，那是岑参亲身所经历的。较之其他时代的边塞诗多以“豪”而著称，盛唐的边塞诗是可以用前所未闻的雄奇意象来填充这种气势的。

\n

说回到李白身上，也是一样的。在中国历史上的著名诗人里，你再也找不到这样一个在国外出生（今天版图视角下的国外），小时候就行走万里，而又颇有家资、成长于历史上绝无仅有的盛世，偏偏这个盛世又颇为开放，四海宾服、天下商旅往来不绝。更为难得的是，在文人多出仕的古代，李白因为种种原因只在朝廷工作过很短的时间，其余的时候或闲居、或游历，也有着与苏轼迥然不同的生命体验。

\n

这一切带给李白作品的加成，就是一如前面所说，李白可以以雄奇、壮阔的意象来融入作品，二来李白本身也有更强的世俗属性，且受儒家观念的影响更小，三则是李白本身的情感表达更为充沛和剧烈。

\n

具体来说，在第一点上，苏轼一声虽也颠沛流离，但基本都是因为被贬官、流放或调任，而李白的游历则是自主的。对比二人的人生行迹图也可以发现，李白所游历的空间要比苏轼大得多。

\n

如此，这些诗也就只有李白能写得出来：“明月出天山，苍茫云海间。长风几万里，吹度玉门关”、“幽州胡马客，绿眼虎皮冠”、“燕山雪花大如席，片片吹落轩辕台”、“五月天山雪，无花只有寒”、“黄河西来决昆仑，咆哮万里触龙门”、“洗兵条支海上波，放马天山雪中草”、“从军玉门道，逐虏金微山”……

\n

对于苏轼来说，“燕山”、“幽州”、“天山”、“昆仑”、“金微山”等等只是在书里才见过的地方，而对李白来说，这就是他所在国家内的国土。

\n

其二，是李白对于世俗生活，尤其是各种各样的娱乐行为非常的熟稔，这与饱受正统教育且有官场规矩束缚的苏轼又不太一样。比如李白的这首《东山吟》：

\n
携妓东土山，怅然悲谢安。我妓今朝如花月，
他妓古坟荒草寒。白鸡梦后三百岁，洒酒浇君同所欢。
酣来自作青海舞，秋风吹落紫绮冠……
\n

李白甚至有很多诗名字就直接带“妓”：《秋猎孟诸夜归，置酒单父东楼观妓》、《邯郸南亭观妓》、《在水军宴韦司马楼船观妓》。今人可以为李白辩解说，李白说的“妓”和今天意义上的“妓”不一样，那个是有才艺的，但不管怎么说，对于宋以后的官员而言，也是不太能公开把这个写出来并传播的。

\n

再比如在与杜甫和苏轼在商丘会面后，三人各自作诗。这里面最有趣的是，三个人回忆的重点完全不一样。这里面杜甫写的是“忆与高李辈，论交入酒垆。两公壮藻思，得我色敷腴”，但李白写的是“沉吟此事泪满衣，黄金买醉未能归。连呼五白行六博，分曹赌酒酣驰晖”。

\n

这就很有意思，杜甫说的是“我跟李白、高适一起喝酒聊天，非常开心”，李白的说是“哥几个划拳、打麻将，玩得真乐呵”——在这方面，李白是很放的开的。

\n

其三，是李白的感情表达更为充沛和剧烈。今天的很多人说羡慕苏轼心态好，这的确是事实，苏轼其人更为畅快豁达，有一种随遇而安的能力，非常的了不起。但李白的情感表达就更为充沛和剧烈，比如同样有关赤壁的诗句，苏轼的《念奴娇》已可称豪，但在李白的《江夏赠韦南陵冰》面前，也还是要被压着一头的：

\n
头陀云月多僧气，山水何曾称人意。
不然鸣笳按鼓戏沧流，呼取江南女儿歌棹讴。
我且为君槌碎黄鹤楼，君亦为吾倒却鹦鹉洲。
赤壁争雄如梦里，且须歌舞宽离忧。
\n

“我且为君槌碎黄鹤楼，君亦为吾倒却鹦鹉洲”这一句，苏轼是绝对写不出来的，“人生如梦，一尊还酹江月”才是他的风格。

\n

此外，“安能摧眉折腰事权贵，使我不得开心颜”、“长风破浪会有时，直挂云帆济沧海”、“天生我才必有用，千金散尽还复来”等等，以苏轼的才华，不难写出来，但以苏轼的性格却很难写出来。

\n

何况，在语言的运用方面，李白的“清新自然”、“清水出芙蓉”看起来只是一种风格，但对写字的人来说，大概都明白这其实是一种令人绝望的存在。因为所谓“清新自然，不事雕琢”，看似是说文采，实则是说天赋。

\n

也正因为如此，谈及中国古代的诗人排名，无论是从知名度还是艺术成就的来讲，李杜都是毫无意义的第一梯队，而苏轼要入选的前提只有一个，那就是你把第一梯队的名额扩到三个以上。

\n

不过到那时候，这个榜单可能也就跟中国大学排行榜一样了：TOP2 有 2 所，TOP3 有 5 所，TOP5 有 10 所……

\n
\n
\n\n\n
查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n\n\n\n", - "content": "
\"头图\"/
\n

即便李白与苏轼二人有同等的天才，但作为一位盛唐养出来的诗人，李白显然更为出色。

\n

在中国文学史上，盛唐之所以可以被标榜为一种难以企及的“气象”，并不是说盛唐的诗人、文人的技法就一定最高，而是盛唐时代的人文环境能够“养”出不一样的人。

\n

比如岑参、高适被一直被看作是边塞诗的巅峰。实际上，仅就技法水平来说，岑参、高适未必能独占一档，但比起之前和之后的诗人来说，岑参、高适有着其他人无法企及的优势——盛唐的巨大国土。

\n

那个时代没有照相机，也拍不了视频，个人在文学创作上的经验积累基本都要通过具体的生命体验来完成。所以，你看之前魏晋时期的边塞诗，以及之后宋明的边塞诗，对于边塞的想象基本就是寒冷、荒凉，因为这些时代的实控国土的西、北方向也就是到内蒙、甘肃这一线。

\n

但是对于岑参、高适来说——尤其是曾在安西、北庭都护府辖地工作过的岑参来说，情况可就大不一样了。陆游写“尚思为国戍轮台”、“铁马冰河入梦来”，那是他做梦的时候想的，但“轮台九月风夜吼，一川碎石大如斗，随风满地石乱走”、“ 马毛带雪汗气蒸，五花连钱旋作冰，幕中草檄砚水凝”，那是岑参亲身所经历的。较之其他时代的边塞诗多以“豪”而著称，盛唐的边塞诗是可以用前所未闻的雄奇意象来填充这种气势的。

\n

说回到李白身上，也是一样的。在中国历史上的著名诗人里，你再也找不到这样一个在国外出生（今天版图视角下的国外），小时候就行走万里，而又颇有家资、成长于历史上绝无仅有的盛世，偏偏这个盛世又颇为开放，四海宾服、天下商旅往来不绝。更为难得的是，在文人多出仕的古代，李白因为种种原因只在朝廷工作过很短的时间，其余的时候或闲居、或游历，也有着与苏轼迥然不同的生命体验。

\n

这一切带给李白作品的加成，就是一如前面所说，李白可以以雄奇、壮阔的意象来融入作品，二来李白本身也有更强的世俗属性，且受儒家观念的影响更小，三则是李白本身的情感表达更为充沛和剧烈。

\n

具体来说，在第一点上，苏轼一声虽也颠沛流离，但基本都是因为被贬官、流放或调任，而李白的游历则是自主的。对比二人的人生行迹图也可以发现，李白所游历的空间要比苏轼大得多。

\n

如此，这些诗也就只有李白能写得出来：“明月出天山，苍茫云海间。长风几万里，吹度玉门关”、“幽州胡马客，绿眼虎皮冠”、“燕山雪花大如席，片片吹落轩辕台”、“五月天山雪，无花只有寒”、“黄河西来决昆仑，咆哮万里触龙门”、“洗兵条支海上波，放马天山雪中草”、“从军玉门道，逐虏金微山”……

\n

对于苏轼来说，“燕山”、“幽州”、“天山”、“昆仑”、“金微山”等等只是在书里才见过的地方，而对李白来说，这就是他所在国家内的国土。

\n

其二，是李白对于世俗生活，尤其是各种各样的娱乐行为非常的熟稔，这与饱受正统教育且有官场规矩束缚的苏轼又不太一样。比如李白的这首《东山吟》：

\n
携妓东土山，怅然悲谢安。我妓今朝如花月，
他妓古坟荒草寒。白鸡梦后三百岁，洒酒浇君同所欢。
酣来自作青海舞，秋风吹落紫绮冠……
\n

李白甚至有很多诗名字就直接带“妓”：《秋猎孟诸夜归，置酒单父东楼观妓》、《邯郸南亭观妓》、《在水军宴韦司马楼船观妓》。今人可以为李白辩解说，李白说的“妓”和今天意义上的“妓”不一样，那个是有才艺的，但不管怎么说，对于宋以后的官员而言，也是不太能公开把这个写出来并传播的。

\n

再比如在与杜甫和苏轼在商丘会面后，三人各自作诗。这里面最有趣的是，三个人回忆的重点完全不一样。这里面杜甫写的是“忆与高李辈，论交入酒垆。两公壮藻思，得我色敷腴”，但李白写的是“沉吟此事泪满衣，黄金买醉未能归。连呼五白行六博，分曹赌酒酣驰晖”。

\n

这就很有意思，杜甫说的是“我跟李白、高适一起喝酒聊天，非常开心”，李白的说是“哥几个划拳、打麻将，玩得真乐呵”——在这方面，李白是很放的开的。

\n

其三，是李白的感情表达更为充沛和剧烈。今天的很多人说羡慕苏轼心态好，这的确是事实，苏轼其人更为畅快豁达，有一种随遇而安的能力，非常的了不起。但李白的情感表达就更为充沛和剧烈，比如同样有关赤壁的诗句，苏轼的《念奴娇》已可称豪，但在李白的《江夏赠韦南陵冰》面前，也还是要被压着一头的：

\n
头陀云月多僧气，山水何曾称人意。
不然鸣笳按鼓戏沧流，呼取江南女儿歌棹讴。
我且为君槌碎黄鹤楼，君亦为吾倒却鹦鹉洲。
赤壁争雄如梦里，且须歌舞宽离忧。
\n

“我且为君槌碎黄鹤楼，君亦为吾倒却鹦鹉洲”这一句，苏轼是绝对写不出来的，“人生如梦，一尊还酹江月”才是他的风格。

\n

此外，“安能摧眉折腰事权贵，使我不得开心颜”、“长风破浪会有时，直挂云帆济沧海”、“天生我才必有用，千金散尽还复来”等等，以苏轼的才华，不难写出来，但以苏轼的性格却很难写出来。

\n

何况，在语言的运用方面，李白的“清新自然”、“清水出芙蓉”看起来只是一种风格，但对写字的人来说，大概都明白这其实是一种令人绝望的存在。因为所谓“清新自然，不事雕琢”，看似是说文采，实则是说天赋。

\n

也正因为如此，谈及中国古代的诗人排名，无论是从知名度还是艺术成就的来讲，李杜都是毫无意义的第一梯队，而苏轼要入选的前提只有一个，那就是你把第一梯队的名额扩到三个以上。

\n

不过到那时候，这个榜单可能也就跟中国大学排行榜一样了：TOP2 有 2 所，TOP3 有 5 所，TOP5 有 10 所……

\n
\n
\n\n\n
查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n\n\n\n", + "description": "
\"头图\"/
\n

即便李白与苏轼二人有同等的天才，但作为一位盛唐养出来的诗人，李白显然更为出色。

\n

在中国文学史上，盛唐之所以可以被标榜为一种难以企及的“气象”，并不是说盛唐的诗人、文人的技法就一定最高，而是盛唐时代的人文环境能够“养”出不一样的人。

\n

比如岑参、高适被一直被看作是边塞诗的巅峰。实际上，仅就技法水平来说，岑参、高适未必能独占一档，但比起之前和之后的诗人来说，岑参、高适有着其他人无法企及的优势——盛唐的巨大国土。

\n

那个时代没有照相机，也拍不了视频，个人在文学创作上的经验积累基本都要通过具体的生命体验来完成。所以，你看之前魏晋时期的边塞诗，以及之后宋明的边塞诗，对于边塞的想象基本就是寒冷、荒凉，因为这些时代的实控国土的西、北方向也就是到内蒙、甘肃这一线。

\n

但是对于岑参、高适来说——尤其是曾在安西、北庭都护府辖地工作过的岑参来说，情况可就大不一样了。陆游写“尚思为国戍轮台”、“铁马冰河入梦来”，那是他做梦的时候想的，但“轮台九月风夜吼，一川碎石大如斗，随风满地石乱走”、“ 马毛带雪汗气蒸，五花连钱旋作冰，幕中草檄砚水凝”，那是岑参亲身所经历的。较之其他时代的边塞诗多以“豪”而著称，盛唐的边塞诗是可以用前所未闻的雄奇意象来填充这种气势的。

\n

说回到李白身上，也是一样的。在中国历史上的著名诗人里，你再也找不到这样一个在国外出生（今天版图视角下的国外），小时候就行走万里，而又颇有家资、成长于历史上绝无仅有的盛世，偏偏这个盛世又颇为开放，四海宾服、天下商旅往来不绝。更为难得的是，在文人多出仕的古代，李白因为种种原因只在朝廷工作过很短的时间，其余的时候或闲居、或游历，也有着与苏轼迥然不同的生命体验。

\n

这一切带给李白作品的加成，就是一如前面所说，李白可以以雄奇、壮阔的意象来融入作品，二来李白本身也有更强的世俗属性，且受儒家观念的影响更小，三则是李白本身的情感表达更为充沛和剧烈。

\n

具体来说，在第一点上，苏轼一声虽也颠沛流离，但基本都是因为被贬官、流放或调任，而李白的游历则是自主的。对比二人的人生行迹图也可以发现，李白所游历的空间要比苏轼大得多。

\n

如此，这些诗也就只有李白能写得出来：“明月出天山，苍茫云海间。长风几万里，吹度玉门关”、“幽州胡马客，绿眼虎皮冠”、“燕山雪花大如席，片片吹落轩辕台”、“五月天山雪，无花只有寒”、“黄河西来决昆仑，咆哮万里触龙门”、“洗兵条支海上波，放马天山雪中草”、“从军玉门道，逐虏金微山”……

\n

对于苏轼来说，“燕山”、“幽州”、“天山”、“昆仑”、“金微山”等等只是在书里才见过的地方，而对李白来说，这就是他所在国家内的国土。

\n

其二，是李白对于世俗生活，尤其是各种各样的娱乐行为非常的熟稔，这与饱受正统教育且有官场规矩束缚的苏轼又不太一样。比如李白的这首《东山吟》：

\n
携妓东土山，怅然悲谢安。我妓今朝如花月，
他妓古坟荒草寒。白鸡梦后三百岁，洒酒浇君同所欢。
酣来自作青海舞，秋风吹落紫绮冠……
\n

李白甚至有很多诗名字就直接带“妓”：《秋猎孟诸夜归，置酒单父东楼观妓》、《邯郸南亭观妓》、《在水军宴韦司马楼船观妓》。今人可以为李白辩解说，李白说的“妓”和今天意义上的“妓”不一样，那个是有才艺的，但不管怎么说，对于宋以后的官员而言，也是不太能公开把这个写出来并传播的。

\n

再比如在与杜甫和苏轼在商丘会面后，三人各自作诗。这里面最有趣的是，三个人回忆的重点完全不一样。这里面杜甫写的是“忆与高李辈，论交入酒垆。两公壮藻思，得我色敷腴”，但李白写的是“沉吟此事泪满衣，黄金买醉未能归。连呼五白行六博，分曹赌酒酣驰晖”。

\n

这就很有意思，杜甫说的是“我跟李白、高适一起喝酒聊天，非常开心”，李白的说是“哥几个划拳、打麻将，玩得真乐呵”——在这方面，李白是很放的开的。

\n

其三，是李白的感情表达更为充沛和剧烈。今天的很多人说羡慕苏轼心态好，这的确是事实，苏轼其人更为畅快豁达，有一种随遇而安的能力，非常的了不起。但李白的情感表达就更为充沛和剧烈，比如同样有关赤壁的诗句，苏轼的《念奴娇》已可称豪，但在李白的《江夏赠韦南陵冰》面前，也还是要被压着一头的：

\n
头陀云月多僧气，山水何曾称人意。
不然鸣笳按鼓戏沧流，呼取江南女儿歌棹讴。
我且为君槌碎黄鹤楼，君亦为吾倒却鹦鹉洲。
赤壁争雄如梦里，且须歌舞宽离忧。
\n

“我且为君槌碎黄鹤楼，君亦为吾倒却鹦鹉洲”这一句，苏轼是绝对写不出来的，“人生如梦，一尊还酹江月”才是他的风格。

\n

此外，“安能摧眉折腰事权贵，使我不得开心颜”、“长风破浪会有时，直挂云帆济沧海”、“天生我才必有用，千金散尽还复来”等等，以苏轼的才华，不难写出来，但以苏轼的性格却很难写出来。

\n

何况，在语言的运用方面，李白的“清新自然”、“清水出芙蓉”看起来只是一种风格，但对写字的人来说，大概都明白这其实是一种令人绝望的存在。因为所谓“清新自然，不事雕琢”，看似是说文采，实则是说天赋。

\n

也正因为如此，谈及中国古代的诗人排名，无论是从知名度还是艺术成就的来讲，李杜都是毫无意义的第一梯队，而苏轼要入选的前提只有一个，那就是你把第一梯队的名额扩到三个以上。

\n

不过到那时候，这个榜单可能也就跟中国大学排行榜一样了：TOP2 有 2 所，TOP3 有 5 所，TOP5 有 10 所……

\n
\n
\n\n\n
查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n\n\n\n
获取更多RSS：
https://feedx.net
https://feedx.site
", + "content": "
\"头图\"/
\n

即便李白与苏轼二人有同等的天才，但作为一位盛唐养出来的诗人，李白显然更为出色。

\n

在中国文学史上，盛唐之所以可以被标榜为一种难以企及的“气象”，并不是说盛唐的诗人、文人的技法就一定最高，而是盛唐时代的人文环境能够“养”出不一样的人。

\n

比如岑参、高适被一直被看作是边塞诗的巅峰。实际上，仅就技法水平来说，岑参、高适未必能独占一档，但比起之前和之后的诗人来说，岑参、高适有着其他人无法企及的优势——盛唐的巨大国土。

\n

那个时代没有照相机，也拍不了视频，个人在文学创作上的经验积累基本都要通过具体的生命体验来完成。所以，你看之前魏晋时期的边塞诗，以及之后宋明的边塞诗，对于边塞的想象基本就是寒冷、荒凉，因为这些时代的实控国土的西、北方向也就是到内蒙、甘肃这一线。

\n

但是对于岑参、高适来说——尤其是曾在安西、北庭都护府辖地工作过的岑参来说，情况可就大不一样了。陆游写“尚思为国戍轮台”、“铁马冰河入梦来”，那是他做梦的时候想的，但“轮台九月风夜吼，一川碎石大如斗，随风满地石乱走”、“ 马毛带雪汗气蒸，五花连钱旋作冰，幕中草檄砚水凝”，那是岑参亲身所经历的。较之其他时代的边塞诗多以“豪”而著称，盛唐的边塞诗是可以用前所未闻的雄奇意象来填充这种气势的。

\n

说回到李白身上，也是一样的。在中国历史上的著名诗人里，你再也找不到这样一个在国外出生（今天版图视角下的国外），小时候就行走万里，而又颇有家资、成长于历史上绝无仅有的盛世，偏偏这个盛世又颇为开放，四海宾服、天下商旅往来不绝。更为难得的是，在文人多出仕的古代，李白因为种种原因只在朝廷工作过很短的时间，其余的时候或闲居、或游历，也有着与苏轼迥然不同的生命体验。

\n

这一切带给李白作品的加成，就是一如前面所说，李白可以以雄奇、壮阔的意象来融入作品，二来李白本身也有更强的世俗属性，且受儒家观念的影响更小，三则是李白本身的情感表达更为充沛和剧烈。

\n

具体来说，在第一点上，苏轼一声虽也颠沛流离，但基本都是因为被贬官、流放或调任，而李白的游历则是自主的。对比二人的人生行迹图也可以发现，李白所游历的空间要比苏轼大得多。

\n

如此，这些诗也就只有李白能写得出来：“明月出天山，苍茫云海间。长风几万里，吹度玉门关”、“幽州胡马客，绿眼虎皮冠”、“燕山雪花大如席，片片吹落轩辕台”、“五月天山雪，无花只有寒”、“黄河西来决昆仑，咆哮万里触龙门”、“洗兵条支海上波，放马天山雪中草”、“从军玉门道，逐虏金微山”……

\n

对于苏轼来说，“燕山”、“幽州”、“天山”、“昆仑”、“金微山”等等只是在书里才见过的地方，而对李白来说，这就是他所在国家内的国土。

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其二，是李白对于世俗生活，尤其是各种各样的娱乐行为非常的熟稔，这与饱受正统教育且有官场规矩束缚的苏轼又不太一样。比如李白的这首《东山吟》：

\n
携妓东土山，怅然悲谢安。我妓今朝如花月，
他妓古坟荒草寒。白鸡梦后三百岁，洒酒浇君同所欢。
酣来自作青海舞，秋风吹落紫绮冠……
\n

李白甚至有很多诗名字就直接带“妓”：《秋猎孟诸夜归，置酒单父东楼观妓》、《邯郸南亭观妓》、《在水军宴韦司马楼船观妓》。今人可以为李白辩解说，李白说的“妓”和今天意义上的“妓”不一样，那个是有才艺的，但不管怎么说，对于宋以后的官员而言，也是不太能公开把这个写出来并传播的。

\n

再比如在与杜甫和苏轼在商丘会面后，三人各自作诗。这里面最有趣的是，三个人回忆的重点完全不一样。这里面杜甫写的是“忆与高李辈，论交入酒垆。两公壮藻思，得我色敷腴”，但李白写的是“沉吟此事泪满衣，黄金买醉未能归。连呼五白行六博，分曹赌酒酣驰晖”。

\n

这就很有意思，杜甫说的是“我跟李白、高适一起喝酒聊天，非常开心”，李白的说是“哥几个划拳、打麻将，玩得真乐呵”——在这方面，李白是很放的开的。

\n

其三，是李白的感情表达更为充沛和剧烈。今天的很多人说羡慕苏轼心态好，这的确是事实，苏轼其人更为畅快豁达，有一种随遇而安的能力，非常的了不起。但李白的情感表达就更为充沛和剧烈，比如同样有关赤壁的诗句，苏轼的《念奴娇》已可称豪，但在李白的《江夏赠韦南陵冰》面前，也还是要被压着一头的：

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头陀云月多僧气，山水何曾称人意。
不然鸣笳按鼓戏沧流，呼取江南女儿歌棹讴。
我且为君槌碎黄鹤楼，君亦为吾倒却鹦鹉洲。
赤壁争雄如梦里，且须歌舞宽离忧。
\n

“我且为君槌碎黄鹤楼，君亦为吾倒却鹦鹉洲”这一句，苏轼是绝对写不出来的，“人生如梦，一尊还酹江月”才是他的风格。

\n

此外，“安能摧眉折腰事权贵，使我不得开心颜”、“长风破浪会有时，直挂云帆济沧海”、“天生我才必有用，千金散尽还复来”等等，以苏轼的才华，不难写出来，但以苏轼的性格却很难写出来。

\n

何况，在语言的运用方面，李白的“清新自然”、“清水出芙蓉”看起来只是一种风格，但对写字的人来说，大概都明白这其实是一种令人绝望的存在。因为所谓“清新自然，不事雕琢”，看似是说文采，实则是说天赋。

\n

也正因为如此，谈及中国古代的诗人排名，无论是从知名度还是艺术成就的来讲，李杜都是毫无意义的第一梯队，而苏轼要入选的前提只有一个，那就是你把第一梯队的名额扩到三个以上。

\n

不过到那时候，这个榜单可能也就跟中国大学排行榜一样了：TOP2 有 2 所，TOP3 有 5 所，TOP5 有 10 所……

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查看知乎讨论
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", "category": "", "link": "https://daily.zhihu.com/story/9783536", "creator": "", @@ -6086,28 +6174,6 @@ "hash": "4ea79962f94d36cd9c422b700084b3a5", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "瞎扯 · 如何正确地吐槽", - "description": "
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@黑白配 ： A 座锻炼膀胱、 B 座磨砺社恐， C 座培养耐心， D 座缓解尿频， F 座训练颈椎。
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@胡闹 ：打雪仗，手机从手中滑落，捡起来后发现自动拍下了这一瞬间。
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@白鼬 ：枯藤老树昏鸦 小桥流水人家 古道西风细狗 夕阳西下 断肠人在天涯 ——狗致远
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@巩一 ：我爹，时常不联系我，一联系我就能让我沉默许久。
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@应七 ：快三十年了，林皓这个家伙还是让你们津津乐道……
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@黑白配 ： A 座锻炼膀胱、 B 座磨砺社恐， C 座培养耐心， D 座缓解尿频， F 座训练颈椎。
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@胡闹 ：打雪仗，手机从手中滑落，捡起来后发现自动拍下了这一瞬间。
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@白鼬 ：枯藤老树昏鸦 小桥流水人家 古道西风细狗 夕阳西下 断肠人在天涯 ——狗致远
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@巩一 ：我爹，时常不联系我，一联系我就能让我沉默许久。
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@应七 ：快三十年了，林皓这个家伙还是让你们津津乐道……
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\n\n\n\n", - "category": "", - "link": "https://daily.zhihu.com/story/9783514", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Tue, 26 Aug 2025 00:27:04 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "资讯", - "feed": "知乎", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "e58742ffac3462bc6bc7392f099d7b2b", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "为什么眼睛看到外界的东西，却看不到眼睛内部的东西?", "description": "
\"头图\"/
\n

不是那样。

\n

正常人眼的角膜、房水、晶状体、玻璃体在人眼对应的光波长范围内较为透明，但是人经常看到玻璃体里的悬浮物，这些悬浮物造成病理困扰时称为飞蚊症。

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人眼还能看到视网膜前的毛细血管里的血细胞。

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一些人有玻璃体浑浊、晶状体变色或浑浊等状况，这经常影响视力。出现在视轴上的小浑浊就能明显影响视觉，晶状体的严重浑浊导致白内障。

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\"\"
人眼解剖构造示意图 By https://www.scientificanimations.com - https://www.scientificanimations.com/wiki-images/, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=87227293
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关于玻璃体内悬浮物：

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    \n
  • 每个人都有胚胎阶段的玻璃体动脉退化留下的少许玻璃体内悬浮物。
    • \n
  • 随着年龄增长，玻璃体里的局部液化、蛋白质凝集、来自视网膜的细胞碎片等会形成新的悬浮物，这些东西通常能在数天到数月内被人体吸收。
    • \n
  • 有时，飞蚊症会显著影响视力并需要手术治疗。
    • \n
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人看到的自己的玻璃体内悬浮物的示意图：

\n
\"\"
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关于血细胞：

\n
    \n
  • 晴天白天，仰望蓝色的天空，你会看到一些转瞬即逝的小白点，那是从你视网膜前的毛细血管经过的白细胞造成的[1]。
    • \n
  • 在你血流速度较快的时候（例如刚刚跑完步），白点后面还可以出现黑色的“尾巴”，那是跟在白细胞后面的红细胞造成的，白细胞的尺寸在毛细血管里造成了一定程度的交通堵塞。
    • \n
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\"\"
示意图。由 Unmismoobjetivo - 自己的作品，CC BY-SA 3.0，https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=27269687
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    \n
  • 天蓝色或深蓝色的大面积色块也能做到一样的事。
    • \n
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此外，人的视觉可以产生光幻视，一些光幻视能反映眼睛内部的压强变化。可以看看：

\n

黑暗时看到会动的光是什么？

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查看知乎讨论
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\n\n\n\n", @@ -6130,28 +6196,6 @@ "hash": "fdb10d08b947801eb1aff66f62857987", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "为什么香港作为世界最发达的城市之一，思想却异常封建（风水，鬼神）？", - "description": "
\"头图\"/
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这是一只普通鸽子：

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当普通鸽子想要努力多多搞到一些食物的时候：

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通常来说，它们会选择积极地早起捕猎，四处寻找掉落的果实等等手段。

\n

但是很快，居住在城市里的鸽子发现了更便捷的方法，比如：

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直接去人类手上抢一些现成的薯条:

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\"\"
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搞错了，再来：

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用抢的始终有被抓到驱赶的风险。

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于是聪明的鸽子学会了工作换吃的，比如打乒乓球：

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这是著名的行为学家斯金纳训练的鸽子，他通过食物奖励的方式训练两只鸽子打乒乓球，看得出来虽然有打假球的行为，但是鸽子还是知道努力打球（工作）就会有食物奖励。

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现在我们知道普通的环境会有普通的鸽子

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现成的物质丰富而且惩罚轻微的环境会有容易抢夺的鸽子

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具有固定奖励系统的环境会造就努力工作的鸽子

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那么我们怎么造就一只迷信的鸽子呢？

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答案很简单：

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随机奖励

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随机奖励简直就是万恶之源

\n

如果你打游戏，宝箱的固定掉率是一万刀出一个传奇武器，你可能都懒得去玩这么费工费时的游戏。

\n

但是如果把概率改为万分之一，也就是你可能一万刀才出奖励，也可能第一刀砍下去就马上爆出胜利果实。

\n

你就忽然沉迷了呢~

\n

这两个机制一对比，你就会发现游戏厂商为了让你沉迷游戏简直用心险恶。

\n

抽卡也是一样的道理，如果告诉你 6480 可以买一个角色，你可能都懒得抽，但是如果告诉你 64.8 就能抽到这个角色，你可能就会试一试，虽然这个概率调整为了百分之一，你要花的钱甚至比 6480 更多。

\n

这就是随机奖励的迷人之处。

\n

让我们把目光回到鸽子身上。

\n

同样是在斯金纳的实验室，这次他又折腾出了一个新点子：

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\"\"
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这次的实验对象是 8 只鸽子，为了实验效果，还特意饿了它们几天。

\n

通常来说，训练条件反射是根据动物的行为来给与奖励，也就是动物做出了实验者预期的行为，就会得到奖励。

\n

但是这次情况不同，这次每隔 15 秒喂食器就会自动掉下来食物，然后放这 8 只连续几天对这些鸽子在箱子里随处溜达，惊人的结果出现了，8 只鸽子里面有 6 只出现了迷信行为。

\n
斯金纳在报告中写道：“8 只鸽子中的6 只产生了非常明显的条件反射，两名观察者得到了完全一致的记录。一只鸽子形成了在箱子中逆时针转圈的条件反射，在距离下一次投食时转 2-3 圈；另一只反复将头撞向箱子上方的一个角落；第三只鸽子只显现出一种上述反应，把头放在一根看不见的杆下面并反复抬起。还有两只鸽子的头和身体呈现出一种类似摇摆的动作，它们头部前伸，并且从右向左大幅度摇摆，接着再慢慢地转过来，它们的身子也顺势移动，动作幅度过大时还会向前走几步。还有一只鸽子形成了不完整地啄击或轻触的条件反应，动作直冲地面但并不接触。”
\n

斯金纳把这些行为解释为迷信行为，因为鸽子试图尝试做这些无意义的行为来换取食物，当它们真的得到食物以后这种行为就会得到加强一直加强到它们笃信这些毫无意义的行为能够带来食物奖励。

\n

现在有点头绪了吧？

\n

发达城市才更容易诞生迷信行为，因为一些人因为顺应环境和时代获得了丰厚的奖励，而他们却选择把这一切归因于他们诚心拜 XX 的行为。

\n

对此我是有深刻感受的，以前一直觉得上海这样的大都市是开放进步文明讲科学的，直到我发现住了好几个小区都有每月定时烧香拜佛的本地人的时候感到相当震惊。

\n

就是那种直接每月两次在楼道里面烧纸，这在我们那个小城市都是很少见的行为，这边却非常常见。

\n

下面上点强度，供课后思考：

\n

假设自然界的某种动物，处于食物链中层的位置，现在它的世界出现树木和小草的扰动会有两种情况：

\n

1 草木扰动，无事发生

\n

2 草木扰动，捕食者出现

\n

在一个时间单位内，草的扰动以概率 f发生，树木的运动以概率 g发生，捕食者跟随事件的概率分别为p和q。

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此外，还有一个条件概率，即捕食者在没有任何草木扰动的情况下出现：概率为 r。

\n

现在我们大概知道草的扰动与捕食者出现的相关性要强于树木扰动与捕食者出现的相关性。

\n

如果树木的运动与捕食者的存在没有因果关系，我们有q=r。

\n

现在该动物有逃跑来躲开捕食者的选择（例如，跑下洞穴），但这是以成本c为代价的。

\n

同时，捕食者在附近时不采取行动意味着死亡风险，b（或相当于在捕食者存在时逃跑的好处），其中 b>c。

\n

最后，还要考虑听错的情况，比如把草的扰动听成树木的扰动，条件概率为 P（听到扰动 2|捕食者出现 1 发生）=a21，而概率为 a时，情况正好相反。

\n

然后该动物有四种可能的策略：

\n

（i）忽略草木扰动

\n

（ii）对草做出反应

\n

（iii）对树木做出反应

\n

（iv）对两者都做出反应

\n

建立一种数学模型，得出各种策略的生存概率如图：

\n
\"\"
\n

在最极端的情况，如果捕食者出现的概率与草木扰动 100%相关，那么对两种情况 100%不响应的动物死亡概率是 100%。

\n

由图可以看出，随着捕食者出现与草木扰动相关性的提高，该动物对草木扰动相应的策略就会提高生存概率。

\n

尤其是当草木扰动与捕食者出现的相关性大于 30%左右的时候，（ii）（iii）（iv）三种策略都会提高生存概率。

\n

当风吹草动与捕食者出现的关联性是 0 的时候，该动物有任何风吹草动马上就跑的行为是迷信行为。

\n

而一旦这个关联性变成了 30%以上，这种迷信行为就变成了一种行之有效的生存策略。

\n

但是我们学统计的时候可能会听过一个很重要的概念，关联性不等于因果性！！！

\n

当一个因果的先前事件不能完全预测后一个事件时，通常可以利用更多的信息，将先前的事件细分为有时是因果事件和一些从来不是因果事件的事件。有了更多的信息，人们可能会更进一步，细分前一组，依此类推。然而，每当行为者无法完全剖析出具有完全因果关系的先前事件时，就会出现一种情况，他们被迫对因果和非因果事件的总和做出反应，或者根本不做出反应，即基于P（较高层次的概率）而不是p和q（较低层次的概率）做出反应。

\n

因此，在某种程度上，事物之间的关联性可以被视为因果关系和非因果关系的集合体。

\n

由此，我们课后题最重要的结论得出来了：

\n

存在通过自然选择压力产生的迷信。

\n

我们可以套用“金银天然不是货币，但货币天然是金银”的说法：

\n

“迷信不产生自然选择，但是自然选择产生迷信”

\n

在人类中，由于推理和文化传播的潜力，对因果关系和相关反应的评估达到了最复杂的水平。沿着这些思路，Beck&Forstmeier（2007）最近认为，先前的经验（个人的“世界观”）将在很大程度上影响当前关系是否被认为是真或假。理性与文化之间的这种潜在相互作用在人类农业的曙光与在珠宝中使用绿色珠子的趋势相吻合的观察中显而易见。这可能表明，当农作物变得重要时，人们开始认为绿色图标会带来好运（Bar-Yosef Mayer & Porat 2008）。此外，替代医学具有很强的文化学习成分，似乎经常将无效药物与有效药物归为一类（f=\"https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rspb.2008.0981#bib1\">Astin 等人，1998 年）。（这句话禁止联想）

\n

由此我们就可以拼上整个拼图的最后一块：

\n

受传统文化影响的香港社会，如果推定本来迷信的人群跟内地一样，但是随着历史的“进城”，在这批迷信的人之中出现了大量的富豪，甚至是富甲一方级别的人。

\n

那么“求神拜佛”与“荣华富贵”的相关性就增强了（注意是相关性，非因果性）。

\n

这种情况下，会极大地影响其他人对迷信的看法。

\n

就像在刚才的举例当中，如果草木扰动和捕食者出现的相关性达到了 100%，那么显然原先被认为迷信的行为就会看起来提高了生存概率。

\n

原先看起来的迷信行为好像也确实提高了成为富豪的概率。

\n

以上~

\n

ref：迷信和迷信行为的演变 |英国皇家学会会刊 B：生物科学 (royalsocietypublishing.org)

\n
\n
\n\n\n
查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n\n\n\n", - "content": "
\"头图\"/
\n

这是一只普通鸽子：

\n
\"\"
\n

当普通鸽子想要努力多多搞到一些食物的时候：

\n

通常来说，它们会选择积极地早起捕猎，四处寻找掉落的果实等等手段。

\n

但是很快，居住在城市里的鸽子发现了更便捷的方法，比如：

\n

直接去人类手上抢一些现成的薯条:

\n
\"\"
\n

搞错了，再来：

\n
\"\"
\n

用抢的始终有被抓到驱赶的风险。

\n

于是聪明的鸽子学会了工作换吃的，比如打乒乓球：

\n
\"\"
\n

这是著名的行为学家斯金纳训练的鸽子，他通过食物奖励的方式训练两只鸽子打乒乓球，看得出来虽然有打假球的行为，但是鸽子还是知道努力打球（工作）就会有食物奖励。

\n

现在我们知道普通的环境会有普通的鸽子

\n

现成的物质丰富而且惩罚轻微的环境会有容易抢夺的鸽子

\n

具有固定奖励系统的环境会造就努力工作的鸽子

\n

那么我们怎么造就一只迷信的鸽子呢？

\n

答案很简单：

\n

随机奖励

\n

随机奖励简直就是万恶之源

\n

如果你打游戏，宝箱的固定掉率是一万刀出一个传奇武器，你可能都懒得去玩这么费工费时的游戏。

\n

但是如果把概率改为万分之一，也就是你可能一万刀才出奖励，也可能第一刀砍下去就马上爆出胜利果实。

\n

你就忽然沉迷了呢~

\n

这两个机制一对比，你就会发现游戏厂商为了让你沉迷游戏简直用心险恶。

\n

抽卡也是一样的道理，如果告诉你 6480 可以买一个角色，你可能都懒得抽，但是如果告诉你 64.8 就能抽到这个角色，你可能就会试一试，虽然这个概率调整为了百分之一，你要花的钱甚至比 6480 更多。

\n

这就是随机奖励的迷人之处。

\n

让我们把目光回到鸽子身上。

\n

同样是在斯金纳的实验室，这次他又折腾出了一个新点子：

\n
\"\"
\n

这次的实验对象是 8 只鸽子，为了实验效果，还特意饿了它们几天。

\n

通常来说，训练条件反射是根据动物的行为来给与奖励，也就是动物做出了实验者预期的行为，就会得到奖励。

\n

但是这次情况不同，这次每隔 15 秒喂食器就会自动掉下来食物，然后放这 8 只连续几天对这些鸽子在箱子里随处溜达，惊人的结果出现了，8 只鸽子里面有 6 只出现了迷信行为。

\n
斯金纳在报告中写道：“8 只鸽子中的6 只产生了非常明显的条件反射，两名观察者得到了完全一致的记录。一只鸽子形成了在箱子中逆时针转圈的条件反射，在距离下一次投食时转 2-3 圈；另一只反复将头撞向箱子上方的一个角落；第三只鸽子只显现出一种上述反应，把头放在一根看不见的杆下面并反复抬起。还有两只鸽子的头和身体呈现出一种类似摇摆的动作，它们头部前伸，并且从右向左大幅度摇摆，接着再慢慢地转过来，它们的身子也顺势移动，动作幅度过大时还会向前走几步。还有一只鸽子形成了不完整地啄击或轻触的条件反应，动作直冲地面但并不接触。”
\n

斯金纳把这些行为解释为迷信行为，因为鸽子试图尝试做这些无意义的行为来换取食物，当它们真的得到食物以后这种行为就会得到加强一直加强到它们笃信这些毫无意义的行为能够带来食物奖励。

\n

现在有点头绪了吧？

\n

发达城市才更容易诞生迷信行为，因为一些人因为顺应环境和时代获得了丰厚的奖励，而他们却选择把这一切归因于他们诚心拜 XX 的行为。

\n

对此我是有深刻感受的，以前一直觉得上海这样的大都市是开放进步文明讲科学的，直到我发现住了好几个小区都有每月定时烧香拜佛的本地人的时候感到相当震惊。

\n

就是那种直接每月两次在楼道里面烧纸，这在我们那个小城市都是很少见的行为，这边却非常常见。

\n

下面上点强度，供课后思考：

\n

假设自然界的某种动物，处于食物链中层的位置，现在它的世界出现树木和小草的扰动会有两种情况：

\n

1 草木扰动，无事发生

\n

2 草木扰动，捕食者出现

\n

在一个时间单位内，草的扰动以概率 f发生，树木的运动以概率 g发生，捕食者跟随事件的概率分别为p和q。

\n

此外，还有一个条件概率，即捕食者在没有任何草木扰动的情况下出现：概率为 r。

\n

现在我们大概知道草的扰动与捕食者出现的相关性要强于树木扰动与捕食者出现的相关性。

\n

如果树木的运动与捕食者的存在没有因果关系，我们有q=r。

\n

现在该动物有逃跑来躲开捕食者的选择（例如，跑下洞穴），但这是以成本c为代价的。

\n

同时，捕食者在附近时不采取行动意味着死亡风险，b（或相当于在捕食者存在时逃跑的好处），其中 b>c。

\n

最后，还要考虑听错的情况，比如把草的扰动听成树木的扰动，条件概率为 P（听到扰动 2|捕食者出现 1 发生）=a21，而概率为 a时，情况正好相反。

\n

然后该动物有四种可能的策略：

\n

（i）忽略草木扰动

\n

（ii）对草做出反应

\n

（iii）对树木做出反应

\n

（iv）对两者都做出反应

\n

建立一种数学模型，得出各种策略的生存概率如图：

\n
\"\"
\n

在最极端的情况，如果捕食者出现的概率与草木扰动 100%相关，那么对两种情况 100%不响应的动物死亡概率是 100%。

\n

由图可以看出，随着捕食者出现与草木扰动相关性的提高，该动物对草木扰动相应的策略就会提高生存概率。

\n

尤其是当草木扰动与捕食者出现的相关性大于 30%左右的时候，（ii）（iii）（iv）三种策略都会提高生存概率。

\n

当风吹草动与捕食者出现的关联性是 0 的时候，该动物有任何风吹草动马上就跑的行为是迷信行为。

\n

而一旦这个关联性变成了 30%以上，这种迷信行为就变成了一种行之有效的生存策略。

\n

但是我们学统计的时候可能会听过一个很重要的概念，关联性不等于因果性！！！

\n

当一个因果的先前事件不能完全预测后一个事件时，通常可以利用更多的信息，将先前的事件细分为有时是因果事件和一些从来不是因果事件的事件。有了更多的信息，人们可能会更进一步，细分前一组，依此类推。然而，每当行为者无法完全剖析出具有完全因果关系的先前事件时，就会出现一种情况，他们被迫对因果和非因果事件的总和做出反应，或者根本不做出反应，即基于P（较高层次的概率）而不是p和q（较低层次的概率）做出反应。

\n

因此，在某种程度上，事物之间的关联性可以被视为因果关系和非因果关系的集合体。

\n

由此，我们课后题最重要的结论得出来了：

\n

存在通过自然选择压力产生的迷信。

\n

我们可以套用“金银天然不是货币，但货币天然是金银”的说法：

\n

“迷信不产生自然选择，但是自然选择产生迷信”

\n

在人类中，由于推理和文化传播的潜力，对因果关系和相关反应的评估达到了最复杂的水平。沿着这些思路，Beck&Forstmeier（2007）最近认为，先前的经验（个人的“世界观”）将在很大程度上影响当前关系是否被认为是真或假。理性与文化之间的这种潜在相互作用在人类农业的曙光与在珠宝中使用绿色珠子的趋势相吻合的观察中显而易见。这可能表明，当农作物变得重要时，人们开始认为绿色图标会带来好运（Bar-Yosef Mayer & Porat 2008）。此外，替代医学具有很强的文化学习成分，似乎经常将无效药物与有效药物归为一类（f=\"https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rspb.2008.0981#bib1\">Astin 等人，1998 年）。（这句话禁止联想）

\n

由此我们就可以拼上整个拼图的最后一块：

\n

受传统文化影响的香港社会，如果推定本来迷信的人群跟内地一样，但是随着历史的“进城”，在这批迷信的人之中出现了大量的富豪，甚至是富甲一方级别的人。

\n

那么“求神拜佛”与“荣华富贵”的相关性就增强了（注意是相关性，非因果性）。

\n

这种情况下，会极大地影响其他人对迷信的看法。

\n

就像在刚才的举例当中，如果草木扰动和捕食者出现的相关性达到了 100%，那么显然原先被认为迷信的行为就会看起来提高了生存概率。

\n

原先看起来的迷信行为好像也确实提高了成为富豪的概率。

\n

以上~

\n

ref：迷信和迷信行为的演变 |英国皇家学会会刊 B：生物科学 (royalsocietypublishing.org)

\n
\n
\n\n\n
查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n\n\n\n", - "category": "", - "link": "https://daily.zhihu.com/story/9783513", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Tue, 26 Aug 2025 00:27:04 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "资讯", - "feed": "知乎", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "7e849efe7bb992f5c9433e8bc20f2aa5", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "如果珠穆朗玛峰矗立在平原中或者城市中是什么画面呢？", "description": "
\"头图\"/
\n

霓虹国就有一个现成的珠峰等比例模型：富士山。

\n

不妨说得更具体些，你在日本静冈县看到的富士山有多高，在中国东部平原地区看到的珠峰也就是这么高。

\n
\"\"
富士山脚下的静冈县夜景
\n

有人可能不服了：拉倒吧，富士山海拔不是才 3776 米吗？就这种矬子也配和 8848 米的地表第一高峰相提并论？你就继续尬吹吧，假如把这个高度的山峰丢进中国西部的莽莽群山之中，恐怕都很难再找着它……

\n
\"\"
喀喇昆仑山脉，中国新疆
\n

你说的也许没错，但这只是其中一部分事实。

\n

要是被问起珠峰的高度，大部分人脑海中都会蹦出一个中学地理考试必考并且还特好记的数字：8848 米。

\n

因为这个神奇的数字，很多人都严重高估了珠峰的实际高度。绝大多数人并没有真正到过珠峰脚下，特别是东部地区的朋友可能都没亲眼见过 3000 米级的高山，8848 米根本是个抽象的天文数字。至于照片嘛，都只是实物的微缩版，观者很难通过照片产生在现场的感受。

\n

而且这个高度也与我们对高度的基本认知严重错位。

\n

8848 米这个数字其实是从海平面开始计算的峰顶高度，并不是山脚到峰顶的相对高差。通常来说，人们感受一座山峰的高度都是观察这座山从山脚到山顶的相对高度，而不是那种很难用肉眼直接观察的海拔高度。

\n

用手机笔记画了说明图，比例不准确哈，见谅。

\n
\"\"
\n

珠峰坐落在平均海拔四五千米的青藏高原之上，如果实在想从平原和沿海城市仰望 8848.86 米的珠峰也不是不行，这就叫体育生把青藏高原这个底座也搬过来……

\n
\"\"
\n

我们最熟悉的珠峰视角其实是从珠峰北坡（中国西藏一侧）附近的珠峰大本营处观察到的。大本营海拔约为 5200 米，这里看到的珠峰高度只有 3648 米。如果从尼泊尔一侧的南坡算起高度还要更低，只有区区 3484 米。

\n
\"\"
珠峰北坡大本营的一块海拔标示碑
\n
\"\"
经典的珠峰北坡大本营视角（远）
\n
\"\"
经典的珠峰北坡大本营视角（近）
\n

由于珠峰所在的位置地势相当复杂，它的山脚到底在哪其实谁也说不准。因而珠峰峰顶相对地面的高度一直存在争议，不同的测量方法会得出不同的结论。我想还是以大家最熟悉的珠峰北坡一侧高度作为参考。

\n

假如真把珠峰放在中国东部城市，会是啥样的？

\n

北京市区海拔（40 米）其实和上海市（4 米）差不多，如果让体育生把整座珠峰抬到北京或上海附近，观感可能就是下图这样。PS：别抠细节，图片仅供娱乐……

\n
\"\"
珠峰落户山寨上海，图片由 Grok3 生成
\n
\"\"
珠峰落户低配北京，图片由 Grok3 生成
\n
\"\"
珠峰落户……这破地方我也不知道
\n

珠峰北坡的高度除了与富士山接近，也和土耳其国境线上的阿勒山（地形突起度 3611 米）差不多。顺便一提，这座山就是大洪水传说中诺亚方舟最后停泊的地方。

\n
\"\"
土耳其与亚美尼亚交界处的阿勒山
\n

富士山、珠峰与阿勒山看着已经挺震撼了吧？然而它们全都无法与接下来出场的这位重量级选手较量。

\n

它就是美国第一高峰（同时也是北美第一高峰），海拔 6193 米的麦金利山。这个数据放在中国西部想进前 200 名都够呛，但麦金利山可是从 600 多米的基底拔地而起的一座独立山峰，本体高度就有 5500 多米，周围没有任何高度与它接近的山峰，可谓是“一览众山小”。

\n
\"\"
来自麦金利山的压迫感
\n

如果只计算从基底到山顶的相对高度，它甚至可以被称为世界第一高峰。这个相对高度加上它的巨大山体，绝对是你肉眼所能见到的地表最雄伟山峰，没有之一。

\n
\"\"
北美最高峰：麦金利山
\n

如果将这货杵在纽约的天际线上，看起来会是这样：

\n
\"\"
纽约附近的麦金利山，图片由 Grok3 生成
\n

不知道这样的比较会不会让题主失望了……

\n
\n

经评论区细心网友 @felix47 指出，富士山脚下的日本静冈县海拔与海平面仍然存在数百米落差，因此静冈视角下的富士山与珠峰大本营视角下的珠峰北坡肉眼高度并不一致。这里找到了几张从富士山附近的骏河湾（海平面）眺望富士山的照片，大家可以感受一下……

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", @@ -8277,28 +8321,6 @@ "hash": "1189f681b3a409d6c3f0d7e40085e750", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "001FRONT - Pivotal role for head-of-state diplomacy", - "description": "

\n

President Xi Jinping has leveraged head-of-state diplomacy to advocate for the vision of building a community with a shared future for humanity, injecting the forces of peace, stability and progress into the changing and turbulent world, a senior diplomat said on Friday.

\n

The vision, put forward by Xi in 2013, has been translated into practice that involves multilateral engagement and features evolution from development to security and from cooperation to governance, Vice-Foreign Minister Ma Zhaoxu said at a news conference in Beijing on activities marking the 80th anniversary of the victory in the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression (1931-45) and the World Anti-Fascist War.

\n

"The vision breaks the 'small circles' rules of bloc politics and goes beyond the hegemonic logic of 'might makes right', providing a new approach to international relations and global governance," said Ma, adding that it transcends the so-called "universal values" unilaterally defined by a handful of Western countries.

\n

Noting that head-of-state diplomacy is the supreme form of diplomacy in China, Ma said that while engaging in in-depth strategic communication with world leaders, Xi has fostered friendly relations with the peoples of various countries, and elaborated on the principles of peaceful development, the path of win-win cooperation, and the strategy of global solidarity to address shared challenges.

\n

The vision of building a community with a shared future for humanity has become an international consensus, he added.

\n

While explaining why China commemorates its Victory Day, which falls on Sept 3, Ma said: "We aim to bear the history in mind, honor the martyrs, cherish peace and strive for a better future. We aim to uphold the correct perspective on World War II and gather strength to maintain peace."

\n

He said that this year also marks the 80th anniversary of Taiwan's recovery from Japanese occupation, a significant victorious outcome of World War II and an important part of the postwar international order.

\n

Attempting to use Taiwan as a means to contain China is akin to playing with fire and those who play with fire will ultimately get burned, he said.

\n

Ma emphasized that the international community's commitment to the one-China principle has become increasingly solid, and that the Chinese people's just cause of opposing "Taiwan independence" separatist activities and striving for complete national reunification has gained widespread understanding and support from the international community.

\n

Reunification unstoppable

\n

The Cairo Declaration, the Potsdam Proclamation and a series of other documents with the force of international law all affirmed China's sovereignty over Taiwan, Ma said, noting that the historical and legal facts that Taiwan belongs to China are indisputable.

\n

"I want to reiterate that the Taiwan question is purely an internal affair for China and brooks no external interference," Ma said, adding that China's ultimate and inevitable reunification is unstoppable.

\n

At Friday's news conference, Ma also called for strengthening, not weakening, the role of the United Nations, saying that reforms are needed to help the world body tackle global challenges.

\n

"Recent years have repeatedly reminded us through major crises that the UN's role must be strengthened, not diminished. Its status must be upheld, not replaced," Ma said.

\n

He stated that the UN's effectiveness depends on member states upholding the UN Charter and observing international law and the basic norms governing international relations.

\n

Ma added that reforms are needed to help the organization better respond to global challenges, especially by boosting the representation and voice of developing countries in international affairs.

\n

"For eight decades, the UN has carried the aspirations of people around the world for peace and development, and remains the most universal, authoritative and representative intergovernmental organization," Ma said.

\n

He noted that despite advances in human civilization, the UN Charter's vision remains far from being fulfilled, particularly undermined by individual countries' unilateralism, wanton withdrawals from treaties and organizations, and the selective use of the UN.

\n

Such practices, he said, have seriously undermined the international order.

\n

Ma said that China has taken the lead in practicing true multilateralism and firmly supports the UN in playing a central role in international affairs.

\n

"As the UN enters its next 80 years, China is ready to work with all parties to strengthen the UN's role and build a more just and equitable system of global governance," he added.

\n

On China-US relations, Ma said that since the beginning of this year, President Xi has had two phone conversations and multiple correspondence with US President Donald Trump, steering the direction of the bilateral ties.

\n

Attempts to pressure or coerce China are unworkable and bound to fail, and efforts to contain China's development and impede the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation are destined to end in failure, he said.

\n

"We are willing to work with the US to move in the same direction to implement the important consensus reached by the two heads of state, maintain communication, manage differences, expand cooperation and continue to explore the right way for the two countries to get along with each other in the new era," he said.

\n

", - "content": "

\n

President Xi Jinping has leveraged head-of-state diplomacy to advocate for the vision of building a community with a shared future for humanity, injecting the forces of peace, stability and progress into the changing and turbulent world, a senior diplomat said on Friday.

\n

The vision, put forward by Xi in 2013, has been translated into practice that involves multilateral engagement and features evolution from development to security and from cooperation to governance, Vice-Foreign Minister Ma Zhaoxu said at a news conference in Beijing on activities marking the 80th anniversary of the victory in the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression (1931-45) and the World Anti-Fascist War.

\n

"The vision breaks the 'small circles' rules of bloc politics and goes beyond the hegemonic logic of 'might makes right', providing a new approach to international relations and global governance," said Ma, adding that it transcends the so-called "universal values" unilaterally defined by a handful of Western countries.

\n

Noting that head-of-state diplomacy is the supreme form of diplomacy in China, Ma said that while engaging in in-depth strategic communication with world leaders, Xi has fostered friendly relations with the peoples of various countries, and elaborated on the principles of peaceful development, the path of win-win cooperation, and the strategy of global solidarity to address shared challenges.

\n

The vision of building a community with a shared future for humanity has become an international consensus, he added.

\n

While explaining why China commemorates its Victory Day, which falls on Sept 3, Ma said: "We aim to bear the history in mind, honor the martyrs, cherish peace and strive for a better future. We aim to uphold the correct perspective on World War II and gather strength to maintain peace."

\n

He said that this year also marks the 80th anniversary of Taiwan's recovery from Japanese occupation, a significant victorious outcome of World War II and an important part of the postwar international order.

\n

Attempting to use Taiwan as a means to contain China is akin to playing with fire and those who play with fire will ultimately get burned, he said.

\n

Ma emphasized that the international community's commitment to the one-China principle has become increasingly solid, and that the Chinese people's just cause of opposing "Taiwan independence" separatist activities and striving for complete national reunification has gained widespread understanding and support from the international community.

\n

Reunification unstoppable

\n

The Cairo Declaration, the Potsdam Proclamation and a series of other documents with the force of international law all affirmed China's sovereignty over Taiwan, Ma said, noting that the historical and legal facts that Taiwan belongs to China are indisputable.

\n

"I want to reiterate that the Taiwan question is purely an internal affair for China and brooks no external interference," Ma said, adding that China's ultimate and inevitable reunification is unstoppable.

\n

At Friday's news conference, Ma also called for strengthening, not weakening, the role of the United Nations, saying that reforms are needed to help the world body tackle global challenges.

\n

"Recent years have repeatedly reminded us through major crises that the UN's role must be strengthened, not diminished. Its status must be upheld, not replaced," Ma said.

\n

He stated that the UN's effectiveness depends on member states upholding the UN Charter and observing international law and the basic norms governing international relations.

\n

Ma added that reforms are needed to help the organization better respond to global challenges, especially by boosting the representation and voice of developing countries in international affairs.

\n

"For eight decades, the UN has carried the aspirations of people around the world for peace and development, and remains the most universal, authoritative and representative intergovernmental organization," Ma said.

\n

He noted that despite advances in human civilization, the UN Charter's vision remains far from being fulfilled, particularly undermined by individual countries' unilateralism, wanton withdrawals from treaties and organizations, and the selective use of the UN.

\n

Such practices, he said, have seriously undermined the international order.

\n

Ma said that China has taken the lead in practicing true multilateralism and firmly supports the UN in playing a central role in international affairs.

\n

"As the UN enters its next 80 years, China is ready to work with all parties to strengthen the UN's role and build a more just and equitable system of global governance," he added.

\n

On China-US relations, Ma said that since the beginning of this year, President Xi has had two phone conversations and multiple correspondence with US President Donald Trump, steering the direction of the bilateral ties.

\n

Attempts to pressure or coerce China are unworkable and bound to fail, and efforts to contain China's development and impede the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation are destined to end in failure, he said.

\n

"We are willing to work with the US to move in the same direction to implement the important consensus reached by the two heads of state, maintain communication, manage differences, expand cooperation and continue to explore the right way for the two countries to get along with each other in the new era," he said.

\n

", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-08/30/content_001_68b21f82ed50ccabe1518713.htm#001FRONT", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Sat, 30 Aug 2025 00:21:04 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "a659a65290a837a8136a85ef02b2d095", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "005BUSINESS - Significant shale gas discovery certified", "description": "

China has certified a significant addition to its shale gas reserves with the official recognition of a shale gas field in the Jianghan oilfield recently, marking the emergence of another large-scale shale gas resource for the world's second-largest economy amid the trend of steady growth in domestic energy supply.

\n

China Petroleum & Chemical Corp (Sinopec), the world's largest refiner, announced earlier the discovery of more than 165 billion cubic meters of proven shale gas reserves in a field located at the junction of Hubei province in Central China and Southwest China's Chongqing municipality.

\n

The geological structure of the shale gas reserves, found at depths between 3,300 and 5,500 meters, is complex with significant challenges in exploration and development. With technological innovation, the shale gas field has achieved a single-well test production volume of 323,500 cubic meters per day, up from an initial 89,000 cubic meters per day, it said.

\n

Industry experts believe China's energy self-sufficiency is increasingly reliant on domestic oil and gas production, fueled by advancements in exploration and production technologies. This has bolstered the energy resilience of the world's second-largest economy.

\n

With sustained investment in both conventional and unconventional energy sources, Chinese oil and gas firms are aggressively pursuing exploration and development to expand reserves and improve efficiency, said Lu Ruquan, head of the China National Petroleum Corp Economics and Technology Research Institute.

\n

The three major players of China's oil and gas industry: China National Petroleum Corp, China National Offshore Oil Corp and Sinopec, have been stepping up investment in exploration and development in recent years, leading to significant discoveries across various oil and gas fields, he said.

\n

These efforts demonstrably reduced China's reliance on crude oil imports in 2024. The nation's oil and gas sector displayed considerable strength last year, utilizing advanced technologies to ramp up domestic production and lessen dependence on foreign sources, said Lu.

\n

Figures released by the institute reveal that China's total oil and gas output surpassed 400 million metric tons of oil equivalent last year, while total power generation exceeded 10 trillion kilowatt-hours, marking a 5.7 percent increase over the previous year.

\n

Currently, Sinopec has established one shale gas field with reserves above 1 trillion cubic meters, namely the Fuling shale gas field in Chongqing, and four smaller and deep shale gas fields each with reserves exceeding 100 billion cubic meters, including the Hongxing field.

\n

zhengxin@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", @@ -8321,28 +8343,6 @@ "hash": "f17acab54b3c1c0d0c6e08636ab9f743", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "007ADVERTORIAL - BOC working to boost global power of renminbi", - "description": "

The booth of Bank of China at the third China International Supply Chain Expo.

\n

A staff member from Bank of China's Chongqing Shapingba branch handles cross-border financial services for a customer.

\n

Bank of China Tower is a landmark building in Hong Kong.

\n

The Head Office Tower of BOC is located in Beijing's Xicheng district.

\n

A staff member from BOC showcases the way to use an e-CNY self-service vending machine during an exhibition held in Beijing in 2024.

\n

According to the latest semi-annual report released by Bank of China on Friday, the group achieved an operating income of 329.4 billion yuan ($46.2 billion), representing a year-on-year increase of 3.61 percent. Net fee income grew by 9.17 percent year-on-year, while after-tax profit reached 126.1 billion yuan. After-tax profit attributable to the bank's shareholders amounted to 117.6 billion yuan.

\n

The bank's assets and liabilities showed steady growth. Total assets reached 36.79 trillion yuan, an increase of 4.93 percent compared to the end of the previous year. The proportion of high-yield assets, such as loans and bond investments, increased by 2.32 percentage points. Total liabilities amounted to 33.66 trillion yuan, up 4.85 percent from the end of the previous year. The data released also indicate an improvement in the competitiveness of average daily renminbi deposits in the domestic market.

\n

The internationalization of the RMB, as a key part of the opening-up of China's financial industry, can also benefit the nation's dual-cycle development pattern, which takes the domestic market as the mainstay while allowing domestic and international markets to reinforce each other. As a Chinese commercial bank with a high degree of globalization, BOC, leveraging its century of cross-border financial experience and comprehensive cross-border RMB clearing network, said it will continue to contribute to RMB internationalization and serve China's diplomacy, economy and trade.

\n

Cross-border network

\n

Since establishing its first overseas institution, the London Office, in 1929, BOC has been developing globally. Currently, the bank's overseas institutions cover 64 countries and regions across six continents, including 45 countries involved in the Belt and Road Initiative. Leveraging its service outlets in key global regions, BOC bridges cross-border exchanges and economic cooperation.

\n

RMB clearing banks are a significant institutional arrangement to assist the international use of the RMB. Since being appointed as the world's first RMB clearing bank in 2003, BOC has been developing cross-border RMB clearing channels to expand use of the RMB in foreign trade and investment. Currently, the People's Bank of China — the nation's central bank — has authorized 34 RMB clearing banks in 32 countries and regions. BOC operates 16 of these, including all three clearing banks in Africa.

\n

As the internationalization of the RMB accelerates, the demand for its cross-border payment and settlement continues to grow. The Cross-Border Interbank Payment System, as a critical financial infrastructure, is gradually becoming the main channel.

\n

BOC is involved in the construction of the CIPS system. As of 2024, 44 BOC institutions have joined the CIPS as direct participants, while also acting as agents for nearly 700 banking financial institutions worldwide.

\n

Currently, more than 70 percent of global offshore RMB payments are settled in Hong Kong, with the majority processed through the Real Time Gross Settlement in Hong Kong. As Hong Kong's sole RMB business clearing bank and the settlement institution for this system, BOC keeps on promoting such advantages in RMB settlement and clearing. In 2024, BOC's RMB settlement volume in Hong Kong increased by 5.3 times year-on-year.

\n

By strengthening the regional headquarters functions of BOC (Hong Kong), BOC has enhanced its operations in Southeast Asian countries. To date, BOC serves as the RMB clearing bank for Malaysia, the Philippines and Cambodia, while its Vientiane branch has been approved by the Lao central bank to become the first digital RMB clearing bank. Additionally, as a key partner of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region government, BOC is a major force in promoting the development of Hong Kong's real economy.

\n

Data show that in 2024, BOC handled a total of 1,313.83 trillion yuan in cross-border RMB clearing business, a year-on-year increase of 40 percent. BOC has been repeatedly awarded the "Best RMB Clearing Bank in the Asia-Pacific Region" by The Asian Banker magazine.

\n

Offshore RMB market

\n

The offshore RMB market is a key part of RMB internationalization. BOC promotes the use of RMB for commodity settlement, supports foreign trade enterprises in expanding the cross-border use of the RMB, enhances the RMB's function as an investment and financing currency and expands cross-border RMB application scenarios.

\n

As the world's third-largest copper-producing region, the copper belt spanning the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zambia has become a gathering place for projects involved in the BRI. To aid exchanges in the region, BOC opened RMB accounts for enterprises there and reviewed processes such as customs clearance, tax reporting and international payments to address practical issues encountered in RMB-denominated settlement.

\n

This aided the enterprises' RMB-denominated copper product sales transactions with Chinese importers. After receiving the RMB payment, the enterprises can use part of the funds through the BOC Zambia branch to procure equipment from China. This has effectively helped the cyclic use of RMB involving settlement, utilization and repatriation.

\n

In Malaysia, BOC adheres to achieving cross-border financial connectivity through the integration of technology, demand and application scenarios. In September 2024, BOC provided a clearing solution for Central Bank of Malaysia, the Bank Negara Malaysia, which has assisted the collaboration between PayNet (a clearing institution run by the Bank Negara Malaysia) and WeChat QR code payments. After that, BOC was appointed as the sole cross-border settlement bank in Malaysia. By the end of March, the average daily transaction volume had reached 12,600, representing a 5.97-fold increase since its launch.

\n

In supporting the BRI, BOC promotes the use of RMB in financing large-scale infrastructure projects and bilateral trade, providing RMB financing support for numerous landmark cooperative projects. Meanwhile, the bank advocates for RMB-denominated pricing and settlement in commodity trading, achieving breakthroughs in transactions involving iron ore, pulp and other bulk commodities.

\n

E-CNY business

\n

Currently, the e-CNY, or digital yuan, is attracting global attention. Unrestricted by geographical limitations, it holds distinct advantages in the field of cross-border payments.

\n

Since late 2017, BOC has been involved in the research and development of the e-CNY, with various business indicators ranked among the leading level in the industry. In 2020, assigned by the People's Bank of China and the Hong Kong Monetary Authority, BOC took the lead in launching e-CNY initiatives in Hong Kong. Currently, more than 1,000 retail outlets accept e-CNY payments.

\n

Initiatives like mBridge — a cross-border payment project involving the Chinese mainland, the Hong Kong SAR, Thailand and the United Arab Emirates — are testing the e-CNY for international trade. BOC has participated in the mBridge project since 2022. At present, BOC's head office in Beijing, all domestic branches, BOC (Hong Kong), its subsidiary in Thailand and the Abu Dhabi branch are involved in the project. Since the project's inception, BOC has led in various dimensions such as transaction volume and value, and has provided liquidity support for multiple participating banks within the mBridge system.

\n

"Taking the mBridge as an example, the introduction of central bank digital currency for clearing has streamlined cross-border remittance paths, reduced processing time and costs associated with intermediary banks and lowered clearing risks, thereby enhancing the efficiency of cross-border RMB payments," said a BOC representative.

\n

"From our practice, digital currency has become a hot spot in cooperation between China and other countries, creating new opportunities for RMB internationalization," said a BOC manager.

\n

RMB internationalization is a long-term and complex process, presenting both new challenges and rare development opportunities. As a pioneer in the global expansion of Chinese finance, BOC said it will consolidate the group's global resources, and give full play to its globalization advantages and its role as the main channel for cross-border RMB business expansion, in a bid to promote the development of the offshore RMB market and support the dual-cycle development pattern.

\n

", - "content": "

The booth of Bank of China at the third China International Supply Chain Expo.

\n

A staff member from Bank of China's Chongqing Shapingba branch handles cross-border financial services for a customer.

\n

Bank of China Tower is a landmark building in Hong Kong.

\n

The Head Office Tower of BOC is located in Beijing's Xicheng district.

\n

A staff member from BOC showcases the way to use an e-CNY self-service vending machine during an exhibition held in Beijing in 2024.

\n

According to the latest semi-annual report released by Bank of China on Friday, the group achieved an operating income of 329.4 billion yuan ($46.2 billion), representing a year-on-year increase of 3.61 percent. Net fee income grew by 9.17 percent year-on-year, while after-tax profit reached 126.1 billion yuan. After-tax profit attributable to the bank's shareholders amounted to 117.6 billion yuan.

\n

The bank's assets and liabilities showed steady growth. Total assets reached 36.79 trillion yuan, an increase of 4.93 percent compared to the end of the previous year. The proportion of high-yield assets, such as loans and bond investments, increased by 2.32 percentage points. Total liabilities amounted to 33.66 trillion yuan, up 4.85 percent from the end of the previous year. The data released also indicate an improvement in the competitiveness of average daily renminbi deposits in the domestic market.

\n

The internationalization of the RMB, as a key part of the opening-up of China's financial industry, can also benefit the nation's dual-cycle development pattern, which takes the domestic market as the mainstay while allowing domestic and international markets to reinforce each other. As a Chinese commercial bank with a high degree of globalization, BOC, leveraging its century of cross-border financial experience and comprehensive cross-border RMB clearing network, said it will continue to contribute to RMB internationalization and serve China's diplomacy, economy and trade.

\n

Cross-border network

\n

Since establishing its first overseas institution, the London Office, in 1929, BOC has been developing globally. Currently, the bank's overseas institutions cover 64 countries and regions across six continents, including 45 countries involved in the Belt and Road Initiative. Leveraging its service outlets in key global regions, BOC bridges cross-border exchanges and economic cooperation.

\n

RMB clearing banks are a significant institutional arrangement to assist the international use of the RMB. Since being appointed as the world's first RMB clearing bank in 2003, BOC has been developing cross-border RMB clearing channels to expand use of the RMB in foreign trade and investment. Currently, the People's Bank of China — the nation's central bank — has authorized 34 RMB clearing banks in 32 countries and regions. BOC operates 16 of these, including all three clearing banks in Africa.

\n

As the internationalization of the RMB accelerates, the demand for its cross-border payment and settlement continues to grow. The Cross-Border Interbank Payment System, as a critical financial infrastructure, is gradually becoming the main channel.

\n

BOC is involved in the construction of the CIPS system. As of 2024, 44 BOC institutions have joined the CIPS as direct participants, while also acting as agents for nearly 700 banking financial institutions worldwide.

\n

Currently, more than 70 percent of global offshore RMB payments are settled in Hong Kong, with the majority processed through the Real Time Gross Settlement in Hong Kong. As Hong Kong's sole RMB business clearing bank and the settlement institution for this system, BOC keeps on promoting such advantages in RMB settlement and clearing. In 2024, BOC's RMB settlement volume in Hong Kong increased by 5.3 times year-on-year.

\n

By strengthening the regional headquarters functions of BOC (Hong Kong), BOC has enhanced its operations in Southeast Asian countries. To date, BOC serves as the RMB clearing bank for Malaysia, the Philippines and Cambodia, while its Vientiane branch has been approved by the Lao central bank to become the first digital RMB clearing bank. Additionally, as a key partner of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region government, BOC is a major force in promoting the development of Hong Kong's real economy.

\n

Data show that in 2024, BOC handled a total of 1,313.83 trillion yuan in cross-border RMB clearing business, a year-on-year increase of 40 percent. BOC has been repeatedly awarded the "Best RMB Clearing Bank in the Asia-Pacific Region" by The Asian Banker magazine.

\n

Offshore RMB market

\n

The offshore RMB market is a key part of RMB internationalization. BOC promotes the use of RMB for commodity settlement, supports foreign trade enterprises in expanding the cross-border use of the RMB, enhances the RMB's function as an investment and financing currency and expands cross-border RMB application scenarios.

\n

As the world's third-largest copper-producing region, the copper belt spanning the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zambia has become a gathering place for projects involved in the BRI. To aid exchanges in the region, BOC opened RMB accounts for enterprises there and reviewed processes such as customs clearance, tax reporting and international payments to address practical issues encountered in RMB-denominated settlement.

\n

This aided the enterprises' RMB-denominated copper product sales transactions with Chinese importers. After receiving the RMB payment, the enterprises can use part of the funds through the BOC Zambia branch to procure equipment from China. This has effectively helped the cyclic use of RMB involving settlement, utilization and repatriation.

\n

In Malaysia, BOC adheres to achieving cross-border financial connectivity through the integration of technology, demand and application scenarios. In September 2024, BOC provided a clearing solution for Central Bank of Malaysia, the Bank Negara Malaysia, which has assisted the collaboration between PayNet (a clearing institution run by the Bank Negara Malaysia) and WeChat QR code payments. After that, BOC was appointed as the sole cross-border settlement bank in Malaysia. By the end of March, the average daily transaction volume had reached 12,600, representing a 5.97-fold increase since its launch.

\n

In supporting the BRI, BOC promotes the use of RMB in financing large-scale infrastructure projects and bilateral trade, providing RMB financing support for numerous landmark cooperative projects. Meanwhile, the bank advocates for RMB-denominated pricing and settlement in commodity trading, achieving breakthroughs in transactions involving iron ore, pulp and other bulk commodities.

\n

E-CNY business

\n

Currently, the e-CNY, or digital yuan, is attracting global attention. Unrestricted by geographical limitations, it holds distinct advantages in the field of cross-border payments.

\n

Since late 2017, BOC has been involved in the research and development of the e-CNY, with various business indicators ranked among the leading level in the industry. In 2020, assigned by the People's Bank of China and the Hong Kong Monetary Authority, BOC took the lead in launching e-CNY initiatives in Hong Kong. Currently, more than 1,000 retail outlets accept e-CNY payments.

\n

Initiatives like mBridge — a cross-border payment project involving the Chinese mainland, the Hong Kong SAR, Thailand and the United Arab Emirates — are testing the e-CNY for international trade. BOC has participated in the mBridge project since 2022. At present, BOC's head office in Beijing, all domestic branches, BOC (Hong Kong), its subsidiary in Thailand and the Abu Dhabi branch are involved in the project. Since the project's inception, BOC has led in various dimensions such as transaction volume and value, and has provided liquidity support for multiple participating banks within the mBridge system.

\n

"Taking the mBridge as an example, the introduction of central bank digital currency for clearing has streamlined cross-border remittance paths, reduced processing time and costs associated with intermediary banks and lowered clearing risks, thereby enhancing the efficiency of cross-border RMB payments," said a BOC representative.

\n

"From our practice, digital currency has become a hot spot in cooperation between China and other countries, creating new opportunities for RMB internationalization," said a BOC manager.

\n

RMB internationalization is a long-term and complex process, presenting both new challenges and rare development opportunities. As a pioneer in the global expansion of Chinese finance, BOC said it will consolidate the group's global resources, and give full play to its globalization advantages and its role as the main channel for cross-border RMB business expansion, in a bid to promote the development of the offshore RMB market and support the dual-cycle development pattern.

\n

", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-08/30/content_007_68b21ff5ed50ccabe151872f.htm#007ADVERTORIAL", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Sat, 30 Aug 2025 00:21:04 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "a519ff3f251ebea071799159928cd2cf", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "012LIFE - Industrial setting proves to be 'en pointe'", "description": "

Ballet dancers perform at the Shenyang Imperial Palace Museum in Shenyang, Northeast China's Liaoning province, to celebrate the Liaoning (Shenyang) Ballet Competition held between Aug 8 and 14.

\n

In front of the grand Dazheng Hall at the Shenyang Imperial Palace Museum, a ballerina is lifted by her dance partner.

\n

Led by dancers from the Liaoning Ballet, residents and tourists put their ballet skills to the test at a cultural and creative park in Shenyang.

\n

Ballet dancers performing during the award ceremony. The competition gathered more than 400 participants from over 10 countries and regions.

\n

Dancers from the Liaoning Ballet perform the original production Qi Xi, based on the well-known Chinese love story of the cowherd and the weaver girl.

\n

Students take a ballet course at the Liaoning Ballet Dance School in Shenyang.

\n

At the award ceremony at the Liaoning Grand Theatre on Aug 14, dancers from the Liaoning Ballet go through their paces.

\n

Amid the rhythmic hum of machinery at a heavy-industry manufacturing site, an elegant art form has taken root and flourished.

\n

In a striking juxtaposition of industrial might and artistic elegance, Shenyang, Liaoning province, has emerged as an unexpected powerhouse in the world of ballet.

\n

From Aug 8 to 14, the Liaoning (Shenyang) Ballet Competition brought together more than 400 participants from over 10 countries and regions to the Liaoning Grand Theatre for a competition, with a jury of 20 masters of the world stage.

\n

The event transformed the city into a ballet hub, with participants from countries including the United States, Russia, France and Italy converging on the Shenyang stage.

\n

Leading soloist Dias Kurmangazy from the Astana Opera, who won Best Performance, notes that the competition was well organized and offered an invaluable experience.

\n

"Our fellow competitors performed with great skill, but we too gave our all, our energy, artistry and mastery, to represent our country and theater with dignity. Such competitions always bring immense emotions," Kurmangazy says.

\n

Beyond the international spectacle lies a deeper story: Ballet has been quietly thriving in this industrial city for more than four decades, with the Liaoning Ballet established in 1980.

\n

While maintaining classical productions like Swan Lake, Sleeping Beauty and Don Quixote, it has also developed distinctive Chinese ballet brands by producing original Chinese-themed ballets that blend Western techniques with Eastern storytelling, like the modern ballet The Last Emperor.

\n

During the competition, dancers with the Liaoning Ballet performed at various Shenyang landmarks, such as the Shenyang Imperial Palace Museum, Liaoning Grand Theatre and the bank of the Hunhe River.

\n

Each collision of elegant movement with urban architecture presented the world with a business card rich in historical depth and artistic poetry.

\n

As the competition demonstrated, the industrial city has become a place where tradition and innovation dance together — where steel and en pointe shoes coexist in harmonious rhythm, creating a new cultural narrative for the country's northeastern region.

\n

Serving as a judge at the competition, Austrian ballet dancer and choreographer Vladimir Malakhov speaks highly of the event.

\n

"It is becoming a platform for the exchange of global ballet art, and I am very pleased to witness the prosperous development of ballet here," he says. Widely recognized as an iconic figure in contemporary dance, Malakhov was appointed as the first non-Chinese dean of the ballet department at the Beijing Dance Academy last year.

\n

", @@ -8365,28 +8365,6 @@ "hash": "15abc589d8362dacd034dd59650e8c18", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "005CHINA - Rural Chongqing's 'Stephen Hawking' blazes a trail for smart agriculture", - "description": "
\n

Li Xia manages real-time operations on his farm using a suspended computer screen while lying in bed on Feb 10.

\n

In the picturesque outskirts of northwestern Chongqing, 36-year-old Li Xia, despite grappling with a rare congenital ailment that left him with just a single movable finger and toe, has become a renowned farm owner who runs a smart home farm and is leading fellow villagers toward embracing artificial intelligence.

\n

Self-taught in agricultural internet of things technology, Li is dubbed the "Stephen Hawking of rural Chongqing".

\n

Famed British scientist Hawking (1942-2018) battled ALS throughout his life while making groundbreaking contributions in theoretical physics and cosmology.

\n

Li was diagnosed in childhood with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, a rare genetic neuromuscular disorder. While different from ALS, both conditions can cause muscle weakness and atrophy, sometimes leading to death from complete muscular paralysis. At 32, Li underwent a tracheostomy, as Hawking had. But in a more severe turn, Li's respiratory muscles were impaired, and he has since relied on a ventilator to breathe.

\n

"I never thought I could make it past 30, given that many of my fellow patients died around 20. So now I just want to make the rest of my days count," Li said. After every few sentences, the ventilator prompts him to inhale, causing fluctuations in his voice.

\n

In June, a fresh batch of hydroponically grown celery from his farm — about 5,000 kilograms in total — sold out within a week, bringing in revenue of about 10,000 yuan ($1,400). Another batch has since begun sprouting and is expected to go on sale in mid-September.

\n

Since Li's first crop entered the market in March, after more than three years of experimentation, his farm has attracted wide public attention.

\n

Chongqing Yuchen Farm, located in Shiping village, Mu'er township of Chongqing's Yubei district, specializes in hydroponic vegetable cultivation — a farming method that allows plant growth without soil. The farm now has four greenhouses covering 0.17 hectare.

\n

Inside the greenhouses, automatic shade canopies more than 3 meters high regulate light, while fans circulate air around the celery. Nutrient solution is pumped through pipelines into the hydroponic beds to nourish the plants. In the seedling room, 12 grow lights flicker on simultaneously as more than 30,000 seeds sprout.

\n

From the farm's control room — a converted shipping container — Li manages real-time operations while lying in bed, tubes and ventilator equipment beside him. Using his left index finger to control the mouse and his right index toe to click, he monitors 10 systems displayed on a suspended computer screen.

\n

Meanwhile, his 61-year-old mother, Wu Meidi, walks from greenhouse to greenhouse checking on the crops.

\n

"My son is the brain of the farm, and I am his hands and feet," Wu said.

\n

In addition to caring for Li, Wu handles the farm's daily work — acting as an electrician, planter, machinery technician and crop health manager — all under her son's guidance via video call.

\n

Li's path to science was unusual. He lost the ability to walk and dropped out of school at age 11. But when he borrowed physics textbooks from a neighbor, he became fascinated with electronic mechanics. He taught himself physics and programming using digital technology company Arduino's software and ordered chips online to conduct experiments.

\n

Despite physical challenges and financial hardship, Li stayed optimistic. By working part-time online, he bought his first electric wheelchair at 18, later modifying it for better performance. He also enjoyed traveling with friends and family.

\n

His explorations ended in 2020 when his health declined. His motor functions deteriorated to the point that he only had one functional finger and toe. After undergoing a tracheostomy, his body was tethered to tubes and ventilator support, and he temporarily lost the ability to speak.

\n

Following more than a year of recovery, Li stabilized and returned to his scientific pursuits. Drawing on his programming and IoT skills, he developed an automated irrigation system for his balcony. At 33, he founded Chongqing Yuchen Farm with his mother's support.

\n

After abandoning an early attempt at growing water spinach, Li and Wu succeeded with another variety of spinach, cucumber, Chinese flowering cabbage, lettuce and celery.

\n

"Green, organic, hydroponically grown vegetables offer richer nutrition and a fresher taste compared to soil-grown varieties, making them popular in high-end supermarkets," Li said.

\n

Last summer, he decided to focus on celery, a high-demand vegetable in Chongqing. With its popularity in salads, celery can sell for at least twice the price of soil-grown produce. By the beginning of this year, the farm began turning a profit from the small scale cultivation of celery.

\n

Li's success has drawn support from fellow villagers and local officials, who have offered funding, technology, manpower and marketing help.

\n

"Everyone admires Li," said Ni Jie, the Shiping village chief. "He has introduced smart agriculture to our traditional community, showcasing new technologies and creating jobs."

\n

The local government is considering expanding Li's farm and upgrading nearby facilities to align with his plans.

\n

Li also shares his expertise online, posting practical hydroponics tips on video platform Bilibili, where he has nearly 10,000 followers and more than 13,000 likes. He never talks about his illness in his posts, choosing instead to focus on helping others.

\n

Recently, he was nominated for the Good Samaritan of Chongqing prize for his accomplishments.

\n

Li also advocates for people with rare diseases.

\n

"I hope the public can get to know more about rare diseases," he said. "I've suggested the government include more prescribed medications for rare diseases in medical insurance coverage."

\n

The World Health Organization defines rare diseases as those affecting between 0.65 and 1 per 1,000 people.

\n

More than 300 million people globally are estimated to live with such conditions.

\n

An observation report on rare diseases in China, jointly released on Feb 27 by consultancy firm Frost & Sullivan and the Illness Challenge Foundation, said only about 5 percent of rare diseases worldwide have effective treatment options, and many of the available drugs are prohibitively expensive.

\n

According to the report, China has over 20 million patients with rare diseases.

\n

Contact the writers at dengrui@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", - "content": "
\n

Li Xia manages real-time operations on his farm using a suspended computer screen while lying in bed on Feb 10.

\n

In the picturesque outskirts of northwestern Chongqing, 36-year-old Li Xia, despite grappling with a rare congenital ailment that left him with just a single movable finger and toe, has become a renowned farm owner who runs a smart home farm and is leading fellow villagers toward embracing artificial intelligence.

\n

Self-taught in agricultural internet of things technology, Li is dubbed the "Stephen Hawking of rural Chongqing".

\n

Famed British scientist Hawking (1942-2018) battled ALS throughout his life while making groundbreaking contributions in theoretical physics and cosmology.

\n

Li was diagnosed in childhood with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, a rare genetic neuromuscular disorder. While different from ALS, both conditions can cause muscle weakness and atrophy, sometimes leading to death from complete muscular paralysis. At 32, Li underwent a tracheostomy, as Hawking had. But in a more severe turn, Li's respiratory muscles were impaired, and he has since relied on a ventilator to breathe.

\n

"I never thought I could make it past 30, given that many of my fellow patients died around 20. So now I just want to make the rest of my days count," Li said. After every few sentences, the ventilator prompts him to inhale, causing fluctuations in his voice.

\n

In June, a fresh batch of hydroponically grown celery from his farm — about 5,000 kilograms in total — sold out within a week, bringing in revenue of about 10,000 yuan ($1,400). Another batch has since begun sprouting and is expected to go on sale in mid-September.

\n

Since Li's first crop entered the market in March, after more than three years of experimentation, his farm has attracted wide public attention.

\n

Chongqing Yuchen Farm, located in Shiping village, Mu'er township of Chongqing's Yubei district, specializes in hydroponic vegetable cultivation — a farming method that allows plant growth without soil. The farm now has four greenhouses covering 0.17 hectare.

\n

Inside the greenhouses, automatic shade canopies more than 3 meters high regulate light, while fans circulate air around the celery. Nutrient solution is pumped through pipelines into the hydroponic beds to nourish the plants. In the seedling room, 12 grow lights flicker on simultaneously as more than 30,000 seeds sprout.

\n

From the farm's control room — a converted shipping container — Li manages real-time operations while lying in bed, tubes and ventilator equipment beside him. Using his left index finger to control the mouse and his right index toe to click, he monitors 10 systems displayed on a suspended computer screen.

\n

Meanwhile, his 61-year-old mother, Wu Meidi, walks from greenhouse to greenhouse checking on the crops.

\n

"My son is the brain of the farm, and I am his hands and feet," Wu said.

\n

In addition to caring for Li, Wu handles the farm's daily work — acting as an electrician, planter, machinery technician and crop health manager — all under her son's guidance via video call.

\n

Li's path to science was unusual. He lost the ability to walk and dropped out of school at age 11. But when he borrowed physics textbooks from a neighbor, he became fascinated with electronic mechanics. He taught himself physics and programming using digital technology company Arduino's software and ordered chips online to conduct experiments.

\n

Despite physical challenges and financial hardship, Li stayed optimistic. By working part-time online, he bought his first electric wheelchair at 18, later modifying it for better performance. He also enjoyed traveling with friends and family.

\n

His explorations ended in 2020 when his health declined. His motor functions deteriorated to the point that he only had one functional finger and toe. After undergoing a tracheostomy, his body was tethered to tubes and ventilator support, and he temporarily lost the ability to speak.

\n

Following more than a year of recovery, Li stabilized and returned to his scientific pursuits. Drawing on his programming and IoT skills, he developed an automated irrigation system for his balcony. At 33, he founded Chongqing Yuchen Farm with his mother's support.

\n

After abandoning an early attempt at growing water spinach, Li and Wu succeeded with another variety of spinach, cucumber, Chinese flowering cabbage, lettuce and celery.

\n

"Green, organic, hydroponically grown vegetables offer richer nutrition and a fresher taste compared to soil-grown varieties, making them popular in high-end supermarkets," Li said.

\n

Last summer, he decided to focus on celery, a high-demand vegetable in Chongqing. With its popularity in salads, celery can sell for at least twice the price of soil-grown produce. By the beginning of this year, the farm began turning a profit from the small scale cultivation of celery.

\n

Li's success has drawn support from fellow villagers and local officials, who have offered funding, technology, manpower and marketing help.

\n

"Everyone admires Li," said Ni Jie, the Shiping village chief. "He has introduced smart agriculture to our traditional community, showcasing new technologies and creating jobs."

\n

The local government is considering expanding Li's farm and upgrading nearby facilities to align with his plans.

\n

Li also shares his expertise online, posting practical hydroponics tips on video platform Bilibili, where he has nearly 10,000 followers and more than 13,000 likes. He never talks about his illness in his posts, choosing instead to focus on helping others.

\n

Recently, he was nominated for the Good Samaritan of Chongqing prize for his accomplishments.

\n

Li also advocates for people with rare diseases.

\n

"I hope the public can get to know more about rare diseases," he said. "I've suggested the government include more prescribed medications for rare diseases in medical insurance coverage."

\n

The World Health Organization defines rare diseases as those affecting between 0.65 and 1 per 1,000 people.

\n

More than 300 million people globally are estimated to live with such conditions.

\n

An observation report on rare diseases in China, jointly released on Feb 27 by consultancy firm Frost & Sullivan and the Illness Challenge Foundation, said only about 5 percent of rare diseases worldwide have effective treatment options, and many of the available drugs are prohibitively expensive.

\n

According to the report, China has over 20 million patients with rare diseases.

\n

Contact the writers at dengrui@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-08/29/content_005_68b0c4d3ed50ccabe1518567.htm#005CHINA", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Fri, 29 Aug 2025 00:21:05 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "dd237d1ad6d59ce2554226c279da9f25", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "009VIEWS - Cooperation for global peace and prosperity", "description": "

Uzbekistan, along with other states, stood at the origins of the formation and strengthening of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the role and significance of which are becoming more visible and important with each passing year. Today its activities affect not only the development of member states, but also the well-being of everyone living in this vast region.

\n

Before moving to the issues of SCO cooperation, I want to dwell on our strategic partnership with China — a country that is extremely close to Uzbekistan in spirit, culture and vital energy.

\n

In recent years, Uzbek-Chinese relations have demonstrated high dynamics, covering key areas from political dialogue and security to comprehensive trade and economic cooperation, cultural and people-to-people exchanges. Their consistent strengthening contributes to ensuring stability and sustainable growth in Central Asia and the SCO space.

\n

An important factor in deepening bilateral cooperation is the regular political dialogue of the heads of the two states. In January 2024, during my state visit to China, President of China Xi Jinping and I elevated our relations to an unprecedentedly high level of all-weather comprehensive strategic partnership for a new era, and identified key areas of cooperation and interaction in the international arena.

\n

This unprecedented progress in our relations has become possible due to the personal attention and tireless efforts of our dear friend — President Xi Jinping — to further develop and strengthen Uzbek-Chinese comprehensive cooperation. The implementation of all our agreements is ensured by the mechanisms of the Intergovernmental Committee, the Inter-Parliamentary Group and the Strategic Dialogue of Foreign Ministers.

\n

Strengthening mutual political trust and strategic partnership is facilitated by full understanding and consideration of each other's fundamental interests. Uzbekistan firmly adheres to the one-China principle. We are grateful to China for supporting Uzbekistan's efforts to deepen regional cooperation in Central Asia and form the "spirit of Central Asian partnership".

\n

Our countries are also actively cooperating in the fight against the "three forces of evil" — terrorism, separatism and extremism.

\n

Since 2017 bilateral trade turnover increased threefold reaching $14 billion. We aim to increase it to $20 billion in the near future. Over the same period, $24.6 billion Chinese investments were attracted to the country.

\n

An important milestone in the development of industrial cooperation with China was the launch in 2024 of the first enterprise in the country and in Central Asia for the production of BYD electric vehicles, as well as the opening of the Luban Workshop in Tashkent, where Uzbek students acquire modern skills in logistics management and use of information technology.

\n

The Confucius Institutes in Tashkent and Samarkand make a great contribution to the study of the Chinese language and culture in Uzbekistan, upbringing a new generation of Sinologists and specialists with knowledge of the Chinese language.

\n

A significant step toward further deepening people-to-people cooperation was the introduction of a visa-free regime between Uzbekistan and China in June this year. It will facilitate more active and productive contacts between people, and promote business interactions and tourist exchanges.

\n

Today Uzbek-Chinese cooperation is becoming a model of pragmatic and balanced partnership that contributes to the sustainable development of the region and strengthening the position of the SCO as a platform for mutually beneficial multilateral cooperation.

\n

Further developing stable relations between our countries is of particular importance in the context of an increasingly complex international situation. The world system is undergoing profound upheavals. The former order, based on universally recognized norms and principles of international law, is losing its stability.

\n

A large-scale transformation in international relations is accompanied by intensified geopolitical competition and growing conflict potential among major powers, disruption of established balance of power, and the weakening of collective governance mechanisms.

\n

The architecture of global security is becoming less and less capable of coping with increasing volume of challenges and threats, facing a crisis of trust. This leads to even greater fragmentation, which will be difficult to overcome in the near future.

\n

In the world economy, countries are facing rising protectionism, disruptions of traditional supply chains, and the redistribution of production capacities. Competition is intensifying over access to critically important raw materials and technologies, and the struggle for leadership in digital and "green "transformation is increasing. The slowdown of global economic growth, high inflation, and instability in financial markets create additional risks for countries with developing economies, deepening the gap between the centers of global development.

\n

As a result, not only the system of checks and balances, trade and finance, but also the solution of most global problems related to ensuring security, combating poverty, and climate change are under threat.

\n

In Central Asia, the consequences of climate change, food and energy instability are becoming visible challenges, which can become catalysts for large-scale socio-economic upheavals.

\n

Another common challenge is the development of artificial intelligence. Obviously, this is a natural process that cannot be stopped, but our task is to prevent its use for military purposes and transformation into a global threat.

\n

Without any exaggeration, under these conditions the SCO is becoming an attractive and widely demanded model of international collaboration, uniting states on the principles of equality, mutual consideration of interests, and non-interference in internal affairs.

\n

Since its establishment, the SCO has consistently promoted the "Shanghai Spirit" based on mutual trust and benefit, respect for the diversity of civilizations, and the pursuit of joint development. The Organization rejects the outdated concepts of the "Cold War" overcoming zero-sum thinking and the confrontation of civilizations.

\n

The SCO actively promotes and implements the ideas of non-alignment, non-confrontation and nontargeting of third parties, which advocates complete equality of large and small states, achieving consensus through constructive consultations, as well as promoting peace through dialogue and cooperation. This is precisely the source of the Organization's appeal and energy.

\n

The SCO unites states with different political systems, historical and cultural traditions, and levels of economic development, demonstrating the viability of the idea of harmonious coexistence and mutually beneficial cooperation.

\n

Today the SCO's "big family" of 10 member states, 2 observers and 14 dialogue partners, covers a vast space in Asia, Europe and Africa. The total territory of the SCO countries exceeds 60 percent of the territory of Eurasia, roughly 42 percent of the planet's population. The share of Organization's countries in the world GDP reaches about 25 percent.

\n

Therefore, the SCO image reflects not only its vast geography in the Eurasian space, but also its intensifying interconnectedness of its member states with global processes, where their role is becoming more significant in forming a new multipolar world.

\n

Another important factor of the growing potential of cooperation has become the strong institutional framework created by the SCO, including over 60 international treaties and over 40 working mechanisms covering a wide range of areas from security to economy, culture and sustainability.

\n

The SCO is constantly in the movement, its evolution potential inexhaustible. Conceptual programs and strategies, as well as new mechanisms and formats of cooperation within the SCO, make a great contribution to strengthening trade, economic and transport interconnectedness, deepening industrial cooperation and technological connectivity, accelerating the processes of our countries' transition to a green and digital economy.

\n

Our Organization is becoming even more united and strong from within due to the unique people-to-people exchange projects aimed at embodying the "Shanghai Spirit "through promotion of public diplomacy, cultural, educational and tourist exchanges.

\n

The SCO has established itself as an active participant in international cooperation and an effective platform for multilateral diplomacy. The Organization is actively developing ties with the UN and its specialized agencies, as well as with a number of regional and international structures — including the CIS, BRICS, the EAEU, ASEAN, ECO, CICA, the League of Arab States, etc.

\n

All this testifies to the high degree of maturity and systemic nature of multilateral cooperation. Active institutional development, promotion of multifaceted cooperation and expansion of international relations contribute to strengthening the role of the SCO as a responsible, open and inclusive mechanism serving the cause of global peace, stability and prosperity.

\n

The SCO is not a challenge to existing structures, but a response to the needs of a new, fair world order based not on force, but dialogue. In a world where conflicts and ideological fault lines are growing, it offers a real alternative: mutual respect, dialogue and joint development.

\n

As President Xi Jinping rightly noted that the wheel of history cannot be turned back, it is important to move only forward, and we need a "united world, not a divided one."

\n

Given the current challenges, it is extremely important to avoid making the SCO bloc-oriented and confrontational. Our main goal is not to aggravate the international situation, but to demonstrate a peaceful agenda and use the SCO's capabilities to solve common problems of humanity.

\n

It is precisely this vision that Uzbekistan has been guided by since the very first days of the Organization's formation, advocating for the steady and comprehensive advancement of SCO cooperation. As an active participant of SCO, our country has chaired the Organization four times and made a substantial contribution to its development.

\n

The first Tashkent SCO summit in 2004 was recognized by opening the SCO Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS). It also adopted the rules for providing the SCO observer status.

\n

The 2010 SCO summit in Tashkent approved the order of accepting new members and the organizational fundamentals of the SCO's activity.

\n

In 2016, at the third SCO summit in Tashkent, a principal decision was taken on Organization's expansion — accepting India and Pakistan as member states.

\n

Since 2017, Uzbekistan became more active in the Organization, putting forward proposals for the development of practical cooperation between the SCO countries. More than 80 out of 105 initiatives proposed by our country aimed at deepening political, economic, innovative and people-to-people cooperation have been successfully implemented.

\n

An important milestone in the activities of the SCO was undoubtedly the summit in Samarkand in 2022 adopting over 40 significant decisions, agreements, programs and conceptual documents. Among them, special attention was drawn to the fundamental decisions of the heads of state on the second stage of the Organization's expansion — granting Iran the status of a member state, as well as on the beginning of the procedure for admitting Belarus to the SCO.

\n

One of the key priorities of Uzbekistan is to strengthen the role of Central Asia as the core of the SCO. As a result of the expansion, countries of South Asia and the Middle East joined the Organization, and our region became a natural link between the SCO states in the vast Eurasian space.

\n

The development of regional cooperation in Central Asia contributes to the intensification of interaction, strengthening of security and ensuring prosperity of the SCO countries. In 2017, at the initiative of Uzbekistan, the Central Asian process of regional consolidation was launched creating conditions for deepening cooperation.

\n

Thanks to the political will of the Central Asian states, which ensured overcoming numerous topical challenges and the launch of various joint projects, it was possible to create a stable, sustainable policy united with the common goals Central Asia.

\n

This year Uzbekistan is chairing the mechanism of regular meetings of the heads of state of Central Asia. The upcoming "Central Asian Five "summit in autumn this year will be a milestone in the process of forming a New Central Asia, marking the transition from the stage of resolving bilateral interstate issues to a qualitatively new phase of addressing common regional tasks — strengthening regional interconnectedness, overcoming the consequences of climate change, rational use of water resources, enhancing security in the region, developing energy, digital and "green" transformation.

\n

As a result, a more interconnected region, open to international cooperation, is becoming an active participant in the multilateral cooperation of SCO countries. The historic changes in Central Asia acquired an irreversible and sustainable nature, becoming critically important factors in ensuring stability across the SCO space and in the future success of our Organization.

\n

China, as one of the founders of the SCO and its key member is making a great contribution to the development and strengthening of multifaceted cooperation in the framework of the SCO. It has played a decisive role in the institutional and contractual-legal development of the Organization.

\n

The consistent and far-sighted policy of the Chinese leadership, primarily the initiatives of President Xi Jinping, contributed to the successful formation of a modern architecture of cooperation within the Organization.

\n

China actively supports joint efforts to counter terrorism, extremism and separatism, and strengthen the potential of the SCO RATS in Tashkent.

\n

In times of growing geopolitical turbulence, China, within the framework of the Global Security Initiative, promotes the idea of the indivisibility of security, an equal approach to global challenges and the importance of coordinating efforts between the SCO countries. These principles are a guideline for the further development of mechanisms for joint response to crises, cyber threats and transnational crime.

\n

We fully support China's view that Afghanistan is an integral part of overall regional security and an important member of a large SCO family. China calls for intensifying the mechanism of interaction between Afghanistan's neighboring countries and other platforms for helping settle the Afghan issue, increasing humanitarian aid and promoting its economic revival.

\n

In this regard, I would also like to emphasize the fundamental importance of involving Afghanistan, an SCO observer country, in regional trade and economic ties and cooperation to develop interregional connectivity.

\n

For several decades this country has been a hotbed of instability and threats to regional security, but today it is becoming a source of opportunities for developing interregional cooperation. In this regard, Uzbekistan fully supports the Chinese proposal to resume the work of the SCO-Afghanistan Contact Group, which will allow to jointly address issues of both countering security threats and realizing the enormous resource and transit potential of this country.

\n

By putting forward the Global Development Initiative, China makes a significant contribution to the implementation of 2030 Agenda for sustainable development, promotes improved infrastructure connectivity, green and digital transformation.

\n

With its rich cultural heritage and a thousand-year history, China successfully promotes the Global Civilization Initiative, contributing to cultural unity of the peoples of our countries.

\n

China's chairmanship of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization in 2024-25, declaring the year of 2025 as the Year of Sustainable Development of the SCO, has become a significant contribution to the formation of new drivers of economic growth for countries, including "green" and digital transformation.

\n

The Chinese side firmly supports the role of Central Asia as the core of the SCO, adheres to the course of building trusting, equal and mutually beneficial relations with the countries of the region both bilaterally and within the framework of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.

\n

China's support for the modernization strategies implemented in the countries of the region is particularly important. I would like to recall that in his speech at the "Central Asia-China" leaders' summit in Xi'an, President Xi Jinping emphasized that "the world needs a stable, prosperous, harmonious, and interconnected Central Asia." At the second summit of this format in Astana, the Chinese leader called for the development and formation of a "China-Central Asia Spirit", which, in our opinion, fully correlates with the "Shanghai spirit" and will contribute to strengthening cooperation within the SCO.

\n

I believe that many readers of this publication may ask themselves: What exactly explains Uzbekistan's interest, and what are the main benefits and practical advantages that our country seeks to gain by participating in the activities of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization?

\n

Firstly, through the SCO our country gains access to the large markets of member states such as China and India, which are among the world's top five economies. The three largest trading partners of Uzbekistan are China, Russia and Kazakhstan.

\n

The SCO countries are also our country's main partners in cooperation in the transport and logistics sphere. The implementation of infrastructure projects in cooperation with the Organization's partners contributes to expanding transit potential and attracting investment into the real economy.

\n

Today, more than 7,500 companies with capital participation from SCO countries are operating in Uzbekistan — this accounts for more than half of all foreign enterprises in the country.

\n

For Uzbekistan, the SCO isn't just an external politics platform but an instrument of implementing national interests. Our participation in its activities isn't an accidental choice, it is a strategically elaborated decision ensuring security, economic growth and sustainable development of our country.

\n

Uzbekistan views the future of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization as a multifaceted and effective cooperation platform aimed at strengthening economic integration, developing transport infrastructure, promoting "green" initiatives, digital transformation, and expanding humanitarian and social interaction.

\n

Ensuring security remains a key priority for the SCO. Uzbekistan actively advocates expanding cooperation within the framework of the mechanism of meetings of the Secretaries of the Security Councils — this concerns the coordination of law enforcement agencies, exchange of experience in preventing the radicalization of youth, countering cyber threats and suppressing drug trafficking channels. Particular attention is paid to the use of modern technologies, data exchanges and joint training of specialists in the field of security.

\n

In the trade and economic sphere, we advocate the comprehensive disclosure of the SCO's trade and investment potential. We believe that the key areas of this work are the removal of trade barriers, simplification and unification of customs procedures, active involvement of businesses in SCO projects that strengthen the interconnectedness and alignment of the SCO with the goals of the "Belt and Road".

\n

Uzbekistan promotes the support of small and medium-sized businesses, developing innovative industries and introducing modern "green" and digital technologies. An important step is the implementation of joint projects for the development of e-commerce and the creation of "smart" logistics systems, which contributes to sustainable economic growth.

\n

We support proposals to create an effective multilateral mechanism for financial interaction focused on the practical implementation of joint projects within the SCO.

\n

A good start on this path could be creation of "SCO Development Bank", which can become a platform for the implementation of joint infrastructure and technology projects, increase access to financing and stimulate the inflow of investment into the regions of the member states.

\n

The most important area of practical cooperation is strengthening transport and logistics connectivity. For the SCO countries, this is not only a matter of regional development, but also a strategic opportunity to increase competitiveness and integration in the Eurasian space.

\n

In this regard, the construction of "China-Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan" railway will give new impetus to the development of the China-Central Asia-West Asia Economic corridor, allowing for a significant reduction in transport routes between the countries of Central and East Asia. The implementation of the project will ensure a multiple increase in the transit potential of SCO member states and partners, and will enable to radically improve transport connectivity across the entire Organization's space.

\n

Further deepening of cooperation will be facilitated by the integration of the transport strategies of SCO countries with the Belt and Road Initiative and other interregional projects. This will allow to create a synchronized logistics system, increase the efficiency of cargo transportation, and strengthen the role of the SCO as a major transport and logistics hub of Eurasia.

\n

Digitalization is a promising driver of economic growth and integration across the SCO space. We consider it necessary to pay special attention to coordinating efforts to create a unified digital space, exchange best practices, and implement joint projects in the field of the digital economy, the introduction of cloud computing, big data and artificial intelligence technologies.

\n

Climate change challenges require closer coordination and practical cooperation among the SCO member states. Uzbekistan consistently advocates expanding partnership in such strategic areas as adaptation to climate change, implementation of "clean" technologies, development of "smart" agriculture and rational use of water resources.

\n

Of particular importance are the works on greening the dried-up bottom of the Aral Sea, creation of "green belts" and public eco-parks, which not only improve the environmental situation, but also serve the interests of the entire region.

\n

Another area of cooperation between Uzbekistan and SCO countries is ensuring food security through the implementation of joint projects in the agricultural sector, introduction of innovative technologies and development of infrastructure for storage and transportation of food products.

\n

Uzbekistan attaches great importance to expanding the SCO's cultural and humanitarian cooperation. Particular attention is paid to joint educational programs, academic exchanges and projects in the field of science, as well as cultural and sports events that not only popularize national traditions, but also create an atmosphere of mutual trust and respect.

\n

Another important area is tourism. The SCO countries are faced with a shortage of high-quality and affordable regional tourism products, constraining the development of the industry. Uzbekistan advocates intensifying interaction between leading tour operators and airlines of the SCO countries and partners.

\n

Today 46 regular passenger flights per week connect Uzbekistan and China and its number will reach 60 by the end of the year.

\n

Uzbekistan continues to consistently advocate the expansion of regional cooperation in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals, including through the SCO mechanisms. The formation of a common platform for the exchange of experience and coordination of efforts within the SCO is important. Such joint work can give new impetus to member states in overcoming poverty, ensuring inclusive and green growth and sustainable development as a whole.

\n

Finally, considering the growing number of participants and the expanding functions of the SCO, improving the structure and mechanisms of the Organization becomes a necessary condition for increasing its effectiveness. Uzbekistan advocates for reforming coordination mechanisms and developing a long-term strategy, with a view of the interests of all countries and contemporary challenges.

\n

Through development of active collaboration within the SCO, Uzbekistan supports the new standard of regional cooperation — based on pragmatism, respect of the national characteristics and strive for sustainable development. Our experience and the region demonstrates: even in the conditions of the growing global uncertainty it's possible to form effective mechanisms of cooperation and humanitarian exchange.

\n

The implementation of joint initiatives with China and other partners allows Uzbekistan to contribute to transforming the SCO into an independent center of attraction in Eurasia. A focus on openness, innovation and multi-level cooperation meets the pressing challenges of our times and creates new opportunities for all member states.

\n

Overall, Uzbekistan's strategic choice is to not merely be part of regional processes, but an active creator of our common future, where the principles of trust and mutual benefit will determine the dynamics of development across the entire vast region.

\n

We look with great anticipation to the SCO summit in Tianjin. I am convinced that its work will be successful and bring meaningful results for all member states. Taking this opportunity, I would like to sincerely extend wishes of peace, well-being and prosperity to the friendly people of great China.

\n


获取更多RSS：
https://feedx.net
https://feedx.site
", @@ -8409,28 +8387,6 @@ "hash": "a6fd56d5dc631220adfd6b656f4697a7", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "011WORLD - Briefly", - "description": "

AFRICA

\n

Rwanda, Mozambique sign peace agreement

\n

Rwanda and Mozambique have signed a "peace and security "agreement during a visit by the southern African leader to Kigali on Wednesday, as their forces battle a long-running insurgency in Mozambique's north. Contacted by AFP, the Rwandan Defense Forces spokesman, Ronald Rwivanga, said there were "no details yet" about the deal. However, it comes as attacks in Mozambique have multiplied. Rwandan leader Paul Kagame welcomed the deal.

\n

SOUTH KOREA

\n

Mobile phones to be banned in schools

\n

South Korea has passed a bill banning the use of mobile phones in school classrooms nationwide, officials said on Thursday, joining other countries in efforts to curb social media use among minors. South Korea has recently sought to tighten rules on electronic devices in schools, citing concerns over smartphone addiction among students. The bill, which will take effect in March next year, bans the use of smart devices, including mobile phones, in classrooms and was passed on Wednesday, a National Assembly spokeswoman told AFP.

\n

UNITED STATES

\n

White House fires health agency head

\n

The US administration confirmed on Wednesday it had fired Susan Monarez, the head of the top US public health agency after she refused to step down during a standoff with vaccine skeptic Health Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. The escalating dispute over Kennedy's sweeping overhaul of US vaccine policy also led to the resignation of five other senior officials at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, according to a union representing some of the agency's workers.

\n


获取更多RSS：
https://feedx.net
https://feedx.site
", - "content": "

AFRICA

\n

Rwanda, Mozambique sign peace agreement

\n

Rwanda and Mozambique have signed a "peace and security "agreement during a visit by the southern African leader to Kigali on Wednesday, as their forces battle a long-running insurgency in Mozambique's north. Contacted by AFP, the Rwandan Defense Forces spokesman, Ronald Rwivanga, said there were "no details yet" about the deal. However, it comes as attacks in Mozambique have multiplied. Rwandan leader Paul Kagame welcomed the deal.

\n

SOUTH KOREA

\n

Mobile phones to be banned in schools

\n

South Korea has passed a bill banning the use of mobile phones in school classrooms nationwide, officials said on Thursday, joining other countries in efforts to curb social media use among minors. South Korea has recently sought to tighten rules on electronic devices in schools, citing concerns over smartphone addiction among students. The bill, which will take effect in March next year, bans the use of smart devices, including mobile phones, in classrooms and was passed on Wednesday, a National Assembly spokeswoman told AFP.

\n

UNITED STATES

\n

White House fires health agency head

\n

The US administration confirmed on Wednesday it had fired Susan Monarez, the head of the top US public health agency after she refused to step down during a standoff with vaccine skeptic Health Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. The escalating dispute over Kennedy's sweeping overhaul of US vaccine policy also led to the resignation of five other senior officials at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, according to a union representing some of the agency's workers.

\n


获取更多RSS：
https://feedx.net
https://feedx.site
", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-08/29/content_011_68b0c51ded50ccabe1518578.htm#011WORLD", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Fri, 29 Aug 2025 00:21:05 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "e52683f8b28e5f16f267729b8a8803b9", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "013BUSINESS - Power play", "description": "

Staff members from State Grid Hotan conduct X-ray inspections on hybrid gas insulated switchgear equipment for a 220 kilovolt transmission line in Hotan prefecture in the Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region. Hotan currently has nine geographic information system substations, allowing new technology to perform precise equipment "health checks", and displaying the allure of digital and intelligent empowerment.

\n

", @@ -8453,28 +8409,6 @@ "hash": "43fa3a29aeddbc083ebdb30d8fa0a8c3", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "014BUSINESS - Enhanced green efforts reshaping future of mobility, energy", - "description": "

China's green efforts are reshaping the global future of mobility and energy, with electric vehicles and charging infrastructure leading the way, said industry experts.

\n

"China is moving rapidly toward electrification, at a pace nine times faster than the global average," said Ma Jun, director of the Institute of Public and Environmental Affairs, a Beijing-based non-profit environmental organization.

\n

Ma made the remarks at an event hosted by the Center for China and Globalization, a Beijing-based think tank.

\n

Ma said that as the penetration rate of EVs in China now approaches 50 percent, the country is expanding its push beyond passenger cars to heavy-duty trucks, broader transport systems, and even industrial and lifestyle electrification.

\n

"The country's low-carbon transition is advancing at a steady pace," he said.

\n

According to data from the China Machinery Industry Federation, a notable milestone was reached in NEV market penetration in the first half of this year, hitting 44.3 percent, an all-time high for the period.

\n

"More than half of the world's new energy vehicles are now on China's roads, reflecting how green mobility and clean energy consumption are becoming deeply rooted in everyday life," said Du Zhongming, head of the electricity bureau at the National Energy Administration.

\n

NEA data show that during the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-25), China built the world's largest EV charging network. As of the end of July, the country had 16.7 million charging points — equivalent to two chargers for every five EVs.

\n

"In the collective effort to achieve carbon neutrality and zero emissions goals, China's EV industry is expected to make a major contribution," said Wang Yang, founder and CEO of charging service provider NaaS Technology, at the CCG event.

\n

That is because Chinese expertise in EV technology, charging infrastructure and operational platforms is increasingly being shared worldwide, Wang added.

\n

She also highlighted the role of digital technology in transforming energy systems. "The future of EV charging will be driven not by human choice but by algorithms. For example, artificial intelligence will help determine which stations have free capacity or which routes are most energy-efficient, reducing the burden on drivers," Wang said.

\n

According to the executive, China's extensive deployment of new energy solutions is generating vast amounts of data, forming the foundation for AI-enabled innovation in the sector.

\n

"I believe the country will not only remain at the forefront of the new energy industry but also lead globally in applying AI to the energy sector — from algorithms and computing power to large language models," Wang said, adding that as a major charging service platform, NaaS aims to connect upstream and downstream players in the charging ecosystem to boost overall industry efficiency.

\n

lijiaying@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", - "content": "

China's green efforts are reshaping the global future of mobility and energy, with electric vehicles and charging infrastructure leading the way, said industry experts.

\n

"China is moving rapidly toward electrification, at a pace nine times faster than the global average," said Ma Jun, director of the Institute of Public and Environmental Affairs, a Beijing-based non-profit environmental organization.

\n

Ma made the remarks at an event hosted by the Center for China and Globalization, a Beijing-based think tank.

\n

Ma said that as the penetration rate of EVs in China now approaches 50 percent, the country is expanding its push beyond passenger cars to heavy-duty trucks, broader transport systems, and even industrial and lifestyle electrification.

\n

"The country's low-carbon transition is advancing at a steady pace," he said.

\n

According to data from the China Machinery Industry Federation, a notable milestone was reached in NEV market penetration in the first half of this year, hitting 44.3 percent, an all-time high for the period.

\n

"More than half of the world's new energy vehicles are now on China's roads, reflecting how green mobility and clean energy consumption are becoming deeply rooted in everyday life," said Du Zhongming, head of the electricity bureau at the National Energy Administration.

\n

NEA data show that during the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-25), China built the world's largest EV charging network. As of the end of July, the country had 16.7 million charging points — equivalent to two chargers for every five EVs.

\n

"In the collective effort to achieve carbon neutrality and zero emissions goals, China's EV industry is expected to make a major contribution," said Wang Yang, founder and CEO of charging service provider NaaS Technology, at the CCG event.

\n

That is because Chinese expertise in EV technology, charging infrastructure and operational platforms is increasingly being shared worldwide, Wang added.

\n

She also highlighted the role of digital technology in transforming energy systems. "The future of EV charging will be driven not by human choice but by algorithms. For example, artificial intelligence will help determine which stations have free capacity or which routes are most energy-efficient, reducing the burden on drivers," Wang said.

\n

According to the executive, China's extensive deployment of new energy solutions is generating vast amounts of data, forming the foundation for AI-enabled innovation in the sector.

\n

"I believe the country will not only remain at the forefront of the new energy industry but also lead globally in applying AI to the energy sector — from algorithms and computing power to large language models," Wang said, adding that as a major charging service platform, NaaS aims to connect upstream and downstream players in the charging ecosystem to boost overall industry efficiency.

\n

lijiaying@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-08/29/content_014_68b0c562ed50ccabe1518588.htm#014BUSINESS", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Fri, 29 Aug 2025 00:21:05 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "5877106a0c3972e1e95d4c024254beee", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "019SPORTS - Kane's late goal saves Bayern's blushes", "description": "

Bayern Munich's Harry Kane celebrates scoring the winner on Wednesday.

\n

Harry Kane headed the winning goal deep into added time to give Bayern Munich a 3-2 win over third-tier Wehen Wiesbaden on Wednesday, avoiding a potential shock first-round exit in the German Cup.

\n

Kane had already scored one penalty and seen another saved by Wiesbaden goalkeeper Florian Stritzel when he leaped to head in Josip Stanisic's cross in the fourth minute of five added on.

\n

"Crazy game ... We had some big, big chances to put the game away, but credit to them, they stuck at it," Kane told broadcaster Sky Sport.

\n

"We know we're not the perfect team yet. We know we've got stuff to work on, and tonight shows that."

\n

Bayern has had some shock cup losses in recent years, and came dangerously close to another after giving up a two-goal lead.

\n

Kane got Bayern started from the penalty spot in the 16th minute after Wiesbaden's Ryan Johansson shoved Bayern fullback Sacha Boey.

\n

It was Kane's 90th Bayern goal in his 99th game in all competitions for the German club, and followed a hattrick against Leipzig in the Bundesliga last week.

\n

Michael Olise made it 2-0 off a loose ball in the 50th minute, but Wiesbaden hit back soon after when Fatih Kaya scored on a rare attack by the host.

\n

Kaya's speed made the difference again when he outpaced Bayern defender Jonathan Tah on another counter to level the score.

\n

Kane had the chance to seal the win with another penalty after he was fouled with a clumsy sliding challenge, but Stritzel saved both the England captain's spotkick and his follow-up header.

\n

As extra time loomed, Stanisic hit a cross from deep and Kane rose above defender Justin Janitzek to head in the winner.

\n

The German Cup has been Bayern's least successful competition in recent years. Since its last win in 2020, Bayern hasn't got past the quarterfinals and has lost in the second round in three of the last five years.

\n

Bayern's win over Wiesbaden was the last of the 32 first-round games. All but one of the 18 Bundesliga teams made it into the second round in the end. Werder Bremen was the exception, beaten by second-tier Arminia Bielefeld, last year's runner-up.

\n

", diff --git a/.obsidian/plugins/update-time-on-edit/data.json b/.obsidian/plugins/update-time-on-edit/data.json index cdbe3089..a9e96656 100644 --- a/.obsidian/plugins/update-time-on-edit/data.json +++ b/.obsidian/plugins/update-time-on-edit/data.json @@ -27,11 +27,12 @@ "01-工作日记/2025-08-30.md": "9dc24b4973b63d59ed0f259b4ab6b6f38525f707f668ea82a68935a534a18a42", "06-数字仓库/端口映射对照表.md": "02c569c8b8c525d576f22d7d8d83275d8b60cfe9f51d4065d843372da6b86e2d", "08-Inbox/Excel 2025-08-01 17.49.04.univer.md": "7a8a85a3c7c5f4ad80a1c399ca77e9671584234a3a82f65544049ec9c1f5a154", - "01-工作日记/2025-08-31.md": "14bcbfa7f323c9c4d6f18eae0e1b8299811957fb38b569cefd171c1548cda82f", + "01-工作日记/2025-08-31.md": "db101e330ffd14b56751b050ccbf00c76540ea3f605756ffba3ece634ad29560", "10-WebClipper/Linux查看某个程序占用的端口号_linux查询某个程序的端口号-CSDN博客.md": "e251845cda470738f6f7beb847b630c12853bfa1e49a57bcdb87a8767b7c989c", "60-Imports/64-AI/Changsha_Summer_Attractions_Guide@20250831_095229.md": 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在obsidian中使用deepseek，构建智能知识助手从未如此简单 - 知乎", + "mode": "webview" + }, + "icon": "globe-2", + "title": "(80 封私信 / 80 条消息) 在obsidian中使用deepseek，构建智能知识助手从未如此简单 - 知乎" + } + }, { "id": "b98b48d9165a0618", "type": "leaf", @@ -62,22 +76,9 @@ "icon": "globe-2", "title": "DeepSeek based extension when? : r/ObsidianMD" } - }, - { - "id": "f0dbe0513bf59b3f", - "type": "leaf", - "state": { - "type": "markdown", - "state": { - "file": "60-Imports/64-AI/成都旅游亮点@20250831_104638.md", - "mode": "source", - "source": false - }, - "icon": "lucide-file", - "title": "成都旅游亮点@20250831_104638" - } } - ] + ], + "currentTab": 1 } ], "direction": "vertical" @@ -234,13 +235,12 @@ "state": { "type": "outline", "state": { - "file": "01-工作日记/2025-08-31.md", "followCursor": false, "showSearch": false, "searchQuery": "" }, "icon": "lucide-list", - "title": "2025-08-31 的大纲" + "title": "大纲" } }, { @@ -364,18 +364,21 @@ "periodic-notes:Open today": false } }, - "active": "079e831c90d4cd73", + "active": "fc230081095b63d4", "lastOpenFiles": [ - "60-Imports/64-AI/成都旅游亮点@20250831_104638.md", - "60-Imports/64-AI/长沙夏季旅游推荐@20250831_095229.md", + "01-工作日记/2025-08-31.md", + "02-技术评测/AI专题/AI使用评测.md", "60-Imports/64-AI/Changsha_Summer_Attractions_Guide@20250831_095229.md", + "60-Imports/64-AI/长沙夏季旅游推荐@20250831_095229.md", + "60-Imports/64-AI/成都旅游亮点@20250831_104638.md", + "10-WebClipper/感谢DeepSeek，1天就赚了3100.md", + "10-WebClipper/Linux查看某个程序占用的端口号_linux查询某个程序的端口号-CSDN博客.md", "03-学习笔记/OnlyOffice安装教程.md", "03-学习笔记/s3 docker搭建教程.md", "未命名 1.md", "未命名.md", "copilot-conversations/s3 docker搭建教程.md", "copilot-conversations", - "01-工作日记/2025-08-31.md", "60-Imports/64-AI", "90-学习教程/99-黑曜石玩家指南/4-obsidian附录/obsidian第三方插件列表.md", "70-SimpRead/Inbox/0-简悦 x FlowUs：开启知识管理极致体验@annote.md", @@ -391,9 +394,6 @@ "20-我的收藏夹/21-浏览器收藏/Favorites/快速安装Homebrew教程 - Homebrew 中文网.md", "20-我的收藏夹/21-浏览器收藏/Favorites/ipa软件下载ios软件下载.md", "20-我的收藏夹/21-浏览器收藏/Favorites/发现和分享 Siri 捷径、快捷指令 捷径社区.md", - "20-我的收藏夹/21-浏览器收藏/ClipperBox/女人会嫁给谁，其实是命中注定的，看她的父母就知道了.md", - "20-我的收藏夹/21-浏览器收藏/ClipperBox/Podginatoromnivore Omnivore is a complete, open source read-it-later solution for people who like reading.md", - "20-我的收藏夹/21-浏览器收藏/ClipperBox/jgchristopherobsidian-clipper Obsidian plugin that allows users to clip parts of a website into their obsidian daily note (or new note).md", "08-Inbox/数据备份实现流程.smm", "08-Inbox/数据备份流程.xmind", "08-Inbox/数据备份流程.png", diff --git a/01-工作日记/2025-08-31.md b/01-工作日记/2025-08-31.md index 45b92ca8..a32cdd56 100644 --- a/01-工作日记/2025-08-31.md +++ b/01-工作日记/2025-08-31.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ tags: rating: ⭐️ excerpt: created: 2025-08-31T07:35 -updated: 2025-08-31T10:54 +updated: 2025-08-31T11:41 --- ## 1TODO - [ ] 多喝水，避免久坐不动 @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ updated: 2025-08-31T10:54 ## 2 Tracking - 飞牛：安装onlyoffice套件，预览各种文件很方便丝滑，开放了什么端口？ -- 学习使用copilot插件：V3和R1差不多，使用https://api.siliconflow.cn/v1 +- 学习使用copilot插件：V3和R1差不多，使用https://api.siliconflow.cn/v1,deppseek-R1/V3 - 更新ollama：新添模型deepseek-V3，下载很慢 - copilot：保存为笔记时，要清楚历史记录，否则会全部保存到笔记中，而且，如果之前保存过的笔记，后续又有新的聊天记录，会都添加到之前的笔记中，不会有新增笔记提示！ @@ -35,6 +35,8 @@ netstat -tunlp | grep 8080 https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/661410366 Webclipper错误指向另一个Vault，重启浏览器，webclipper恢复正常！ +- 发现一个好插件：multipost，浏览器插件，向多平台发文！ + ## 4 Questions - M1：Alist localhost:5244 rclone：配置了myCloudDrive-webdav，alist-desktop 映射到M1 目录文件总是为空？！ - diff --git a/02-技术评测/AI专题/AI使用评测.md b/02-技术评测/AI专题/AI使用评测.md index 1a8a65d7..4880ff94 100644 --- a/02-技术评测/AI专题/AI使用评测.md +++ b/02-技术评测/AI专题/AI使用评测.md @@ -1,3 +1,7 @@ +--- +created: 2025-08-30T10:17 +updated: 2025-08-31T11:18 +--- ## 1 Googl Gemini @@ -22,3 +26,6 @@ https://chat.lanjingai.org/ **电脑客户端**：**[🌟Windows客户端](https://chat.lanjingai.org/file/system/LanJingAI-Windows.zip)**、 **[🌟MacOS客户端](https://chat.lanjingai.org/file/system/LanJingAI-MacOS.zip)** | **手机APP**：**[🌟Android 下载](https://chat.lanjingai.org/file/system/LanJingAI-Android.zip)** **客服QQ群**： **470620736** +## 2 ObsidianAI插件 + +![image.png](https://joyimg.cpolar.top/i/2025/08/31/68b3bf0beaf6a.png) diff --git a/10-WebClipper/感谢DeepSeek，1天就赚了3100.md b/10-WebClipper/感谢DeepSeek，1天就赚了3100.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..35974cb0 --- /dev/null +++ b/10-WebClipper/感谢DeepSeek，1天就赚了3100.md @@ -0,0 +1,256 @@ +这是苍何的第 303 篇原创！ + +大家好，我是苍何。 + +今天在 AI 群看到有小伙伴问关于 DeepSeek 本地部署的事情： + +![图片](https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_png/y9icg8hcXLYtmib0T7uQS0ULzicibiaicXibKtn9ln7DWmx8VyF2lerBjiapEbyyuwGUIGDj2Gex6RyxxvtZO8ReZTDBicA/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1) + +讲真，我还真收藏了很多的教程和攻略，甚至我还去万能的宝随手一搜： + +![图片](https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_png/y9icg8hcXLYtmib0T7uQS0ULzicibiaicXibKtnXKpZmdlPWunkj2SHCqCLfb7UAvTSHzVcViaCeExUtia5UKUdOW4B8Vcw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1) + +好家伙，不搜不知道，一搜吓一跳，这玩意居然这么赚钱？24 小时内 200+人已买，**按照 15.5 单价的话，1 天至少爆赚 3100 元啊**。 + +1 天 3100 元，一个月就是 93000 元，这得是多少个月的工资啊，这一波还真得感谢下 DeepSeek。（此时的我留下了不争气的泪水😭） + +这还只是个简单的教程，而且说实话，本地部署对于很多小伙伴估计就是几分钟的事情。 + +不过有需求的地方就有市场嘛，作为一名合格的科技博主，必须也得整点科技与狠活。 + +**今天就来安排下本地部署 DeepSeek 教程**，这是我集大家之所长，亲自试验总结的教程，小白也能看懂。（不信你发给你妈咪试试🐶） + +不信你看，就简单 3 步： + +![图片](https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_png/y9icg8hcXLYtmib0T7uQS0ULzicibiaicXibKtng7vyxIE5V5REib0CkCLTgMgmPPQoCgGQr1oY9pW0Lia3m3HicRl2TwJEQ/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1) + +当然了，在教程前，先来个灵魂拷问：**为啥要本地部署？** + +我觉得吧，你要想本地能和官网一样的效果，那是不现实的，说实话也没这个必要，但本地部署最终要的是能解决数据隐私的问题。 + +他是你自己的智能助手，况且折腾本身也是对 AI 更理解的一种实践，毕竟马克思曾说过： + +**实践是检验真理的唯一标准。** + +## 第一步 ：安装 Ollama + +Ollama 是个啥？你可以叫它「欧拉马」，可以理解成是个自己电脑上运行大语言模型的容器，开源，免费，不用联网。 + +这玩意怎么下？要么直接搜索 Ollama： + +![图片](https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_png/y9icg8hcXLYtmib0T7uQS0ULzicibiaicXibKtnUQZ72QMeqVYGmp9M80ua5jubtqB6kLSqFZCgo8pM1ibSpzFCpjLUEicw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1) + +要么，就直接点击这个链接：https://ollama.com ，就可进入官网： + +![图片](https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_png/y9icg8hcXLYtmib0T7uQS0ULzicibiaicXibKtnNw9XraEmb8PCM0yIgZAxrJ1vTDRHr13MVjo3zMyOt5AD8MpfakHRlg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1) + +（ps：这个呆萌的羊驼还挺有意思😂） + +点击 Download 进行下载，选择自己电脑对应的版本即可： + +![图片](https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_png/y9icg8hcXLYtmib0T7uQS0ULzicibiaicXibKtnU490S3dyVG8agungB8zCUKPX8t3s4r76skEvgMOw32I6vLfwNkzmyw/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1) + +> 特别注意：这里下载需要特殊的网络环境。如果省的麻烦，也可以直接发消息给此公众号获取，我都下载好了，暗号：**Ollama** + +下载好后，直接点击对应的 app 运行： + +![图片](https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_png/y9icg8hcXLYtmib0T7uQS0ULzicibiaicXibKtniauiaN4wGco1nBa12yjYlC6NvX2BQAvLn8P3NicibHzvcawlJ746YpTWYg/640?wx_fmt=png&from=appmsg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1) + +点击 install 下载命令行（下载后就可以在命令号使用 Ollama 命令啦）： + +![图片](data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version='1.0'%20encoding='UTF-8'%3F%3E%3Csvg%20width='1px'%20height='1px'%20viewBox='0%200%201%201'%20version='1.1'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%20fill-opacity='0'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate\(-249.000000,%20-126.000000\)'%20fill='%23FFFFFF'%3E%3Crect%20x='249'%20y='126'%20width='1'%20height='1'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E) + +如果你是 macos，就可以在菜单栏看到 Ollama 的小图标啦，这表明基础环境已经 ok。 + +![图片](data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version='1.0'%20encoding='UTF-8'%3F%3E%3Csvg%20width='1px'%20height='1px'%20viewBox='0%200%201%201'%20version='1.1'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%20fill-opacity='0'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate\(-249.000000,%20-126.000000\)'%20fill='%23FFFFFF'%3E%3Crect%20x='249'%20y='126'%20width='1'%20height='1'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E) + +## 第二步：下载 DeepSeek-R 1 模型 + +还是打开刚才的 Ollama 官网，进入「Models」页面。 + +![图片](data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version='1.0'%20encoding='UTF-8'%3F%3E%3Csvg%20width='1px'%20height='1px'%20viewBox='0%200%201%201'%20version='1.1'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%20fill-opacity='0'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate\(-249.000000,%20-126.000000\)'%20fill='%23FFFFFF'%3E%3Crect%20x='249'%20y='126'%20width='1'%20height='1'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E) + +搜索或直接找到「deepseek-r1」模型。 + +![图片](data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version='1.0'%20encoding='UTF-8'%3F%3E%3Csvg%20width='1px'%20height='1px'%20viewBox='0%200%201%201'%20version='1.1'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%20fill-opacity='0'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate\(-249.000000,%20-126.000000\)'%20fill='%23FFFFFF'%3E%3Crect%20x='249'%20y='126'%20width='1'%20height='1'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E) + +直接根据自己电脑配置选择对应参数的模型下载： + +那你肯定会问，我电脑该选择哪个尺寸的下载呢？1.5b、7b、8b、14b 这些是啥？ + +1.5b 这些其实是大语言模型的参数规模，单位是 **billion，B**，即**十亿**。 + +比如 1.5b 就代表是 15亿参数。 + +一般来说，**参数越多，模型的能力越强，但计算资源需求也越大**。如果你看到这些数字，基本可以理解成这是某个AI模型的体型大小。 + +需要先确定自己的内存大小及存储，一般来说，模型参数越大，所需的计算资源和内存也越多。 + +> 如果您的设备内存为 8 GB，建议选择 1.5 B 或 7 B 模型，以确保模型能够流畅运行。如果您的设备内存为 16 GB 或更高，可以考虑选择 8 B 或 14 B 模型。至于 32 B 模型，可能需要更高的硬件配置才能流畅运行。 + +那怎么看自己电脑的配置呢？你可以直接搜索，但我这里建议你直接问 DeepSeek，更快获得答案🐶 + +比如我电脑配置就是这个（mac m1）。 + +我的内存大小： +![图片](data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version='1.0'%20encoding='UTF-8'%3F%3E%3Csvg%20width='1px'%20height='1px'%20viewBox='0%200%201%201'%20version='1.1'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%20fill-opacity='0'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate\(-249.000000,%20-126.000000\)'%20fill='%23FFFFFF'%3E%3Crect%20x='249'%20y='126'%20width='1'%20height='1'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E) + +我的硬盘存储剩余空间： + +![图片](data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version='1.0'%20encoding='UTF-8'%3F%3E%3Csvg%20width='1px'%20height='1px'%20viewBox='0%200%201%201'%20version='1.1'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%20fill-opacity='0'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate\(-249.000000,%20-126.000000\)'%20fill='%23FFFFFF'%3E%3Crect%20x='249'%20y='126'%20width='1'%20height='1'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E) + +显卡查看： + +> 由于 M 1 采用 **统一架构（SoC）**，GPU（显卡）是集成在芯片中的，所以你不会看到独立显卡的名称，而是看到 **Apple M 1** 及其变体。 + +和独立显卡的一个对标情况： + +![图片](data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version='1.0'%20encoding='UTF-8'%3F%3E%3Csvg%20width='1px'%20height='1px'%20viewBox='0%200%201%201'%20version='1.1'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%20fill-opacity='0'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate\(-249.000000,%20-126.000000\)'%20fill='%23FFFFFF'%3E%3Crect%20x='249'%20y='126'%20width='1'%20height='1'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E) + +当然你如果是有独立显卡的就可以直接查看自己的显卡配置。 + +好了，经过一番综合对比，最终我觉得我的小电脑运行个 8b 参数的模型勉强够用，于是乎，继续开整。 + +直接复制这个命令： + +``` +ollama run deepseek-r1:8b +``` + +![图片](data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version='1.0'%20encoding='UTF-8'%3F%3E%3Csvg%20width='1px'%20height='1px'%20viewBox='0%200%201%201'%20version='1.1'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%20fill-opacity='0'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate\(-249.000000,%20-126.000000\)'%20fill='%23FFFFFF'%3E%3Crect%20x='249'%20y='126'%20width='1'%20height='1'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E) + +然后打开你电脑的终端，直接执行： + +![图片](data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version='1.0'%20encoding='UTF-8'%3F%3E%3Csvg%20width='1px'%20height='1px'%20viewBox='0%200%201%201'%20version='1.1'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%20fill-opacity='0'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate\(-249.000000,%20-126.000000\)'%20fill='%23FFFFFF'%3E%3Crect%20x='249'%20y='126'%20width='1'%20height='1'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E) + +我家的网速一般，慢的时候只有 200 多 kb，可以说，我去看了姑妈打完 2 局麻将还没下载完🐶。 + +等啊等啊，终于下载完了： + +出现这样，就表示已经部署完成： + +![图片](data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version='1.0'%20encoding='UTF-8'%3F%3E%3Csvg%20width='1px'%20height='1px'%20viewBox='0%200%201%201'%20version='1.1'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%20fill-opacity='0'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate\(-249.000000,%20-126.000000\)'%20fill='%23FFFFFF'%3E%3Crect%20x='249'%20y='126'%20width='1'%20height='1'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E) + +这说明是用命令行启动了个客户端，你直接就可以在这里发消息和 DeepSeek 大模型对话啦。 + +我的第一个问题是："猪能不能爬树？" + +![图片](data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version='1.0'%20encoding='UTF-8'%3F%3E%3Csvg%20width='1px'%20height='1px'%20viewBox='0%200%201%201'%20version='1.1'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%20fill-opacity='0'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate\(-249.000000,%20-126.000000\)'%20fill='%23FFFFFF'%3E%3Crect%20x='249'%20y='126'%20width='1'%20height='1'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E) + +对于这个问题，回答的还可以，果然是推理型模型，思考的过程也给我们列出来了。（所以，大模型觉得野猪可能可以上树，如果来世我变成了一只猪，我希望自己是一只野猪🐷） + +很多人会和苍何有一样的顾虑，我的天，我自己电脑跑个大模型，这不得把电脑资源吃透？ + +我抱着好奇心来看了下内存和 CPU 使用情况： + +![图片](data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version='1.0'%20encoding='UTF-8'%3F%3E%3Csvg%20width='1px'%20height='1px'%20viewBox='0%200%201%201'%20version='1.1'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%20fill-opacity='0'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate\(-249.000000,%20-126.000000\)'%20fill='%23FFFFFF'%3E%3Crect%20x='249'%20y='126'%20width='1'%20height='1'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E) + +![图片](data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version='1.0'%20encoding='UTF-8'%3F%3E%3Csvg%20width='1px'%20height='1px'%20viewBox='0%200%201%201'%20version='1.1'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%20fill-opacity='0'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate\(-249.000000,%20-126.000000\)'%20fill='%23FFFFFF'%3E%3Crect%20x='249'%20y='126'%20width='1'%20height='1'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E) + +也还好啊，在推理任务过程中，也就占了 1.09G 的内存，对于拥有 16G 内存的大户来说，还可以接受😂 + +不想要继续在命令行对话了咋办？可以直接输入命令： + +``` +/bye to exit +``` + +这样，命令行这个客户端就关闭了。 + +![图片](data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version='1.0'%20encoding='UTF-8'%3F%3E%3Csvg%20width='1px'%20height='1px'%20viewBox='0%200%201%201'%20version='1.1'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%20fill-opacity='0'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate\(-249.000000,%20-126.000000\)'%20fill='%23FFFFFF'%3E%3Crect%20x='249'%20y='126'%20width='1'%20height='1'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E) +这个时候 ollama 模型其实还是在后台运行的： + +![图片](data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version='1.0'%20encoding='UTF-8'%3F%3E%3Csvg%20width='1px'%20height='1px'%20viewBox='0%200%201%201'%20version='1.1'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%20fill-opacity='0'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate\(-249.000000,%20-126.000000\)'%20fill='%23FFFFFF'%3E%3Crect%20x='249'%20y='126'%20width='1'%20height='1'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E) + +**不过如果退出所有的客户端或者任务闲置的时候，这个时候 ollama 其实已经不会占用过高的内存了，因为没有后台任务，你可以选择无视。** + +![图片](data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version='1.0'%20encoding='UTF-8'%3F%3E%3Csvg%20width='1px'%20height='1px'%20viewBox='0%200%201%201'%20version='1.1'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%20fill-opacity='0'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate\(-249.000000,%20-126.000000\)'%20fill='%23FFFFFF'%3E%3Crect%20x='249'%20y='126'%20width='1'%20height='1'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E) + +当然如果你生怕 ollama 在后台影响你拔剑的速度，你也可以直接退出： + +![图片](data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version='1.0'%20encoding='UTF-8'%3F%3E%3Csvg%20width='1px'%20height='1px'%20viewBox='0%200%201%201'%20version='1.1'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%20fill-opacity='0'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate\(-249.000000,%20-126.000000\)'%20fill='%23FFFFFF'%3E%3Crect%20x='249'%20y='126'%20width='1'%20height='1'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E) + +## 第三步：搭建 Chatbox 界面 + +这命令行对于不会编程的小伙伴来说，太难受了。 + +不过没关系，开源的 Chatbox 就可以解决这个问题，你可以理解成他是个好看的 UI 界面搭载的应用程序，让你和大模型对话就像呼吸空气一样自然🉑 + +使用方法也很简单，下面简单介绍一下： + +1、下载并安装客户端 + +打开官网直接下载：**https://chatboxai.app/zh + +![图片](data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version='1.0'%20encoding='UTF-8'%3F%3E%3Csvg%20width='1px'%20height='1px'%20viewBox='0%200%201%201'%20version='1.1'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%20fill-opacity='0'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate\(-249.000000,%20-126.000000\)'%20fill='%23FFFFFF'%3E%3Crect%20x='249'%20y='126'%20width='1'%20height='1'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E) + +选择对应的版本，比如我的是苹果芯片的： + +![图片](data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version='1.0'%20encoding='UTF-8'%3F%3E%3Csvg%20width='1px'%20height='1px'%20viewBox='0%200%201%201'%20version='1.1'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%20fill-opacity='0'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate\(-249.000000,%20-126.000000\)'%20fill='%23FFFFFF'%3E%3Crect%20x='249'%20y='126'%20width='1'%20height='1'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E) + +下载安装后，第一次打开是这样的： + +![图片](data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version='1.0'%20encoding='UTF-8'%3F%3E%3Csvg%20width='1px'%20height='1px'%20viewBox='0%200%201%201'%20version='1.1'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%20fill-opacity='0'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate\(-249.000000,%20-126.000000\)'%20fill='%23FFFFFF'%3E%3Crect%20x='249'%20y='126'%20width='1'%20height='1'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E) + +选择使用自己的 API  Key 或者本地模型： + +选择 Ollama API + +![图片](data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version='1.0'%20encoding='UTF-8'%3F%3E%3Csvg%20width='1px'%20height='1px'%20viewBox='0%200%201%201'%20version='1.1'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%20fill-opacity='0'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate\(-249.000000,%20-126.000000\)'%20fill='%23FFFFFF'%3E%3Crect%20x='249'%20y='126'%20width='1'%20height='1'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E) + +（如果不小心点错了，或者之前已经安装过 Chatbox，也可以点击设置重新选择。） + +![图片](data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version='1.0'%20encoding='UTF-8'%3F%3E%3Csvg%20width='1px'%20height='1px'%20viewBox='0%200%201%201'%20version='1.1'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%20fill-opacity='0'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate\(-249.000000,%20-126.000000\)'%20fill='%23FFFFFF'%3E%3Crect%20x='249'%20y='126'%20width='1'%20height='1'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E) + +选择本地跑的 DeepSeek： + +![图片](data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version='1.0'%20encoding='UTF-8'%3F%3E%3Csvg%20width='1px'%20height='1px'%20viewBox='0%200%201%201'%20version='1.1'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%20fill-opacity='0'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate\(-249.000000,%20-126.000000\)'%20fill='%23FFFFFF'%3E%3Crect%20x='249'%20y='126'%20width='1'%20height='1'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E) + +除了对模型进行设置外，还可以对对话显示效果进行设置： + +可以给助手设置头像和默认提示： + +比如我用上了自己的头像， + +![图片](data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version='1.0'%20encoding='UTF-8'%3F%3E%3Csvg%20width='1px'%20height='1px'%20viewBox='0%200%201%201'%20version='1.1'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%20fill-opacity='0'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate\(-249.000000,%20-126.000000\)'%20fill='%23FFFFFF'%3E%3Crect%20x='249'%20y='126'%20width='1'%20height='1'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E) + +其他的一些设置： + +![图片](data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version='1.0'%20encoding='UTF-8'%3F%3E%3Csvg%20width='1px'%20height='1px'%20viewBox='0%200%201%201'%20version='1.1'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%20fill-opacity='0'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate\(-249.000000,%20-126.000000\)'%20fill='%23FFFFFF'%3E%3Crect%20x='249'%20y='126'%20width='1'%20height='1'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E) +点击保存即可。 + +这个时候就可以在 UI 界面使用了： + +![图片](data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version='1.0'%20encoding='UTF-8'%3F%3E%3Csvg%20width='1px'%20height='1px'%20viewBox='0%200%201%201'%20version='1.1'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%20fill-opacity='0'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate\(-249.000000,%20-126.000000\)'%20fill='%23FFFFFF'%3E%3Crect%20x='249'%20y='126'%20width='1'%20height='1'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E) + +**至此，简单三步，本地就运安装运行起来了 DeepSeek R1**。 + +但这个时候，在你本地跑的只是个小 baby，他并没有像官方一样智能，只能处理简单的任务。 + +不过如果只是单纯的做自己知识库助手，也够了，毕竟本地的数据也就这么多。 + +这里也给大家挖一个坑，我先调教调教他，再给大家汇报汇报战果。 + +简单 3 步骤的教程，你肯，是不是帮你省了 15.5 了？ + +甚至你还可以拿着教程做成视频再去卖？狠狠赚他一波。 + +## ending + +我创建了一个读者 AI 交流群，群里都是一群前沿的 AI 极客，经常讨论最新的 AI 消息，用法，以及变现方法。 + +![图片](data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version='1.0'%20encoding='UTF-8'%3F%3E%3Csvg%20width='1px'%20height='1px'%20viewBox='0%200%201%201'%20version='1.1'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%20fill-opacity='0'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate\(-249.000000,%20-126.000000\)'%20fill='%23FFFFFF'%3E%3Crect%20x='249'%20y='126'%20width='1'%20height='1'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E) + +但是任何人在群里打任何广告，都会被我 T 掉。 + +如果你对这个特别的群，感兴趣，可以公众号后台私信我加入。 + +暗号：**AI** + + + +![图片](data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version='1.0'%20encoding='UTF-8'%3F%3E%3Csvg%20width='1px'%20height='1px'%20viewBox='0%200%201%201'%20version='1.1'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Ctitle%3E%3C/title%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%20fill-opacity='0'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate\(-249.000000,%20-126.000000\)'%20fill='%23FFFFFF'%3E%3Crect%20x='249'%20y='126'%20width='1'%20height='1'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E) + +最后，把苍何的座右铭送给大家：**我举手向苍穹，并非一定摘到星月，只是想保持这个永不屈服的姿势**。共勉 💪。 + +【我爱这个魔幻的世界】 \ No newline at end of file