From 412483f188b01337bf801e52fb33a34d5e2f5f59 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: CrazyJasonwell Date: Tue, 23 Sep 2025 15:25:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH] vault backup: 2025-09-23 15:25:32 --- .obsidian/plugins/rss-reader/data.json | 1188 ----------------- .../plugins/update-time-on-edit/data.json | 2 +- .../wucai-highlights-official/data.json | 2 +- 01-工作日记/2025-09-23.md | 4 +- 4 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 1192 deletions(-) diff --git a/.obsidian/plugins/rss-reader/data.json b/.obsidian/plugins/rss-reader/data.json index 2204ab51..05a33260 100644 --- a/.obsidian/plugins/rss-reader/data.json +++ b/.obsidian/plugins/rss-reader/data.json @@ -996,28 +996,6 @@ "hash": "6adb1a835b705f357af29b46fe8f3ded", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "Beijing registers first high-temperature day of 2025", - "description": "

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A resident uses an umbrella to block the sun during the first high-temperature day of the year in Beijing, June 5, 2025. The Beijing Meteorological Observatory issued an orange heat alert at 6 p.m. on June 4. (China News Service/Chen Fangting)

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A resident uses an umbrella to block the sun during the first high-temperature day of the year in Beijing, June 5, 2025. The Beijing Meteorological Observatory issued an orange heat alert at 6 p.m. on June 4. (China News Service/Chen Fangting)

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People take sun protection measures during the first high-temperature day of the year in Beijing, June 5, 2025. The Beijing Meteorological Observatory issued an orange heat alert at 6 p.m. on June 4. (China News Service/Chen Fangting)

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People take sun protection measures during the first high-temperature day of the year in Beijing, June 5, 2025. The Beijing Meteorological Observatory issued an orange heat alert at 6 p.m. on June 4. (China News Service/Chen Fangting)

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A citizen shops for watermelons to cool off during the first high-temperature day of the year in Beijing, June 5, 2025. The Beijing Meteorological Observatory issued an orange heat alert at 6 p.m. on June 4. (China News Service/Chen Fangting)

Source: Ecns.cn

", - "content": "

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A resident uses an umbrella to block the sun during the first high-temperature day of the year in Beijing, June 5, 2025. The Beijing Meteorological Observatory issued an orange heat alert at 6 p.m. on June 4. (China News Service/Chen Fangting)

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A resident uses an umbrella to block the sun during the first high-temperature day of the year in Beijing, June 5, 2025. The Beijing Meteorological Observatory issued an orange heat alert at 6 p.m. on June 4. (China News Service/Chen Fangting)

\"\"

People take sun protection measures during the first high-temperature day of the year in Beijing, June 5, 2025. The Beijing Meteorological Observatory issued an orange heat alert at 6 p.m. on June 4. (China News Service/Chen Fangting)

\"\"

People take sun protection measures during the first high-temperature day of the year in Beijing, June 5, 2025. The Beijing Meteorological Observatory issued an orange heat alert at 6 p.m. on June 4. (China News Service/Chen Fangting)

\"\"

A citizen shops for watermelons to cool off during the first high-temperature day of the year in Beijing, June 5, 2025. The Beijing Meteorological Observatory issued an orange heat alert at 6 p.m. on June 4. (China News Service/Chen Fangting)

Source: Ecns.cn

", - "category": "", - "link": "http://english.people.com.cn/n3/2025/0605/c90000-20323922.html", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Thu, 05 Jun 2025 16:37:43 +0800", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "资讯", - "feed": "人民网英语", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "9403257187ea5bb7661eda153297cc59", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "Chinese VP to attend UN Ocean Conference in France, visit Spain", "description": "

BEIJING, June 5 (Xinhua) -- Chinese Vice President Han Zheng will attend the UN Ocean Conference in Nice, France and visit Spain upon invitation from June 7 to 13, a Chinese foreign ministry spokesperson announced on Thursday.

Source: Xinhua

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本 文 约 3200 字
阅 读 需 要 10 分 钟

 

谁说宫斗非得你死我活？清朝一位皇贵妃偏偏反其道而行——无子无宠却熬过五朝皇帝，亲眼见证了火烧圆明园、八国联军进京……超长待机的“宫龄”让这位皇贵妃成为晚清后宫中极为特殊的存在，那么她又是如何在紫禁城安全“活到退休”的呢？



顶级世家的“免选秀通关卡”


天津博物馆中收藏着现存的唯一一方清朝后妃用印，它体积大，镌工细致，是非常难得的珍品。玺的正面用满汉两种文字铸成，汉文为阳文“祺皇贵太妃之宝”。而这位祺皇贵妃，正是前面所提到的那位后妃——她是咸丰皇帝所有后妃中最后去世的，是清朝唯一一位历经五朝的后妃，也是定陵妃园寝最后一个入葬的妃嫔……所有的一切，还得从她的家世说起。



道光二十四年（1844）十月二十四日，佟佳氏含着金汤匙在佟家出生了。这个佟家可不是一般的豪门，他们属于镶黄旗佟佳氏佟国纲一支，是清朝的政治“顶流”之一：


顺治帝孝康章皇后（康熙皇帝母亲）、康熙帝孝懿仁皇后和悫惠皇贵妃，以及道光帝孝慎成皇后（舒明阿之女，佟佳氏的姑母）全部出自这一支；这一家还出了多位“驸马”，比如佟养性称施乌里额驸，佟国维长子叶克书之子舜安颜娶了雍正帝的同母妹妹温宪公主为和硕额驸，阿松彦之子方元娶了多罗公主为多罗额驸……


在这样的家世背景下，当其他旗人姑娘还在为选秀成功熬夜练习各类技艺时，咸丰八年（1858），15岁的佟佳氏已经绕过复杂的选秀流程，拿着选秀“VIP直通卡”进入了紫禁城，直接被封为祺嫔，成为一宫主位。要知道，咸丰朝入宫的新人初封是嫔位的，只有两个，一个是孝贞显皇后，也就是慈安，另一个就是咱们文章的主角祺嫔佟佳氏，也就是后来的端恪皇贵妃。同期通过选秀入宫的姑娘，大多只是贵人、答应，甚至还有不少“陪跑”失败回老家的。这位佟佳氏，一开局就站在别人奋斗十年的终点线上。


“头等侍卫裕祥之女著封为祺嫔，候补员外郎桂祥之女著封为玉贵人，均于三月二十五日进内，钦此。”



根据内务府《鸿称通用》里的记载，“祺”字的满文意思为“福分”“福祉”，同年十二月二十四日，承乾宫祺嫔接册。《清史稿》记载：


佟佳氏。事文宗，为祺嫔。同治间，尊为皇考祺贵妃。宣统初，尊为皇祖祺贵太妃。薨，谥曰端恪皇贵妃。


“隐形冠军”的生存哲学


在深宫这片暗流涌动的是非之地，佟佳氏却以其独特的生存智慧，生动展现了什么叫“职场隐身术”——当其他嫔妃还在为争宠绞尽脑汁时，她早已参透了紫禁城的生存法则：在这座天下最豪华的“牢笼”里，最大的智慧不是如何脱颖而出，而是如何恰到好处地隐藏自己。



入宫三年后，影响佟佳氏一生的事情很快就发生了——咸丰十一年（1861）七月十五日，咸丰帝在热河行宫病重，十七日清晨便逝去了。这个时候的佟佳氏刚满十八岁，面对骤然巨变，无儿无女的她并没有慌乱了阵脚，即使有着显赫的家世，也没有随意“倒戈”，陷入政治斗争中，以至于史书上对她也没有过多的记载。或许正是佟佳氏的安分守己，才让她在同治朝，受到了两次晋封——


第一次是两宫皇太后（慈安、慈禧）以“冲喜”为由对后妃进行大规模封赏：


朕惟皇考大行皇帝，敬荷康慈皇太后抚育深恩，在位之日，叠晋尊封，奉事东朝，问安视膳，直数年如一日。……皇考大行皇帝妃嫔承侍宫闱，恪恭淑慎，均宜加崇位号，以表尊荣。……祺嫔晋封为祺妃，……。所有应行事宜，著该衙门察例具奏。（《清穆宗实录》卷六）



第二次则是在同治十三年（1874），同治帝奉慈安、慈禧两宫皇太后懿旨：“祺妃著封为祺贵妃”。（《清穆宗实录》卷三七三）


但是就在第二次封赏后不久，1875年，同治帝也逝世了。再次迎来皇位更换的佟佳氏已经清楚地认识到——每一次晋封都不是终点，而是新一轮谨慎行事的起点。


在光绪朝，佟佳氏的生存艺术也愈加成熟。在这三四十年间，佟佳氏虽然没有再次晋位，但她始终保持着“咸丰遗孀”的身份，既不过多地参与到后宫的是非争斗中，也不对前朝政务流露出过多的关心。等到宣统帝继位，循例继续颁下晋封诏令：


“祺贵妃，瑜贵妃、珣贵妃、瑨妃，瑾妃，侍奉大行太皇太后历有年所，淑顺克昭，均宜加崇位号。”



于是这位佟佳氏再次上升一个位次，来到了皇贵妃的位置，被尊为“祺皇贵太妃”。此刻的佟佳氏，已经成为后宫中年资最长、地位最尊贵的女性之一，从一个青涩的嫔妃，蜕变为了深宫中的“活化石”。天津博物馆的那方银印，正是她这场漫长生存游戏的最佳见证——这不仅是清朝唯一留存的后妃用印，更是一个王朝兴衰的沉默见证物。

五朝风云尽收眼底


翻看佟佳氏的故事，她不像那些充满戏剧性的后宫宠妃，一生大起大落。她更像紫禁城深处一座沉默的钟表，静静地走过了67个春秋，用自己的生命，丈量了一个王朝从崩塌到湮灭的全部过程。


当她还是祺嫔时，英法联军的炮火轰开了北京城门，万园之园的圆明园也在烈火中被损毁，咸丰皇帝弃京而去，逃亡热河。


“初八日卯刻，圣驾携后妃、诸王大臣、侍卫等官，仓皇赴木兰而去。闻驻驾热河，人心大恐。初九日，官眷商民人等，纷纷出城逃避，闻自彰仪门至保定，一路车马行人，拥挤不断。十一日，留守内城王大臣等，在内阁政事堂会议一次，均无定见，旋即散去。是日，将巴酋由刑部放出，暂居高届，供给丰美。”



同治年间，新帝年幼，她又亲历了辛酉政变的血雨腥风，目睹着慈禧与慈安两宫太后的权力博弈。佟佳氏的地位在一级一级地向上提升，面临的抉择也变得愈加艰难。


光绪年间，内忧外患并存。戊戌变法失败，六君子被斩杀在菜市口，皇帝也被幽禁于西苑瀛台。


“（光绪三十四年） 十月初十日，上率百僚，晨贺太后万寿，起居注官应侍班，先集于来薰风门外，上步行自南海来，入德昌门，门罅未阖，侍班官窥见上正扶阉肩，以两足起落作势舒筋骨，为拜跪计。须臾忽奉懿旨‘皇帝卧病在床，免率百官行礼，辍侍班。’上闻之大恸。时太后病泄泻数日矣，有谮上者谓帝闻太后病，有喜色。太后怒曰：‘我不能先尔死。’” 



1900年，八国联军侵华，她随着慈禧、光绪仓皇西逃。从紫禁城的金碧辉煌到荒村野店的油灯如豆，在“逃亡”的路上，整个帝国的疮痍尽数展现在眼前。


1908年，光绪与慈禧相继离世，佟佳氏在悲凉中迎来了溥仪的登基。此时的后宫，早已不复当年的繁华，空荡荡的宫室里只余下几个白发苍苍的老嬷嬷。65岁的她被尊为祺皇贵太妃，成了紫禁城中辈分最高的女性，却也是这座宫殿最孤独的守望者。



1910年3月，她在长春宫安详离世。而这位佟佳氏绝不会想到，就在她去世的94天后，武昌城头的枪声宣告了清朝的终结。仿佛上天特意安排，要让这位见证了王朝兴衰的老人，带着完整的回忆离开，不必亲眼看见最后的结局。


如今，当我们凝视天津博物馆中那方“祺皇贵太妃”银印，仿佛还能看见一个孤寂的身影，静静地站在历史的长廊中。她不是权力的主角，却是时间的证人；她没有改变历史的走向，却为后人留下了一个王朝的超长记忆。在这座人人争当主角的紫禁城里，佟佳氏偏偏选择做一个安静的旁观者，在权力中心，以不争为争，用67年沉默见证一个王朝的崩塌，最终以“端恪”为谥（意为“端庄敬慎”），恰如她一生的注脚。



参考文献：

[1]黄鸿寿. 清史纪事本末：卷50[M]. 上海：上海书店出版社, 1986. 

[2]清实录（附录）宣统政纪·卷一[M]. 北京：中华书局影印本，1987. 

[3]鄂尔泰等. 八旗满洲氏族通谱：卷十九[M].沈阳：辽沈书社，1989.

[4]赵尔巽. 清史稿：列传一[M]. 北京：中华书局，2020.

[5]王开玺. 咸同之际两宫皇太后的理政听政与垂帘[J]. 北京师范大学学报（社会科学版），2018（1）：75-84.

[6]沈欣. 清代太妃太嫔的尊封研究[J]. 故宫博物院院刊,2020(1):27-37108.


*本文系“国家人文历史”独家稿件，欢迎读者转发朋友圈。


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作者 | 宁境
编辑 | 胡心雅 
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校对 | 
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“在看”的永远18岁~

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\n\n \n 文章原文\n
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", @@ -1757,28 +1713,6 @@ "hash": "77bc18937aea4f4315aefa3bde652fc2", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "用「剪刀大法」找猫是什么原理？", - "description": "
\"头图\"/
\n

所谓“剪刀大法”，其实是古代“禳灶神寻猫法”的故事新编，“剪刀”本原指祭祀灶神用的贡品“慈姑”。

\n
\"\"
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元明时代在养猫时，也会单方面签署一张“猫儿契”，很大程度就是因为猫不太恋家，喜欢主动逃跑。

\n

这是为何“猫儿契”上明文写着“西王母证见北不游，东王公证见南不去”，并且威胁道：“如有故违走外去，堂前引过受笞鞭”的原因。

\n
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当然，“猫儿契”也仅是起到安抚猫主的作用，猫真丢了，那“猫儿契”自然是报废了，猫主人只能祈神寻猫。

\n

在江南一带，祈神寻猫的历史并不算短。元《至顺镇江志》中，便记载了一处专门寻猫的“广惠庵”，庵内有专门寻猫的“黑哥哥”神像：

\n
广惠庵……在大围桥东巷内，庵中有土偶名黑哥哥，居民失猫，祷之多应，今俗呼为黑哥哥庵，巷亦以此得名焉。
\n

随着民间养猫的增多，到了清代后，猫的身价大打折扣。又因猫畏惧寒冷，喜欢睡在温暖的灶炉边，纳猫、寻猫的祈祷对象也打了个折扣，从天上的神佛，变成了家里的灶神。

\n

新的猫主人接猫回家后，会先带猫拜一下灶王爷的神像，再带猫拜一下家中养的狗，就完事了。当然灶王被拜了码头，那猫跑了，灶神自然得负责帮忙找回了。

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黄汉《猫苑》
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清代中期的杭州才女孙荪意，在《衔蝉小录》中辑录了《江淮记》记载的“捆灶追猫”：

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“失猫者，禳灶神，乃以绳绠围捆于灶囱，数日猫反”。
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也就是猫跑了之后，先拜灶神，并且用绳子绑住炉灶上方的烟囱（一般旁边就是灶王像），几天后，猫就会（被灶王爷拎）回来了。

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这种寻猫方式，应当便是现代的“剪刀大法”在灶台周边大动干戈的起源。

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孙荪意《衔蝉小录》
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至于“剪刀”，我觉得很可能是起源自灶神的祭品“慈姑”。

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慈姑是一种泽泻科的水生植物，叶子外形独特，类似剪刀，早在宋代，便被叫作“剪刀”、“箭搭”。

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慈姑，又称茨菰、葃菇、燕尾草、白地栗
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宋人苏颂曾对慈姑作过形象的描绘：“剪刀草，茎干似嫩蒲，又似三棱草，其色深青，每丛十余茎，内抽出一两茎，上分枝，开四瓣小白花，蕊深黄色，根大者如杏，小者如栗。”

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在淮河以南的地区，民间一般会食用慈姑的肉制球茎。

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\"\"
\n

古代冬天上市的果蔬很少，而慈姑则正好是冬末春初上市的时令果蔬，于是在江南一带，在腊月二十四日送灶时，慈姑会被当做贡品摆在灶神神像之前，表示诚意。

\n

景象一如清末《上海竹枝词》所写的那样：

\n
柏子冬于插遍檐，灶神酒果送朝天。胶牙买得糖元宝，更荐茨茹免奏愆。
\n

慈姑本身有些苦涩，加上淀粉含量高，有些黏糊，很多人不太理解为何一边为灶神上供甜的胶牙糖，一边上供苦涩的慈姑。便又新解释说，胶牙糖是用来黏住灶神的嘴的，而吴语中“慈姑”与“是个”谐音，祭灶用慈姑的目的，就是希望灶神在打报告时，只应“是个”二字。

\n
\"\"
\n

我怀疑是不是民间最早在灶前摆几个慈姑（剪刀）上供，希望工具人灶王爷能帮忙把猫找回来。

\n

后来由于现代不流行贴灶神像了，慈姑也因不好吃被很多人嫌弃。因此就在民间讹传成了“在灶前摆个碗，碗里放个剪刀”的寻猫法。

\n

至于现在网上最流行的“剪刀寻猫法”，其实是豆瓣用户“墨吉”[1]在 2008-2011 年间整理、补充、总结归纳出来的。文章名为《【原创】 猫丢了！怎么办？——剪刀大法及找猫心得》。

\n

为此，她还建立了一个“猫丢了怎么办？剪刀 da 法与找猫心得”小组，并且在新浪博客、微博、贴吧推广了此文。

\n
\"\"
\n

虽然之前民间存在所谓“剪刀寻猫法”，但是“墨吉”认为，“寥寥数篇，都语焉不详，矛盾不清甚多”，“实际操作时会有很多疑问”，所以她根据自己的理解，重新进行了编写和解释，并且修订了多个版本。

\n

最重要的是，除了“剪刀寻猫法”之外，她以好几倍的文字，总结“猫为什么出走”、“如何写寻猫启示”、“猫往哪里跑”、“如何寻猫”等等，起码这部分没有玄学成分，相当客观和科学。

\n

https://www.douban.com/note/30113761/?_i=5788528WEWR05J

\n

小组成员和读者，真的有板有眼遵循“墨吉”的“剪刀寻猫法”进行实践的话，大多也会顺便看一下她的找猫心得。

\n

而多数走丢的猫，本来就是在家附近闲游，只是主人不知道如何寻猫、或者把猫弄回家而已。多数人很快找到猫，后半部分的找猫心得起了作用。“剪刀大法”起到的更多是定心丸作用而已。

\n

如果翻看一下豆瓣小组的记录，便可知那些熟悉寻猫心得的老组员，在万策尽后，最后迫不得已用了“剪猫大法”时，其实大都还是找不回来猫；一般不懂如何找猫的萌新，反而因为在查“剪刀大法”的时候，顺便阅读了找猫心得，很快找回了猫。

\n
\"\"
可以看到小组留言里很多用了剪刀大法，仍旧没有找到猫，所以没有再回信的
\n

很多人不太愿意承认自己先前没有好好根据“寻猫心得”找猫，就非扯是剪刀的百万匹磁场力量啊，什么五行缺木（猫），小鬼帮忙补回来之类的。

\n

灶王爷若是得知自己被“入了鬼籍”，估计也别上天言好事了，直接下地醋歹炮罢！

\n
\"\"
灶神：“人心不古，老吴所依”啊
\n

其他相关答案：

\n

《西游记》为什么没有猫妖？

\n
\n
\n\n\n
查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n\n\n\n
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https://feedx.net
https://feedx.site
", - "content": "
\"头图\"/
\n

所谓“剪刀大法”，其实是古代“禳灶神寻猫法”的故事新编，“剪刀”本原指祭祀灶神用的贡品“慈姑”。

\n
\"\"
\n

元明时代在养猫时，也会单方面签署一张“猫儿契”，很大程度就是因为猫不太恋家，喜欢主动逃跑。

\n

这是为何“猫儿契”上明文写着“西王母证见北不游，东王公证见南不去”，并且威胁道：“如有故违走外去，堂前引过受笞鞭”的原因。

\n
\"\"
\n

当然，“猫儿契”也仅是起到安抚猫主的作用，猫真丢了，那“猫儿契”自然是报废了，猫主人只能祈神寻猫。

\n

在江南一带，祈神寻猫的历史并不算短。元《至顺镇江志》中，便记载了一处专门寻猫的“广惠庵”，庵内有专门寻猫的“黑哥哥”神像：

\n
广惠庵……在大围桥东巷内，庵中有土偶名黑哥哥，居民失猫，祷之多应，今俗呼为黑哥哥庵，巷亦以此得名焉。
\n

随着民间养猫的增多，到了清代后，猫的身价大打折扣。又因猫畏惧寒冷，喜欢睡在温暖的灶炉边，纳猫、寻猫的祈祷对象也打了个折扣，从天上的神佛，变成了家里的灶神。

\n

新的猫主人接猫回家后，会先带猫拜一下灶王爷的神像，再带猫拜一下家中养的狗，就完事了。当然灶王被拜了码头，那猫跑了，灶神自然得负责帮忙找回了。

\n
\"\"
黄汉《猫苑》
\n

清代中期的杭州才女孙荪意，在《衔蝉小录》中辑录了《江淮记》记载的“捆灶追猫”：

\n
“失猫者，禳灶神，乃以绳绠围捆于灶囱，数日猫反”。
\n

也就是猫跑了之后，先拜灶神，并且用绳子绑住炉灶上方的烟囱（一般旁边就是灶王像），几天后，猫就会（被灶王爷拎）回来了。

\n

这种寻猫方式，应当便是现代的“剪刀大法”在灶台周边大动干戈的起源。

\n
\"\"
孙荪意《衔蝉小录》
\n

至于“剪刀”，我觉得很可能是起源自灶神的祭品“慈姑”。

\n

慈姑是一种泽泻科的水生植物，叶子外形独特，类似剪刀，早在宋代，便被叫作“剪刀”、“箭搭”。

\n
\"\"
慈姑，又称茨菰、葃菇、燕尾草、白地栗
\n

宋人苏颂曾对慈姑作过形象的描绘：“剪刀草，茎干似嫩蒲，又似三棱草，其色深青，每丛十余茎，内抽出一两茎，上分枝，开四瓣小白花，蕊深黄色，根大者如杏，小者如栗。”

\n

在淮河以南的地区，民间一般会食用慈姑的肉制球茎。

\n
\"\"
\n

古代冬天上市的果蔬很少，而慈姑则正好是冬末春初上市的时令果蔬，于是在江南一带，在腊月二十四日送灶时，慈姑会被当做贡品摆在灶神神像之前，表示诚意。

\n

景象一如清末《上海竹枝词》所写的那样：

\n
柏子冬于插遍檐，灶神酒果送朝天。胶牙买得糖元宝，更荐茨茹免奏愆。
\n

慈姑本身有些苦涩，加上淀粉含量高，有些黏糊，很多人不太理解为何一边为灶神上供甜的胶牙糖，一边上供苦涩的慈姑。便又新解释说，胶牙糖是用来黏住灶神的嘴的，而吴语中“慈姑”与“是个”谐音，祭灶用慈姑的目的，就是希望灶神在打报告时，只应“是个”二字。

\n
\"\"
\n

我怀疑是不是民间最早在灶前摆几个慈姑（剪刀）上供，希望工具人灶王爷能帮忙把猫找回来。

\n

后来由于现代不流行贴灶神像了，慈姑也因不好吃被很多人嫌弃。因此就在民间讹传成了“在灶前摆个碗，碗里放个剪刀”的寻猫法。

\n

至于现在网上最流行的“剪刀寻猫法”，其实是豆瓣用户“墨吉”[1]在 2008-2011 年间整理、补充、总结归纳出来的。文章名为《【原创】 猫丢了！怎么办？——剪刀大法及找猫心得》。

\n

为此，她还建立了一个“猫丢了怎么办？剪刀 da 法与找猫心得”小组，并且在新浪博客、微博、贴吧推广了此文。

\n
\"\"
\n

虽然之前民间存在所谓“剪刀寻猫法”，但是“墨吉”认为，“寥寥数篇，都语焉不详，矛盾不清甚多”，“实际操作时会有很多疑问”，所以她根据自己的理解，重新进行了编写和解释，并且修订了多个版本。

\n

最重要的是，除了“剪刀寻猫法”之外，她以好几倍的文字，总结“猫为什么出走”、“如何写寻猫启示”、“猫往哪里跑”、“如何寻猫”等等，起码这部分没有玄学成分，相当客观和科学。

\n

https://www.douban.com/note/30113761/?_i=5788528WEWR05J

\n

小组成员和读者，真的有板有眼遵循“墨吉”的“剪刀寻猫法”进行实践的话，大多也会顺便看一下她的找猫心得。

\n

而多数走丢的猫，本来就是在家附近闲游，只是主人不知道如何寻猫、或者把猫弄回家而已。多数人很快找到猫，后半部分的找猫心得起了作用。“剪刀大法”起到的更多是定心丸作用而已。

\n

如果翻看一下豆瓣小组的记录，便可知那些熟悉寻猫心得的老组员，在万策尽后，最后迫不得已用了“剪猫大法”时，其实大都还是找不回来猫；一般不懂如何找猫的萌新，反而因为在查“剪刀大法”的时候，顺便阅读了找猫心得，很快找回了猫。

\n
\"\"
可以看到小组留言里很多用了剪刀大法，仍旧没有找到猫，所以没有再回信的
\n

很多人不太愿意承认自己先前没有好好根据“寻猫心得”找猫，就非扯是剪刀的百万匹磁场力量啊，什么五行缺木（猫），小鬼帮忙补回来之类的。

\n

灶王爷若是得知自己被“入了鬼籍”，估计也别上天言好事了，直接下地醋歹炮罢！

\n
\"\"
灶神：“人心不古，老吴所依”啊
\n

其他相关答案：

\n

《西游记》为什么没有猫妖？

\n
\n
\n\n\n
查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n\n\n\n
获取更多RSS：
https://feedx.net
https://feedx.site
", - "category": "", - "link": "https://daily.zhihu.com/story/9783982", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Tue, 16 Sep 2025 00:27:03 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "资讯", - "feed": "知乎", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "4b60b6657d3789f6576f26aa4a78605b", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "威海网友发视频称池塘惊现无头鱼，身首分离后仍在池中游动，游了好几天，鱼没头了为什么还能存活？", "description": "
\"头图\"/
\n

有趣的是，没有头很可怕这件事正是“头”告诉你的。

\n

对有些动物来说，头的重要性体现在它拥有一个进食的器官，没有进食器官……会饿死。

\n

说到这里不如先给你讲讲无头鸡麦克的故事：

\n

1945 年 9 月 10 日，一个普通的下午。

\n

美国科罗拉多州一个普通的农民劳埃德·奥尔森一斧头砍下去一只 5 个半月大，取名叫麦克的怀恩多特鸡时，意外发生了。

\n

鸡的头掉了，身子跑开了！

\n
\"\"
\n

然后无头鸡麦克的传奇故事就这么开始了。

\n

这只没有头的鸡在主人的精心照顾下（用滴管对着砍掉的部位喂食）居然活了足足 18 个月！

\n

（详见有什么关于鸡的冷知识吗？）

\n

所以你看，对所有动物来说，头都一样的重要。

\n

但是对部分动物来说，只要还能摄入食物，不被饿死，有头没头都是一样的。

\n

头最重要的几个功能：

\n

1 呼吸

\n

2 神经调节

\n

3 进食

\n

以刚才的无头鸡麦克举例，农夫砍掉的位置非常精妙，只砍掉了喙的部分影响了进食功能，而保留了最重要的脑干，使得身体还能继续进行呼吸、进食等调节，甚至还能在木桩上保持平衡。

\n

而砍掉的位置也露出了气道，所以呼吸也没受到影响。

\n

因此能存活这么长的时间。

\n

这条鱼估计也是类似的情况，首先，鱼的很多基本生命活动（游泳反射、鳃的呼吸等）由脊髓和脑干下部调控，被咬掉头部时，只要脑干还在，鳃还能动，心脏还在跳，就能继续供氧，维持游泳等基本的运动。

\n
\"\"
可以看出如果吃掉的是眼睛部分的位置，没有影响到脑干
\n

而且鱼类是变温动物，新陈代谢相对低，组织细胞对缺氧和损伤的耐受性更强，可以拖延死亡时间。

\n

并且鱼类心脏没有大脑也能跳动。

\n

这叫做自动节律性（自律性），即心肌细胞能自发产生电信号引发收缩。这种特性源于心脏内部的特殊传导系统，无需外部神经输入即可维持规律跳动。离体的鲤鱼心脏在适宜条件下仍能持续跳动数十分钟至数小时。自主心跳确保鱼类在缺氧、低温或受伤时维持基础循环。

\n

无独有偶，2022 年的时候一条看起来没头没脑的橙斑鳢也曾经走红过：

\n
\"\"
\n

仔细看会发现这条鱼只不过是没了上下颌以及眼睛，最关键的脑干和腮还在的。

\n

另外杀鱼的时候大家应该有印象，即便是鱼砍掉了头，切掉了内脏，剩下的躯体部分仍然能够动，甚至能动十几个小时，正是因为它们新陈代谢低，可以在失去中枢神经控制的情况下继续搏动一段时间。

\n
\"\"
\n

也就是说，如果给这条没头的鱼补充营养说不定能够存活更长的时间。

\n

但是跟无头鸡不一样的是，无头鱼是在水生环境，更容易受到感染，因此很难撑到无头鸡这么长的时间。

\n

如果能在无菌环境做实验，估计能有有趣的发现。

\n

另外大家可能听说过一个说法，没头的蟑螂不会马上死，过了几天最后是饿死的。

\n

原因就在于蟑螂、螳螂、蝗虫等昆虫，神经节分布在全身，不依赖单一大脑（不像哺乳动物主要由中枢神经调控），身体的神经节可短时间维持运动和气门呼吸。

\n

而且它们身体的体液（血淋巴）压力能维持循环，不需要封闭的血管系统。

\n

所以螳螂交配的时候母螳螂会先吃公螳螂的头，因为身体还能交配，可以留着交配完了再吃。

\n

那为什么哺乳动物断头就不行呢？

\n

我们还是从神经、呼吸、进食三个方面来考虑：

\n

首先最重要的是哺乳动物的呼吸、心跳、血压维持等关键生命活动由延髓和脑干等中枢神经调控。

\n

因为哺乳动物是恒温动物，代谢快、耗能大，对氧气的需求量极高。而且高度依赖中枢神经调节呼吸、心跳等供氧气。一旦头部（尤其是延髓）被切断，呼吸马上停止，心脏也在几分钟内因缺氧停搏。

\n
\"\"
\n

这跟昆虫靠气门呼吸、鱼的心脏自主搏动差别很大。

\n

而且哺乳动物是封闭循环系统，血液必须在高压下持续泵送。

\n

砍头后血压骤降，大量失血会导致短时间内导致休克与死亡。

\n

而昆虫是开放循环系统，血淋巴只是流淌在体腔里，丢头不会立刻失血致死。鱼是半闭合循环，心脏可自主跳动。

\n

鸟类其实情况接近，能出现无头麦克那样的也算是奇迹了。

\n

以上~

\n
\n
\n\n\n
查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n\n\n\n", @@ -1801,28 +1735,6 @@ "hash": "f05f4459401994ae428b798f623bc643", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "蜜蜂是如何制作出那么完美的六边形蜂巢的？", - "description": "
\"头图\"/
\n

一个很反直觉的事实：蜜蜂（蜜蜂属Apis spp.）并不是主动将它们的蜂房做成六边形的。

\n

要想知道其中的缘由，我们需要了解一下蜂巢的结构，以及蜂房建造的过程。

\n

我们有时会听到养蜂人喊几脾蜂几脾蜂，这个脾指的是巢脾，这是一种板状、垂直的蜡质结构，构成了蜂巢的地基和墙壁。较为基干的大蜜蜂亚属和小蜜蜂亚属的蜂巢都仅由单个巢脾构成，而蜜蜂亚属，包括我们熟悉的西方蜜蜂和东方蜜蜂，拥有多个巢脾排列而成的蜂巢。

\n
\"\"
大蜜蜂迁徙后留下的空巢脾，它们的巢穴仅由单个巢脾构成。
\n

巢脾的两侧排列着蜂房。蜂房的底部互相交错，形成一面凹凸不平的墙壁，这堵墙构成了巢脾的主干。

\n
\"\"
图片仅供参考示意，不代表蜜蜂真实建筑水平。本人绘制
\n
\"\"
从侧面切开的巢脾。图源 alamy
\n

在自然状态下，巢脾是倒挂的，因此蜜蜂在扩建巢脾时都是从下方或侧面着手。这个过程起始于蜜蜂在末端的两个蜂房之间铺设一小块蜂蜡，作为墙壁的延伸，同时它也是新蜂房的地基。

\n
\"\"
图片仅供参考示意，不代表蜜蜂真实建筑水平。本人绘制
\n

蜜蜂会用触角测量地基的尺寸，确保大小和其他蜂房别无二致。在准备无误之后，它们开始在地基周围用蜂蜡建造墙壁。

\n
\"\"
图片仅供参考示意，不代表蜜蜂真实建筑水平。本人绘制
\n
\"\"
巢脾边缘新建的蜂巢。图源网络
\n

墙壁建设到与其他蜂房深度一致后，新蜂房便大功告成。这个时候，新蜂房是圆柱形的。

\n
\"\"
图片仅供参考示意，不代表蜜蜂真实建筑水平。本人绘制
\n
\"\"
巢脾的扩建过程，左侧为计算机模拟。图源网络
\n

在这个时候，我们可以发现，新蜂房上方的蜂房墙壁会向其施加压力，这会使得新蜂房靠上的边被挤压，由于蜡是柔软且可塑的，它们会逐步变得平直。

\n
\"\"
图片仅供参考示意，不代表蜜蜂真实建筑水平。本人绘制
\n

如果蜜蜂继续向下扩建巢脾，那么新蜂房最终会被包围。由于蜜蜂在蜂房的空隙间新建蜂房，那么它注定会被六个蜂房围绕：一个圆最多只能被六个和它一样大的圆相切。这时候，由于每个蜂房大小和结构都几乎一致，新蜂房受到的来自六个方向的力几乎一样大，最终会使它的墙壁形成六条边，成为类似六边形的结构。

\n
\"\"
图片仅供参考示意，不代表蜜蜂真实建筑水平。本人绘制
\n

这种六边形互相交错的模式即为圆在平面上的最密堆积。在自然界，这种情况不少见，例如火成岩收缩时形成的柱状节理。

\n
\"\"
北爱尔兰巨人堤道的柱状节理，图源网络
\n

但是可以发现，上面的岩石有些并不是六边形，蜂巢也一样。理想条件下，蜂房六条边受到的力相同才可以形成正六边形，但是蜜蜂毕竟是动物不是机器，建造时出现偏差是难免的。这会导致不时出现一些歪七扭八的蜂房：

\n
\"\"
1 号蜂房的结构较为标准，而 2 号蜂房则出现了类似直角的结构。图源网络
\n

好在这样的蜂房一样可以使用。蜂后还会根据蜂房的大小差异产卵，只有较大的蜂房才能容纳体型更大的雄蜂。

\n

所以说，六边形只是结果，不是目的。蜜蜂可能确实做到了尽可能地节约空间，但是它们自己并不知道，只是一点一点地为家园添砖加瓦而已。

\n

在蜜蜂属之外，其他蜜蜂会建造较为抽象的蜂巢。

\n

熊蜂的蜂巢一样是蜡质的，建造在地下，由一系列蛋状容器构成。

\n
\"\"
图源 alamy
\n

麦蜂族（统称无刺蜂）会在树洞等处建造蜂巢，结构与蜜蜂类似，不过层次感要强得多，看起来也更加抽象。建筑材料包括蜂蜡、泥土、树脂等等。

\n
\"\"
图源网络
\n

其他独居蜜蜂筑巢时更加有创意，有的挖洞有的挖木头，有的用叶子有的用树脂，甚至还有的会分泌塑料纸。这部分如果有读者感兴趣可以自行查询或咨询我和其他几位昆虫学答主。

\n
\"\"
由分舌蜂分泌的塑料类似物。图源网络
\n
\n
\n\n\n
查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n\n\n\n", - "content": "
\"头图\"/
\n

一个很反直觉的事实：蜜蜂（蜜蜂属Apis spp.）并不是主动将它们的蜂房做成六边形的。

\n

要想知道其中的缘由，我们需要了解一下蜂巢的结构，以及蜂房建造的过程。

\n

我们有时会听到养蜂人喊几脾蜂几脾蜂，这个脾指的是巢脾，这是一种板状、垂直的蜡质结构，构成了蜂巢的地基和墙壁。较为基干的大蜜蜂亚属和小蜜蜂亚属的蜂巢都仅由单个巢脾构成，而蜜蜂亚属，包括我们熟悉的西方蜜蜂和东方蜜蜂，拥有多个巢脾排列而成的蜂巢。

\n
\"\"
大蜜蜂迁徙后留下的空巢脾，它们的巢穴仅由单个巢脾构成。
\n

巢脾的两侧排列着蜂房。蜂房的底部互相交错，形成一面凹凸不平的墙壁，这堵墙构成了巢脾的主干。

\n
\"\"
图片仅供参考示意，不代表蜜蜂真实建筑水平。本人绘制
\n
\"\"
从侧面切开的巢脾。图源 alamy
\n

在自然状态下，巢脾是倒挂的，因此蜜蜂在扩建巢脾时都是从下方或侧面着手。这个过程起始于蜜蜂在末端的两个蜂房之间铺设一小块蜂蜡，作为墙壁的延伸，同时它也是新蜂房的地基。

\n
\"\"
图片仅供参考示意，不代表蜜蜂真实建筑水平。本人绘制
\n

蜜蜂会用触角测量地基的尺寸，确保大小和其他蜂房别无二致。在准备无误之后，它们开始在地基周围用蜂蜡建造墙壁。

\n
\"\"
图片仅供参考示意，不代表蜜蜂真实建筑水平。本人绘制
\n
\"\"
巢脾边缘新建的蜂巢。图源网络
\n

墙壁建设到与其他蜂房深度一致后，新蜂房便大功告成。这个时候，新蜂房是圆柱形的。

\n
\"\"
图片仅供参考示意，不代表蜜蜂真实建筑水平。本人绘制
\n
\"\"
巢脾的扩建过程，左侧为计算机模拟。图源网络
\n

在这个时候，我们可以发现，新蜂房上方的蜂房墙壁会向其施加压力，这会使得新蜂房靠上的边被挤压，由于蜡是柔软且可塑的，它们会逐步变得平直。

\n
\"\"
图片仅供参考示意，不代表蜜蜂真实建筑水平。本人绘制
\n

如果蜜蜂继续向下扩建巢脾，那么新蜂房最终会被包围。由于蜜蜂在蜂房的空隙间新建蜂房，那么它注定会被六个蜂房围绕：一个圆最多只能被六个和它一样大的圆相切。这时候，由于每个蜂房大小和结构都几乎一致，新蜂房受到的来自六个方向的力几乎一样大，最终会使它的墙壁形成六条边，成为类似六边形的结构。

\n
\"\"
图片仅供参考示意，不代表蜜蜂真实建筑水平。本人绘制
\n

这种六边形互相交错的模式即为圆在平面上的最密堆积。在自然界，这种情况不少见，例如火成岩收缩时形成的柱状节理。

\n
\"\"
北爱尔兰巨人堤道的柱状节理，图源网络
\n

但是可以发现，上面的岩石有些并不是六边形，蜂巢也一样。理想条件下，蜂房六条边受到的力相同才可以形成正六边形，但是蜜蜂毕竟是动物不是机器，建造时出现偏差是难免的。这会导致不时出现一些歪七扭八的蜂房：

\n
\"\"
1 号蜂房的结构较为标准，而 2 号蜂房则出现了类似直角的结构。图源网络
\n

好在这样的蜂房一样可以使用。蜂后还会根据蜂房的大小差异产卵，只有较大的蜂房才能容纳体型更大的雄蜂。

\n

所以说，六边形只是结果，不是目的。蜜蜂可能确实做到了尽可能地节约空间，但是它们自己并不知道，只是一点一点地为家园添砖加瓦而已。

\n

在蜜蜂属之外，其他蜜蜂会建造较为抽象的蜂巢。

\n

熊蜂的蜂巢一样是蜡质的，建造在地下，由一系列蛋状容器构成。

\n
\"\"
图源 alamy
\n

麦蜂族（统称无刺蜂）会在树洞等处建造蜂巢，结构与蜜蜂类似，不过层次感要强得多，看起来也更加抽象。建筑材料包括蜂蜡、泥土、树脂等等。

\n
\"\"
图源网络
\n

其他独居蜜蜂筑巢时更加有创意，有的挖洞有的挖木头，有的用叶子有的用树脂，甚至还有的会分泌塑料纸。这部分如果有读者感兴趣可以自行查询或咨询我和其他几位昆虫学答主。

\n
\"\"
由分舌蜂分泌的塑料类似物。图源网络
\n
\n
\n\n\n
查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n\n\n\n", - "category": "", - "link": "https://daily.zhihu.com/story/9783959", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Mon, 15 Sep 2025 00:27:02 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "资讯", - "feed": "知乎", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "3e28a728a56aa6719c1e1271a9727cea", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "研究发现「睡够 8 小时」可能是很多人的认知误区，过度追求八小时反增风险，怎么「睡」才最健康？", "description": "
\"头图\"/
\n

这项来自 2021 年的研究只能提示相关性，不能证明因果，实际上原文结果只提示了 7 小时附近风险最低，过短或过长都可能提示潜在健康问题，并没有进一步说明“8 小时就是误区”。而且要注意，这个研究人群平均年龄 54.5 岁，结果并不适合一刀切推广到所有群体，对于我国大部分年轻人每天能睡满 8 小时的比例本来就很低，我不明白为什么新闻却好像在提醒大家「别睡太多」？？？

\n
\"\"
\n

下面我们细品这个新闻

\n
\n

睡眠这个话题绝对是一个永恒的痛点。它既关乎生理健康，也关乎社会环境，甚至成了当代人最普遍的焦虑来源。看看身边，你会发现真正能躺平到“睡太多”的少之又少，大多数人反而都在为“睡不够”发愁。能安稳睡满 8 小时，已经是成年人心里的“小奢侈”，而不是“误区”。

\n
\"\"
\n

准确来说，并没有 8 小时这么精准的睡眠时间需求，事实上，国际医学与睡眠专家的共识[1]对成年人的一般建议是每晚睡 7-9 小时，注意这是针对成年人。

\n
\"\"
不对啊柯南，学生睡得更少啊
\n

目前关于这些最佳睡眠时间的研究，多数也只是强调了相关关系而不是因果关系。

\n

观察性研究能虽然能发现“某些现象经常结伴出现”，但这并不意味着一个导致另一个。这里的关系可以有很多种情况，可以是 A 引起 B 或 B 引起 A；又或者 A 和 B 都是由 C 引起的等情况。就像在小区门口蹲点，发现“拎垃圾袋的人更容易穿拖鞋”，真正的原因是“家里垃圾满 / 要去倒垃圾”，而不是垃圾袋让人换了鞋。

\n

放到睡眠上也一样：数据里看到“长睡眠”和“更高风险”经常绑在一起，但这更可能是身体本来就有慢病或压力——它们既让人嗜睡，也带来更高风险。实际上，标题中这篇研究的作者自己也提示了局限：有残余混杂变量（比如没纳入睡眠质量、抑郁、社会经济因素），也存在反向因果的可能（只排除了自报的心血管病和癌症，其他慢病慢性炎症等可能仍然在样本里会导致睡眠延长），因此结论只能提示相关，不能证明因果。

\n

也正由此，比起去纠结“到底是 7 小时还是 8 小时最好”，现实里更值得关注的是——真正的睡眠时长有没有被高估，是否真正掌握了自己的睡眠需求。

\n

实际上，考虑到我们入睡和半夜醒来所花费的时间，我们的睡眠时间往往少于预期的理论时间，睡眠效率不会达到百分百。

\n

哪怕你算准了在 23 点就寝，而在早上 7 点闹钟响起，精准在理论上算好了八个小时。但实际上当我们躺下去时一般不会立即睡着，也许会花大约 30 分钟玩手机，然后，再经过大约 30 分钟的辗转反侧，才最终进入深度睡眠。

\n

而这些都还没算上平常不断积累的疲惫和身体状态，比如当你生病了，就可能需要更多睡眠以支持机体康复，毕竟睡眠和免疫系统的运作密不可分[2]。

\n
\"\"
\n

实际上不用研究也能从生活的经历中清晰地看到：

\n
    \n
  • 有些人工作压力更大，可能需要更多的睡眠时间才能得到充分休息，
    • \n
  • 而有些人闲来无事钓钓鱼，那所需要的睡眠时间当然更少就能获得充分休息。
    • \n
\n

因此，睡眠需求因人而异，受年龄、基因、生活方式和整体健康状况等因素的影响。重要的是要了解我们身体的睡眠需求，以支持我们的整体健康状态。

\n

如何弄清自己的睡眠需求？睡多睡少都不好

\n

睡得少肯定不舒服，这已经有很多研究证明了，睡眠不足使人极度疲劳、注意力下降、推理能力下降，这些情况并不会按顺序出现，根据个体差异性，可能同时发生[3]。生活经历也告诉我们睡得少不仅不健康，而且不安全（比如高危作业时）。

\n

那些总是熬夜的人后来怎么样了？

\n

那睡得多呢？超过 8 小时，超过 9 小时？

\n

斯坦福大学神经学者 JR Winer 纳入了 4417 例对象进行研究[4]，经过认知功能测试发现，每天睡眠多于 9 小时的人群，认知能力较正常睡眠时间的参与者明显下降，且有更多的抑郁症状和肥胖率，当然睡眠少于 6 小时也是不好的，认知障碍发生风险会显著升高。

\n

弄清睡眠需求，做到以下几点1、不同年龄，睡眠需求不同

\n

睡眠需求也会在人的一生中发生变化，老年人有时比年轻人需要更少的睡眠。

\n
\"\"
那么我们再看研究
\n

2、你的基因决定了你每晚需要多少小时的睡眠

\n

基因决定了我们睡眠特性。通俗的说我们喜欢在一天中什么时间睡觉，以及如何应对睡眠不足这都是我们与生俱来的。那些具有特定基因的人可能只需要睡得更少，比如 6 小时也能精神，而有些人甚至更容易受到失眠的影响[5]。

\n

3、你的睡眠质量也影响睡眠时间

\n

大家常常纠结：到底该睡 7 小时、8 小时还是 9 小时？但真正决定你第二天精神状态的，不只是「时长」，还要看你在这段睡眠里究竟睡得好不好。

\n

很多人以为只要在床上待得够久，就能保证休息到位，但现实存在的情况是，有人明明躺了 9 个小时，早晨照样起不来；有人只睡 6 个多小时，却能白天精神抖擞——差别可能就在睡眠质量。

\n

因为睡眠不是堆积木，拼满八小时不代表就能搭稳。每个人可能都经历过翻来覆去或半醒半睡的痛苦。如果睡不好，睡再久也没用，你可能在醒了之后仍然感到疲劳。研究发现[6][7]，睡眠时间短和睡眠质量差是导致许多不良睡眠相关影响的原因。

\n

那怎么判断自己睡得好不好呢？美国国家睡眠基金会（NSF）曾经发布了良好睡眠质量的关键指标[8]。这些包括：

\n
    \n
  • 在 30 分钟或更短时间内入睡
    • \n
  • 每晚醒来不超过一次
    • \n
  • 醒来后在 20 分钟内重新入睡
    • \n
  • 在床上，有 85%时间在睡觉(即睡眠时间/ 在床上的时间)
    • \n
  • 白天精力充沛，例如如果在白天时你一直很累，注意力很难集中，或者经常情绪波动、持续打哈欠，白天难以保持清醒，易怒，认知功能下降，这些都是你可能睡眠不足的迹象。应该及时相应地调整你的睡眠时间表。这时候可以试着增加或减少你每天晚上的睡眠时间，看看白天你的感觉是否有明显的变化。请记住，你的身体可能需要几天的时间来适应新的睡眠时间表。
    • \n
  • ......
    • \n
\n

那么，如何提高自己的睡眠质量呢？

\n
    \n
  • 遵循一个有规律的时间表。记录你什么时候上床睡觉，什么时候醒来，每晚在同一时间上床睡觉有助于调节你的生物钟。睡眠时间不规律与睡眠质量和持续时间差有关。
    • \n
  • 创造一个安静的就寝时间。睡前养成放松的习惯可以帮助你进入睡眠状态。例如，听音乐已被证明有助于改善睡眠[9]。
    • \n
  • 创造一个舒适的环境。在一个安静、黑暗、温度舒适的房间里睡觉可以帮助你睡得更好。睡前太活跃，太温暖，或在嘈杂的环境中都与睡眠质量差有关[10]。
    • \n
  • 尽量减少咖啡因、酒精和尼古丁。研究表明，咖啡因、酒精和尼古丁的使用与睡眠质量差有关。试着在下午和晚上避免咖啡因[11] [12]。
    • \n
  • 睡前减少电子产品的使用。过度使用手机和电子产品与睡眠质量差有关。即使在睡觉前暴露在明亮的房间灯光下也会对你的睡眠产生负面影响[13]。
    • \n
  • 尽量避免在避开在深睡眠期间醒来：晚上如果只睡五个小时，很烦躁很低落，到了中午补觉的时候，睡太多了，起来又很烦躁很低落，为什么呢？因为所有人睡觉都不是一下就睡死 7、8 个小时，而是要经历 4～5 个周期。睡眠周期就这样从浅睡眠进入深睡眠→快速动眼睡眠→再回到深睡眠、浅睡眠，每次快速眼动睡眠阶段一次比一次持续时间长。因此，尽可能考虑避开深睡眠阶段，在浅睡眠期间醒来最好。要么在进入深睡眠前的 15~20 分钟内叫醒自己，要么就睡好整个完整的睡眠周期（如 90 分钟左右），一些睡眠周期程序或者前文的图都可以帮助自己计算达到深睡眠阶段的时间，但也是要注意这些只是作为一般建议值，还是睡眠所需存在个体差异，具体还是得以醒来时的精神状态来判断自己选择的小憩时间对不对。
    • \n
\n

因此，不仅要注意睡得足够长，还要注意睡得足够好。

\n
\"\"
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查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n\n\n\n
获取更多RSS：
https://feedx.net
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", @@ -1845,28 +1757,6 @@ "hash": "9ad48ccdb225bcc5b92899c40c513845", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "孙悟空的筋斗云属于哪种云，积云、卷云还是其他云？", - "description": "
\"头图\"/
\n

孙悟空的筋斗云既不是积云，也不是卷云。

\n

让我们来看原著。

\n

第四十九回《三藏有灾沉水宅 观音救难现鱼篮》通天河一战，唐僧师徒夜宿陈家庄时撞上灵感大王索要童男童女，孙悟空化身童男后，发现灵感大王是体制内的，原是观音菩萨莲花池中的金鱼精，于是便不打了，去找观音。

\n

原文是这么写的：

\n
好大圣，急纵祥光，躲离河口，径赴南海。那里消半个时辰，早望见落伽山不远，低下云头，径至普陀崖上。
\n

也就是说，从通天河到普陀崖，孙悟空的筋斗云用了 1 个小时左右。

\n
\"\"
\n

那这个距离有多远呢？

\n

在第四十七回，师徒二人三兽刚到通天河 check in 时，入住地的老施主是这么说的：

\n
东土大唐到我这里，有五万四千里路。
\n

通天河是整个取经路的中点，到长安 5.4 万里。按照唐《令》规定“一步五尺，三百步为一里”以及唐代名将郭子仪之孙郭锜墓志给出的信息、以及《长安志·唐京城》的记载，可以推算出 1 唐大里约为 500 多米，1 唐小里约为 400 多米，这里不管唐里、市里和华里的区别了，就粗糙地按 1 公里为 2 里来看数量级，那么通天河距长安约 2.7 万公里。

\n

虽然吧，地球的赤道周长也就 4 万公里，这 2.7 万公里的通天河，都能到密西西比河一个来回了，但既然猪都能说话，这说明不是我们这个平行宇宙的地球版本。

\n

西安到普陀山码头大约 1500 公里，考虑到三角形一边长小于另两边长之和，那么从通天河到普陀山也就 2.8 万公里左右。

\n

筋斗云的空速

\n

师傅被妖怪抓去了，悟空去搬救兵应该是全速飞行，所以可知其筋斗云的最大速度是 2.8 万公里 / 小时左右。

\n

这相当于 22～23 马赫左右，也就是音速的 22～23 倍。

\n

当然，如果按照实际情况，长安到天竺（今印度）的取经路中间，应该在新疆西藏青海一带，那里到普陀山码头大约 3000 公里左右，那么就相当于 2～3 马赫。

\n

我们知道，自然云都是靠风推着走的，地球上的台风再猛，也超不过音速，这几天正好有台风杨柳，按历史数据，在台风中的云，时速最多也就 100 公里 / 小时左右，远远不及声速，更赶不上悟空。

\n

再者说，自然云都有“根”。积云生于水汽凝结，卷云来自冰晶沉积，可筋斗云呢？在《西游记》里，它是随叫随到，呼之即来。

\n

所以结论就有了：筋斗云绝非积云、卷云之流。

\n

所以我猜，筋斗云可能是一种特殊的云：

\n

“凝结云”

\n

我们知道，物体以超音速在空气中运动时，周围空气会因为突然被压缩又膨胀，会导致水蒸气瞬间凝结成小水滴，形成一团可见的“云”。这种现象常见于飞机突破音障的瞬间，俗称“音爆云”。

\n
\"\"
\n

你看，这个像虎皮裙一样的蒸汽锥，不就跟孙悟空的筋斗云对上号了吗？一个筋斗十万八千里，速度远超音速，空气“炸”出云来也不稀奇。

\n

这个成云的关键，在于空气的“绝热膨胀”。当悟空高速移动时，前头的空气被猛烈压缩，压力骤增，温度飙升，但当悟空一飞过，后方空气又急速膨胀，压力暴跌，温度骤降。温度下降到低于饱和温度后，如果空气中湿度够高，水蒸气就会凝结成小水滴，聚成一团白雾——这就是凝结云。

\n

这里多说一句。冷凝云并不意味着一定得超音速。只要有足够高的湿度，凝结云就可以在机翼上或翼尖处产生，所以有时会在机场附近的亚音速飞行的飞机周围也能看到这种白色的云雾生成，或者在较低温的高空出现。

\n

另外，卷云的形成比较慢，通常需要长达小时计的时长才能在零下几十度形成冰晶沉积。积云的话，它靠太阳加热地面，水汽上升凝结，速度也很慢。而凝结云跟速度挂钩，是“运动造云”，符合孙大圣的筋斗的特性——动则生云，静则散。更妙的是，凝结云不持久，一飞过很快就消散了，这也对应《西游记》里筋斗云“来无影去无踪”的描述。

\n

为什么唐僧不乘筋斗云？

\n

这也解释了为什么孙行者不背着师傅直接飞到天竺。

\n

因为超音速飞行时，空气激波形成了极端的气动热环境，表面温度骤升至上千度，尤其是不光滑的气动外形来说，会形成 2~3 千多度的\"热障\"。这个温度甚至超过了太上老君的炼丹炉的温度。

\n

唐僧在到达灵山之前，乃是肉体凡胎，袈裟也非金属基、碳基、陶瓷基、树脂基复合材料或气凝胶，所以无法承受如此高温，只能眼看徒儿们腾云驾雾，自已却飞不得。

\n

后来，到了灵山那儿，三藏已是成佛。

\n
八大金刚复又架起云，带着唐僧重新上路，唐僧只闻的香风荡荡，自己已经起在空中，这次很快，不到一天就到了长安。
\n

这里的香风，应是超音速飞行时激波产生的等离子体、或高温环境下烧焦的气味。

\n
\"\"
\n

好了，我一本正经的胡说八道完了。

\n
\n
\n\n\n
查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n\n\n\n
获取更多RSS：
https://feedx.net
https://feedx.site
", - "content": "
\"头图\"/
\n

孙悟空的筋斗云既不是积云，也不是卷云。

\n

让我们来看原著。

\n

第四十九回《三藏有灾沉水宅 观音救难现鱼篮》通天河一战，唐僧师徒夜宿陈家庄时撞上灵感大王索要童男童女，孙悟空化身童男后，发现灵感大王是体制内的，原是观音菩萨莲花池中的金鱼精，于是便不打了，去找观音。

\n

原文是这么写的：

\n
好大圣，急纵祥光，躲离河口，径赴南海。那里消半个时辰，早望见落伽山不远，低下云头，径至普陀崖上。
\n

也就是说，从通天河到普陀崖，孙悟空的筋斗云用了 1 个小时左右。

\n
\"\"
\n

那这个距离有多远呢？

\n

在第四十七回，师徒二人三兽刚到通天河 check in 时，入住地的老施主是这么说的：

\n
东土大唐到我这里，有五万四千里路。
\n

通天河是整个取经路的中点，到长安 5.4 万里。按照唐《令》规定“一步五尺，三百步为一里”以及唐代名将郭子仪之孙郭锜墓志给出的信息、以及《长安志·唐京城》的记载，可以推算出 1 唐大里约为 500 多米，1 唐小里约为 400 多米，这里不管唐里、市里和华里的区别了，就粗糙地按 1 公里为 2 里来看数量级，那么通天河距长安约 2.7 万公里。

\n

虽然吧，地球的赤道周长也就 4 万公里，这 2.7 万公里的通天河，都能到密西西比河一个来回了，但既然猪都能说话，这说明不是我们这个平行宇宙的地球版本。

\n

西安到普陀山码头大约 1500 公里，考虑到三角形一边长小于另两边长之和，那么从通天河到普陀山也就 2.8 万公里左右。

\n

筋斗云的空速

\n

师傅被妖怪抓去了，悟空去搬救兵应该是全速飞行，所以可知其筋斗云的最大速度是 2.8 万公里 / 小时左右。

\n

这相当于 22～23 马赫左右，也就是音速的 22～23 倍。

\n

当然，如果按照实际情况，长安到天竺（今印度）的取经路中间，应该在新疆西藏青海一带，那里到普陀山码头大约 3000 公里左右，那么就相当于 2～3 马赫。

\n

我们知道，自然云都是靠风推着走的，地球上的台风再猛，也超不过音速，这几天正好有台风杨柳，按历史数据，在台风中的云，时速最多也就 100 公里 / 小时左右，远远不及声速，更赶不上悟空。

\n

再者说，自然云都有“根”。积云生于水汽凝结，卷云来自冰晶沉积，可筋斗云呢？在《西游记》里，它是随叫随到，呼之即来。

\n

所以结论就有了：筋斗云绝非积云、卷云之流。

\n

所以我猜，筋斗云可能是一种特殊的云：

\n

“凝结云”

\n

我们知道，物体以超音速在空气中运动时，周围空气会因为突然被压缩又膨胀，会导致水蒸气瞬间凝结成小水滴，形成一团可见的“云”。这种现象常见于飞机突破音障的瞬间，俗称“音爆云”。

\n
\"\"
\n

你看，这个像虎皮裙一样的蒸汽锥，不就跟孙悟空的筋斗云对上号了吗？一个筋斗十万八千里，速度远超音速，空气“炸”出云来也不稀奇。

\n

这个成云的关键，在于空气的“绝热膨胀”。当悟空高速移动时，前头的空气被猛烈压缩，压力骤增，温度飙升，但当悟空一飞过，后方空气又急速膨胀，压力暴跌，温度骤降。温度下降到低于饱和温度后，如果空气中湿度够高，水蒸气就会凝结成小水滴，聚成一团白雾——这就是凝结云。

\n

这里多说一句。冷凝云并不意味着一定得超音速。只要有足够高的湿度，凝结云就可以在机翼上或翼尖处产生，所以有时会在机场附近的亚音速飞行的飞机周围也能看到这种白色的云雾生成，或者在较低温的高空出现。

\n

另外，卷云的形成比较慢，通常需要长达小时计的时长才能在零下几十度形成冰晶沉积。积云的话，它靠太阳加热地面，水汽上升凝结，速度也很慢。而凝结云跟速度挂钩，是“运动造云”，符合孙大圣的筋斗的特性——动则生云，静则散。更妙的是，凝结云不持久，一飞过很快就消散了，这也对应《西游记》里筋斗云“来无影去无踪”的描述。

\n

为什么唐僧不乘筋斗云？

\n

这也解释了为什么孙行者不背着师傅直接飞到天竺。

\n

因为超音速飞行时，空气激波形成了极端的气动热环境，表面温度骤升至上千度，尤其是不光滑的气动外形来说，会形成 2~3 千多度的\"热障\"。这个温度甚至超过了太上老君的炼丹炉的温度。

\n

唐僧在到达灵山之前，乃是肉体凡胎，袈裟也非金属基、碳基、陶瓷基、树脂基复合材料或气凝胶，所以无法承受如此高温，只能眼看徒儿们腾云驾雾，自已却飞不得。

\n

后来，到了灵山那儿，三藏已是成佛。

\n
八大金刚复又架起云，带着唐僧重新上路，唐僧只闻的香风荡荡，自己已经起在空中，这次很快，不到一天就到了长安。
\n

这里的香风，应是超音速飞行时激波产生的等离子体、或高温环境下烧焦的气味。

\n
\"\"
\n

好了，我一本正经的胡说八道完了。

\n
\n
\n\n\n
查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n\n\n\n
获取更多RSS：
https://feedx.net
https://feedx.site
", - "category": "", - "link": "https://daily.zhihu.com/story/9783949", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Sun, 14 Sep 2025 00:27:02 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "资讯", - "feed": "知乎", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "317500d0a6583054714ee78449a6a00e", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "为什么我总是会因为有事情未完成而焦虑不安？", "description": "
\"头图\"/
\n

其实这非常正常，每个人天生就有一种做事要有始有终的驱动力，所以会因为事情被打断无法完成而焦虑不安，这就是蔡格尼克效应（Zeigarnik effect）带来的影响。

\n

蔡格尼克效应指：当人们专注于某项任务时，若突然被打断工作，则会表现出强烈的意愿想要继续完成任务。

\n

蔡格尼克效应的发现，最早还要从一个心理学实验说起……

\n

蔡森尼克效应1.记忆“时好时坏”的服务员

\n

心理学家 Kurt Lewin 在餐馆和朋友们聚餐时发现，尽管他们已经点完单很久了，结账时服务员却依然清晰地记得他们都点过什么菜；可结完账后没多久，Lewin 再次询问服务员，却发现他已经完全不记得账单了[1]。

\n

这件事引起了她的学生 Bluma Zeigarnik 的注意。

\n

对于未完成事件和对于已完成事件之间，人们的记忆是否存在着显著差异呢？

\n

因此，她做了一系列的实验来验证这个假设。

\n

她先是给参与者布置了一系列的小任务，诸如制作硬纸板、猜谜等等。

\n

当参与者完成一半任务之后，研究者会突然打断他们的工作（专挑参与者最为专注的时候），让其转而进行其他任务。

\n

在实验结束后，研究者会让参与者尽可能回忆自己做过的任务，并统计其中已完成和未完成任务的数量。

\n

结果发现，参与者回忆起的未完成任务数量在统计学上的平均值来计算达到了已完成任务的 1.9 倍！在个别参与者身上，这个比例甚至达到了 5 倍。并且，许多参与者在被打断时表现出了较为强烈的情绪反应，执着地想要把任务继续做完[2]。后来的学者便将这种现象称为蔡格尼克效应。

\n

因此，当我们沉浸于某项任务时，外界强迫中断会让我们更加想要完成任务，这种冲动将会持续一段时间才慢慢褪去，甚至在你接着做其他事情的时候还继续干扰着你的注意。

\n

2.心理张力的存储与释放

\n

Zeigarnik 用“心理张力”（psychological tension）的概念来解释这一现象。心理张力是存在于我们内心的一种能量，比如我们所产生的需求，它如弓弦紧绷，促使我们行动起来。而我们就像架在弓弦上的箭，在心理张力的驱使下奔向目标。而当行为被完成后，张力便会得到释放[3]，就像弓弦松了下来。

\n

研究者认为，正是因为任务被突然打断，因需求而产生的心理张力没能完全得到释放，残余的力量使我们不愿停下，进而占据了我们的记忆[2]。

\n

当某项工作吸引了我们的注意时，完成工作得到反馈的需要就产生了。我们储满了心理张力，正蓄势待发之时却陡然被打断，残留的张力无法被释放。因此在回忆任务时，剩余的张力系统对我们回想未完成的任务起了帮助，使我们的记忆更深刻。

\n

什么会影响蔡格尼克效应的强度？1.差一点，却难忘“亿点”

\n

回忆一下，只差一步就做出来的题，是否让你懊恼许久？只差一点儿就播完的歌，是不是更想把它听完？

\n

早在 Zeigarnik 的研究中，实验结果就显示，那些在最后关头被打断的任务被回忆起的程度更高；近几年的另一项研究也发现，中断时剩余的任务越少，参与者继续完成任务的动机就越强[4]。换言之，“只差一点儿了”往往会使人对未能完成的事件留下更深的执念。

\n

2.假如制定了计划

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如果提前让参与者描述自己在未来几天内需要完成的重要事情，所带来的蔡格尼克效应会使得他们在当前任务中的专注程度明显下降。

\n

但如果在参与者描述完未完成的事情后要求他们详细说明他们将在何时、何地、以何种方式完成它，以及有多大的期望顺利完成它，则会使得他们在当前任务中走神的次数显著减少[5]。

\n
\"\"
(图源网络，侵删)
\n

想象一下，假如下周有一场非常重要的考试，此时你需要专注地复习，却由于担忧而总是分神去想象考试那天的情景；又或者在工作时总是回想起没有做完的琐事、没追完的剧……此时就可以通过为待办事项制定计划来摆脱蔡格尼克效应的不利影响。如前文所说，计划好“将在何时、何地以何种方式完成这项任务”，这能帮助减少我们分神的次数，更好地集中注意力。此外，也可以在开始工作前，尽可能地把残留的琐事“清零”，防止其占用我们的精力。

\n

在生活中的应用1.适时暂停——增强记忆的妙招

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Zeigarnik 在实验中发现，假如在参与者最专注的时刻打断他们的工作（往往也是在接近完成任务时），他们回忆起的未完成任务就更多。而已经完成任务的参与者，却会很快将已完成的事情遗忘。

\n

所以，当我们有较多的记忆任务时（比如大学牲的期末周 与其追求一口气背完所有知识，倒不如选择在状态良好时休息一下，利用蔡格尼克效应让自己对知识“念念不忘”。

\n
\"\"
(图源网络，侵删)
\n

2.设置目标——在学习中维持驱动力

\n

“要是学习也能像打游戏看小说一样停不下来就好了”——试试利用蔡格尼克效应来提升学习意愿！

\n

海明威曾说：“在你进展顺利，且知道接下来需要做什么时停下。”这是有依据的——研究显示，那些明确知道需要达成什么目标的参与者，不论是在任务前，还是在即将完成任务却被打断时，动机水平都显著高于没有阶段性目标的参与者[4]。

\n

这是因为，阶段性目标使得我们对任务的框架有了大体的认识，我们更容易看到“距离完成还有多少”，对目标的掌控感使我们认为自己离实现目标更近了。一个个小目标就像马拉松比赛中间隔出现的距离标识一样，鼓励着参与者继续坚持下去。

\n

因此，当我们需要持续学习的时候，不妨为自己设置阶段性的目标，并在最佳状态时稍作休整，这样不仅能够维持较高的学习意愿，而且能够最大限度地减少下次进入状态的时间。

\n

3.克服拖延症——万事开头难

\n

马上就要交的论文，却迟迟不愿动笔？总想着再刷会儿手机就开始写作业——却不知不觉又荒废时间到了深夜？ddl 前慌忙赶工完成的潦草作业，也很可能并不令人满意。拖延中的我们看似是在消遣时间，但其所带来的焦虑和压力却往往大于轻松感。

\n
\"\"
(图源网络，侵删)
\n

如何克服拖延症，提升工作的积极性？

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神奇的是，就算并不知道完成任务能够获得奖励，仍然有高达 86%的参与者在中断实验后选择继续完成任务[6]—。也就是说，蔡格尼克效应不仅体现在对未完成任务的回忆和动机水平上，而且真正地驱使着人们继续付诸行动直到任务完成。这就好比，有时我们想打扫房间，但又由于各种原因迟迟没有开始；某天顺手擦了一把桌子，突然就想把所有卫生做完，甚至做了个大扫除。

\n

所以，不情愿做的事情，可以逼自己一把，试试简单地开个头，这时你会想“既然我已经开始工作了，不如就把它做完”，接下来的推进就会相对顺利。

\n

结语

\n

蔡格尼克效应有利也有弊，把握好心中张力的“平衡点”是最重要的。

\n

假如你感到缺乏动力，持续拖延——行动起来，哪怕只是开个头；

\n

假如你正因各种 ddl 的堆积而焦虑得无法静下心来，难以保持热情——不妨为他们做个计划，把目标拉近一些，最重要的是：让自己暂时歇息一下吧，轻装上阵，充好电再出发。

\n
\n

作者：Pomato

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编辑： @鹊踏枝

\n

欢迎关注心理学科普平台@京师心理大学堂，北京师范大学心理学部出品，奉献百年积淀，带你脑洞大开。任何形式的转载请知乎私信联系。

\n

参考文献

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[1]MacLeod, C. M. (2020). Zeigarnik and von Restorff: The memory effects and the stories behind them. Memory & Cognition, 48(6), 1073–1088. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-020-01033-5
[2]Zeigarnik, B. (1938). On finished and unfinished tasks. In W. D. Ellis(Ed.), A source book of Gestalt psychology. (300–314). Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Company. https://doi.org/10.1037/11496-025
[3]Marrow, A. J. (1969). The practical theorist: The life and work of Kurt Lewin. New York : Basic Books .
[4]Oyama, Y., Manalo, E., & Nakatani, Y. (2018). The Hemingway effect: How failing to finish a task can have a positive effect on motivation. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 30, 7–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2018.01.001
[5]Masicampo, E. J., & Baumeister, R. F. (2011). Consider it done! Plan making can eliminate the cognitive effects of unfulfilled goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(4), 667–683. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024192
[6]McGraw, K. O., & Fiala, J. (1982). Undermining the Zeigarnik effect: Another hidden cost of reward. Journal of Personality, 50(1), 58–66. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1982.tb00745.x
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", @@ -1889,28 +1779,6 @@ "hash": "d422988bb88d14129dc6f6a94ff6edd7", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "为什么灯有电就会亮呢？", - "description": "
\"头图\"/
\n

有意思的问题。虽然看似十分粗浅，且真想回答好却很不容易。我来科普一番吧。

\n
\n

先说答案：电流流过照明灯具，因为焦耳发热（白炽灯）和辉光放电（日光灯）的原因，产生光线而发光。目前使用更多的 LED 灯，则是利用发光二极管的原理来产生光线。由此可见，不管是哪种照明灯具，电流流过灯具而产生发光现象，是让灯具亮起来的必要条件。

\n

我们日常使用的家用电器，它们利用通电后的电动力效应（例如洗衣机和电冰箱）、发热效应（例如电烤炉和电饭锅）和辐射效应（例如微波炉）来为我们服务，可见它们离不开电。至于手机，则是利用集成电路的数字通信技术来工作，其内部安装了电池。如果手机使用时间过长且未充电，手机就会因为缺少电能供应而停机。

\n

可见，电为家用电器和手机提供了能量，这就是“灯有电就会亮”的原因。

\n

以下，我们来探讨一番白炽灯和日光灯的工作原理。

\n

1.白炽灯通电后就会亮起来的原理

\n

我们看下图：

\n
\"\"
图 1：白炽灯
\n

白炽灯目前很少见到了。在我小时候，那时候白炽灯可是主要照明灯具。不管是家里，还是幼儿园和小学，还有商场，都使用白炽灯。

\n
\"\"
图 2：上世纪灯具商店内部布置的景象，大多数都是白炽灯
\n

记得小时候进入灯具店，感到非常热。为何？因为白炽灯是靠电流流过钨丝产生发热而发光的，当然很热了。

\n

我们看下图：

\n
\"\"
图 3：白炽灯一通电就亮起来了
\n

我们注意看图 3 左侧的白炽信号灯，它内部的灯丝是钨丝，电阻率相对较大。

\n

图 3 右侧繁星所指的信号灯额定电压是 12V 额定功率是 1W，我们用初中物理来计算它的额定电流：

\n

\"\"

\n

信号灯钨丝的电阻是：

\n

\"\"

\n

别看电流这么小，但灯丝（钨丝）的电阻相对较大，故电流流过灯丝（钨丝）时也足以让其升温到 1700℃‌左右。

\n

关于导体流过电流后的表面温度计算，其方法远远超过初中物理知识的范畴。以下给出计算式，我们来浏览一番：

\n
\"\"
图 4：导线表面瞬时温度的计算式
\n

利用图 4 的计算式就能算出钨丝的表面温度。既然繁星都怕怕，我们就不算了吧，笑！

\n

我小时候看过铁匠打铁。铁匠把铁放到炉内加热，当铁的温度上升后，铁发出黄红色光芒并变软，此时铁匠就把铁取出来敲打成产品。

\n
\"\"
图 5：铁匠打铁
\n

图 5 中铁的温度在 1300℃左右，发出黄红色的光。

\n

同样的道理，钨丝在 1700℃高温下其内部钨原子发生电子跃迁继而产生的光辐射，发出黄白色的光。‌

\n
\"\"
图 6：白炽灯的钨丝流过电流后发出黄白色光
\n

由于白炽灯耗能很大，故随着技术发展，到了现在白炽灯几乎绝迹。

\n
\"\"
图 7：白炽灯被淘汰了，几乎绝迹
\n

所以，我们现在很少看到白炽灯了。

\n

2.关于日光灯通电后亮起来的原理

\n

日光灯通电后亮起来的原理，与气体击穿有关。

\n

由于日光灯的工作原理相对复杂，我就以之前的回答帖来链接回答吧。

\n

关于气体的击穿，可参阅以下帖子：

\n

电晕、辉光、电火花、电弧、尖端放电、低气压放电和高压电弧的机理都是什么样的？它们的区别在哪里？

\n

看完以上这篇帖子，我们就明白辉光放电是怎么回事了。

\n

日光灯就是典型的辉光放电，其工作原理见以下这篇帖子：

\n

日光灯的启动原理是什么？

\n

这下我们就明白了，原来日光灯也是离不开电的。

\n

3.发光二极管和 LEN 的灯的原理

\n

LED 的本质其实就是发光二极管。

\n
\"\"
图 8：发光二极管
\n

发光二极管是由 P 型和N 型半导体材料组成的晶片。在P 型半导体和 N 型半导体之间的过渡层叫做 PN 结。我们利用某种半导体材料的 PN 结，当注入其中的少数载流子与多数载流子复合时就会把多余的能量以光的形式释放出来，实现电能转换为光能。

\n

有意思的是：如果我们把 PN 结加上反向电压，造成少数载流子无法注入其中，PN 结当然就不发光；反之，我们让 PN 结加上正向工作电压，电流从发光二极管的阳极流向阴极时，半导体晶体就能发光，其光线包括紫外线到红外线在内的不同颜色的光线，而发光的强度则与电流值有关。

\n

由此可见，LED 灯当然也离不开电流。

\n

4.结论

\n

通过以上描述，我们看到不管是白炽灯还是日光灯，以及 LED 灯，若没有电源提供电能，这些灯具是不可能被点亮的。

\n
\n

就写到这里。

\n
\n
\n\n\n
查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n\n\n\n", - "content": "
\"头图\"/
\n

有意思的问题。虽然看似十分粗浅，且真想回答好却很不容易。我来科普一番吧。

\n
\n

先说答案：电流流过照明灯具，因为焦耳发热（白炽灯）和辉光放电（日光灯）的原因，产生光线而发光。目前使用更多的 LED 灯，则是利用发光二极管的原理来产生光线。由此可见，不管是哪种照明灯具，电流流过灯具而产生发光现象，是让灯具亮起来的必要条件。

\n

我们日常使用的家用电器，它们利用通电后的电动力效应（例如洗衣机和电冰箱）、发热效应（例如电烤炉和电饭锅）和辐射效应（例如微波炉）来为我们服务，可见它们离不开电。至于手机，则是利用集成电路的数字通信技术来工作，其内部安装了电池。如果手机使用时间过长且未充电，手机就会因为缺少电能供应而停机。

\n

可见，电为家用电器和手机提供了能量，这就是“灯有电就会亮”的原因。

\n

以下，我们来探讨一番白炽灯和日光灯的工作原理。

\n

1.白炽灯通电后就会亮起来的原理

\n

我们看下图：

\n
\"\"
图 1：白炽灯
\n

白炽灯目前很少见到了。在我小时候，那时候白炽灯可是主要照明灯具。不管是家里，还是幼儿园和小学，还有商场，都使用白炽灯。

\n
\"\"
图 2：上世纪灯具商店内部布置的景象，大多数都是白炽灯
\n

记得小时候进入灯具店，感到非常热。为何？因为白炽灯是靠电流流过钨丝产生发热而发光的，当然很热了。

\n

我们看下图：

\n
\"\"
图 3：白炽灯一通电就亮起来了
\n

我们注意看图 3 左侧的白炽信号灯，它内部的灯丝是钨丝，电阻率相对较大。

\n

图 3 右侧繁星所指的信号灯额定电压是 12V 额定功率是 1W，我们用初中物理来计算它的额定电流：

\n

\"\"

\n

信号灯钨丝的电阻是：

\n

\"\"

\n

别看电流这么小，但灯丝（钨丝）的电阻相对较大，故电流流过灯丝（钨丝）时也足以让其升温到 1700℃‌左右。

\n

关于导体流过电流后的表面温度计算，其方法远远超过初中物理知识的范畴。以下给出计算式，我们来浏览一番：

\n
\"\"
图 4：导线表面瞬时温度的计算式
\n

利用图 4 的计算式就能算出钨丝的表面温度。既然繁星都怕怕，我们就不算了吧，笑！

\n

我小时候看过铁匠打铁。铁匠把铁放到炉内加热，当铁的温度上升后，铁发出黄红色光芒并变软，此时铁匠就把铁取出来敲打成产品。

\n
\"\"
图 5：铁匠打铁
\n

图 5 中铁的温度在 1300℃左右，发出黄红色的光。

\n

同样的道理，钨丝在 1700℃高温下其内部钨原子发生电子跃迁继而产生的光辐射，发出黄白色的光。‌

\n
\"\"
图 6：白炽灯的钨丝流过电流后发出黄白色光
\n

由于白炽灯耗能很大，故随着技术发展，到了现在白炽灯几乎绝迹。

\n
\"\"
图 7：白炽灯被淘汰了，几乎绝迹
\n

所以，我们现在很少看到白炽灯了。

\n

2.关于日光灯通电后亮起来的原理

\n

日光灯通电后亮起来的原理，与气体击穿有关。

\n

由于日光灯的工作原理相对复杂，我就以之前的回答帖来链接回答吧。

\n

关于气体的击穿，可参阅以下帖子：

\n

电晕、辉光、电火花、电弧、尖端放电、低气压放电和高压电弧的机理都是什么样的？它们的区别在哪里？

\n

看完以上这篇帖子，我们就明白辉光放电是怎么回事了。

\n

日光灯就是典型的辉光放电，其工作原理见以下这篇帖子：

\n

日光灯的启动原理是什么？

\n

这下我们就明白了，原来日光灯也是离不开电的。

\n

3.发光二极管和 LEN 的灯的原理

\n

LED 的本质其实就是发光二极管。

\n
\"\"
图 8：发光二极管
\n

发光二极管是由 P 型和N 型半导体材料组成的晶片。在P 型半导体和 N 型半导体之间的过渡层叫做 PN 结。我们利用某种半导体材料的 PN 结，当注入其中的少数载流子与多数载流子复合时就会把多余的能量以光的形式释放出来，实现电能转换为光能。

\n

有意思的是：如果我们把 PN 结加上反向电压，造成少数载流子无法注入其中，PN 结当然就不发光；反之，我们让 PN 结加上正向工作电压，电流从发光二极管的阳极流向阴极时，半导体晶体就能发光，其光线包括紫外线到红外线在内的不同颜色的光线，而发光的强度则与电流值有关。

\n

由此可见，LED 灯当然也离不开电流。

\n

4.结论

\n

通过以上描述，我们看到不管是白炽灯还是日光灯，以及 LED 灯，若没有电源提供电能，这些灯具是不可能被点亮的。

\n
\n

就写到这里。

\n
\n
\n\n\n
查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n\n\n\n", - "category": "", - "link": "https://daily.zhihu.com/story/9783908", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Sat, 13 Sep 2025 00:27:03 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "资讯", - "feed": "知乎", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "8f463b429680db6ad4767118363ab176", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "为什么电风扇没有设计成像人扇扇子那样上下扇动，而是旋转吹风？", "description": "
\"头图\"/
\n

好吧，我们来搓个会摇扇子的电风扇。

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首先我们要考虑如何将马达的回转运动转变成往复运动。

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这点不复杂，只需要一个曲柄摇杆即可。

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听着曲柄摇杆有点不知所以然是不是？

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真不复杂，只需要四根长度不同的木条，然后用铰链链接。

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分别是 a 曲柄，负责绑上马达转。b 连杆，负责连起来，c 摇杆，负责摇，d 机架，负责机啊不对负责固定。

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要求是最短杆必须是连架杆，一般是曲柄

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最短杆与最长杆的长度之和，要比其他两个杆的和小，比如：a+d≤b+c。

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不然曲柄无法做 360°转动。

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然后启动马达，就可以看到 c 摇杆开始疯狂摆动了。

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那有小伙伴讲啊，

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这只能看到他在前后摇摆练铁山靠，没摇扇子啊。

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你把它竖起来，延长摇杆不就得了。

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恭喜，雨刷也是这么工作的。

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不光雨刷，风扇里的摇头装置也是个典型的曲柄摇杆。

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不复杂吧？你看这个结构运行会会划出漂亮的圆三角，比较稳定。

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那咱在用这个进行组合，

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组合出切比雪夫连杆......你看这玩意走起来了。

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用曲柄摇杆就能做出巴掌风扇，只是有点占地。

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那能不能换个不咋占地的方案呢？

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也不难，咱稍微改改，将原来的摇杆给拔了，换成一个装在机架上可以前后滑动的滑块，组成一个对心曲柄滑块结构。

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好，收起你大胆的想法，

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让滑块来带动扇子前后运动，就成了这样，是不是好像也可以。

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当然，我们还可以换个思路，

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将滑块固定，动的就是中间的杆子。

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做成一个移动导杆机构，嗯，总觉得有点似曾相识。

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然后....竖起来不光可以利用杆子扇扇子，还可以配合其他杆子整个活，

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这总觉得在哪里见到过。

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当然正事要紧，我们还可以利用倾斜布局节省空间，

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整出一个看起来很极简，

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占地也很小的的斜曲柄摇杆机构，也能扇扇子。

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以上，都是属于四连杆机构的相关应用。

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那么问题来了，明明仿真风扇并不复杂，为啥市面上见不着呢？

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假设咱用扇巴掌风扇。

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用四连杆机构，链接的铰链轴承，滑块得有吧？加钱。

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各种杆得用材料吧？加钱。

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扇子是横着或者竖着扇动的，纵向占地比普通风扇大吧？

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为了安全得加保护网吧？加钱。

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四连杆机构比马达直连结构复杂，高速工作出故障的几率更高了吧？

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售后也得算成本吧？加钱。

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连杆用久了有磨损，风扇一开启跟拖拉机似的突突响，容易产生噪音吧？

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产生噪音后是不是得雇个客服小妹挨骂，

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再雇个售后小哥维修？还得加钱。

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而风扇只需要加四个桨叶，就可以完美规避以上大多数问题。

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所以不是巴掌风扇造不出，只是普通风扇更有性价比。

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那要是不差钱呢?

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也不难，开个公司。

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雇几个大学生过来研究，

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当然咱是良心资本家，福利必须给足。

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再找几个漂亮小姐姐，

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肤白貌美大长腿那种。

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岗位就叫激励经理。

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天天打扮的花枝招展的，啥也甭干，

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给我扇风。

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查看知乎讨论
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", @@ -1933,28 +1801,6 @@ "hash": "ec22ea399b2276bd4b603e569d30c6cb", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "现实中没有原型的怪物是如何被设计出来的？", - "description": "
\"头图\"/
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怪物设计可能是整个世界观设计中，最难的一环。

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    \n
  • 它既要「怪」：有足够的特色和辨识度；
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  • 又要「不怪」：整体形象不能太过模糊。
    • \n
  • 既要避免「修脚」：如果体型太大，玩家殴打它的时候，只能修脚，体验就不好。
    • \n
  • 又要有「压迫感」：要提升 Boss 的威压，增大又是最简单的办法。
    • \n
  • 要结合世界观：不能武侠世界出科幻怪
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  • 还要能做出来：不能设计太过复杂，导致优化崩了
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更重要的是，它还得结合玩法，每个怪物基本上都会考验玩家的某方面数值或者能力……

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这是一种结合了玩法功能、世界观叙事和视觉语言的系统性工程，绝非一两篇文章就能讲清楚的，我也不敢说就精通这方面的技艺，只能结合一些实际的案例，来浅浅分享一下我的经验。

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第一步：从定位开始——这个怪物是干什么用的？

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在动笔之前，我们首先要问的不是「它长什么样」，而是「它在游戏里扮演什么角色」？这是所有设计的基石。

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功能决定基本形态！

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一个需要承受大量伤害的坦克型怪物，它的设计直觉上就应该导向厚重、庞大、充满钝感。

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比如巨大的岩石外壳、厚实的甲壳、笨重的轮廓，就是在向玩家传递“这家伙很难缠，防御很高”的信号；反之，一个需要高速移动、进行骚扰攻击的敏捷型怪物，则会更倾向于流线型、轻量化的设计，比如类似昆虫的肢体、纤细的骨架，让玩家一看就知道“它会很快，要优先处理”。

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这是最基础的设计逻辑，先确定怪物的“重量级”，再进行后续的细化。

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33 号远征队的源色六棱，一看就很硬
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第二步：整体外形的拟合——这个怪物看起来像是个啥？

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这是建立「识别度」的第一步。

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如果一个怪物的外形复杂到离谱，玩家的大脑就会拒绝识别，把它认为是一种「乱七八糟的东西」。比如有十七八只触手，身上二三十个导弹巢，七八条胳膊，每种装着不同武器……且不说这玩意儿做起来有多麻烦，玩家多半不会觉得它的设计很妙，因为这根本记不住。

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在这一步，最常见的办法就是拿一个现有的东西做底子：最最常见的当然就是人类。

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你看，矮人不就是矮点和敦实点的人类，哥布林是小型的、绿色的、脸部做了一些调整的人类，兽人是壮实、长毛、有獠牙的人类……它们都是在人类这个模板上进行调整的。但我们不能只有人形怪，对吧？

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那么可以尝试各种动物，昆虫，甚至植物跟人体的组合。比如半人马，就是人 + 马；或者是单纯的鲸鱼、鸟类作为基本模板。当然，这个过程中为了强调特色，还可以把部分肢体缩小或者膨胀。

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注意，这时候就要结合第一步了。33 号远征队的疾刃在我看来不算是个很好的设计，但它基本的需求是做了的：纤细的肢体代表高速，利刃化的胳膊代表攻击方式，很清晰明了。

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\"\"
33 号远征队的源色疾刃，很明显是人形 + 巨大化眼球 + 刀刃手臂，但眼球这个特色没用上
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第三步：建立视觉重心——它的核心特色是什么？

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到这一步，世界观就必须介入了。

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怪物的核心特色通常应该是跟世界观强相关的，在设计上，这又分为几个不断递进的层次：

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一、 共通的视觉母题

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最直观的手段是赋予怪物统一的视觉元素，例如共通的「皮肤」质感——但这绝非简单的颜色与花纹的堆砌，更重要的是其肢体设计上的统一符号，比如不对称、假面等等，《猎天使魔女》中的天使设计，以及最后生还者里的真菌僵尸，都是此道的典范。

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猎天使魔女里的 Boss 无论长什么鬼样子，都会有大理石般的洁白外壳、华丽的金色饰边，以及看似神圣的假面，营造出一种庄严而神圣的统一

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最后生还者中，身上层层叠叠的蘑菇是特色
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二、 共通的文化符号：从服饰到族群认同

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更高层次的设计是为怪物群体构建统一的文化符号，服饰是其中的一种外在体现。《原神》中的丘丘人便是很好的例子。它们戴着标志性的面具，穿着原始的部落服饰，使用简陋的武器，这些共通的“服饰”使其族群特征一目了然。

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但这同样不是扁平化的“换装”。丘丘人的设计已经超越了单纯的服饰，延伸到了对一个完整族群的塑造。他们拥有自己的营地、社会结构（如萨满和不同兵种）、甚至独特的语言和习俗。 尤其是它们的面具，背后承载了“因诅咒而无法正视自己丑陋面容”的悲剧性背景故事。 因此，这些共通的服饰和符号，实际上是其共同的悲惨命运和文化的缩影，让这群怪物不再是单纯的符号，而是一个有背景、有故事的没落族群。

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丘丘人的特色显然是面具
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三、 共通的核心概念：心理意象的扭曲投影

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最高明的手段，则是让所有怪物服务于一个统一的核心概念，即使它们的外形天差地别。这方面的巅峰之作当属《寂静岭》系列。

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游戏中的怪物，无论是手持巨刃的三角头，还是步履蹒跚的护士，其形象都并非凭空想象而来，它们是主角内心创伤、罪孽感、压抑的欲望和恐惧的具象化。

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例如，三角头象征着主角詹姆斯渴望为自己罪行受到惩罚的心理投射，而其他怪物则可能反映了他对妻子病痛的复杂情绪。 正因为所有怪物都源自「主角扭曲心理的投影」这个共通概念，所以玩家即便看到形态迥异的敌人，也能立刻理解，它们是同属于一个来源的——一场醒不来的噩梦。

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这种设计使得怪物不再是单纯的关卡阻碍，而是推动叙事、塑造主角形象的关键元素，是游戏恐怖感的真正内核。

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寂静岭里的护士，代表压抑的性幻想
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番外：我以前做过的设计

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\"\"
用「手」作为设计语言，代替怪物的头颅
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另一个角度，可以看出，不同颜色的手 + 不同的姿势，构成「眼睛」
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这两张图是我在之前的项目中提出的一个设计思路，我自己用 blender 画的草图，所以很粗糙。不好意思，美术功底太差，不会 2D……

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因为那个游戏也是「植物末日」的概念，所以我希望能使用一种特殊的植物作为怪物的核心视觉重点，这里提出的就是「手」+「眼睛」的思路，让植物构成手的形状，层层叠叠打开，而在未打开时，看起来会像一只眼睛。

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第四步：服务于玩法——为玩家的交互而设计

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最关键的一步，就是所有的设计最终都要回归到“好不好玩”上。怪物的每一个设计细节，都应该为玩法服务，要能提供一个清晰的交互逻辑。

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这点我特别喜欢 33 号远程队。不说玩法如何，它的怪物在跟玩法结合这点上做得是很有趣的。比如它的第一个怪物：枪兵。

\n

给没玩过的朋友介绍一下。这个游戏中，玩家可以消耗行动点进行自由射击，没特化 build 的话，伤害并不高，但如果打在怪物弱点上，则会产生大量伤害，且可能还会有额外效果。

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所以你猜怪物的弱点在哪？（手动狗头）
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\"\"
没多久就出现的新怪物，你再猜猜它的弱点在哪？（继续手动狗头）
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实际上这种水雷怪虽然会偷袭，但你可以非常爽快地用手枪打爆它的水雷，一炸一片，连开三枪打中 3 个雷，对方直接就全灭了……

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这就是怪物服务于玩法的例子，它并不是单纯的、孤立的，而是需要很好地跟玩法结合在一起。

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即便做不到《33 号远征队》那般精巧，一些设计的基本原则也需要被遵守，即“形态服务于功能”（Form Follows Function）。一个会喷吐剧毒的怪物，身上理应有清晰可见的毒囊器官；一个散播瘟疫的敌人，其表皮遍布鼓起的脓包与囊肿。这种清晰的视觉语言，是确保玩家能够理解怪物机制、并享受与之交互的基础。

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顺便举个例子，前文提到过的「巨大 boss 的设计矛盾」，现在解法也是很多的，比如星穹铁道的末日兽，它其实用了相当复杂的设计，比如摄像机角度的变幻，以及将怪物的下半身隐在坑里，只有上半身露出来打，这种感觉就比较好。

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反面例子是黑神话的魔将妙音。因为摄像头调试的问题，玩家大多数时间都在打它的脚，就会多少有些不爽……

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典型的修脚怪
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第五步：剧情和演出设计

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优秀的形象和剧情是骨架，而丰满的演出效果则是让这具骨架活起来的血肉。怪物的“表演”和它出现前的铺垫，共同构成了玩家对它的核心记忆。这方面可以从几个角度入手：

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一、 动态演出：怎么设计怪物的动作

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怪物的性格与故事，应该直接体现在它的动态和行为逻辑中。

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动作与性格的统一：一个高傲的龙类 Boss，它的动作应该是舒展而威严的，即使是简单的行走，也带着巡视领地的王者姿态；而一个因实验失败而扭曲的怪物，其动作则可能是抽搐、不稳定且充满痛苦的，攻击方式也更像是绝望的胡乱抓挠。

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叙事性的攻击模式：Boss 的招式设计不仅仅是为了考验玩家，更是在“叙事”。碎星将军就是很好的典范。

\n

互动与反馈：怪物不应该只是一个木桩。它应该对玩家的行为做出反应。比如，当玩家使用特定属性攻击时，它会表现出愤怒或恐惧；当它生命值降低到一定程度，可能会变得更加疯狂，甚至会通过吼叫来表达它的痛苦和决心。这些细节让战斗过程更像是一场与有生命、有情感的对手的“对话”，而非单纯的数值交换。

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二、 环境铺垫

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一场精彩的 Boss 演出，早在玩家见到它之前就已经拉开帷幕。环境是最好的叙事者，它能在无言中将 Boss 的压迫感层层递进，植入玩家心中。

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    \n
  • 痕迹与暗示：在通往 Boss 巢穴的路上，玩家可以发现它留下的痕迹：巨大的爪痕、烧焦的村庄、被啃食的巨型生物残骸。这些东西都在不断告诉玩家，你即将面对的是一个极其强大的存在。
    • \n
  • “非对称”的初见：在正式战斗前，让 Boss 以一种无法被攻击或无法战胜的姿态短暂出现。可能是在远方山顶的一个巨大剪影，或是在玩家路过时，一道无法企及的攻击摧毁了前方的道路。这种惊鸿一瞥，能在建立悬念的同时，将“不可战胜”的印象深深烙印在玩家脑海里，极大地提升了最终决战时的仪式感。
    • \n
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\"\"
宇宙机器人中，几乎每个 Boss 都有这样独特的出场
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  • 巢穴设计：Boss 的战斗场景本身就是其故事的一部分。一个古代机械巨像的战场可能布满了废弃的零件和充能装置；而一个堕落圣骑士的房间，则可能挂着被玷污的旗帜和破碎的圣像。场景本身，就在诉说主人的过去。
    • \n
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三、 音效设计：听觉的语言

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声音是塑造怪物“存在感”最直接、也最容易被忽略的环节。

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    \n
  • 独特的声音标识：一个令人印象深刻的怪物，必然有其标志性的声音。这可能是一声独特的嘶吼、沉重的脚步声，或是发动关键技能前的特殊音效，这些声音不仅是玩法上的提示（预警），更是其形象的一部分。比如《生化危机》系列中“暴君”那沉重而规律的脚步声，在玩家看不见他时，仅凭声音就能营造出巨大的心理压力。
    • \n
  • 与演出结合的音乐：Boss 战的音乐是调动玩家情绪的关键。音乐的风格应该与 Boss 的形象和背景故事相符。进入战斗时，音乐可以骤然变得激昂；当 Boss 进入新阶段、释放毁灭性技能时，音乐也应随之变奏，达到高潮。音乐的起承转合，本身就是演出的一部分，引导着玩家的情绪波动。
    • \n
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通过将动态、环境和音效这三者与怪物自身的设计和剧情紧密结合，才能完整让人难忘的「演出」，让怪物真正地活起来。

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但这个部分也是最难的部分，就需要跟整个制作组通力合作了。

\n

第六步：最终细节修正

\n

在走完上面的全部流程之后，这个怪物大致的「构型」就出来了，之后的很多工作就可以移交美术去设计，但策划也可以根据设计目的，以及世界观的设定来提一些需求。

\n

比如它看起来应该是更聪明还是更笨啊，服饰上有什么特殊啊等等，这些都会在一定程度上影响最终的效果；比如凶狠的怪物眼睛一般更小、会用三白眼或者三角眼等等，但这类一般都是美术做最终决策了。

\n

总结

\n

综上所述，一个优秀的怪物设计，正是在「特色」与「辨识度」、「压迫感」与「良好体验」等多重矛盾中取得精妙平衡的系统性工程。

\n

它并非天马行空的想象，而是一条逻辑清晰的路径：始于功能定位，通过视觉语言赋予其独一无二的辨识度与世界观内涵，最终落脚于为玩家提供清晰、有趣的玩法交互。

\n

归根结底，一个能被玩家铭记的怪物，其形象、故事与玩法必然是和谐统一、相辅相成的。

\n

这篇文章只能从非常浅的一个角度去做个总结，也聊一下我的一些想法，回头如果有人想细聊的话，我再专门写一篇分享一下吧。

\n

ps，看到这里的朋友求点个赞呗，写长文挺费力的……

\n
\n
\n\n\n
查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n\n\n\n", - "content": "
\"头图\"/
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怪物设计可能是整个世界观设计中，最难的一环。

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    \n
  • 它既要「怪」：有足够的特色和辨识度；
    • \n
  • 又要「不怪」：整体形象不能太过模糊。
    • \n
  • 既要避免「修脚」：如果体型太大，玩家殴打它的时候，只能修脚，体验就不好。
    • \n
  • 又要有「压迫感」：要提升 Boss 的威压，增大又是最简单的办法。
    • \n
  • 要结合世界观：不能武侠世界出科幻怪
    • \n
  • 还要能做出来：不能设计太过复杂，导致优化崩了
    • \n
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更重要的是，它还得结合玩法，每个怪物基本上都会考验玩家的某方面数值或者能力……

\n

这是一种结合了玩法功能、世界观叙事和视觉语言的系统性工程，绝非一两篇文章就能讲清楚的，我也不敢说就精通这方面的技艺，只能结合一些实际的案例，来浅浅分享一下我的经验。

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第一步：从定位开始——这个怪物是干什么用的？

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在动笔之前，我们首先要问的不是「它长什么样」，而是「它在游戏里扮演什么角色」？这是所有设计的基石。

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功能决定基本形态！

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一个需要承受大量伤害的坦克型怪物，它的设计直觉上就应该导向厚重、庞大、充满钝感。

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比如巨大的岩石外壳、厚实的甲壳、笨重的轮廓，就是在向玩家传递“这家伙很难缠，防御很高”的信号；反之，一个需要高速移动、进行骚扰攻击的敏捷型怪物，则会更倾向于流线型、轻量化的设计，比如类似昆虫的肢体、纤细的骨架，让玩家一看就知道“它会很快，要优先处理”。

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这是最基础的设计逻辑，先确定怪物的“重量级”，再进行后续的细化。

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\"\"
33 号远征队的源色六棱，一看就很硬
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第二步：整体外形的拟合——这个怪物看起来像是个啥？

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这是建立「识别度」的第一步。

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如果一个怪物的外形复杂到离谱，玩家的大脑就会拒绝识别，把它认为是一种「乱七八糟的东西」。比如有十七八只触手，身上二三十个导弹巢，七八条胳膊，每种装着不同武器……且不说这玩意儿做起来有多麻烦，玩家多半不会觉得它的设计很妙，因为这根本记不住。

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在这一步，最常见的办法就是拿一个现有的东西做底子：最最常见的当然就是人类。

\n

你看，矮人不就是矮点和敦实点的人类，哥布林是小型的、绿色的、脸部做了一些调整的人类，兽人是壮实、长毛、有獠牙的人类……它们都是在人类这个模板上进行调整的。但我们不能只有人形怪，对吧？

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那么可以尝试各种动物，昆虫，甚至植物跟人体的组合。比如半人马，就是人 + 马；或者是单纯的鲸鱼、鸟类作为基本模板。当然，这个过程中为了强调特色，还可以把部分肢体缩小或者膨胀。

\n

注意，这时候就要结合第一步了。33 号远征队的疾刃在我看来不算是个很好的设计，但它基本的需求是做了的：纤细的肢体代表高速，利刃化的胳膊代表攻击方式，很清晰明了。

\n
\"\"
33 号远征队的源色疾刃，很明显是人形 + 巨大化眼球 + 刀刃手臂，但眼球这个特色没用上
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第三步：建立视觉重心——它的核心特色是什么？

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到这一步，世界观就必须介入了。

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怪物的核心特色通常应该是跟世界观强相关的，在设计上，这又分为几个不断递进的层次：

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一、 共通的视觉母题

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最直观的手段是赋予怪物统一的视觉元素，例如共通的「皮肤」质感——但这绝非简单的颜色与花纹的堆砌，更重要的是其肢体设计上的统一符号，比如不对称、假面等等，《猎天使魔女》中的天使设计，以及最后生还者里的真菌僵尸，都是此道的典范。

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\"\"
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猎天使魔女里的 Boss 无论长什么鬼样子，都会有大理石般的洁白外壳、华丽的金色饰边，以及看似神圣的假面，营造出一种庄严而神圣的统一

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\"\"
最后生还者中，身上层层叠叠的蘑菇是特色
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二、 共通的文化符号：从服饰到族群认同

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更高层次的设计是为怪物群体构建统一的文化符号，服饰是其中的一种外在体现。《原神》中的丘丘人便是很好的例子。它们戴着标志性的面具，穿着原始的部落服饰，使用简陋的武器，这些共通的“服饰”使其族群特征一目了然。

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但这同样不是扁平化的“换装”。丘丘人的设计已经超越了单纯的服饰，延伸到了对一个完整族群的塑造。他们拥有自己的营地、社会结构（如萨满和不同兵种）、甚至独特的语言和习俗。 尤其是它们的面具，背后承载了“因诅咒而无法正视自己丑陋面容”的悲剧性背景故事。 因此，这些共通的服饰和符号，实际上是其共同的悲惨命运和文化的缩影，让这群怪物不再是单纯的符号，而是一个有背景、有故事的没落族群。

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\"\"
丘丘人的特色显然是面具
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三、 共通的核心概念：心理意象的扭曲投影

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最高明的手段，则是让所有怪物服务于一个统一的核心概念，即使它们的外形天差地别。这方面的巅峰之作当属《寂静岭》系列。

\n

游戏中的怪物，无论是手持巨刃的三角头，还是步履蹒跚的护士，其形象都并非凭空想象而来，它们是主角内心创伤、罪孽感、压抑的欲望和恐惧的具象化。

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例如，三角头象征着主角詹姆斯渴望为自己罪行受到惩罚的心理投射，而其他怪物则可能反映了他对妻子病痛的复杂情绪。 正因为所有怪物都源自「主角扭曲心理的投影」这个共通概念，所以玩家即便看到形态迥异的敌人，也能立刻理解，它们是同属于一个来源的——一场醒不来的噩梦。

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这种设计使得怪物不再是单纯的关卡阻碍，而是推动叙事、塑造主角形象的关键元素，是游戏恐怖感的真正内核。

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\"\"
寂静岭里的护士，代表压抑的性幻想
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番外：我以前做过的设计

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\"\"
用「手」作为设计语言，代替怪物的头颅
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\"\"
另一个角度，可以看出，不同颜色的手 + 不同的姿势，构成「眼睛」
\n

这两张图是我在之前的项目中提出的一个设计思路，我自己用 blender 画的草图，所以很粗糙。不好意思，美术功底太差，不会 2D……

\n

因为那个游戏也是「植物末日」的概念，所以我希望能使用一种特殊的植物作为怪物的核心视觉重点，这里提出的就是「手」+「眼睛」的思路，让植物构成手的形状，层层叠叠打开，而在未打开时，看起来会像一只眼睛。

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第四步：服务于玩法——为玩家的交互而设计

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最关键的一步，就是所有的设计最终都要回归到“好不好玩”上。怪物的每一个设计细节，都应该为玩法服务，要能提供一个清晰的交互逻辑。

\n

这点我特别喜欢 33 号远程队。不说玩法如何，它的怪物在跟玩法结合这点上做得是很有趣的。比如它的第一个怪物：枪兵。

\n

给没玩过的朋友介绍一下。这个游戏中，玩家可以消耗行动点进行自由射击，没特化 build 的话，伤害并不高，但如果打在怪物弱点上，则会产生大量伤害，且可能还会有额外效果。

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\"\"
所以你猜怪物的弱点在哪？（手动狗头）
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\"\"
没多久就出现的新怪物，你再猜猜它的弱点在哪？（继续手动狗头）
\n

实际上这种水雷怪虽然会偷袭，但你可以非常爽快地用手枪打爆它的水雷，一炸一片，连开三枪打中 3 个雷，对方直接就全灭了……

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这就是怪物服务于玩法的例子，它并不是单纯的、孤立的，而是需要很好地跟玩法结合在一起。

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即便做不到《33 号远征队》那般精巧，一些设计的基本原则也需要被遵守，即“形态服务于功能”（Form Follows Function）。一个会喷吐剧毒的怪物，身上理应有清晰可见的毒囊器官；一个散播瘟疫的敌人，其表皮遍布鼓起的脓包与囊肿。这种清晰的视觉语言，是确保玩家能够理解怪物机制、并享受与之交互的基础。

\n

顺便举个例子，前文提到过的「巨大 boss 的设计矛盾」，现在解法也是很多的，比如星穹铁道的末日兽，它其实用了相当复杂的设计，比如摄像机角度的变幻，以及将怪物的下半身隐在坑里，只有上半身露出来打，这种感觉就比较好。

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\"\"
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反面例子是黑神话的魔将妙音。因为摄像头调试的问题，玩家大多数时间都在打它的脚，就会多少有些不爽……

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\"\"
典型的修脚怪
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第五步：剧情和演出设计

\n

优秀的形象和剧情是骨架，而丰满的演出效果则是让这具骨架活起来的血肉。怪物的“表演”和它出现前的铺垫，共同构成了玩家对它的核心记忆。这方面可以从几个角度入手：

\n

一、 动态演出：怎么设计怪物的动作

\n

怪物的性格与故事，应该直接体现在它的动态和行为逻辑中。

\n

动作与性格的统一：一个高傲的龙类 Boss，它的动作应该是舒展而威严的，即使是简单的行走，也带着巡视领地的王者姿态；而一个因实验失败而扭曲的怪物，其动作则可能是抽搐、不稳定且充满痛苦的，攻击方式也更像是绝望的胡乱抓挠。

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叙事性的攻击模式：Boss 的招式设计不仅仅是为了考验玩家，更是在“叙事”。碎星将军就是很好的典范。

\n

互动与反馈：怪物不应该只是一个木桩。它应该对玩家的行为做出反应。比如，当玩家使用特定属性攻击时，它会表现出愤怒或恐惧；当它生命值降低到一定程度，可能会变得更加疯狂，甚至会通过吼叫来表达它的痛苦和决心。这些细节让战斗过程更像是一场与有生命、有情感的对手的“对话”，而非单纯的数值交换。

\n

二、 环境铺垫

\n

一场精彩的 Boss 演出，早在玩家见到它之前就已经拉开帷幕。环境是最好的叙事者，它能在无言中将 Boss 的压迫感层层递进，植入玩家心中。

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    \n
  • 痕迹与暗示：在通往 Boss 巢穴的路上，玩家可以发现它留下的痕迹：巨大的爪痕、烧焦的村庄、被啃食的巨型生物残骸。这些东西都在不断告诉玩家，你即将面对的是一个极其强大的存在。
    • \n
  • “非对称”的初见：在正式战斗前，让 Boss 以一种无法被攻击或无法战胜的姿态短暂出现。可能是在远方山顶的一个巨大剪影，或是在玩家路过时，一道无法企及的攻击摧毁了前方的道路。这种惊鸿一瞥，能在建立悬念的同时，将“不可战胜”的印象深深烙印在玩家脑海里，极大地提升了最终决战时的仪式感。
    • \n
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\"\"
宇宙机器人中，几乎每个 Boss 都有这样独特的出场
\n
    \n
  • 巢穴设计：Boss 的战斗场景本身就是其故事的一部分。一个古代机械巨像的战场可能布满了废弃的零件和充能装置；而一个堕落圣骑士的房间，则可能挂着被玷污的旗帜和破碎的圣像。场景本身，就在诉说主人的过去。
    • \n
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三、 音效设计：听觉的语言

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声音是塑造怪物“存在感”最直接、也最容易被忽略的环节。

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    \n
  • 独特的声音标识：一个令人印象深刻的怪物，必然有其标志性的声音。这可能是一声独特的嘶吼、沉重的脚步声，或是发动关键技能前的特殊音效，这些声音不仅是玩法上的提示（预警），更是其形象的一部分。比如《生化危机》系列中“暴君”那沉重而规律的脚步声，在玩家看不见他时，仅凭声音就能营造出巨大的心理压力。
    • \n
  • 与演出结合的音乐：Boss 战的音乐是调动玩家情绪的关键。音乐的风格应该与 Boss 的形象和背景故事相符。进入战斗时，音乐可以骤然变得激昂；当 Boss 进入新阶段、释放毁灭性技能时，音乐也应随之变奏，达到高潮。音乐的起承转合，本身就是演出的一部分，引导着玩家的情绪波动。
    • \n
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通过将动态、环境和音效这三者与怪物自身的设计和剧情紧密结合，才能完整让人难忘的「演出」，让怪物真正地活起来。

\n

但这个部分也是最难的部分，就需要跟整个制作组通力合作了。

\n

第六步：最终细节修正

\n

在走完上面的全部流程之后，这个怪物大致的「构型」就出来了，之后的很多工作就可以移交美术去设计，但策划也可以根据设计目的，以及世界观的设定来提一些需求。

\n

比如它看起来应该是更聪明还是更笨啊，服饰上有什么特殊啊等等，这些都会在一定程度上影响最终的效果；比如凶狠的怪物眼睛一般更小、会用三白眼或者三角眼等等，但这类一般都是美术做最终决策了。

\n

总结

\n

综上所述，一个优秀的怪物设计，正是在「特色」与「辨识度」、「压迫感」与「良好体验」等多重矛盾中取得精妙平衡的系统性工程。

\n

它并非天马行空的想象，而是一条逻辑清晰的路径：始于功能定位，通过视觉语言赋予其独一无二的辨识度与世界观内涵，最终落脚于为玩家提供清晰、有趣的玩法交互。

\n

归根结底，一个能被玩家铭记的怪物，其形象、故事与玩法必然是和谐统一、相辅相成的。

\n

这篇文章只能从非常浅的一个角度去做个总结，也聊一下我的一些想法，回头如果有人想细聊的话，我再专门写一篇分享一下吧。

\n

ps，看到这里的朋友求点个赞呗，写长文挺费力的……

\n
\n
\n\n\n
查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n\n\n\n", - "category": "", - "link": "https://daily.zhihu.com/story/9783893", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Fri, 12 Sep 2025 00:27:02 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "资讯", - "feed": "知乎", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "7d3136b2f708a8158ff47e2d5f59cfe4", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "1000 元送上！同学，非常感谢你对老乡鸡菜品开源的贡献（这居然是真的！", "description": "这是一件真事（图里的文字不用读，后面有详细的）： 上面这张价值 1000 人民币的老乡鸡充值卡，也是真的。但被谁领了，就不得而知了  😂 事情，是这样的： 今天下午，vlad 同学发来消息： 青小蛙就去围观了这个开源项目的 issues，相当于问题反馈讨论区。 就看到了开头那张卡所在。开始我都没看懂 ", @@ -4322,28 +4168,6 @@ "hash": "f4dbe388489df32dfb78b6da7673e0d0", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "001FRONT - PREMIUM COTTON CROPS, PRICES UNRAVEL FALSE CLAIMS", - "description": "

A cotton-harvesting machine operates in a field in Awat county, Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, in October last year.

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Farmers plant cotton in Awat in April.

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Farmers plant cotton using a sowing machine in Awat county in April.

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A truck is loaded with harvested cotton at a farm of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps in September 2024.

\n

A worker operates a highly-automated production line at a spinning company in Awat county in April.

\n

A farmer uses a forklift to load harvested cotton in Aksu, Xinjiang, on Sept 18.

\n

Li Fugang, a cotton farmer in Awat county, Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, is looking forward to harvesting the crop he planted in April in about a month.

\n

He owns a 26.67-hectare plot in the county — renowned as the homeland of long-staple cotton — in southern Xinjiang's Aksu prefecture.

\n

"It's going to be another bumper cotton harvest this year," the 50-year-old said. "Besides continuing to push for cotton yields, cotton farmers are more competitive in producing premium cotton as, since last year, we can receive extra incentives for producing premium cotton."

\n

The production of premium cotton will further enhance Xinjiang cotton's irreplaceable role in domestic and global textile markets, he added.

\n

"Compared with cotton from top cotton-producing countries such as the United States and India, I am proud to say that China's cotton, especially that produced in Xinjiang, is the best in the world," Li said.

\n

Since 2014, China has implemented a cotton target price subsidy policy in Xinjiang, which helps ensure stable incomes for growers even when cotton prices fluctuate. And as cotton yields have steadily increased in recent years, so have farmers' incomes, said Li.

\n

When he started planting cotton in 2012, the yield was only about 300 kilograms per mu (0.067 hectare), he said. Last year, it reached around 450 to 500 kg per mu.

\n

Meanwhile, with greater mechanization and the adoption of smart agricultural technologies, labor needs have been greatly reduced and the production cost has significantly dropped, he said.

\n

Li started to use large-scale agricultural machinery in 2018, and mechanization had been fully adopted by cotton farmers around Xinjiang by about 2020, he said.

\n

"With no exception, all farmers in Xinjiang now use autonomous agricultural machineries equipped with the Beidou satellite system to plant and harvest cotton. In fact, automated management covers the entire cotton growing cycle: from sowing and seedling monitoring to irrigation and plant protection," Li said.

\n

Getting stronger

\n

Xinjiang produced about 5.69 million metric tons of cotton in 2024, representing 92.3 percent of the country's total output and securing its leading position as China's largest cotton producer for the 32nd year in a row, according to a white paper released on Friday by the State Council Information Office.

\n

The mechanization rate in plowing, planting and harvesting has reached 97 percent, said the document titled "CPC Guidelines for Governing Xinjiang in the New Era: Practice and Achievements".

\n

Xinjiang's cotton-growing area is projected to increase slightly from the 2.45 million hectares recorded last year, according to the regional government, reflecting the strong commitment of local farmers to the crop.

\n

But since 2021, some Western countries, especially the US, have been smearing Xinjiang's cotton industry with baseless claims on matters such as "forced labor". The US has even tried to crack down on businesses that source cotton products from Xinjiang by imposing a series of sanctions.

\n

These sanctions, however, have not dampened farmers' enthusiasm for cotton, which remains profitable, Li said.

\n

"They've targeted Xinjiang's cotton industry just because it has become too strong as its output accounts for over one-fifth of the world's total. And the funny thing is the cotton price reached a record high in 2021, when the industry was first targeted because of the global market's high demand for Xinjiang cotton.

\n

"You can barely see people in the fields during cultivation and harvesting anymore. So where do the claims of 'forced labor' come from?" Li said.

\n

Wang Tongren, director of the Agricultural Technology Promotion Center at the Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Awat county, said the county will ensure Xinjiang's cotton production remains strong by securing the size of the planting area of 93,333 hectares, which is particularly important when it is being targeted by the US.

\n

"What makes us more confident is that Xinjiang's cotton industry has achieved full self-sufficiency and control, from planting to processing through technological innovation and industrial chain upgrades, particularly breaking foreign monopolies in cotton seed varieties and key equipment such as cotton pickers," Wang said. "The industry is only getting stronger."

\n

Improved varieties

\n

At the laboratory of a seed company in Awat, Zhang Yuping was busy testing a new variety of cotton seeds developed for mechanized harvesting.

\n

"The cotton farming mechanization process starts at the very beginning, namely with the development of seeds. Cotton grown from those seeds can reach just the right height, making it convenient for the machinery to pick," she said.

\n

"You can see farmers use cotton seeds developed by different companies during sowing season. The competition is fierce, but it's good for Xinjiang's cotton industry."

\n

Through the wide uptake of large machines and by leveraging cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence-assisted breeding, biotechnology-based breeding and gene editing, agronomists and scientists are continuously developing and selecting more high-quality cotton seed varieties suitable for mechanical harvesting, Zhang said.

\n

She added that the challenges posed by traditional cotton varieties in mechanical harvesting include poor adaptability, fiber fragility and incompatible field management.

\n

"We've achieved a technological breakthrough in mechanical harvesting varieties. After all, seeds are the 'microchips' of the modern agricultural industry," Zhang said.

\n

"We've developed new varieties with compact plant structures, concentrated boll (capsule) opening and easy detachment of boll stalks, using molecular breeding and gene editing. These new varieties have significantly improved the efficiency of cotton pickers, with the one-time harvest rate surpassing 90 percent. And the new variety that I am working on can even perform better."

\n

Luo Cheng, head of the research and development center at another seed company in Xinjiang, said the company sold more than 2,200 tons of cotton seeds domestically in 2024, all for mechanical harvesting, covering an area of 81,333.33 hectares.

\n

The company has developed six cotton varieties, all designed for mechanical harvesting. "Our seeds are also very popular abroad. Last year, our overseas sales reached 930 tons," Luo added.

\n

Higher yields

\n

Tahir Peyzulla, a cotton farmer in Luntai county, Bayingolin Mongolian autonomous prefecture, said the impact of these new seeds is significant.

\n

"Older varieties had loose plant structures and uneven maturity, making mechanical harvesting inefficient. But since we started using the new variety in 2016, the efficiency of mechanical harvesting has improved significantly," he said, adding that he expects a bumper cotton harvest of around 500 kg per mu this year.

\n

Notably, traditional cotton seeds have not only seen technological breakthroughs, but the mechanized harvesting of long-staple cotton has also made great progress.

\n

Long-staple cotton, highly valued for its longer fibers, is one of the world's finest cottons, with a silk-like luster and a cashmere-like feel. But mechanical harvesting of long-staple cotton used to be inefficient due to the low position of fruiting branches, necessitating manual picking.

\n

Mechanical harvesting requires at least a 15-cm node height of the first fruiting branch above the ground. The height of previous long-staple cotton varieties was only about 9 cm, explained Tian Liwen, a researcher at the Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences.

\n

After nearly a decade of research by the academy's institute of economic crops, the "Xin 78" variety, developed for mechanized harvesting, achieved full mechanized harvesting in 2021 with a yield of 511.5 kg per mu. It has since become the leading variety of long-staple cotton in Xinjiang.

\n

The new variety has not only extended the node height to 17 cm, but also addressed other issues associated with old varieties — such as small cotton bolls, large leaves and poor response to defoliant sprays, that may affect output, Tian added.

\n

Textile hub emerges

\n

The cotton industry has emerged as a pivotal cornerstone in elevating the livelihoods of local communities in Xinjiang. The region's cotton and textile industry generated an output value of 220 billion yuan ($30.93 billion) last year and provided employment for more than 1 million people, despite market disruptions caused by Western sanctions.

\n

Thanks to government efforts to leverage regional advantages and extend industrial chains, Xinjiang is rapidly emerging as a textile manufacturing hub. By the end of 2024, the region was home to 3,848 registered textile and garment companies, employing 970,000 people. The number of spindles rose from 7 million in early 2014 to 29.1 million in late 2024, and the local processing rate for cotton climbed from 11 percent to 42 percent.

\n

Gulgena Aniwar, a member of a human resources team of a company producing high-quality cotton yarn in Awat, said the company, which sources cotton locally, has expanded its manufacturing capacity by adding more production lines this year to meet surging market demand.

\n

"Installing more production lines means we need to recruit more workers. And for the local people, it means more job opportunities and income at their doorstep," he said. "To compete with other textile companies, we have offered better pay and welfare packages to the workers."

\n

Gulgena laughed at the accusation of "forced labor" in Xinjiang's textile industry. "If any of that was true, then why do I have to keep posting recruitment advertisements online and on social media?"

\n

Meanwhile, railway authorities in Xinjiang have increased transport capacity and launched dedicated cotton yarn train services this year.

\n

According to China Railway Urumqi Group Co, to ensure efficient transportation of cotton textiles, two fixed train routes have been established in southern Xinjiang. One links Aksu and the Yangtze River Delta region on the eastern coast while the other connects Aksu and Kashgar with the Pearl River Delta region in the south.

\n

"Through close cooperation with the Urumqi Railway Logistics Center, dedicated trains will further enhance the market competitiveness of Xinjiang's cotton textile products," said Li He, general manager of a supply chain management company.

\n

Xinhua contributed to this story.

\n

cuijia@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", - "content": "

A cotton-harvesting machine operates in a field in Awat county, Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, in October last year.

\n

Farmers plant cotton in Awat in April.

\n

Farmers plant cotton using a sowing machine in Awat county in April.

\n

A truck is loaded with harvested cotton at a farm of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps in September 2024.

\n

A worker operates a highly-automated production line at a spinning company in Awat county in April.

\n

A farmer uses a forklift to load harvested cotton in Aksu, Xinjiang, on Sept 18.

\n

Li Fugang, a cotton farmer in Awat county, Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, is looking forward to harvesting the crop he planted in April in about a month.

\n

He owns a 26.67-hectare plot in the county — renowned as the homeland of long-staple cotton — in southern Xinjiang's Aksu prefecture.

\n

"It's going to be another bumper cotton harvest this year," the 50-year-old said. "Besides continuing to push for cotton yields, cotton farmers are more competitive in producing premium cotton as, since last year, we can receive extra incentives for producing premium cotton."

\n

The production of premium cotton will further enhance Xinjiang cotton's irreplaceable role in domestic and global textile markets, he added.

\n

"Compared with cotton from top cotton-producing countries such as the United States and India, I am proud to say that China's cotton, especially that produced in Xinjiang, is the best in the world," Li said.

\n

Since 2014, China has implemented a cotton target price subsidy policy in Xinjiang, which helps ensure stable incomes for growers even when cotton prices fluctuate. And as cotton yields have steadily increased in recent years, so have farmers' incomes, said Li.

\n

When he started planting cotton in 2012, the yield was only about 300 kilograms per mu (0.067 hectare), he said. Last year, it reached around 450 to 500 kg per mu.

\n

Meanwhile, with greater mechanization and the adoption of smart agricultural technologies, labor needs have been greatly reduced and the production cost has significantly dropped, he said.

\n

Li started to use large-scale agricultural machinery in 2018, and mechanization had been fully adopted by cotton farmers around Xinjiang by about 2020, he said.

\n

"With no exception, all farmers in Xinjiang now use autonomous agricultural machineries equipped with the Beidou satellite system to plant and harvest cotton. In fact, automated management covers the entire cotton growing cycle: from sowing and seedling monitoring to irrigation and plant protection," Li said.

\n

Getting stronger

\n

Xinjiang produced about 5.69 million metric tons of cotton in 2024, representing 92.3 percent of the country's total output and securing its leading position as China's largest cotton producer for the 32nd year in a row, according to a white paper released on Friday by the State Council Information Office.

\n

The mechanization rate in plowing, planting and harvesting has reached 97 percent, said the document titled "CPC Guidelines for Governing Xinjiang in the New Era: Practice and Achievements".

\n

Xinjiang's cotton-growing area is projected to increase slightly from the 2.45 million hectares recorded last year, according to the regional government, reflecting the strong commitment of local farmers to the crop.

\n

But since 2021, some Western countries, especially the US, have been smearing Xinjiang's cotton industry with baseless claims on matters such as "forced labor". The US has even tried to crack down on businesses that source cotton products from Xinjiang by imposing a series of sanctions.

\n

These sanctions, however, have not dampened farmers' enthusiasm for cotton, which remains profitable, Li said.

\n

"They've targeted Xinjiang's cotton industry just because it has become too strong as its output accounts for over one-fifth of the world's total. And the funny thing is the cotton price reached a record high in 2021, when the industry was first targeted because of the global market's high demand for Xinjiang cotton.

\n

"You can barely see people in the fields during cultivation and harvesting anymore. So where do the claims of 'forced labor' come from?" Li said.

\n

Wang Tongren, director of the Agricultural Technology Promotion Center at the Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Awat county, said the county will ensure Xinjiang's cotton production remains strong by securing the size of the planting area of 93,333 hectares, which is particularly important when it is being targeted by the US.

\n

"What makes us more confident is that Xinjiang's cotton industry has achieved full self-sufficiency and control, from planting to processing through technological innovation and industrial chain upgrades, particularly breaking foreign monopolies in cotton seed varieties and key equipment such as cotton pickers," Wang said. "The industry is only getting stronger."

\n

Improved varieties

\n

At the laboratory of a seed company in Awat, Zhang Yuping was busy testing a new variety of cotton seeds developed for mechanized harvesting.

\n

"The cotton farming mechanization process starts at the very beginning, namely with the development of seeds. Cotton grown from those seeds can reach just the right height, making it convenient for the machinery to pick," she said.

\n

"You can see farmers use cotton seeds developed by different companies during sowing season. The competition is fierce, but it's good for Xinjiang's cotton industry."

\n

Through the wide uptake of large machines and by leveraging cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence-assisted breeding, biotechnology-based breeding and gene editing, agronomists and scientists are continuously developing and selecting more high-quality cotton seed varieties suitable for mechanical harvesting, Zhang said.

\n

She added that the challenges posed by traditional cotton varieties in mechanical harvesting include poor adaptability, fiber fragility and incompatible field management.

\n

"We've achieved a technological breakthrough in mechanical harvesting varieties. After all, seeds are the 'microchips' of the modern agricultural industry," Zhang said.

\n

"We've developed new varieties with compact plant structures, concentrated boll (capsule) opening and easy detachment of boll stalks, using molecular breeding and gene editing. These new varieties have significantly improved the efficiency of cotton pickers, with the one-time harvest rate surpassing 90 percent. And the new variety that I am working on can even perform better."

\n

Luo Cheng, head of the research and development center at another seed company in Xinjiang, said the company sold more than 2,200 tons of cotton seeds domestically in 2024, all for mechanical harvesting, covering an area of 81,333.33 hectares.

\n

The company has developed six cotton varieties, all designed for mechanical harvesting. "Our seeds are also very popular abroad. Last year, our overseas sales reached 930 tons," Luo added.

\n

Higher yields

\n

Tahir Peyzulla, a cotton farmer in Luntai county, Bayingolin Mongolian autonomous prefecture, said the impact of these new seeds is significant.

\n

"Older varieties had loose plant structures and uneven maturity, making mechanical harvesting inefficient. But since we started using the new variety in 2016, the efficiency of mechanical harvesting has improved significantly," he said, adding that he expects a bumper cotton harvest of around 500 kg per mu this year.

\n

Notably, traditional cotton seeds have not only seen technological breakthroughs, but the mechanized harvesting of long-staple cotton has also made great progress.

\n

Long-staple cotton, highly valued for its longer fibers, is one of the world's finest cottons, with a silk-like luster and a cashmere-like feel. But mechanical harvesting of long-staple cotton used to be inefficient due to the low position of fruiting branches, necessitating manual picking.

\n

Mechanical harvesting requires at least a 15-cm node height of the first fruiting branch above the ground. The height of previous long-staple cotton varieties was only about 9 cm, explained Tian Liwen, a researcher at the Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences.

\n

After nearly a decade of research by the academy's institute of economic crops, the "Xin 78" variety, developed for mechanized harvesting, achieved full mechanized harvesting in 2021 with a yield of 511.5 kg per mu. It has since become the leading variety of long-staple cotton in Xinjiang.

\n

The new variety has not only extended the node height to 17 cm, but also addressed other issues associated with old varieties — such as small cotton bolls, large leaves and poor response to defoliant sprays, that may affect output, Tian added.

\n

Textile hub emerges

\n

The cotton industry has emerged as a pivotal cornerstone in elevating the livelihoods of local communities in Xinjiang. The region's cotton and textile industry generated an output value of 220 billion yuan ($30.93 billion) last year and provided employment for more than 1 million people, despite market disruptions caused by Western sanctions.

\n

Thanks to government efforts to leverage regional advantages and extend industrial chains, Xinjiang is rapidly emerging as a textile manufacturing hub. By the end of 2024, the region was home to 3,848 registered textile and garment companies, employing 970,000 people. The number of spindles rose from 7 million in early 2014 to 29.1 million in late 2024, and the local processing rate for cotton climbed from 11 percent to 42 percent.

\n

Gulgena Aniwar, a member of a human resources team of a company producing high-quality cotton yarn in Awat, said the company, which sources cotton locally, has expanded its manufacturing capacity by adding more production lines this year to meet surging market demand.

\n

"Installing more production lines means we need to recruit more workers. And for the local people, it means more job opportunities and income at their doorstep," he said. "To compete with other textile companies, we have offered better pay and welfare packages to the workers."

\n

Gulgena laughed at the accusation of "forced labor" in Xinjiang's textile industry. "If any of that was true, then why do I have to keep posting recruitment advertisements online and on social media?"

\n

Meanwhile, railway authorities in Xinjiang have increased transport capacity and launched dedicated cotton yarn train services this year.

\n

According to China Railway Urumqi Group Co, to ensure efficient transportation of cotton textiles, two fixed train routes have been established in southern Xinjiang. One links Aksu and the Yangtze River Delta region on the eastern coast while the other connects Aksu and Kashgar with the Pearl River Delta region in the south.

\n

"Through close cooperation with the Urumqi Railway Logistics Center, dedicated trains will further enhance the market competitiveness of Xinjiang's cotton textile products," said Li He, general manager of a supply chain management company.

\n

Xinhua contributed to this story.

\n

cuijia@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-09/23/content_001_68d1baf0ed50ccabe1519fbb.htm#001FRONT", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Tue, 23 Sep 2025 00:21:06 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "1f2d46b73ce713da12ccea80adfe8364", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "001FRONT - Catapulting to success", "description": "

A J-35 fighter jet (top) completes an electromagnetic catapult-assisted takeoff from aircraft carrier CNS Fujian, while a J-15T fighter jet (above) and a KJ-600 early-warning and control plane (left) make arrested landings on the same vessel. The Fujian is China's first domestically built aircraft carrier capable of using electromagnetic catapult and recovery systems. See story, page 3

\n


获取更多RSS：
https://feedx.net
https://feedx.site
", @@ -4366,28 +4190,6 @@ "hash": "3919a386a65bfa46a203d116643437da", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "004CHINA - Coastal regions brace for powerful Typhoon Ragasa", - "description": "
\n

As Super Typhoon Ragasa approaches, public transportation in Guangdong province — particularly train services — will be heavily disrupted starting on Tuesday, while most coastal cities in the province have suspended school, work, production and business operations.

\n

Ragasa, the 18th typhoon of 2025, was upgraded to a super typhoon by China's National Meteorological Center on Sunday morning, with the maximum wind force near the center reaching above level 17.

\n

High-speed and regular trains within Guangdong will gradually be suspended from noon on Tuesday, with the range of suspensions adjusted systematically according to the storm's impact, China Railway Guangzhou Group said on Monday. All train services in the province will be suspended on Wednesday, it added. Services are expected to resume once the typhoon weakens, with schedules updated accordingly.

\n

The typhoon is forecast to make landfall along the coast from Huizhou in Guangdong to Wenchang in Hainan province between the early morning and afternoon on Wednesday. At that time, it is expected to be a strong typhoon or super typhoon, with winds of level 14 to 16, said Wang Haiping, chief forecaster at the National Meteorological Center.

\n

"One of the main reasons for the high intensity of Typhoon Ragasa is that the ocean has been continuously heated throughout the summer, resulting in relatively high sea temperatures after autumn," Wang said. He added that typhoons in autumn often interact with cold air masses moving south, a process that lifts warm, moist air and can trigger extreme rainfall.

\n

"The strong typhoon will bring heavy to torrential rainfall in South China's coastal area," Wang said at a Monday news conference.

\n

Authorities in Guangdong on Monday morning raised the province's wind emergency response to Level II, the second-highest in China's four-tier warning system.

\n

Local railway operators have adjusted train operations based on the storm's expected path. Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport said it would adjust or cancel flights depending on conditions, while ferry service to Chuanshan Islands in Jiangmen will be suspended from Tuesday as nearby sea winds are expected to reach about 72 kilometers per hour.

\n

As of 10 am Monday, Guangdong's Maritime Safety Administration had relocated more than 10,000 coastal vessels to safe waters.

\n

By Monday afternoon, authorities in Zhuhai, Dongguan, Shanwei, Shenzhen, Zhongshan, Jiangmen, Yangjiang and Huizhou had announced suspensions of classes, work, production, public transport and business operations on Tuesday and Wednesday.

\n

In Hong Kong, education officials said classes at all schools — including secondary schools, primary schools, special schools, kindergartens, kindergarten-cum-child care centers and evening schools — would be suspended for both days.

\n

Hong Kong International Airport will remain open during the storm, but a substantial number of flights are expected to be grounded, Airport Authority Hong Kong said. Wing Yeung Tak-wing, the authority's service delivery director, told reporters the airport would see a significant reduction in flights after 6 pm on Tuesday and a full-day impact on Wednesday. Passengers are urged to confirm flight statuses with airlines before heading to the airport.

\n

In Hainan, the Haikou Transportation and Port & Shipping Administration announced that Xinhai Port, Xiuying Port and Railway South Port will suspend operations beginning at 6 pm on Tuesday. The closures are expected to last until Thursday evening, depending on weather conditions.

\n

Although the typhoon's eye may not make direct landfall on Hainan, the island's northern and western coasts are forecast to see winds of level 10 to 12, with torrential rain expected in Haikou and other regions.

\n

Wang Changxiao, director of the disaster prevention and mitigation department at the Emergency Management Bureau of Shenzhen Municipality, urged residents to prepare sufficient emergency supplies such as bread and medicine.

\n

"The super typhoon will become one of the most significant storms to hit the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area since 2018," Wang said. "While staying at home, residents should secure doors and windows and have sufficient emergency supplies ready."

\n

qiuquanlin@chinadaily.com.cn

\n


获取更多RSS：
https://feedx.net
https://feedx.site
", - "content": "
\n

As Super Typhoon Ragasa approaches, public transportation in Guangdong province — particularly train services — will be heavily disrupted starting on Tuesday, while most coastal cities in the province have suspended school, work, production and business operations.

\n

Ragasa, the 18th typhoon of 2025, was upgraded to a super typhoon by China's National Meteorological Center on Sunday morning, with the maximum wind force near the center reaching above level 17.

\n

High-speed and regular trains within Guangdong will gradually be suspended from noon on Tuesday, with the range of suspensions adjusted systematically according to the storm's impact, China Railway Guangzhou Group said on Monday. All train services in the province will be suspended on Wednesday, it added. Services are expected to resume once the typhoon weakens, with schedules updated accordingly.

\n

The typhoon is forecast to make landfall along the coast from Huizhou in Guangdong to Wenchang in Hainan province between the early morning and afternoon on Wednesday. At that time, it is expected to be a strong typhoon or super typhoon, with winds of level 14 to 16, said Wang Haiping, chief forecaster at the National Meteorological Center.

\n

"One of the main reasons for the high intensity of Typhoon Ragasa is that the ocean has been continuously heated throughout the summer, resulting in relatively high sea temperatures after autumn," Wang said. He added that typhoons in autumn often interact with cold air masses moving south, a process that lifts warm, moist air and can trigger extreme rainfall.

\n

"The strong typhoon will bring heavy to torrential rainfall in South China's coastal area," Wang said at a Monday news conference.

\n

Authorities in Guangdong on Monday morning raised the province's wind emergency response to Level II, the second-highest in China's four-tier warning system.

\n

Local railway operators have adjusted train operations based on the storm's expected path. Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport said it would adjust or cancel flights depending on conditions, while ferry service to Chuanshan Islands in Jiangmen will be suspended from Tuesday as nearby sea winds are expected to reach about 72 kilometers per hour.

\n

As of 10 am Monday, Guangdong's Maritime Safety Administration had relocated more than 10,000 coastal vessels to safe waters.

\n

By Monday afternoon, authorities in Zhuhai, Dongguan, Shanwei, Shenzhen, Zhongshan, Jiangmen, Yangjiang and Huizhou had announced suspensions of classes, work, production, public transport and business operations on Tuesday and Wednesday.

\n

In Hong Kong, education officials said classes at all schools — including secondary schools, primary schools, special schools, kindergartens, kindergarten-cum-child care centers and evening schools — would be suspended for both days.

\n

Hong Kong International Airport will remain open during the storm, but a substantial number of flights are expected to be grounded, Airport Authority Hong Kong said. Wing Yeung Tak-wing, the authority's service delivery director, told reporters the airport would see a significant reduction in flights after 6 pm on Tuesday and a full-day impact on Wednesday. Passengers are urged to confirm flight statuses with airlines before heading to the airport.

\n

In Hainan, the Haikou Transportation and Port & Shipping Administration announced that Xinhai Port, Xiuying Port and Railway South Port will suspend operations beginning at 6 pm on Tuesday. The closures are expected to last until Thursday evening, depending on weather conditions.

\n

Although the typhoon's eye may not make direct landfall on Hainan, the island's northern and western coasts are forecast to see winds of level 10 to 12, with torrential rain expected in Haikou and other regions.

\n

Wang Changxiao, director of the disaster prevention and mitigation department at the Emergency Management Bureau of Shenzhen Municipality, urged residents to prepare sufficient emergency supplies such as bread and medicine.

\n

"The super typhoon will become one of the most significant storms to hit the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area since 2018," Wang said. "While staying at home, residents should secure doors and windows and have sufficient emergency supplies ready."

\n

qiuquanlin@chinadaily.com.cn

\n


获取更多RSS：
https://feedx.net
https://feedx.site
", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-09/23/content_004_68d1bb15ed50ccabe1519fc6.htm#004CHINA", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Tue, 23 Sep 2025 00:21:06 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "ae7d001921eb153c0ec318525522abdb", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "004CHINA - Fujian fosters cross-Strait agricultural cooperation", "description": "

Chang Wei-yin (right) provides professional guidance to a local farmer.

\n

Fujian province, with its geographical proximity and similar climate to Taiwan, has become a magnet for individuals from the island seeking opportunities in the agriculture and forestry sectors. The region's progressive policies and expansive market further enhance its appeal.

\n

Under policies promoting cross-Strait integration, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University has taken a pioneering step by opening full-time faculty positions to Taiwan professionals. Among those who have embraced this opportunity is Chang Wei-yin, who moved from Taiwan to the provincial capital of Fuzhou in 2018. He now serves as an associate professor and the director of the Cross-Strait Research Center for Forest Therapy and Environmental Education at the university.

\n

Chang has introduced Taiwan's well-developed forest therapy concepts to the university in Fujian, integrating forestry, psychology, health and physical education into the curriculum. This initiative led to the creation of the mainland's first undergraduate class in forest therapy. Additionally, he has established research and teaching practice bases in the province's grassroots areas of Fuzhou and Sanming.

\n

Chang said that his initial attraction to the job was not only its proximity to Taiwan; more importantly, the mainland's supportive policies for natural education industries offered promising prospects.

\n

"As the living standards of mainland residents improve, they yearn for a higher quality of life and a closer connection to nature," he said. "Natural education guides people to adopt lifestyles and concepts that are more environmentally friendly and ecologically sustainable."

\n

Chen Xuanyang, director of the Cross-Strait Agricultural Technology Cooperation Center in FAFU, said the university plays a pioneering role in cross-Strait agricultural cooperation, and the center has become a crucial platform for early exchanges since its establishment in 2008.

\n

The center has hosted nearly 100 experts from 32 Taiwan institutions. It has introduced more than 40 high-quality new varieties of grains and vegetables, as well as five breakthrough technologies, fostering cross-Strait agricultural industry integration.

\n

"Popular fruits such as mangoes, wax apples and guavas now available on the market are mainly varieties introduced from Taiwan and adapted to thrive in Fujian," Chen said. "Taiwan's head start in new variety research, combined with the similar ecological environments across the Strait, allows these seeds to take root in Fujian's soil."

\n

Cross-Strait cooperation in agricultural and forestry academic exchanges and talent cultivation remains robust, including conferences and publications, he said.

\n

"With the mainland's vast market in mind, Fujian has become a frontier for Taiwan farmers venturing into entrepreneurship," Chen added.

\n

In Fujian, various Taiwan farmer entrepreneurship parks are flourishing, introducing Taiwan specialty agricultural products and processing management techniques in areas including orchids, tea and fruits.

\n

In December, Fujian was approved to establish eight additional entrepreneurship parks, further solidifying its role as a hub for cross-Strait agricultural collaboration.

\n

Contact the writers at zhangyi1@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", @@ -4410,28 +4212,6 @@ "hash": "964d819876dbd2b654cd37b027046dd9", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "004CHINA - Blossoms of blessing", - "description": "

Visitors pose for photos in front of the giant flower basket themed "Blessings to the Motherland", at Tian'anmen Square in Beijing, on Monday. Standing 18 meters tall, the installation contains flowers and peace doves to express hopes for national prosperity and world peace.

\n

", - "content": "

Visitors pose for photos in front of the giant flower basket themed "Blessings to the Motherland", at Tian'anmen Square in Beijing, on Monday. Standing 18 meters tall, the installation contains flowers and peace doves to express hopes for national prosperity and world peace.

\n

", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-09/23/content_004_68d1bb27ed50ccabe1519fca.htm#004CHINA", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Tue, 23 Sep 2025 00:21:06 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "3956b3f6dc214faab00a1db6b263c68a", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "005CHINA - AVIC alters drone to aid sea rescues", "description": "

A mockup of Wing Loong 10H is on display.

\n

Aviation Industry Corp of China, the nation's dominant aircraft maker, has modified one of its unmanned aircraft models into a platform capable of facilitating maritime search and rescue operations.

\n

The Wing Loong 10H — developed based on the Wing Loong 10 high-altitude, high-speed reconnaissance drone — is capable of conducting rapid search missions over coastal waters, according to designers at AVIC Chengdu Unmanned Aerial Vehicle System.

\n

Powered by two turbofan engines, the unmanned jet can quickly reach designated areas.

\n

Designers said it is equipped with a high-definition electro-optical pod, a communication signal relay pod, a signal search and positioning pod, and a meteorological sonde pod. It can also be fitted with other rescue equipment in accordance with customer needs.

\n

The high-definition electro-optical pod can detect targets in distress at sea from a long distance in the air, and transmit real-time images back to ground controllers, providing additional information for decision-making. The signal search and positioning pod can quickly determine the location of stranded personnel and ships, while the communication signal relay pod can continuously provide high-bandwidth communication for stranded personnel and ships. The meteorological sonde pod can accurately detect and analyze the weather above sea surfaces, providing meteorological support for rescue operations.

\n

In addition, the Wing Loong 10H can carry an emergency rescue airdrop buoyant pod to deliver and retrieve urgently needed materials and equipment for those in distress, providing valuable time for subsequent rescue operations.

\n

A large mockup of the pilotless jet has been on display at the AVIC hall at the 2025 aviation open-day activities of the People's Liberation Army Air Force, which began on Friday and concludes on Tuesday in Changchun, capital of Jilin province.

\n

According to specs provided by AVIC, the Wing Loong 10H is 9.9 meters long and 3.7 meters tall, with a wingspan of 17.8 meters.

\n

The drone has a maximum takeoff weight of 3.5 metric tons and a top speed of 550 kilometers per hour. It has a maximum operational altitude of 11 km and can carry up to 400 kilograms of mission payloads.

\n

Wu Peixin, an aviation industry observer, said the advantages of drones in maritime search and rescue tasks include short preparation time, long stays over designated places, no pilot-safety concerns and good cost-effectiveness.

\n

"Compared with manned planes, drones are cheaper and expendable, and don't need rest time, which means you can deploy them in bad weather or tough environments without having to worry about operators' safety. They are more suitable for operations such as signal relays and meteorological measurements," he explained.

\n

Before the Wing Loong 10H, AVIC had built several civilian models based on the Wing Loong series armed drones to serve emergency-response, communication relay, weather forecasting and other public service operations.

\n

Contact the writers at zhaolei@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", @@ -4454,28 +4234,6 @@ "hash": "f76bbff5b7816eb62474d23a154911d6", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "005CHINA - Global cooperation key to biodiversity conservation", - "description": "

People view audiovisual materials of flora and fauna at an exhibition during the 5th World Congress of Biosphere Reserves in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province, on Monday.

\n

Amid increasing global challenges, experts from around the world gathered on Monday in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province, to discuss environmental and biodiversity conservation, highlighting the key roles of international cooperation and technological innovation.

\n

Addressing the opening ceremony of the 5th World Congress of Biosphere Reserves, Vice-Premier Ding Xuexiang called for strengthened global cooperation on biosphere conservation.

\n

Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China in 2012, Ding said, China has achieved "remarkable progress" in ecological protection and green development. China has also actively contributed to global environmental and climate governance, playing a key role as a participant, contributor and leader in international ecological efforts.

\n

To address global environmental challenges, Ding urged countries to strengthen coordination and cooperation, increase investment and encourage participation from governments, enterprises and the public. He also called for enhanced scientific and technological support, the sharing of research outcomes, and efforts to bridge knowledge gaps between countries and regions.

\n

Ding highlighted the importance of biosphere reserves in promoting harmony between humans and nature and fostering coordinated progress between economic growth and environmental protection.

\n

The congress, which is convened by UNESCO every 10 years, aims to evaluate progress, share experiences, and set future directions for the Man and the Biosphere Programme.

\n

Latifa Yaakoubi, chair of the International Coordinating Council of the MAB Programme, said countries around the world are now facing a series of interconnected crises, including climate change, biodiversity loss and pollution. The impacts of these crises are intensifying, affecting everyone and threatening the foundations of socioeconomic systems.

\n

Yaakoubi said the goal of the MAB Programme, established in 1971, is to enhance understanding of the connections between humanity and nature. This understanding is crucial for changing behaviors and building a more sustainable future.

\n

The program can bridge global ideals with local and regional actions, align national agendas with international ones, and fulfill sustainability commitments at local, national and international levels, she said.

\n

Audrey Azoulay, director-general of UNESCO, echoed Yaakoubi's comments, adding that ecological multilateralism is central to UNESCO's work.

\n

The World Network of Biosphere Reserves now includes 759 biosphere reserves across 136 countries, which Azoulay said demonstrates "concrete multilateralism".

\n

Azoulay also highlighted an island watch program in Mauritius, where local communities are becoming observers and actively involved in monitoring environmental changes.

\n

"Gaining a better understanding of the living world also means raising awareness of indigenous knowledge and integrating it better into our management policies," Azoulay said, stressing the importance of open science and international cooperation.

\n

Hou Jianguo, president of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, said new technologies, including artificial intelligence and biotechnology, have created favorable conditions for collective efforts to tackle global ecological and environmental challenges.

\n

"The establishment and development of biosphere reserves not only provide important application scenarios for the practical implementation of new theories, technologies and products, but also serve as an important platform for countries to jointly strengthen ecological conservation efforts and cooperation, thereby achieving common sustainable development," Hou said.

\n

He emphasized the importance of deepening technological communication and cooperation to empower the construction of biosphere reserves by leveraging the World Network of Biosphere Reserves, universities and research institutions. This collaboration should focus on key areas such as ecological restoration, biodiversity protection, and green and low-carbon development, providing more effective solutions.

\n

"We should strengthen the co-construction and sharing of foundational capability building," he said, adding that a big data platform should be built to enhance exchanges and cooperation in data sharing and talent cultivation, thereby establishing an intelligent, integrated ecosystem research and monitoring network.

\n

He also called for greater attention to the challenges faced by developing countries in balancing socioeconomic development with ecological and environmental protection, emphasizing the need to provide them with tailored solutions.

\n

limenghan@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", - "content": "

People view audiovisual materials of flora and fauna at an exhibition during the 5th World Congress of Biosphere Reserves in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province, on Monday.

\n

Amid increasing global challenges, experts from around the world gathered on Monday in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province, to discuss environmental and biodiversity conservation, highlighting the key roles of international cooperation and technological innovation.

\n

Addressing the opening ceremony of the 5th World Congress of Biosphere Reserves, Vice-Premier Ding Xuexiang called for strengthened global cooperation on biosphere conservation.

\n

Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China in 2012, Ding said, China has achieved "remarkable progress" in ecological protection and green development. China has also actively contributed to global environmental and climate governance, playing a key role as a participant, contributor and leader in international ecological efforts.

\n

To address global environmental challenges, Ding urged countries to strengthen coordination and cooperation, increase investment and encourage participation from governments, enterprises and the public. He also called for enhanced scientific and technological support, the sharing of research outcomes, and efforts to bridge knowledge gaps between countries and regions.

\n

Ding highlighted the importance of biosphere reserves in promoting harmony between humans and nature and fostering coordinated progress between economic growth and environmental protection.

\n

The congress, which is convened by UNESCO every 10 years, aims to evaluate progress, share experiences, and set future directions for the Man and the Biosphere Programme.

\n

Latifa Yaakoubi, chair of the International Coordinating Council of the MAB Programme, said countries around the world are now facing a series of interconnected crises, including climate change, biodiversity loss and pollution. The impacts of these crises are intensifying, affecting everyone and threatening the foundations of socioeconomic systems.

\n

Yaakoubi said the goal of the MAB Programme, established in 1971, is to enhance understanding of the connections between humanity and nature. This understanding is crucial for changing behaviors and building a more sustainable future.

\n

The program can bridge global ideals with local and regional actions, align national agendas with international ones, and fulfill sustainability commitments at local, national and international levels, she said.

\n

Audrey Azoulay, director-general of UNESCO, echoed Yaakoubi's comments, adding that ecological multilateralism is central to UNESCO's work.

\n

The World Network of Biosphere Reserves now includes 759 biosphere reserves across 136 countries, which Azoulay said demonstrates "concrete multilateralism".

\n

Azoulay also highlighted an island watch program in Mauritius, where local communities are becoming observers and actively involved in monitoring environmental changes.

\n

"Gaining a better understanding of the living world also means raising awareness of indigenous knowledge and integrating it better into our management policies," Azoulay said, stressing the importance of open science and international cooperation.

\n

Hou Jianguo, president of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, said new technologies, including artificial intelligence and biotechnology, have created favorable conditions for collective efforts to tackle global ecological and environmental challenges.

\n

"The establishment and development of biosphere reserves not only provide important application scenarios for the practical implementation of new theories, technologies and products, but also serve as an important platform for countries to jointly strengthen ecological conservation efforts and cooperation, thereby achieving common sustainable development," Hou said.

\n

He emphasized the importance of deepening technological communication and cooperation to empower the construction of biosphere reserves by leveraging the World Network of Biosphere Reserves, universities and research institutions. This collaboration should focus on key areas such as ecological restoration, biodiversity protection, and green and low-carbon development, providing more effective solutions.

\n

"We should strengthen the co-construction and sharing of foundational capability building," he said, adding that a big data platform should be built to enhance exchanges and cooperation in data sharing and talent cultivation, thereby establishing an intelligent, integrated ecosystem research and monitoring network.

\n

He also called for greater attention to the challenges faced by developing countries in balancing socioeconomic development with ecological and environmental protection, emphasizing the need to provide them with tailored solutions.

\n

limenghan@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-09/23/content_005_68d1bb39ed50ccabe1519fce.htm#005CHINA", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Tue, 23 Sep 2025 00:21:06 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "003c0c25ce0220a5412d6df0158f7cb8", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "005CHINA - UNESCO institute inaugurated in Shanghai", "description": "

The UNESCO International Institute for STEM Education was officially inaugurated in Shanghai on Sunday, marking the first establishment of a UNESCO Category 1 Institute in China.

\n

In November 2023, the 42nd session of the UNESCO General Conference unanimously adopted a resolution to establish the Shanghai institute. It is the 10th Category 1 Institute globally and the first outside Europe and North America.

\n

The institute's functions include promoting education in science, technology, engineering and mathematics across all stages from early childhood to adulthood, with a focus on providing inclusive, equitable, relevant and high-quality STEM education for all.

\n

Minister of Education Huai Jinpeng welcomed the official establishment of the institute. He said it is the first Category 1 Institute jointly established by China and UNESCO, calling it a major milestone in cooperation and the result of joint efforts between China and UNESCO member states.

\n

China is committed to fulfilling its promises to the international community, Huai said, adding that the country will work with others to foster innovation and support the institute as a source of advanced STEM concepts, a testing ground for educational ideas and an international platform for promoting educational transformation, technological innovation and sustainable development.

\n

Shanghai Mayor Gong Zheng said the city will take the establishment of the institute as an opportunity to strengthen the cultivation of sci-tech talent, enhance public scientific literacy, advance high-level opening-up in education and accelerate efforts to build Shanghai into a hub for international STEM education development.

\n

Shanghai will fully support the institute and contribute to global educational reform, innovation and the realization of the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals, he said.

\n

UNESCO Director-General Audrey Azoulay said Shanghai, with its concentration of knowledge, scientific innovation and historical heritage, provides a first-class venue for the institute.

\n

Azoulay said the establishment of a Category 1 Institute in Shanghai carries a broad vision and extraordinary significance. She said the institute will promote STEM fields, advance global educational equity and help countries address shared challenges.

\n

Even before the resolution for the new institute, the UNESCO Teacher Education Center, a Category 2 Institute at Shanghai Normal University since 2021, has been supporting global STEM education.

\n

In 2022, the university and UNESCO launched the "Go to Global South: Shanghai International STEM Education Volunteer Project", which aims to address urgent educational challenges in the Global South by offering training to teachers. It has trained more than 600 potential and current teachers so far.

\n

Contact the writers at zoushuo@chinadaily.com.cn

\n


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", @@ -4498,28 +4256,6 @@ "hash": "7876ebe2f08f612299dcc879214d7e6d", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "006CHINA - Low-altitude economy helps Wanzhi town fly high", - "description": "

Visitors admire an electric Vertical Take-off and Landing aircraft on display at the 2025 Emerging Air Economy Development Conference in Wuhu, Anhui province, on Sept 7.

\n

HEFEI — Sun Mengqin, a Gen Z aviation science popularization specialist, never imagined that her hometown — Wanzhi town in Wuhu city, East China's Anhui province — would benefit so much from the booming aviation industry, a field she had known little about before.

\n

Sun's story is closely linked to the rise of Wuhu's low-altitude economy, which took center stage at the 2025 Emerging Air Economy Development Conference held recently in Wuhu. The event attracted overseas guests from more than 10 countries, including Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Canada and Australia.

\n

Driven by both domestic policies and rapidly growing market demand, China's low-altitude economy has enjoyed robust growth in recent years. According to data released by the Civil Aviation Administration of China, in the first half of 2025, traditional general aviation operations reached 570,000 flight hours. The number of registered unmanned aerial vehicles reached 2.73 million, with a cumulative flight time of 24.47 million hours — a year-on-year increase of 149 percent.

\n

At the conference, a diverse array of state-of-the-art aviation products took the spotlight, including aerial emergency command aircraft, intelligent flight control systems, and facade-cleaning drones. These impressive displays vividly showcased the vitality of China's low-altitude economy.

\n

"I'm proud to introduce more teenagers to aviation and the low-altitude economy right here in my hometown," said Sun, emphasizing that a domestically developed general aviation aircraft can be produced from blueprint to finished product — all within this small town of Wanzhi, and with fully independent intellectual property rights.

\n

Nestled along the Yangtze River, Wanzhi used to be a quiet agricultural town, but now it's buzzing with over 200 aviation-related companies.

\n

The year 2013 marked the beginning of Wanzhi's "takeoff", as it seized the opportunity presented by a local airport's construction to develop its general aviation industry. A number of aviation enterprises, including CETC Wuhu Diamond Aircraft Manufacture company, established their presence in the town. In 2024, Wuhu's low-altitude economy generated revenue of 46.38 billion yuan ($6.5 billion), a year-on-year increase of 15.95 percent.

\n

Within its 3.49-square-kilometer area, the aviation town in Wanzhi boasts a fully integrated industrial chain that spans from aviation component manufacturing to R&D, production, maintenance and operation of both general aviation aircraft and unmanned aerial vehicles.

\n

"Overseas orders are growing rapidly this year, and we expect revenue growth to exceed 40 percent," said Tian Manlin, general manager of CETC Wuhu Diamond Aircraft Manufacture. Tian added that while strengthening its presence in the domestic market, the company is accelerating its expansion into overseas markets such as Southeast Asia.

\n

"In 2024, we purchased an aircraft from Wuhu for pilot training, and the order was delivered in just three months," said Piboon Vorravanpreecha, managing director of Thai Aviation Industries. He noted that the company was impressed by the cost-effectiveness and reliable after-sales service of the Wuhu-manufactured aircraft and has decided to deepen cooperation in distribution and maintenance with Wuhu in 2025.

\n

According to Tian, the aviation town is nothing short of a "dream factory", where core components such as general aviation engines, avionics systems and propellers can now be both manufactured and repaired in Wuhu.

\n

At an aviation camp located about 20 km north of Wuxuan airport, which sits on the border between the cities of Wuhu and Xuancheng in Anhui, tourists and aviation enthusiasts were waiting to board small fixed-wing aircraft for a bird's-eye view of Wuhu's urban landscape.

\n

A few years back, Wang Yuzheng, then chairman of an aviation company in Anhui, made the decision to go back to his hometown. He wanted to turn his passion for aviation into reality by founding this aviation camp.

\n

"The low-altitude economy has transitioned from a conceptual stage into a phase of rapid growth," Wang said. "We aim to explore innovative cultural and tourism applications for low-altitude airspace, turning this emerging sector into tangible convenience in people's daily lives."

\n

", - "content": "

Visitors admire an electric Vertical Take-off and Landing aircraft on display at the 2025 Emerging Air Economy Development Conference in Wuhu, Anhui province, on Sept 7.

\n

HEFEI — Sun Mengqin, a Gen Z aviation science popularization specialist, never imagined that her hometown — Wanzhi town in Wuhu city, East China's Anhui province — would benefit so much from the booming aviation industry, a field she had known little about before.

\n

Sun's story is closely linked to the rise of Wuhu's low-altitude economy, which took center stage at the 2025 Emerging Air Economy Development Conference held recently in Wuhu. The event attracted overseas guests from more than 10 countries, including Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Canada and Australia.

\n

Driven by both domestic policies and rapidly growing market demand, China's low-altitude economy has enjoyed robust growth in recent years. According to data released by the Civil Aviation Administration of China, in the first half of 2025, traditional general aviation operations reached 570,000 flight hours. The number of registered unmanned aerial vehicles reached 2.73 million, with a cumulative flight time of 24.47 million hours — a year-on-year increase of 149 percent.

\n

At the conference, a diverse array of state-of-the-art aviation products took the spotlight, including aerial emergency command aircraft, intelligent flight control systems, and facade-cleaning drones. These impressive displays vividly showcased the vitality of China's low-altitude economy.

\n

"I'm proud to introduce more teenagers to aviation and the low-altitude economy right here in my hometown," said Sun, emphasizing that a domestically developed general aviation aircraft can be produced from blueprint to finished product — all within this small town of Wanzhi, and with fully independent intellectual property rights.

\n

Nestled along the Yangtze River, Wanzhi used to be a quiet agricultural town, but now it's buzzing with over 200 aviation-related companies.

\n

The year 2013 marked the beginning of Wanzhi's "takeoff", as it seized the opportunity presented by a local airport's construction to develop its general aviation industry. A number of aviation enterprises, including CETC Wuhu Diamond Aircraft Manufacture company, established their presence in the town. In 2024, Wuhu's low-altitude economy generated revenue of 46.38 billion yuan ($6.5 billion), a year-on-year increase of 15.95 percent.

\n

Within its 3.49-square-kilometer area, the aviation town in Wanzhi boasts a fully integrated industrial chain that spans from aviation component manufacturing to R&D, production, maintenance and operation of both general aviation aircraft and unmanned aerial vehicles.

\n

"Overseas orders are growing rapidly this year, and we expect revenue growth to exceed 40 percent," said Tian Manlin, general manager of CETC Wuhu Diamond Aircraft Manufacture. Tian added that while strengthening its presence in the domestic market, the company is accelerating its expansion into overseas markets such as Southeast Asia.

\n

"In 2024, we purchased an aircraft from Wuhu for pilot training, and the order was delivered in just three months," said Piboon Vorravanpreecha, managing director of Thai Aviation Industries. He noted that the company was impressed by the cost-effectiveness and reliable after-sales service of the Wuhu-manufactured aircraft and has decided to deepen cooperation in distribution and maintenance with Wuhu in 2025.

\n

According to Tian, the aviation town is nothing short of a "dream factory", where core components such as general aviation engines, avionics systems and propellers can now be both manufactured and repaired in Wuhu.

\n

At an aviation camp located about 20 km north of Wuxuan airport, which sits on the border between the cities of Wuhu and Xuancheng in Anhui, tourists and aviation enthusiasts were waiting to board small fixed-wing aircraft for a bird's-eye view of Wuhu's urban landscape.

\n

A few years back, Wang Yuzheng, then chairman of an aviation company in Anhui, made the decision to go back to his hometown. He wanted to turn his passion for aviation into reality by founding this aviation camp.

\n

"The low-altitude economy has transitioned from a conceptual stage into a phase of rapid growth," Wang said. "We aim to explore innovative cultural and tourism applications for low-altitude airspace, turning this emerging sector into tangible convenience in people's daily lives."

\n

", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-09/23/content_006_68d1bb4bed50ccabe1519fd2.htm#006CHINA", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Tue, 23 Sep 2025 00:21:05 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "67d7bd105b0333d6c2e2bb28eee16350", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "006CHINA - Yiwu mold town ushers in 'Christmas season'", "description": "
\n

HANGZHOU — As summer heat lingers, Yiwu, the eastern Chinese city known as "the world's supermarket", has already ushered in the "Christmas season".

\n

Shops in the Yiwu International Trade Market are filled with festive surprises — Santa Claus in summer outfits for Southern Hemisphere customers, and street lamps with artificial snowflakes swirling inside their lampshades — all carefully packed and ready to be shipped worldwide.

\n

While Christmas products await their global journey, machines producing the molds of those products are humming at factories in the Yiwu mold town, some 17 kilometers away. Workers are busy rushing to fulfill a continuous stream of orders.

\n

Yin Zhenghua, head of Yiwu Dingfeng Mold Factory, which specializes in producing molds for Christmas ornaments such as snowmen, pine cones and bells, emphasized the importance of high-quality molds.

\n

"A good mold is the foundation for producing millions of high-quality and consistent products," he said.

\n

He added that in the small commodities sector, disruptive innovation is rare, with most improvements being minor upgrades in appearance, function or structure. "The mold town significantly reduces the cost and time for trial and error in microinnovation," Yin noted.

\n

Since early 2025, his company has developed 80 new molds based on manufacturers' feedback, generating over 700,000 yuan ($98,544) in revenue.

\n

Chen Qizhi, general manager of the Yiwu Xianglaiji Craft Factory, which orders over 100 molds annually in the mold town for its new designs, highlighted the advantage of geographical proximity.

\n

"The small commodities market requires speed — fast updates in design and quick order delivery. Having the mold town nearby allows manufacturers to communicate, sample, modify, and produce efficiently," he said.

\n

To address the historical challenge of outsourcing mold production to cities of Taizhou in East China's Jiangsu province and Dongguan in South China's Guangdong province, Yiwu began systematically developing its own mold industry in 2014. Today, the 22-hectare Yiwu mold town hosts over 1,200 mold enterprises and employs more than 10,000 people.

\n

According to Tong Binbin, general manager of Yiwu Mold Industry Development Co, the market transaction volume of the mold town reached 2.04 billion yuan by August, representing a 56.4 percent year-on-year increase.

\n

The mold town produces over 3,000 types of molds annually, with 30 percent used locally, 30 percent supplied to enterprises in Zhejiang and neighboring provinces, and 40 percent exported to Southeast Asia, Africa and South America.

\n

"Yiwu mold town will continue to focus on the fast, flexible and cost-sensitive small commodities mold market while enhancing its advantages," Tong said, adding that the mold enterprises would strive to provide one-stop services, from industrial design and mold manufacturing to small-batch production, to improve the efficiency, speed and quality of Yiwu's manufacturing.

\n

", @@ -4542,28 +4278,6 @@ "hash": "501ad1222f5ebf10a4e8bd75340bb316", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "008COMMENT - Firsthand knowledge beats false assumptions", - "description": "

Although many have used the word "rare" to describe the visit of a bipartisan delegation from the US House of Representatives to Beijing starting on Sunday, as it is the first of its kind since 2019, it continues the cautious but necessary sustaining of the channels of communication between the two countries.

\n

Led by Democratic Representative Adam Smith, the delegation met with Premier Li Qiang in Beijing on Sunday. Premier Li made it clear that China welcomes engagement that is rational, respectful and mutually beneficial.

\n

As Li correctly urged in the meeting, the US Congress should adopt an objective view of China and bilateral relations so as to facilitate exchanges and cooperation.

\n

China-US relations have global influence, and maintaining the stable, sound and sustainable development of their ties serves the common interests of both nations and the international community as a whole.

\n

In their telephone talks on Friday, Chinese President Xi Jinping and US President Donald Trump provided strategic guidance for the healthy development of bilateral ties, agreeing that dialogue and cooperation should be enhanced between the two countries.

\n

US lawmakers wield significant influence over the US' China policy. In recent years, the US Congress — through legislation, budgetary controls and oversight — has helped shape the US posture toward China in trade, investment, industry, technology and security.

\n

Yet many of its measures have been driven by baseless fear, avoidable misunderstanding or ill-advisable misjudgment, rather than being guided by direct, firsthand contact with Beijing. So the US Congress in recent years has often taken positions on China-related issues that are shaped more by domestic politics, ideological prejudice and election cycles rather than rationality, objectivity and pragmatism.

\n

Worse, many US policies against China in related fields that originate from Congress bills and acts have been further intensified in the process of implementation because of the lack of informed and unbiased judgments of China's policies and intentions.

\n

There are many vivid examples showing how misunderstanding can fuel overreaction, and lead to policies that are counterproductive.

\n

Thus the visit by the House delegation will hopefully be conducive to more measured policies regarding China. Face-to-face meetings allow US lawmakers to see with their own eyes China's perspectives, to test claims with facts, to voice US concerns directly, and to weigh China's responses.

\n

Premier Li's call for mutual respect, sincerity and equal treatment underscores that Sino-US relations cannot be well managed if Congress acts under misperceptions, or if domestic political pressures continue to be allowed to lead to unilateral moves without understanding the other side's red lines.

\n

If US lawmakers can work together with their Chinese counterparts to jointly enhance dialogue, strengthen cooperation and avoid overreacting to differences, they can contribute to helping US-China relations move beyond suspicion and confrontation to focus on communication and collaboration.

\n

It is hoped the US lawmakers make good use of their in-person contacts with the Chinese side during their visit to better understand how China seeks to accommodate US concerns and how determined it is to safeguard its own interests; and how the two sides might reconcile their respective concerns without sacrificing their own core principles.

\n

Li's call for the two sides to treat each other with sincerity and to communicate with the spirit of equality, respect and mutual benefit is not merely a diplomatic rhetoric — but a reminder of what should be the foundation for relations between major countries, particularly in turbulent times.

\n

The principles of win-win cooperation, peaceful coexistence and mutual respect that China has put forward as the necessities for properly handling bilateral ties present a clear proposition: stable Sino-US relations based on those principles should not be optional, but a common pursuit of the two countries.

\n

To maintain stable Sino-US relations entails the US side setting aside its zero-sum mindset and viewing bilateral ties with due pragmatism while responsibly managing differences. It remains to be seen whether the US side, including Congress, is ready to do so.

\n

", - "content": "

Although many have used the word "rare" to describe the visit of a bipartisan delegation from the US House of Representatives to Beijing starting on Sunday, as it is the first of its kind since 2019, it continues the cautious but necessary sustaining of the channels of communication between the two countries.

\n

Led by Democratic Representative Adam Smith, the delegation met with Premier Li Qiang in Beijing on Sunday. Premier Li made it clear that China welcomes engagement that is rational, respectful and mutually beneficial.

\n

As Li correctly urged in the meeting, the US Congress should adopt an objective view of China and bilateral relations so as to facilitate exchanges and cooperation.

\n

China-US relations have global influence, and maintaining the stable, sound and sustainable development of their ties serves the common interests of both nations and the international community as a whole.

\n

In their telephone talks on Friday, Chinese President Xi Jinping and US President Donald Trump provided strategic guidance for the healthy development of bilateral ties, agreeing that dialogue and cooperation should be enhanced between the two countries.

\n

US lawmakers wield significant influence over the US' China policy. In recent years, the US Congress — through legislation, budgetary controls and oversight — has helped shape the US posture toward China in trade, investment, industry, technology and security.

\n

Yet many of its measures have been driven by baseless fear, avoidable misunderstanding or ill-advisable misjudgment, rather than being guided by direct, firsthand contact with Beijing. So the US Congress in recent years has often taken positions on China-related issues that are shaped more by domestic politics, ideological prejudice and election cycles rather than rationality, objectivity and pragmatism.

\n

Worse, many US policies against China in related fields that originate from Congress bills and acts have been further intensified in the process of implementation because of the lack of informed and unbiased judgments of China's policies and intentions.

\n

There are many vivid examples showing how misunderstanding can fuel overreaction, and lead to policies that are counterproductive.

\n

Thus the visit by the House delegation will hopefully be conducive to more measured policies regarding China. Face-to-face meetings allow US lawmakers to see with their own eyes China's perspectives, to test claims with facts, to voice US concerns directly, and to weigh China's responses.

\n

Premier Li's call for mutual respect, sincerity and equal treatment underscores that Sino-US relations cannot be well managed if Congress acts under misperceptions, or if domestic political pressures continue to be allowed to lead to unilateral moves without understanding the other side's red lines.

\n

If US lawmakers can work together with their Chinese counterparts to jointly enhance dialogue, strengthen cooperation and avoid overreacting to differences, they can contribute to helping US-China relations move beyond suspicion and confrontation to focus on communication and collaboration.

\n

It is hoped the US lawmakers make good use of their in-person contacts with the Chinese side during their visit to better understand how China seeks to accommodate US concerns and how determined it is to safeguard its own interests; and how the two sides might reconcile their respective concerns without sacrificing their own core principles.

\n

Li's call for the two sides to treat each other with sincerity and to communicate with the spirit of equality, respect and mutual benefit is not merely a diplomatic rhetoric — but a reminder of what should be the foundation for relations between major countries, particularly in turbulent times.

\n

The principles of win-win cooperation, peaceful coexistence and mutual respect that China has put forward as the necessities for properly handling bilateral ties present a clear proposition: stable Sino-US relations based on those principles should not be optional, but a common pursuit of the two countries.

\n

To maintain stable Sino-US relations entails the US side setting aside its zero-sum mindset and viewing bilateral ties with due pragmatism while responsibly managing differences. It remains to be seen whether the US side, including Congress, is ready to do so.

\n

", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-09/23/content_008_68d1bb62ed50ccabe1519fd7.htm#008COMMENT", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Tue, 23 Sep 2025 00:21:05 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "8e903356cb05053ad51a940775b4751a", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "008COMMENT - Country advancing women's well-rounded development", "description": "

A white paper titled "China's Achievements in Women's Well-Rounded Development in the New Era", published by the State Council Information Office on Friday, presents a comprehensive account of the country's historic progress in advancing women's rights under the leadership of the Communist Party of China since 2012.

\n

Gender equality has been incorporated into the Party's governance program and integrated into national development plans more closely since that year. This has helped to ensure that women's issues are addressed within the broader framework of the country's modernization.

\n

The achievements outlined in the white paper are remarkable. The rising proportion of women among Party delegates, lawmakers, government officials and political advisers at various levels directly reflects the commitment to ensuring women have an equal role in the country's whole-process people's democracy.

\n

Highlighting their indispensable contribution to high-quality development, women represented about 43 percent of the total employed population in 2024, and more than 8.4 million women had received entrepreneurial loans to realize their business dreams.

\n

The elimination of absolute poverty in 2020 directly benefited millions of women. Women's access to education and healthcare has also seen historic progress. Maternal and child healthcare networks have expanded, reducing maternal mortality and safeguarding the health of mothers and newborns, while family-friendly policies, including extended maternity and parental leave, childcare subsidies, and community childcare facilities, have helped ease women's burden balancing family and work.

\n

Behind these achievements is systematic policy design and implementation. The All-China Women's Federation, as the bridge between women and the Party, has launched many initiatives to support women in such fields as employment, family education, rights protection and social services. These measures have created favorable conditions for women and contributed to national development.

\n

This year has a special significance, as it marks the 30th anniversary of the 1995 World Conference on Women in Beijing. Since then, China has actively participated in the global cause of women's development through concrete actions.

\n

These actions include upholding gender equality as a basic State policy, carrying out national action plans dedicated to the all-around development of women, supporting UN Women, assisting developing countries with 100 maternal and child healthcare projects, and training over 200,000 female professionals for more than 180 countries and regions.

\n

China's achievements lie in combining a people-centered approach with strategic planning. Laws such as the Anti-Domestic Violence Law, the Civil Code, and the Law on the Protection of Women's Rights and Interests provide strong legal safeguards. The country's five-year plans have consistently included dedicated sections on women's development. Meanwhile, public campaigns and education on gender equality have helped build a social ethos of respect for women and family values.

\n

Later this year, China will host the Global Leaders' Meeting on Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment, underscoring the continuity of China's commitment to advancing the well-rounded development of women both at home and abroad.

\n

Under the leadership of the CPC, China will continue to advance gender equality and women's well-rounded development. Women's growing confidence, independence and contributions will be vital in achieving the nation's goals of building a modern socialist country and realizing national rejuvenation.

\n

As the white paper makes clear: China's story of women's development is at heart a story of CPC leadership, systematic governance, and the collective efforts of hundreds of millions of women striving for a better life and a brighter future.

\n


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", @@ -4586,28 +4300,6 @@ "hash": "f66113b539fbbe2ef9cc6a52f0831283", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "009VIEWS - GGI a valuable proposal for world", - "description": "

By proposing the Global Governance Initiative at the recent Shanghai Cooperation Organization Summit in Tianjin, President Xi Jinping has made a great contribution to international dialogue which will help the international community address the many challenges facing the world.

\n

The growing global uncertainties are not only impacting economies across the world, but also partly responsible for the widening development gaps among countries. At this critical time, the GGI comes as a ray of hope. It is an example of how China is fulfilling its global responsibilities as a major country, and it reflects the farsightedness of the Chinese central leadership in guiding the world toward peace, fairness and common prosperity.

\n

The five principles — sovereign equality, international rule of law, multilateralism, people-centric approach, and tangible results — on which the GGI is based give it both clarity and depth.

\n

The first principle, sovereign equality, highlights the need for fairness and equal treatment of countries in international relations. The fact that the GGI's goal is to ensure all countries, irrespective of their size, strength and wealth, play an equal role in global decision-making addresses the long-standing concerns of developing countries. Also, sovereign equality is reflected in China's moves, including the establishment of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank — which "finances infrastructure projects for tomorrow" in Asia and beyond, especially developing countries — and the implementation of the Belt and Road Initiative that is aimed at improving infrastructure and connectivity in developing and less-developed countries. The two initiatives offer hope for greater inclusivity and democracy in development projects.

\n

The goal of international rule of law, the second principle, is to ensure that rules are applied without resorting to double standards. China's concerted efforts to fulfill the Paris Agreement's conditions and strengthen the authority of the United Nations show how the GGI seeks to strengthen trust in international institutions and rules.

\n

The call to uphold multilateralism, too, is important. Global challenges such as climate change, pandemics and economic instability cannot be addressed by any one country alone. President Xi's insistence on extensive consultation, joint contribution and shared benefit reaffirms the UN's central role and opposes unilateralism and trade protectionism. China's leading role in UN peacekeeping missions, and proposal of initiatives like the Global Development Initiative, Global Security Initiative and Global Civilization Initiative are examples of how a country can uphold multilateralism.

\n

The fourth principle, a people-centric approach, underlines that the main purpose of governance is to improve people's lives. By advocating reforms that directly benefit the people, the GGI will make sure ordinary people remain at the heart of global cooperation. This echoes China's measures to eradicate poverty, improve healthcare and education, and pursue green development both at home and abroad.

\n

And the emphasis on achieving tangible results, the fifth principle, adds weight to the GGI because effective global governance means solving real problems. Western-style global governance is often marked by lofty rhetoric and lack of tangible outcomes. In contrast, by focusing on coordination, proper resource allocation, and achieving tangible results, the GGI intends to bring about real change.

\n

China's record of supplying renewable energy technology to and building transport and digital infrastructure in developing countries, and contributing troops to and funding UN peace missions shows that its initiatives are always aimed at delivering tangible results.

\n

Collectively, the five GGI principles lay a strong foundation for building a fairer, equitable and inclusive global governance system, and address the concerns of the Global South.

\n

The GGI's broader implications go beyond its guiding principles by ensuring developing nations contribute more to the global agenda. For decades, smaller states have dreamed of having a say in global decision-making. And by ensuring their right to equal participation in international affairs, the GGI addresses their demand, making the international order more equitable and truly representational.

\n

The GGI is also an example of responsible leadership. While some major global powers are pursuing exclusive, self-centered development, China is promoting cooperation, justice and shared progress. This shows China's willingness to help find solutions rather than deepening rifts among countries.

\n

The people-centric philosophy of the GGI makes clear that real governance is not about dominance or competition but about improving the lives of people across the world. By underlining the importance of economic development, healthcare, education, poverty alleviation and green growth, the GGI aims to bring global governance closer to ordinary people. This orientation makes the initiative truly meaningful.

\n

In conclusion, the GGI is a forward-looking, visionary and inclusive proposal that balances principles with action. It champions equality, fairness, cooperation and people-centric development while developing concrete projects that will benefit the people. President Xi's call to build a community with a shared future for humanity reflects wisdom, responsibility and compassion. That the GGI recognizes the fate of nations is interconnected, and peace and prosperity can be achieved only through cooperation and mutual respect makes it a highly valuable global public good.

\n

The views don't necessarily represent those of China Daily.

\n

", - "content": "

By proposing the Global Governance Initiative at the recent Shanghai Cooperation Organization Summit in Tianjin, President Xi Jinping has made a great contribution to international dialogue which will help the international community address the many challenges facing the world.

\n

The growing global uncertainties are not only impacting economies across the world, but also partly responsible for the widening development gaps among countries. At this critical time, the GGI comes as a ray of hope. It is an example of how China is fulfilling its global responsibilities as a major country, and it reflects the farsightedness of the Chinese central leadership in guiding the world toward peace, fairness and common prosperity.

\n

The five principles — sovereign equality, international rule of law, multilateralism, people-centric approach, and tangible results — on which the GGI is based give it both clarity and depth.

\n

The first principle, sovereign equality, highlights the need for fairness and equal treatment of countries in international relations. The fact that the GGI's goal is to ensure all countries, irrespective of their size, strength and wealth, play an equal role in global decision-making addresses the long-standing concerns of developing countries. Also, sovereign equality is reflected in China's moves, including the establishment of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank — which "finances infrastructure projects for tomorrow" in Asia and beyond, especially developing countries — and the implementation of the Belt and Road Initiative that is aimed at improving infrastructure and connectivity in developing and less-developed countries. The two initiatives offer hope for greater inclusivity and democracy in development projects.

\n

The goal of international rule of law, the second principle, is to ensure that rules are applied without resorting to double standards. China's concerted efforts to fulfill the Paris Agreement's conditions and strengthen the authority of the United Nations show how the GGI seeks to strengthen trust in international institutions and rules.

\n

The call to uphold multilateralism, too, is important. Global challenges such as climate change, pandemics and economic instability cannot be addressed by any one country alone. President Xi's insistence on extensive consultation, joint contribution and shared benefit reaffirms the UN's central role and opposes unilateralism and trade protectionism. China's leading role in UN peacekeeping missions, and proposal of initiatives like the Global Development Initiative, Global Security Initiative and Global Civilization Initiative are examples of how a country can uphold multilateralism.

\n

The fourth principle, a people-centric approach, underlines that the main purpose of governance is to improve people's lives. By advocating reforms that directly benefit the people, the GGI will make sure ordinary people remain at the heart of global cooperation. This echoes China's measures to eradicate poverty, improve healthcare and education, and pursue green development both at home and abroad.

\n

And the emphasis on achieving tangible results, the fifth principle, adds weight to the GGI because effective global governance means solving real problems. Western-style global governance is often marked by lofty rhetoric and lack of tangible outcomes. In contrast, by focusing on coordination, proper resource allocation, and achieving tangible results, the GGI intends to bring about real change.

\n

China's record of supplying renewable energy technology to and building transport and digital infrastructure in developing countries, and contributing troops to and funding UN peace missions shows that its initiatives are always aimed at delivering tangible results.

\n

Collectively, the five GGI principles lay a strong foundation for building a fairer, equitable and inclusive global governance system, and address the concerns of the Global South.

\n

The GGI's broader implications go beyond its guiding principles by ensuring developing nations contribute more to the global agenda. For decades, smaller states have dreamed of having a say in global decision-making. And by ensuring their right to equal participation in international affairs, the GGI addresses their demand, making the international order more equitable and truly representational.

\n

The GGI is also an example of responsible leadership. While some major global powers are pursuing exclusive, self-centered development, China is promoting cooperation, justice and shared progress. This shows China's willingness to help find solutions rather than deepening rifts among countries.

\n

The people-centric philosophy of the GGI makes clear that real governance is not about dominance or competition but about improving the lives of people across the world. By underlining the importance of economic development, healthcare, education, poverty alleviation and green growth, the GGI aims to bring global governance closer to ordinary people. This orientation makes the initiative truly meaningful.

\n

In conclusion, the GGI is a forward-looking, visionary and inclusive proposal that balances principles with action. It champions equality, fairness, cooperation and people-centric development while developing concrete projects that will benefit the people. President Xi's call to build a community with a shared future for humanity reflects wisdom, responsibility and compassion. That the GGI recognizes the fate of nations is interconnected, and peace and prosperity can be achieved only through cooperation and mutual respect makes it a highly valuable global public good.

\n

The views don't necessarily represent those of China Daily.

\n

", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-09/23/content_009_68d1bb74ed50ccabe1519fdb.htm#009VIEWS", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Tue, 23 Sep 2025 00:21:05 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "bd058f4b6c5cfd660c708157733a3571", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "009VIEWS - Decision to promote education of county-level senior high schools timely", "description": "

Kang Bing

\n\n

In an executive meeting in late August, the State Council, China's Cabinet, decided to further promote education of county-level senior high schools. The news briefing on the issue, however, was largely neglected by the media which were then busy covering the preparations for the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Summit in Tianjin and the Sept 3 military parade in Beijing.

\n

Media outlets failed to realize not only the significance of the news for millions of rural youngsters but also the strategic importance of the decision in furthering education reform.

\n

According to data, by the end of 2020, there were over 7,200 county-level senior high schools that have recruited many students from rural areas, making up about 51 percent of the national total.

\n

A big part of the financial support for the county-level schools comes from their county governments whose financial state largely decides the condition of these schools.

\n

As a result, some county-level senior high schools in the better-developed coastal areas boast advanced labs, well-equipped libraries, comfortable dorms and excellent gyms.

\n

But in the less-developed areas, where counties are usually short of money, even the best senior high schools may lack necessary teaching facilities and quality teachers.

\n

The proportion of urban high school teachers with a master's degree is much higher than that of county-level schools.

\n

Teachers in urban areas also have three-time more opportunities for participating in professional knowledge-refreshing training than their county-level counterparts.

\n

And only some of the graduates from county-level senior high schools can advance to universities after clearing the college entrance examination.

\n

Although the details of the State Council's new arrangement are not yet known, we hope the central government will provide more monetary support for county-level senior high schools in less-developed areas while urging the local governments to invest more in such schools.

\n

Increased investment by the central, provincial and county governments will allow county-level senior high schools to create more seats for students and enjoy better facilities.

\n

China has been pursuing urbanization, encouraging people in rural areas to work and live in towns and cities. Greater education opportunities, better education facilities and qualified teachers attract new immigrants to an urban area.

\n

Improved education quality in county-level senior high schools should play a big role in ensuring both rural and urban students receive quality education.

\n

Now that the central government has decided to promote education of county-level senior high schools, I'm sure education facilities in the senior high schools will be greatly improved in a few years.

\n

What is difficult, though, is improving teaching and managing staff. Hence, special arrangements should be made to encourage teachers' exchange programs between rural and urban schools.

\n

In fact, such exchanges are already taking place in some regions, though they're not as regular or popular as they should be.

\n

Attractive preferential policies, including better pay, more promotion opportunities, and housing and other subsidies, should be offered to encourage teachers with higher qualification to teach in county-level senior high schools in remote areas.

\n

Some regions have already implemented some of the above-mentioned policies. But such policies need to be applied nationwide to make them more authoritative and attractive.

\n

The central government can also consider extending its compulsory education program from the present nine years to 12 years, because it will help reduce the financial burden of many rural families that want their children to receive education at least up to the senior high school level.

\n

Since most of the county-level senior high schools are boarding schools, students' parents have to pay for not only tuition but also accommodation, food, textbooks, uniforms, transportation, and miscellaneous expenses.

\n

The yearly expenditure on a senior high school student could be anything between 15,000 yuan and 25,000 yuan.

\n

The inclusion of the three-year senior high school education in the compulsory education program will help millions of rural youngsters to continue their academic pursuit after completing junior high school education, thus enlarging our pool of potential talents.

\n

kangbing@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", @@ -4630,28 +4322,6 @@ "hash": "b05678544f9b07ad891886767fc79c7d", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "011WORLD - EU banking data rules set to exclude big tech", - "description": "

Incurring the wrath of the United States government appears to have had a limited impact on the thinking of the European Union, following reports that big tech companies are set to be excluded from reforms to the bloc's financial data market, in the name of protecting consumers.

\n

Challenges to the market dominance of global tech companies have been a regular feature of EU policy in recent years. With negotiations over Financial Data Access, or FiDA, coming to a conclusion, it is reported that companies such as Google, Meta and Apple will be excluded.

\n

The reforms, which have been in discussion for two years, seek to enable third-party service providers to access data from organizations such as banks and insurance companies.

\n

But Europe's financial sector has expressed concern about the potential for exploitation of "sensitive data" and how this could be used by already dominant companies to strengthen their positions. This opinion has been supported by the European Parliament and the European Commission, the EU's executive body, which proposes legislation and ensures that member states apply EU law and policies correctly.

\n

Documents seen by the Financial Times newspaper indicate that the German government suggested big tech companies should be denied access, "to promote the development of an EU digital financial ecosystem, guarantee a level playing field and protect the digital sovereignty of consumers".

\n

Earlier this year, it appeared that FiDA could be abandoned altogether, as it was deemed to be contrary to the commission's goal of simplifying rules.

\n

Kjeld Herreman, founding partner at Brussels-based payments advisory firm Paylume, told The Banker website that proposals suggesting banks should expose all customer data to authorized third parties would be a "little bit like open banking on steroids", and a Commission document seen by the Politico website expressed concern that it would bring in a "significant burden and complexity for financial actors".

\n

Flare-up in relations

\n

But now, the final text looks to be within reach. If, as widely reported, it does exclude many US-founded big tech companies, it could cause a flare-up in relations with Washington that have already been strained this year due to the tariffs row, which has resulted in most EU exports to the US being subject to 15 percent levies. Big tech lobby groups are already warning that the consequences could be less freedom for consumers, rather than more.

\n

"FiDA's original vision was to give people control over their own data and access to better, more innovative financial services," Daniel Friedlaender, head of tech trade association Computer &Communications Industry Association Europe, told the FT.

\n

"Big banks are the current gatekeepers here, not the digital platform," added Kay Jebelli, from tech lobby group Chamber of Progress. "Discriminating against US tech companies would not only deny Europeans new digital services, it would also stoke transatlantic tensions."

\n

julian@mail.chinadailyuk.com

\n

", - "content": "

Incurring the wrath of the United States government appears to have had a limited impact on the thinking of the European Union, following reports that big tech companies are set to be excluded from reforms to the bloc's financial data market, in the name of protecting consumers.

\n

Challenges to the market dominance of global tech companies have been a regular feature of EU policy in recent years. With negotiations over Financial Data Access, or FiDA, coming to a conclusion, it is reported that companies such as Google, Meta and Apple will be excluded.

\n

The reforms, which have been in discussion for two years, seek to enable third-party service providers to access data from organizations such as banks and insurance companies.

\n

But Europe's financial sector has expressed concern about the potential for exploitation of "sensitive data" and how this could be used by already dominant companies to strengthen their positions. This opinion has been supported by the European Parliament and the European Commission, the EU's executive body, which proposes legislation and ensures that member states apply EU law and policies correctly.

\n

Documents seen by the Financial Times newspaper indicate that the German government suggested big tech companies should be denied access, "to promote the development of an EU digital financial ecosystem, guarantee a level playing field and protect the digital sovereignty of consumers".

\n

Earlier this year, it appeared that FiDA could be abandoned altogether, as it was deemed to be contrary to the commission's goal of simplifying rules.

\n

Kjeld Herreman, founding partner at Brussels-based payments advisory firm Paylume, told The Banker website that proposals suggesting banks should expose all customer data to authorized third parties would be a "little bit like open banking on steroids", and a Commission document seen by the Politico website expressed concern that it would bring in a "significant burden and complexity for financial actors".

\n

Flare-up in relations

\n

But now, the final text looks to be within reach. If, as widely reported, it does exclude many US-founded big tech companies, it could cause a flare-up in relations with Washington that have already been strained this year due to the tariffs row, which has resulted in most EU exports to the US being subject to 15 percent levies. Big tech lobby groups are already warning that the consequences could be less freedom for consumers, rather than more.

\n

"FiDA's original vision was to give people control over their own data and access to better, more innovative financial services," Daniel Friedlaender, head of tech trade association Computer &Communications Industry Association Europe, told the FT.

\n

"Big banks are the current gatekeepers here, not the digital platform," added Kay Jebelli, from tech lobby group Chamber of Progress. "Discriminating against US tech companies would not only deny Europeans new digital services, it would also stoke transatlantic tensions."

\n

julian@mail.chinadailyuk.com

\n

", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-09/23/content_011_68d1bb93ed50ccabe1519fe2.htm#011WORLD", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Tue, 23 Sep 2025 00:21:05 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "75d85e892b27c3ed83d3b07ed93679bd", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "011WORLD - Afghanistan turns down air base proposal", "description": "

Afghanistan should stand firm in rebuffing an attempt by the United States to reestablish a military base in the country, analysts said, adding the landlocked nation's future hinges on preventing fresh instability, maintaining good relations with all countries and realizing its potential as a hub of Eurasian connectivity.

\n

The comments came after US President Donald Trump said last week that his administration was seeking to retake control of the Bagram Air Base in Afghanistan, in order to enable the US military to reestablish a strategic presence in the region.

\n

Trump's call, four years after US troops' hasty withdrawal from Afghanistan following a two-decade war against the Taliban, has sparked outrage within Afghanistan as well as other countries in the region.

\n

On Sept 18, during a news conference with British Prime Minister Keir Starmer in London, Trump mentioned Bagram Air Base, saying that the US was "trying to get it back "from Afghanistan's Taliban rulers.

\n

Over the weekend, Trump raised the topic again, saying that "we're talking now to Afghanistan" about the return of the air base.

\n

In a post on his Truth Social platform, Trump even issued a threat. "If Afghanistan doesn't give Bagram Air Base back to those that built it, the United States of America, BAD THINGS ARE GOING TO HAPPEN," he said.

\n

Afghanistan has rejected the call from Trump, with the chief Taliban spokesman, Zabihullah Mujahid, urging the US to adopt a policy of "realism and rationality".

\n

Afghanistan had an economy-oriented foreign policy and sought constructive relations with all states on the basis of mutual and shared interests, Mujahid said in a post on the social media platform X on Sunday.

\n

Earlier, the same day, the chief of staff at Afghanistan's Defense Ministry, Fasihuddin Fitrat, said, "Ceding even an inch of our soil to anyone is out of the question and impossible", according to a speech broadcast by Afghan media.

\n

Shameem Ahmad Nawber, an Afghan analyst and deputy director at the Institute for Digital Economy and Artificial Systems in Xiamen, in East China's Fujian province, said that from the standpoint of Afghanistan's national interest, rejecting any foreign military's return to the Bagram Air Base is a logical assertion of sovereignty, signaling a necessary shift away from the country's historical role as a theater for power conflicts.

\n

"Bagram's immense geopolitical value — offering surveillance and power projection over Central Asia, Russia, Iran, and western China — makes its sovereign control nonnegotiable," he said.

\n

"Ceding this control would inevitably trap the country in external rivalries and undermine any prospect of lasting peace, a price the Afghan people have paid for too long."

\n

The last US troops left Afghanistan at the end of August 2021, but the Afghan economy is still feeling the negative effects of the US' two-decade-long meddling in the country.

\n

Trump said his administration wants to take back the Bagram Air Base "not because of Afghanistan but because of China, because it's exactly one hour away from where China makes its nuclear missiles".

\n

A Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman said on Sept 19 that China respects Afghanistan's independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity, and that "Afghanistan's future should rest in the hands of the Afghan people".

\n

"Let me stress that stirring up tensions and confrontation in the region will not be supported," spokesperson Lin Jian said at a regular press briefing in Beijing. "We hope all parties will play a constructive role in regional peace and stability."

\n

Afghan scholar Nawber noted that his nation's geography, long a curse, can also turn into its greatest asset if leveraged properly as a bridge between South Asia and Central Asia.

\n

"This requires a new paradigm built on regional consensus, where Afghanistan functions as a secure land bridge for trade and energy," he said.

\n

"In this framework, China can play an indispensable role, not as a patron, but as a key partner in providing the diplomatic support and infrastructure investment — through frameworks like the Belt and Road Initiative — needed to transform this vision of a prosperous and neutral Afghanistan into reality."

\n

vivienxu@chinadailyapac.com

\n

", @@ -4674,28 +4344,6 @@ "hash": "340dffbeafdccc837db8ea98c5446790", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "011WORLD - Maduro rejects US allegations on drugs", - "description": "

CARACAS — Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro rejected US allegations of being a drug trafficker and asked US President Donald Trump for dialogue, according to a letter released on Sunday by Caracas, as tensions soar between the two countries.

\n

The letter addressed to Trump is dated Sept 6 and was sent days after the United States deployed warships off the coast of Venezuela and carried out the first of several attacks on Venezuela-based boats. Washington claimed the boats were carrying drugs.

\n

The first attack left 11 people dead with two more strikes following later.

\n

In his missive, Maduro rejected as "absolutely false" US allegations that he leads a drug cartel.

\n

"It is the worst fake news that has been launched against our country in an escalation of an armed conflict that would do catastrophic damage to the whole continent," the letter states.

\n

Maduro urged Trump to "keep the peace with dialogue and understanding in the entire hemisphere".

\n

"President, I hope that together we can defeat this fake news that is filling with noise a relationship that should be historic and peaceful."

\n

Maduro maintained that Venezuela was a "drug-free" country and that only 5 percent of the drugs produced in neighboring Colombia made their way into Venezuelan territory.

\n

"A very relevant fact is that this year we have already neutralized and destroyed more than 70 percent of that small percentage that attempts to cross that extensive border, more than 2,200 kilometers long, that we share with Colombia," he said.

\n

Since the letter was sent, US forces in the Caribbean have attacked two more boats that Washington said were carrying drugs, one off Venezuela and one farther north, off the coast of the Dominican Republic.

\n

The last attack was first announced on Friday by Trump himself, without saying where it happened, and was confirmed on Sunday by the drug enforcement agency of the Dominican Republic and the US embassy there. The attack left three people dead.

\n

Venezuela has denounced the "military threat" against it following the deployment of the US ships.

\n

", - "content": "

CARACAS — Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro rejected US allegations of being a drug trafficker and asked US President Donald Trump for dialogue, according to a letter released on Sunday by Caracas, as tensions soar between the two countries.

\n

The letter addressed to Trump is dated Sept 6 and was sent days after the United States deployed warships off the coast of Venezuela and carried out the first of several attacks on Venezuela-based boats. Washington claimed the boats were carrying drugs.

\n

The first attack left 11 people dead with two more strikes following later.

\n

In his missive, Maduro rejected as "absolutely false" US allegations that he leads a drug cartel.

\n

"It is the worst fake news that has been launched against our country in an escalation of an armed conflict that would do catastrophic damage to the whole continent," the letter states.

\n

Maduro urged Trump to "keep the peace with dialogue and understanding in the entire hemisphere".

\n

"President, I hope that together we can defeat this fake news that is filling with noise a relationship that should be historic and peaceful."

\n

Maduro maintained that Venezuela was a "drug-free" country and that only 5 percent of the drugs produced in neighboring Colombia made their way into Venezuelan territory.

\n

"A very relevant fact is that this year we have already neutralized and destroyed more than 70 percent of that small percentage that attempts to cross that extensive border, more than 2,200 kilometers long, that we share with Colombia," he said.

\n

Since the letter was sent, US forces in the Caribbean have attacked two more boats that Washington said were carrying drugs, one off Venezuela and one farther north, off the coast of the Dominican Republic.

\n

The last attack was first announced on Friday by Trump himself, without saying where it happened, and was confirmed on Sunday by the drug enforcement agency of the Dominican Republic and the US embassy there. The attack left three people dead.

\n

Venezuela has denounced the "military threat" against it following the deployment of the US ships.

\n

", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-09/23/content_011_68d1bba4ed50ccabe1519fe6.htm#011WORLD", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Tue, 23 Sep 2025 00:21:05 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "28a10c71ab6459994885f9e8be9d7406", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "012WORLD - Briefly", "description": "

RUSSIA

\n

Putin offers US 1-year nuclear control deal

\n

Russian President Vladimir Putin said on Monday he was ready to extend by one year the last arms control treaty between Washington and Moscow if US President Donald Trump does the same. The New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty, which caps the number of strategic nuclear warheads that the United States and Russia can deploy, and the deployment of land- and submarine-based missiles and bombers to deliver them, is due to run out on Feb 5.Putin told a meeting of Russia's Security Council that he was ready to roll over the treaty by one year in the interests of global nonproliferation and to help spur dialogue with Washington about the treaty's successor if Trump was ready to do the same.

\n

SYRIA

\n

Committee sets Oct 5 for parliamentary vote

\n

Syria's supreme committee for parliamentary elections announced on Sunday that voting for the 250-seat People's Assembly will be held on Oct 5, marking the country's first legislative election since the fall of former president Bashar al-Assad's government last year. The committee stated that the decision was made in accordance with the constitutional declaration and decrees issued earlier this year by interim leader Ahmad al-Sharaa, who established the election authority in June. The polls will follow a temporary, indirect electoral system aimed at forming a new legislature within 60 to 90 days.

\n

", @@ -4718,28 +4366,6 @@ "hash": "069bcbfaee2b88d4db69aa7b06745ce0", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "012WORLD - Balancing act", - "description": "

Waiters and waitresses dash through the streets of central Paris on Sunday during the traditional "Course des Cafes", a 4-kilometer race where competitors balance a tray carrying a coffee cup, a glass of water and a croissant.

\n

", - "content": "

Waiters and waitresses dash through the streets of central Paris on Sunday during the traditional "Course des Cafes", a 4-kilometer race where competitors balance a tray carrying a coffee cup, a glass of water and a croissant.

\n

", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-09/23/content_012_68d1bbb6ed50ccabe1519fea.htm#012WORLD", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Tue, 23 Sep 2025 00:21:05 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "2356ecdb8fc2cb8106e4eceeb26eda0d", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "013BUSINESS - Safety first", "description": "

Staff members from State Grid Hotan in the Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region board an insulated bucket truck to carry out anti-icing insulator replacement work on a 220 kilovolt transmission line which crosses the Turpan-Hotan Expressway, aiming to enhance the line's ability to withstand icing hazards.

\n

", @@ -4762,28 +4388,6 @@ "hash": "5a99b4240eecebdf7e5d1f4b240e8b15", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "013BUSINESS - PayPal to speed up localization steps", - "description": "

US-based online payment company PayPal is intensifying efforts to expand its footprint and accelerate localization in the Chinese market.

\n

It is also facilitating the business expansion of Chinese merchants globally by enabling them to tap into the immense opportunities arising from the cross-border digital payment sector.

\n

Hannah Qiu, senior vice-president of PayPal and CEO of PayPal China, said in an interview with China Daily that the rapid growth of digital trade and cross-border e-commerce is reshaping global business. "China is definitely a very important market for PayPal, and all the merchants here are in the center of the new innovation."

\n

According to Qiu, the company empowers Chinese businesses by providing secure, compliant, and end-to-end payment solutions, enabling them to transact confidently in nearly 200 markets worldwide. PayPal is the first foreign payment institution authorized to provide online payment services in the Chinese market and the first foreign payment company with a wholly-owned subsidiary in China.

\n

"China takes an extremely important position in PayPal's global layout, and it has the world's largest cross-border sellers group, which holds an indispensable position in cross-border e-commerce platforms. Therefore, China has always been one of our most important markets," she said.

\n

Qiu noted that China has been an international powerhouse in digital innovation, with world-class infrastructure and a strong culture of embracing new technologies, while Chinese companies are taking the lead in new business models, from livestreaming e-commerce to direct-to-consumer brands.

\n

"In the beginning, most Chinese merchants ride on e-commerce platforms. Now we see more and more merchants actually shifting to the direct-to-consumer mode, building their own brands, and owning their own channels and new business models," Qiu said.

\n

They are seeing strong innovations in areas like digital products, gaming, entertainment and interest-driven commerce, she said. "I believe that China will continue to be the center of innovation in the coming years."

\n

Recognizing this rapid innovation across the industry, Qiu said PayPal is making bold investments in cutting-edge technologies like agentic AI, which is reshaping how people and businesses shop, sell, and engage in payments, emphasizing that the company will help Chinese merchants capture emerging business opportunities and drive sustainable global growth through its advanced agentic AI capabilities.

\n

China's cross-border e-commerce sector has seen robust growth in recent years. The sector's imports and exports reached 2.71 trillion yuan ($381.3 billion) in 2024, an increase of 14 percent year-on-year, said the General Administration of Customs. E-commerce exports stood at about 2.15 trillion yuan, up 16.9 percent year-on-year.

\n

Qiu highlighted the company's long-term commitment to, and confidence in, the Chinese market. "At PayPal China, our priority has always been to help Chinese merchants succeed internationally. This year, through a series of platform enhancements, we are introducing more comprehensive and powerful cross-border payment solutions."

\n

The company recently introduced PayPal Open in China, a unified solution designed to help Chinese merchants grow globally. By leveraging artificial intelligence-powered new products and enhanced consumer experience, the platform aims to enable cross-border business growth that is safer, more efficient, stable and sustainable.

\n

It will step up efforts in research and development, and will introduce more new products and services to the Chinese market, while deepening its cooperation with local enterprises. The cooperation is not limited to local markets, but also includes digital wallets and companies in the overseas ecosystem, Qiu said.

\n

fanfeifei@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", - "content": "

US-based online payment company PayPal is intensifying efforts to expand its footprint and accelerate localization in the Chinese market.

\n

It is also facilitating the business expansion of Chinese merchants globally by enabling them to tap into the immense opportunities arising from the cross-border digital payment sector.

\n

Hannah Qiu, senior vice-president of PayPal and CEO of PayPal China, said in an interview with China Daily that the rapid growth of digital trade and cross-border e-commerce is reshaping global business. "China is definitely a very important market for PayPal, and all the merchants here are in the center of the new innovation."

\n

According to Qiu, the company empowers Chinese businesses by providing secure, compliant, and end-to-end payment solutions, enabling them to transact confidently in nearly 200 markets worldwide. PayPal is the first foreign payment institution authorized to provide online payment services in the Chinese market and the first foreign payment company with a wholly-owned subsidiary in China.

\n

"China takes an extremely important position in PayPal's global layout, and it has the world's largest cross-border sellers group, which holds an indispensable position in cross-border e-commerce platforms. Therefore, China has always been one of our most important markets," she said.

\n

Qiu noted that China has been an international powerhouse in digital innovation, with world-class infrastructure and a strong culture of embracing new technologies, while Chinese companies are taking the lead in new business models, from livestreaming e-commerce to direct-to-consumer brands.

\n

"In the beginning, most Chinese merchants ride on e-commerce platforms. Now we see more and more merchants actually shifting to the direct-to-consumer mode, building their own brands, and owning their own channels and new business models," Qiu said.

\n

They are seeing strong innovations in areas like digital products, gaming, entertainment and interest-driven commerce, she said. "I believe that China will continue to be the center of innovation in the coming years."

\n

Recognizing this rapid innovation across the industry, Qiu said PayPal is making bold investments in cutting-edge technologies like agentic AI, which is reshaping how people and businesses shop, sell, and engage in payments, emphasizing that the company will help Chinese merchants capture emerging business opportunities and drive sustainable global growth through its advanced agentic AI capabilities.

\n

China's cross-border e-commerce sector has seen robust growth in recent years. The sector's imports and exports reached 2.71 trillion yuan ($381.3 billion) in 2024, an increase of 14 percent year-on-year, said the General Administration of Customs. E-commerce exports stood at about 2.15 trillion yuan, up 16.9 percent year-on-year.

\n

Qiu highlighted the company's long-term commitment to, and confidence in, the Chinese market. "At PayPal China, our priority has always been to help Chinese merchants succeed internationally. This year, through a series of platform enhancements, we are introducing more comprehensive and powerful cross-border payment solutions."

\n

The company recently introduced PayPal Open in China, a unified solution designed to help Chinese merchants grow globally. By leveraging artificial intelligence-powered new products and enhanced consumer experience, the platform aims to enable cross-border business growth that is safer, more efficient, stable and sustainable.

\n

It will step up efforts in research and development, and will introduce more new products and services to the Chinese market, while deepening its cooperation with local enterprises. The cooperation is not limited to local markets, but also includes digital wallets and companies in the overseas ecosystem, Qiu said.

\n

fanfeifei@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-09/23/content_013_68d1bbc8ed50ccabe1519fee.htm#013BUSINESS", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Tue, 23 Sep 2025 00:21:05 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "8c7c4dfdf812fdaeab02fbd30c138df2", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "013BUSINESS - Briefly", "description": "

System helps boost professionalism

\n

Chinese railway operators are taking creative measures to lift the professionalism of its staff members. China Railway Taiyuan Group has launched a mentor-apprentice system to elevate the hands-on competence of its employees. In a work area of Taiyuan House-Building and Apartment Section, senior technician Liu Chunxi was guiding foreman Yan Jie through equipment operations while Yan took careful notes. After 10 years working side by side, the pair have become role models, sticking to a principle that "electrical work bears on equipment safety — there is no room for sloppiness." The section has tapped the "pass-it-on" role of veteran workers, allowing them to pass on professionalism among employees.

\n

Loan prime rates remain unchanged

\n

China's one-year loan prime rate, a market-based benchmark lending rate, came in at 3 percent on Monday, unchanged from the previous month. The over-five-year LPR, on which many lenders base their mortgage rates, also remained unchanged from the previous reading of 3.5 percent, according to the National Interbank Funding Center. Recent data showed that the country's weighted average interest rate for new business loans stood at about 3.1 percent in August, down 40 basis points from a year earlier, while the rate for new personal mortgages dropped to around 3.1 percent, a decrease of 25 basis points.

\n

", @@ -4806,28 +4410,6 @@ "hash": "fbc9c6fbcf8ec193cd972e07b735901e", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "014BUSINESS - 1st underground salt cavern gas storage facility online", - "description": "

China's first underground salt cavern gas storage facility was made operational on Sunday after a major expansion, significantly boosting the country's ability to manage peak demand and ensure energy security, said experts.

\n

The Jintan facility, located in Changzhou, Jiangsu province, was built within a salt mine and utilizes natural salt formations to create stable underground caverns for storing natural gas, said its operator China Oil and Gas Pipeline Network Corp.

\n

The expansion has dramatically increased the facility's operational efficiency, playing a critical role in balancing seasonal fluctuations in gas consumption, said the company, also known as PipeChina, China's largest energy infrastructure enterprise.

\n

Daily gas injection capacity has risen by 60 percent to 13.2 million cubic meters, while daily peak shaving withdrawal capacity has tripled to 18 million cubic meters. Emergency withdrawal capacity has also increased by 80 percent to 27 million cubic meters per day.

\n

Salt cavern compressed air energy storage (CAES) technology stores energy by using surplus electricity to compress air into underground salt caverns. This compressed air is then released to power turbines and generate electricity when demand is high.

\n

Unlike aboveground LNG tanks, which require extensive safety perimeters and significant surface area, salt caverns located deep underground offer a more secure and compact storage solution.

\n

The natural geological properties of salt formations provide a robust barrier against leaks and external threats, while minimizing the environmental footprint compared to sprawling LNG terminal complexes. This makes salt cavern storage particularly attractive in densely populated regions like the Yangtze River Delta, where land resources are at a premium.

\n

The expanded Jintan gas storage facility represents a leap forward in China's ability to manage natural gas supply and demand, PipeChina said.

\n

Industry experts said that the Jintan facility not only ensures stable gas supply for urban areas during peak seasons, but also plays a vital role in maintaining the overall gas balance of PipeChina's national network.

\n

The expansion project showcases China's commitment to innovation in energy infrastructure, fostering the development of domestically produced, cutting-edge technologies, said Lin Boqiang, head of the China Institute for Studies in Energy Policy at Xiamen University.

\n

As salt cavern CAES technology continues to mature, anticipated improvements in efficiency are expected to drive wider adoption and further growth within the energy storage sector, he said.

\n

Chinese companies have been stepping up efforts in salt cavern technology and compressed air energy storage in recent years, signaling a growing commitment to these innovative energy solutions.

\n

In 2022, China Petroleum and Chemical Corp, the world's largest refiner, put into use the country's deepest underground natural gas salt cavern storage well, running more than 2,000 meters deep. In the same year, the country's first 300 megawatt compressed air energy storage demonstration project was launched in Yingcheng, Hubei province, and was connected to the grid in 2024.

\n

This expansion of the Jintan facility comes amid a backdrop of steadily increasing natural gas consumption across China in recent years.

\n

Driven by urbanization, industrial growth and a push for cleaner energy sources to replace coal, demand for natural gas has surged in recent years. China's natural gas consumption rose 8 percent to 426.1 billion cubic meters last year, according to data released by the National Development and Reform Commission.

\n

This growing reliance on natural gas necessitates a robust and reliable storage infrastructure to ensure stable supply, particularly during peak demand periods and unforeseen disruptions, said Lin.

\n

Looking ahead, the Jintan salt cavern gas storage facility is expected to serve as a cornerstone of energy security, providing reliable energy supply for the integrated development of the Yangtze River Delta region, said PipeChina.

\n

zhengxin@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", - "content": "

China's first underground salt cavern gas storage facility was made operational on Sunday after a major expansion, significantly boosting the country's ability to manage peak demand and ensure energy security, said experts.

\n

The Jintan facility, located in Changzhou, Jiangsu province, was built within a salt mine and utilizes natural salt formations to create stable underground caverns for storing natural gas, said its operator China Oil and Gas Pipeline Network Corp.

\n

The expansion has dramatically increased the facility's operational efficiency, playing a critical role in balancing seasonal fluctuations in gas consumption, said the company, also known as PipeChina, China's largest energy infrastructure enterprise.

\n

Daily gas injection capacity has risen by 60 percent to 13.2 million cubic meters, while daily peak shaving withdrawal capacity has tripled to 18 million cubic meters. Emergency withdrawal capacity has also increased by 80 percent to 27 million cubic meters per day.

\n

Salt cavern compressed air energy storage (CAES) technology stores energy by using surplus electricity to compress air into underground salt caverns. This compressed air is then released to power turbines and generate electricity when demand is high.

\n

Unlike aboveground LNG tanks, which require extensive safety perimeters and significant surface area, salt caverns located deep underground offer a more secure and compact storage solution.

\n

The natural geological properties of salt formations provide a robust barrier against leaks and external threats, while minimizing the environmental footprint compared to sprawling LNG terminal complexes. This makes salt cavern storage particularly attractive in densely populated regions like the Yangtze River Delta, where land resources are at a premium.

\n

The expanded Jintan gas storage facility represents a leap forward in China's ability to manage natural gas supply and demand, PipeChina said.

\n

Industry experts said that the Jintan facility not only ensures stable gas supply for urban areas during peak seasons, but also plays a vital role in maintaining the overall gas balance of PipeChina's national network.

\n

The expansion project showcases China's commitment to innovation in energy infrastructure, fostering the development of domestically produced, cutting-edge technologies, said Lin Boqiang, head of the China Institute for Studies in Energy Policy at Xiamen University.

\n

As salt cavern CAES technology continues to mature, anticipated improvements in efficiency are expected to drive wider adoption and further growth within the energy storage sector, he said.

\n

Chinese companies have been stepping up efforts in salt cavern technology and compressed air energy storage in recent years, signaling a growing commitment to these innovative energy solutions.

\n

In 2022, China Petroleum and Chemical Corp, the world's largest refiner, put into use the country's deepest underground natural gas salt cavern storage well, running more than 2,000 meters deep. In the same year, the country's first 300 megawatt compressed air energy storage demonstration project was launched in Yingcheng, Hubei province, and was connected to the grid in 2024.

\n

This expansion of the Jintan facility comes amid a backdrop of steadily increasing natural gas consumption across China in recent years.

\n

Driven by urbanization, industrial growth and a push for cleaner energy sources to replace coal, demand for natural gas has surged in recent years. China's natural gas consumption rose 8 percent to 426.1 billion cubic meters last year, according to data released by the National Development and Reform Commission.

\n

This growing reliance on natural gas necessitates a robust and reliable storage infrastructure to ensure stable supply, particularly during peak demand periods and unforeseen disruptions, said Lin.

\n

Looking ahead, the Jintan salt cavern gas storage facility is expected to serve as a cornerstone of energy security, providing reliable energy supply for the integrated development of the Yangtze River Delta region, said PipeChina.

\n

zhengxin@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-09/23/content_014_68d1bbdaed50ccabe1519ff2.htm#014BUSINESS", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Tue, 23 Sep 2025 00:21:05 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "c5de0c52b73d509e0e4ccb68bd8b774a", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "014BUSINESS - More HK residents eye retirement in mainland", "description": "

Visitors from the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region enter Shenzhen, Guangdong province, via Luohu port.

\n

Under the current context of accelerated integrated development of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, more and more senior Hong Kong residents are choosing to live out their golden years in retirement on the Chinese mainland, triggering reflection on cross-border healthcare.

\n

Data from the Legislative Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region show that in 2024, nearly 100,000 Hong Kong residents 65 years old or above chose to settle down in Guangdong province for their retirement, a 40.5 percent increase compared to that of 10 years ago.

\n

"The price of commodities in the Chinese mainland is cheaper, the subsidy for a Hong Kong citizen is enough to spend through retirement there," a Hong Kong citizen who works in finance said.

\n

Judging from Hong Kong residents who choose to spend retirement on the Chinese mainland, the group mainly includes senior residents who share emotional connections with people in the Chinese mainland (those who were born and raised or had worked on the Chinese mainland), and those who feel pressure about spending their retirement in Hong Kong.

\n

Yu Ningqiao, an 82-year-old Hong Kong citizen, lives on the Old Age Living Allowance, which is issued by the HKSAR government and is over HK$4,000 ($514.74) per month. "Renting an apartment with one living room and one bedroom in the suburb of Shenzhen, Guangdong province, costs merely HK$2,000, while this price is unimaginable in Hong Kong," Yu said.

\n

"The price of commodities is also much lower, and I could catch up with old mates to drink tea or something," he said.

\n

Song Lee, a 29-year-old office clerk in Hong Kong, who was born and raised in Shenzhen, said that he is already considering spending his retirement back in Shenzhen, with the good cost performance of commodities and because he has friends there.

\n

However, bottlenecks still exist. Although since January 2020, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan residents are able to participate in the public health insurance of the Chinese mainland, since there are differences in the payment system, data interoperability remains a challenge. Currently, the healthcare insurance system of Hong Kong is not docked with that of the Chinese mainland, and healthcare records between the two sides are also not interconnected. Meanwhile, senior citizens need to travel between the two places for revisiting and getting medicine, which is highly time-consuming and costly.

\n

"For Hong Kong citizens, there is nearly zero payment to see a doctor in a public healthcare institution in Hong Kong, which means that living out their life in retirement in the Chinese mainland means giving up the nearly-free healthcare services in Hong Kong. Even if they participate in the public healthcare insurance in the Chinese mainland, there is usually a limited quota to reimburse inpatient expenses," said Shi Cheng, associate professor of the Institute of Policy Studies at Lingnan University of Hong Kong.

\n

Research on cross-border retirement of the Greater Bay Area showed that senior Hong Kong citizens who intend to spend their retirement on the Chinese mainland tend to consider questions including "How to see a doctor in the Chinese mainland", "Is there a reimbursement or fee reduction", "Are medicines provided in the Chinese mainland consistent with that in the Hong Kong drug catalogue", "Is the healthcare record interconnected".

\n

Zhan Junhao, founder of Fujian Huace Brand Positioning Consulting, said: "Solving the bottlenecks of cross-border healthcare requires a combination of measures. At the policy level, the integration of medical systems in Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao should be promoted, and a cross-border system to serve the aged should be built, to realize the mutual recognition of pension and healthcare insurance."

\n

"At the technical level, laws and regulations on cross-border data sharing should be optimized to promote the safe connection of data between Shenzhen and Hong Kong, so that healthcare records between the two places can be safely shared. At the service level, cross-border healthcare service points should be expanded, and the cross-border direct payment of commercial insurance should be introduced, to enhance the cross-border medical convenience," he added.

\n

Wang Peng, associate research fellow at the Beijing Academy of Social Sciences, added that the process of cross-border healthcare should be simplified and improved, such as offering Cantonese language service and personalized healthcare record management, so as to enhance the sense of belonging of senior Hong Kong citizens.

\n

zhengyiran@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", @@ -4850,28 +4432,6 @@ "hash": "a46973cbbfabf9fb4b4035a1ef88a38c", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "015BUSINESS - SHFE intensifies efforts to broaden product portfolio", - "description": "

Offset paper futures and options start trading on the Shanghai Futures Exchange on Sept 10.

\n

The Shanghai Futures Exchange has marked yet another major step forward in internationalization.

\n

It has from Sept 10 started listing offset paper futures and options, the first such financial derivatives for the cultural paper industry.

\n

Apart from helping companies in the cultural paper industrial chain better manage risks, the newly introduced financial tools will help shape a China pricing benchmark, attracting participation from global investors, said Xu Xiangnan, deputy Party secretary of the China National Light Industry Council.

\n

According to Huang Dongdong, general manager of the pulp and paper business department at Xiamen ITG Group, China is the world's largest producer and consumer of cultural paper. The launch of offset paper futures and options can help build an objective pricing system, providing important benchmarks for domestic and international trade, he said.

\n

The SHFE also listed on Sept 10 options for fuel oil, bitumen and wood pulp. Together with the bitumen futures that started trading on the SHFE in 2013, these four products were included in the qualified foreign investors program the same day, providing access to international investors.

\n

These are part of SHFE's continued efforts to complete its product portfolio and advance the high-level opening-up of the Chinese futures market, said SHFE Chairman Tian Xiangyang.

\n

Two months before the introduction of the new products, SHFE released the international version of its business rules. Amendments have been made regarding rules on market entry, transactions, settlement, risk control and delivery.

\n

According to SHFE officials, such preparation is crucial for opening new futures and options contracts to overseas special participants, intermediaries and clients in the future.

\n

In July, SHFE and its subsidiary Shanghai International Energy Exchange, or INE, were officially approved for inclusion on Malaysia's list of Specified Exchanges. Malaysian investors are now able to trade futures products in the Chinese market more conveniently through their local brokerages.

\n

Malaysia marks the first overseas jurisdiction where SHFE has completed regulatory registration. It is the third overseas jurisdiction — after Hong Kong and Singapore — where INE has successfully obtained such registration.

\n

The launch of yuan-denominated crude oil futures on the SHFE in 2018 served as a major milestone in the internationalization steps of the exchange.

\n

Currently, a total of six products are directly accessible to international investors, including copper futures, low-sulfur fuel oil futures and container freight index (Europe service) futures. A total of 28 futures and options are open to QFIs.

\n

In May, Shanghai natural rubber futures were officially listed on the Osaka Exchange, a Japan Exchange Group company. The contract references the settlement price of the natural rubber futures listed on the SHFE.

\n

According to Yokoyama Ryusuke, president and CEO of OSE, this has expanded the hedging channels for industrial clients in Japan as well as investors across the globe.

\n

Before the opening-up of the Chinese futures market, China's international trade was largely determined by nonnegotiable prices and long-term orders, said Chen Canzhong, deputy general manager of Zhejiang province-based Wankai New Materials Co Ltd.

\n

Due to this, prices were nontransparent and imprecise.

\n

It was difficult for companies to avoid risks in the price fluctuations of raw materials. Sometimes, companies missed the right opportunities due to information lag. When it came to the delivery of goods, there were problems of delayed logistics or a trust crisis, he said.

\n

But as China advances the internationalization of the futures market, these problems are being addressed in an orderly manner. Companies can secure their profits in advance by setting up their own cost and profit management systems built on futures prices, which are more transparent now. More importantly, companies are more confident when they negotiate prices with their business partners, he said.

\n

Tiger Shi, cofounder and CEO of BANDS Financial, said China's futures market has become appealing to international investors as the country is the world's largest manufacturer.

\n

Shanghai has set its sights high.

\n

In a three-year action plan released in April to promote the city's commodity trade between 2025 and 2027, the Shanghai municipal government said that the city's commodity trade should exceed 10 trillion yuan in 2027. The trading of commodities based on pricing offered at the Shanghai exchanges should play a bigger role by then.

\n

This has echoed a guideline on the high-quality development of the Chinese futures market, which was released by the State Council, China's Cabinet, in 2024.

\n

According to the circular, China's major futures products should attract high participation from global investors by 2035. The country's influence in commodity pricing and market competitiveness should be significantly improved by that time, it said.

\n

", - "content": "

Offset paper futures and options start trading on the Shanghai Futures Exchange on Sept 10.

\n

The Shanghai Futures Exchange has marked yet another major step forward in internationalization.

\n

It has from Sept 10 started listing offset paper futures and options, the first such financial derivatives for the cultural paper industry.

\n

Apart from helping companies in the cultural paper industrial chain better manage risks, the newly introduced financial tools will help shape a China pricing benchmark, attracting participation from global investors, said Xu Xiangnan, deputy Party secretary of the China National Light Industry Council.

\n

According to Huang Dongdong, general manager of the pulp and paper business department at Xiamen ITG Group, China is the world's largest producer and consumer of cultural paper. The launch of offset paper futures and options can help build an objective pricing system, providing important benchmarks for domestic and international trade, he said.

\n

The SHFE also listed on Sept 10 options for fuel oil, bitumen and wood pulp. Together with the bitumen futures that started trading on the SHFE in 2013, these four products were included in the qualified foreign investors program the same day, providing access to international investors.

\n

These are part of SHFE's continued efforts to complete its product portfolio and advance the high-level opening-up of the Chinese futures market, said SHFE Chairman Tian Xiangyang.

\n

Two months before the introduction of the new products, SHFE released the international version of its business rules. Amendments have been made regarding rules on market entry, transactions, settlement, risk control and delivery.

\n

According to SHFE officials, such preparation is crucial for opening new futures and options contracts to overseas special participants, intermediaries and clients in the future.

\n

In July, SHFE and its subsidiary Shanghai International Energy Exchange, or INE, were officially approved for inclusion on Malaysia's list of Specified Exchanges. Malaysian investors are now able to trade futures products in the Chinese market more conveniently through their local brokerages.

\n

Malaysia marks the first overseas jurisdiction where SHFE has completed regulatory registration. It is the third overseas jurisdiction — after Hong Kong and Singapore — where INE has successfully obtained such registration.

\n

The launch of yuan-denominated crude oil futures on the SHFE in 2018 served as a major milestone in the internationalization steps of the exchange.

\n

Currently, a total of six products are directly accessible to international investors, including copper futures, low-sulfur fuel oil futures and container freight index (Europe service) futures. A total of 28 futures and options are open to QFIs.

\n

In May, Shanghai natural rubber futures were officially listed on the Osaka Exchange, a Japan Exchange Group company. The contract references the settlement price of the natural rubber futures listed on the SHFE.

\n

According to Yokoyama Ryusuke, president and CEO of OSE, this has expanded the hedging channels for industrial clients in Japan as well as investors across the globe.

\n

Before the opening-up of the Chinese futures market, China's international trade was largely determined by nonnegotiable prices and long-term orders, said Chen Canzhong, deputy general manager of Zhejiang province-based Wankai New Materials Co Ltd.

\n

Due to this, prices were nontransparent and imprecise.

\n

It was difficult for companies to avoid risks in the price fluctuations of raw materials. Sometimes, companies missed the right opportunities due to information lag. When it came to the delivery of goods, there were problems of delayed logistics or a trust crisis, he said.

\n

But as China advances the internationalization of the futures market, these problems are being addressed in an orderly manner. Companies can secure their profits in advance by setting up their own cost and profit management systems built on futures prices, which are more transparent now. More importantly, companies are more confident when they negotiate prices with their business partners, he said.

\n

Tiger Shi, cofounder and CEO of BANDS Financial, said China's futures market has become appealing to international investors as the country is the world's largest manufacturer.

\n

Shanghai has set its sights high.

\n

In a three-year action plan released in April to promote the city's commodity trade between 2025 and 2027, the Shanghai municipal government said that the city's commodity trade should exceed 10 trillion yuan in 2027. The trading of commodities based on pricing offered at the Shanghai exchanges should play a bigger role by then.

\n

This has echoed a guideline on the high-quality development of the Chinese futures market, which was released by the State Council, China's Cabinet, in 2024.

\n

According to the circular, China's major futures products should attract high participation from global investors by 2035. The country's influence in commodity pricing and market competitiveness should be significantly improved by that time, it said.

\n

", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-09/23/content_015_68d1bbeced50ccabe1519ff6.htm#015BUSINESS", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Tue, 23 Sep 2025 00:21:05 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "5c49e7cc0db43473bfc8e95c4023c8ff", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "017LIFE - Chinese choirs sing to celebrate diplomatic ties with Switzerland", "description": "

Two Chinese choirs sing songs of peace and harmony to mark the International Day of Peace in Morges, Switzerland, on Wednesday.

\n

MORGES, Switzerland — The Chinese folk classic Jasmine Flower echoed through Morges Temple on the shores of Lake Geneva on Wednesday as The Voices of Peace concert celebrated the 75th anniversary of diplomatic ties between China and Switzerland.

\n

Drawing audiences from Switzerland, France, Germany, and Italy, the Beijing Qingzhou Choir and the Lidong Choir performed together, presenting the ode, Jian Jia, from China's ancient Shijing (The Book of Songs), as well as In the Depths of the Temple, a well-known duet from Georges Bizet's opera The Pearl Fishers.

\n

Tibor Savoldelli, a Swiss audience member, tells Xinhua that the concert was an excellent opportunity for cultural exchanges between China and Switzerland, and adds that the beautiful venue symbolized peace and promoted mutual understanding and cooperation between the two countries.

\n

Swiss citizen Feriz Imeri says the concert not only showed the Swiss but also the world that China values peace and understanding.

\n

Zhao Yuan, artistic director of the concert, says The Voice of Peace concert once again proved that music is humanity's common language.

\n

"It may bring warmth and lasting power to unite humanity and build lasting peace," Zhao says.

\n

The concert was part of the first Europe-China Youth Peace Forum, which convened on Sept 15 and brought together young people from around the world to discuss global peace. The forum adopted the theme "Past Lessons, Future Peace" and was held ahead of the International Day of Peace, which was celebrated on Sunday.

\n

", @@ -4894,28 +4454,6 @@ "hash": "4442fea6e301f2904695ed46a06cd17b", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "018CULTURE - Liu Cixin dissects the popularity of his epic work", - "description": "

Left: Liu Cixin answers questions at a group interview. Right: Liu speaks to China Daily reporter Shi Futian.

\n

According to the China Educational Publications Import and Export Corporation, Liu Cixin's Three-Body Problem trilogy has sold over 6 million copies worldwide in 23 languages, making it one of the best-selling contemporary Chinese literary works internationally.

\n

In a speech Liu recently delivered to mark the 10th year of the book's international publication, he modestly attributed its global success to two main aspects.

\n

He dismissed the idea that its global appeal lies in providing a sci-fi perspective on China.

\n

Instead, he says, the novel's success stems from its offering of a panoramic depiction of the arrival of an extraterrestrial civilization in the near future, a theme that resonates globally. Science fiction is a worldwide genre where humanity shares a common identity, dissolving national and ethnic differences. It depicts crises and challenges faced by all and envisions a future that unites humanity in aspiration.

\n

"Therefore, science fiction is the literary genre most capable of transcending cultural and racial boundaries, resonating with people worldwide," he says.

\n

The Three-Body Problem books deal with the theme of human contact with extraterrestrial civilizations, a universal issue for humanity.

\n

He argues that extraterrestrial civilizations pose a real threat, challenging common perceptions. Their potential arrival, whether imminent or distant, is humanity's greatest uncertainty and could profoundly transform our reality and fate.

\n

Contact with extraterrestrial civilizations is one of the most important themes in science fiction. However, for many years, alien science fiction — primarily dominated by US science fiction — has mostly depicted such contact occurring in the distant future and far-off space, while more realistic alien science fiction, like Ted Chiang's Story of Your Life, is often limited to specific scenes and fields.

\n

Sci-fi novels like The Three-Body Problem, which offers a broad portrayal of the arrival of an extraterrestrial civilization in the near future, have been relatively rare in recent years, and it is understandable that they have sparked widespread interest among readers, he says.

\n

Liu attributes the second reason for its global success to the rapid advancement of Chinese society.

\n

"For a science fiction novel to have a significant impact, it needs not only compelling content but also to originate from rapidly developing, advanced countries, which is quite different from realist literature," he says.

\n

Science fiction emerged in the early 19th century in the then-dominant United Kingdom. When the UK began to decline in the early 20th century, the center of science fiction shifted to the rapidly developing United States, he says.

\n

Today, the influence of The Three-Body Problem novels overseas is closely related to China's modernization process. This great transformation has made China a country full of futuristic appeal, drawing global attention to Chinese science fiction, he says.

\n

"The driving force of the times should be considered the deepest reason for the success of The Three-Body Problem," he concludes.

\n

Beyond the previously mentioned factors, it's also important to note the significant transformation in world science fiction literature since the turn of the century, he says.

\n

Liu observes that science fiction has matured from a young literary genre while also losing some of its youthful vitality.

\n

"The passion for gazing at the stars and exploring new worlds has cooled, with the focus of science fiction gradually shifting from the cosmos to humanity itself, addressing real-world issues such as racial discrimination, gender conflict, environmental issues and the alienation caused by biotechnology," he says.

\n

This marked the end of the golden age of science fiction, a trend mirrored in Chinese science fiction, where it has been termed "science fiction realism".

\n

However, in the US, the best-selling science fiction novels in recent years still follow the golden age model, such as Andy Weir's The Martian and Project Hail Mary, and James SA Corey's The Expanse series.

\n

This indicates that the principles of the golden age of science fiction still possess strong vitality and appeal, Liu says.

\n

"The Three-Body Problem trilogy, created under these principles, evokes nostalgia among science fiction readers while also presenting new worlds of imagination, which I believe is an important reason for its impact on overseas readers," he says.

\n

", - "content": "

Left: Liu Cixin answers questions at a group interview. Right: Liu speaks to China Daily reporter Shi Futian.

\n

According to the China Educational Publications Import and Export Corporation, Liu Cixin's Three-Body Problem trilogy has sold over 6 million copies worldwide in 23 languages, making it one of the best-selling contemporary Chinese literary works internationally.

\n

In a speech Liu recently delivered to mark the 10th year of the book's international publication, he modestly attributed its global success to two main aspects.

\n

He dismissed the idea that its global appeal lies in providing a sci-fi perspective on China.

\n

Instead, he says, the novel's success stems from its offering of a panoramic depiction of the arrival of an extraterrestrial civilization in the near future, a theme that resonates globally. Science fiction is a worldwide genre where humanity shares a common identity, dissolving national and ethnic differences. It depicts crises and challenges faced by all and envisions a future that unites humanity in aspiration.

\n

"Therefore, science fiction is the literary genre most capable of transcending cultural and racial boundaries, resonating with people worldwide," he says.

\n

The Three-Body Problem books deal with the theme of human contact with extraterrestrial civilizations, a universal issue for humanity.

\n

He argues that extraterrestrial civilizations pose a real threat, challenging common perceptions. Their potential arrival, whether imminent or distant, is humanity's greatest uncertainty and could profoundly transform our reality and fate.

\n

Contact with extraterrestrial civilizations is one of the most important themes in science fiction. However, for many years, alien science fiction — primarily dominated by US science fiction — has mostly depicted such contact occurring in the distant future and far-off space, while more realistic alien science fiction, like Ted Chiang's Story of Your Life, is often limited to specific scenes and fields.

\n

Sci-fi novels like The Three-Body Problem, which offers a broad portrayal of the arrival of an extraterrestrial civilization in the near future, have been relatively rare in recent years, and it is understandable that they have sparked widespread interest among readers, he says.

\n

Liu attributes the second reason for its global success to the rapid advancement of Chinese society.

\n

"For a science fiction novel to have a significant impact, it needs not only compelling content but also to originate from rapidly developing, advanced countries, which is quite different from realist literature," he says.

\n

Science fiction emerged in the early 19th century in the then-dominant United Kingdom. When the UK began to decline in the early 20th century, the center of science fiction shifted to the rapidly developing United States, he says.

\n

Today, the influence of The Three-Body Problem novels overseas is closely related to China's modernization process. This great transformation has made China a country full of futuristic appeal, drawing global attention to Chinese science fiction, he says.

\n

"The driving force of the times should be considered the deepest reason for the success of The Three-Body Problem," he concludes.

\n

Beyond the previously mentioned factors, it's also important to note the significant transformation in world science fiction literature since the turn of the century, he says.

\n

Liu observes that science fiction has matured from a young literary genre while also losing some of its youthful vitality.

\n

"The passion for gazing at the stars and exploring new worlds has cooled, with the focus of science fiction gradually shifting from the cosmos to humanity itself, addressing real-world issues such as racial discrimination, gender conflict, environmental issues and the alienation caused by biotechnology," he says.

\n

This marked the end of the golden age of science fiction, a trend mirrored in Chinese science fiction, where it has been termed "science fiction realism".

\n

However, in the US, the best-selling science fiction novels in recent years still follow the golden age model, such as Andy Weir's The Martian and Project Hail Mary, and James SA Corey's The Expanse series.

\n

This indicates that the principles of the golden age of science fiction still possess strong vitality and appeal, Liu says.

\n

"The Three-Body Problem trilogy, created under these principles, evokes nostalgia among science fiction readers while also presenting new worlds of imagination, which I believe is an important reason for its impact on overseas readers," he says.

\n

", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-09/23/content_018_68d1bc07ed50ccabe1519ffc.htm#018CULTURE", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Tue, 23 Sep 2025 00:21:05 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "bca1d5d65227aa3ec6da77a8b86511ea", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "019SPORTS - US dominates relays on big closing day in Tokyo", "description": "

Jamaica's Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce and her teammates celebrate with fans after taking silver in the women's 4x100m relay final at the World Athletics Championships on Sunday.

\n

TOKYO — Sha'Carri Richardson saved the day in her relay.

\n

Noah Lyles and Sydney McLaughlin-Levrone put exclamation points on theirs.

\n

The best in the United States splashed through the rainy relays in Tokyo on Sunday to capture three gold medals and close out the world championships on a night when track also bid a hug-filled farewell to Jamaica's sprint legend, Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce.

\n

"I felt like I ran with my heart because of the ladies I'm standing with," Richardson said, as she celebrated her first gold medal of a championships that was far from perfect. "I feel really good. It came back. I'm ready to start all over again."

\n

It has been a tough, injury-tainted year for Richardson, who finished fifth in the women's 100 meters on Sept 14. Even so, the US put her on the anchor leg for the 4x100m relay — the same place she's been for gold-medal performances for the last two years — and she didn't disappoint.

\n

But, unlike last year at the Olympics, when she gave the side-eye to the opponents she passed, then stomped her foot for emphasis at the finish line, she had to run hard all the way through in this one.

\n

Richardson was actually trailing by .01 second when she received the baton from Kayla White. It took a few steps for her to build a lead of her own, and she held off Jonielle Smith down the stretch and leaned in for the win in 41.75 seconds.

\n

It was a margin of .04 seconds, and the difference might have been a slight hiccup in an exchange between Jamaican twins Tia and Tina Clayton. The US had none of those problems.

\n

A full-circle moment

\n

In a couple of near-perfect, full-circle moments, it was Richardson's comeback that turned Melissa Jefferson-Wooden, who ran the lead leg, into the first three-time sprint winner at worlds — 100m, 200m and relay — since Fraser-Pryce did it in 2013.

\n

It also left the Jamaican they call the "Mommy Rocket" with silver, the same color she won on her debut at the worlds back in 2007 in Osaka, when she was 20 and earned a spot on the foursome that ran the qualifying round.

\n

"No emotions right now," Fraser-Pryce said. "Just grateful to be able to finish this race. It's been such a remarkable moment."

\n

Jefferson-Wooden wasn't alone in seeking out Fraser-Pryce, whose medal was her 17th from world championships to go with eight from the Olympics, mostly to say "thanks".

\n

"She's definitely paved the way for women's short sprints, and it's so inspiring to see someone like her do what she did and be so dominant for so long," Jefferson-Wooden said. "All of us up here are aspiring to do the same things."

\n

Not lost in the celebration was that all four racers on that US women's team — Tee Tee Terry ran the second leg — train together, and that Richardson and Jefferson-Wooden are vying to take Fraser-Pryce's place atop the sprint game in the buildup to the LA Olympics.

\n

A few minutes after the women's relay, and with the rain still falling, Lyles crossed the line first for the men, giving the US its 26th medal and 16th gold of the meet — totals that are more respectable after what, last week, had the makings of a forgettable trip.

\n

The 26 overall medals are the same number the US captured in the same stadium four years ago at the Tokyo Olympics. Only seven were gold that time.

\n

Lyles accounted for two golds and a bronze, and the finale was, frankly, boring — something hardly anybody says about the US men in a 4x100m. Bad exchanges have cost them in seven worlds and six Olympics since 1995.

\n

But this is now a worlds winning streak for the Americans, who won two years ago in Budapest (but did mess up at the Olympics last year) and didn't have to deal with Jamaican 100m gold and silver medalists Oblique Seville and Kishane Thompson because of that team's troubles in qualifying.

\n

"I didn't have to do much. These guys took care of business," Lyles said. "They made sure the handoffs were clean. It's a little anticlimactic, but at the same time, it's a great feeling because, you know, the job has been done."

\n

", @@ -4938,28 +4476,6 @@ "hash": "8e1e60c72f976ea30a594d76901fd6c5", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "020SPORTS - Arsenal snatches late point, but fails to make a statement", - "description": "

Arsenal's Gabriel Martinelli celebrates scoring a last-gasp equalizer against Manchester City with teammates and fans.

\n

LONDON — Arsenal's second big test of its title credentials this season ended inconclusively, with a late Gabriel Martinelli goal sparing it a damaging defeat at home to Manchester City, as it failed to make a telling statement in a 1-1 draw on Sunday.

\n

After losing 1-0 at Premier League champion Liverpool last month — its first defeat in 23 league games against the so-called big six — victory over City felt like a requirement.

\n

Trailing to Erling Haaland's well-taken early goal, Arsenal lacked a real goal threat, with big-money summer signing Viktor Gyokeres again struggling without quality service.

\n

It looked like City, content to sit deep and defend its area, would hold out until Martinelli's deft lob from a precision pass by fellow substitute Eberechi Eze allowed Arsenal to avoid a second league defeat of the season.

\n

"We've obviously gained the respect of the opposition," Arsenal midfielder Declan Rice said.

\n

"We probably haven't dominated a game against Man City as we did today."

\n

Summer signing Eze, and Bukayo Saka, were both introduced at halftime, and, while that underlined the attacking tools Mikel Arteta has at his disposal, it also fueled suggestions that he is yet to find the best way to utilize them.

\n

While Arsenal's record against the big six — Liverpool, City, Chelsea, Manchester United and Tottenham Hotspur — under Arteta looks decent, his side has only won one of its last five against Liverpool in the league and two against City.

\n

Those clashes have generally proved pivotal in recent Premier League title races and the fear for Arsenal fans after Sunday's draw is that the team will rue the defeat at Anfield and these points dropped against a City side still in flux.

\n

On the positive side, Arteta is now the first manager to go five games unbeaten against Pep Guardiola in league games (winning two and drawing three), but once the dust settles, he will feel as though an opportunity to damage City was missed.

\n

"That doesn't make me happy, the thing I wanted today was to win the game," he said.

\n

The Spaniard argued that his side played better than it did when beating City 5-1 at home last season, but second-placed Arsenal is already five points behind clinical defending champion Liverpool.

\n

"We cannot control that. They win every match. It's going to be very difficult, but if we play at this level, like we did against Manchester City, we will be fine," he said.

\n

Such was the impact of Arsenal's substitutes, questions might be raised about Arteta's starting lineup.

\n

"They are all going to play. They will all have an opportunity. We're going to need them at that level. There is no question," Arteta, whose side has finished runner-up three seasons in succession, said.

\n

"I'm so proud of my players, the way we played, the way we dominated almost every aspect of the game. Very disappointed not to win the game."

\n

Arsenal is away at Newcastle United this weekend, before London derbies against West Ham, Fulham and Crystal Palace — and the target will be 12 points if it is to keep on the heels of Arne Slot's relentless Liverpool team.

\n


获取更多RSS：
https://feedx.net
https://feedx.site
", - "content": "

Arsenal's Gabriel Martinelli celebrates scoring a last-gasp equalizer against Manchester City with teammates and fans.

\n

LONDON — Arsenal's second big test of its title credentials this season ended inconclusively, with a late Gabriel Martinelli goal sparing it a damaging defeat at home to Manchester City, as it failed to make a telling statement in a 1-1 draw on Sunday.

\n

After losing 1-0 at Premier League champion Liverpool last month — its first defeat in 23 league games against the so-called big six — victory over City felt like a requirement.

\n

Trailing to Erling Haaland's well-taken early goal, Arsenal lacked a real goal threat, with big-money summer signing Viktor Gyokeres again struggling without quality service.

\n

It looked like City, content to sit deep and defend its area, would hold out until Martinelli's deft lob from a precision pass by fellow substitute Eberechi Eze allowed Arsenal to avoid a second league defeat of the season.

\n

"We've obviously gained the respect of the opposition," Arsenal midfielder Declan Rice said.

\n

"We probably haven't dominated a game against Man City as we did today."

\n

Summer signing Eze, and Bukayo Saka, were both introduced at halftime, and, while that underlined the attacking tools Mikel Arteta has at his disposal, it also fueled suggestions that he is yet to find the best way to utilize them.

\n

While Arsenal's record against the big six — Liverpool, City, Chelsea, Manchester United and Tottenham Hotspur — under Arteta looks decent, his side has only won one of its last five against Liverpool in the league and two against City.

\n

Those clashes have generally proved pivotal in recent Premier League title races and the fear for Arsenal fans after Sunday's draw is that the team will rue the defeat at Anfield and these points dropped against a City side still in flux.

\n

On the positive side, Arteta is now the first manager to go five games unbeaten against Pep Guardiola in league games (winning two and drawing three), but once the dust settles, he will feel as though an opportunity to damage City was missed.

\n

"That doesn't make me happy, the thing I wanted today was to win the game," he said.

\n

The Spaniard argued that his side played better than it did when beating City 5-1 at home last season, but second-placed Arsenal is already five points behind clinical defending champion Liverpool.

\n

"We cannot control that. They win every match. It's going to be very difficult, but if we play at this level, like we did against Manchester City, we will be fine," he said.

\n

Such was the impact of Arsenal's substitutes, questions might be raised about Arteta's starting lineup.

\n

"They are all going to play. They will all have an opportunity. We're going to need them at that level. There is no question," Arteta, whose side has finished runner-up three seasons in succession, said.

\n

"I'm so proud of my players, the way we played, the way we dominated almost every aspect of the game. Very disappointed not to win the game."

\n

Arsenal is away at Newcastle United this weekend, before London derbies against West Ham, Fulham and Crystal Palace — and the target will be 12 points if it is to keep on the heels of Arne Slot's relentless Liverpool team.

\n


获取更多RSS：
https://feedx.net
https://feedx.site
", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-09/23/content_020_68d1bc19ed50ccabe151a000.htm#020SPORTS", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Tue, 23 Sep 2025 00:21:05 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "34e4ac995bc607de52ef8cf957b02564", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "001FRONT - Washington urged to take faithful action", "description": "

Future progress on major China-US agenda items such as bilateral trade and TikTok operations in the United States depends on whether Washington will faithfully follow through on what it has promised during the latest China-US heads-of-state phone conversation, observers said.

\n

They made the remarks after President Xi Jinping and US President Donald Trump held their third phone talks this year on Friday evening. The first call was made in January and the second in June.

\n

Analysts described the talks as constructive, as both leaders highlighted the global implications of the two-way ties between the world's two largest economies.

\n

Xi said the two nations "are fully capable of helping each other succeed and prospering together", and Trump said the two countries working together can get many great things done that are good for world peace and stability.

\n

The two leaders also endorsed the recent consultation between Chinese and US officials on the economy and trade, and expressed hopes for commercial negotiations regarding TikTok operations in the US.

\n

Annual bilateral trade between the two sides exceeded $680 billion last year. China is now the US' second-largest source of imports and third-largest market for its exports, according to the Chinese embassy in the US.

\n

Wu Xinbo, dean of Fudan University's Institute of International Studies, said that Beijing has long urged Washington to stop suppressing China's technology-driven sectors, and the US has its own demands as well.

\n

"The heads-of-state talks — either on the phone or face to face — could help both sides arrive at more agreements and stabilize their economic ties," he said.

\n

"The Friday talks set the tone for the next step in developing the ties: advancing talks on the economy and trade while working together to keep the ties afloat. The expected result is to veer the relationship away from the drastic ups and downs that took place earlier this year," he said.

\n

Su Xiaohui, deputy director of the Department of American Studies at the China Institute of International Studies, said the latest conversation was "pragmatic and constructive", and Beijing's position on the TikTok case "reflects China's lasting efforts to secure its rightful interests and growth in the long term".

\n

"Through the talks, China has made clear that it supports Chinese companies' adding investment in the US, which the US side has aimed for, while Washington should shape an inviting climate for investors, make the play fair, and achieve a win-win situation, rather than forcing a deal or blackmailing," she said.

\n

Over the past two weeks, the world has seen several high-level dialogues take place between China and the US in various areas, such as the latest round of China-US economic and trade talks in Madrid, Spain, a phone talk between Foreign Minister Wang Yi and US Secretary of State Marco Rubio, and a video call between Minister of National Defense Dong Jun and US Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth.

\n

On Sunday, Premier Li Qiang met a visiting delegation of US lawmakers, led by Representative Adam Smith, a Democrat from the US state of Washington, in Beijing. Li said China is willing to work with the US to address each other's concerns through communication in the spirit of equality, respect and mutual benefit.

\n

Li said that China and the US should be partners for joint development, treat each other sincerely, empower each other and achieve mutual success, adding that Washington should meet Beijing halfway and jointly advance the ties on the right track.

\n

Li also said the phone conversations between Xi and Trump this year reinforced bilateral dialogue and cooperation and provided strategic guidance for the China-US ties' development in the next phase.

\n

Sourabh Gupta, a senior fellow at the Institute for China-America Studies, said the phone call on Friday "represents a further easing of the strain in bilateral ties" caused by Washington's imposition of unilateral tariffs during the first four months of this year.

\n

"China has conveyed its receptivity to a large market purchase package. … America needs to come to the table with its quid pro quo," he said.

\n

Diao Daming, a professor of US studies at Renmin University of China's School of International Relations, said the conversation on Friday "confirms the validity of China-US joint efforts in stabilizing their ties through communication, and projects good faith in managing and controlling factors that may destabilize the ties".

\n

On Friday, Xi told Trump that the Chinese people "will never forget the valuable support provided by the United States and other anti-fascist allies "during World War II, and Trump said that China's recent Victory Day parade was phenomenal and beautiful.

\n

Li Haidong, a professor of US studies at China Foreign Affairs University, said, "Xi conveyed China's willingness to cherish peace and usher in the future, emphasized to the US side the importance of shaping a proper view of history, and reminded both countries of their responsibilities as major countries."

\n

Contact the writers at zhangyunbi@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", @@ -4982,28 +4498,6 @@ "hash": "a0d930b2e136ee0d7f58dd0958fff979", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "001FRONT - Xinjiang to build new expressway", - "description": "

China broke ground on Saturday for a new expressway that traverses the Tianshan Mountains in Northwest China's Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, with the aim of opening a new artery that allows year-round, all-weather travel in the area.

\n

The 394-kilometer Duku Expressway, scheduled for completion in 2032, will be built with a total investment of 76 billion yuan ($10.68 billion), making it the largest single highway project in Xinjiang.

\n

It will extend from Dushanzi in northern Xinjiang to Kuqa in the south. With a design speed of 100 to 120 kilometers per hour, it will cut travel time between the region's north and south from more than 10 hours at present to five hours and connect well-known attractions such as the Narat grasslands and Bayanbulak Swan Lake.

\n

The existing Duku Highway, built in 1983 and stretching 561 kilometers, is widely deemed as one of China's most beautiful roads, winding through landscapes such as glaciers, forests, grasslands and gorges. However, it is only operational for four months a year due to heavy snowfall and road icing. Its limited capacity, shaped by the technical conditions of its time, has long restricted traffic flow.

\n

Wang Xinghua, deputy director of the region's transportation department, said the Duku Expressway is a key project under China's Western Development strategy and a vital infrastructure project of the Belt and Road Initiative.

\n

It will enhance the national highway network and establish a crucial economic corridor between northern and southern Xinjiang, fostering economic exchanges, tourism development and regional coordination, Wang said.

\n

Lu Xinhu, deputy manager of Xinjiang Transportation Investment Group, said the expressway will greatly improve connectivity in the region. The expressway's fast transit, alongside the existing leisurely and scenic travel on the Duku Highway, will create a new tourism model and serve as a new engine for regional growth, he added.

\n

The construction of the expressway faces several challenges due to high altitude, complex geological conditions and harsh climate. Lu said the construction will rely on advanced tunneling techniques and cold-resistant materials.

\n

Environmental protection has also been integral to the project's planning. A straight route would have meant the expressway cutting through the Bayanbulak Grassland, China's largest subalpine meadow.

\n

It is home to the Bayanbulak National Nature Reserve and the Kaidu River's National Aquatic Germplasm Resources Reserve, both vital habitats for terrestrial and aquatic species.

\n

"Taking a straight route would have meant the shortest distance and lowest cost," said Yang Song, deputy head of the First Highway Design Institute at Xinjiang Transportation Planning, Survey and Design Institute, who participated in the survey and design work. "But building a road inside the reserve, even with bridges, would still damage the local ecosystem," he added.

\n

So the expressway was designed to bypass the core and experimental zones of the reserves, which meant a diversion of 15 kilometers, Yang said.

\n

Local residents have welcomed the building of the Duku Expressway, noting that it will make travel possible in all seasons, especially during harsh winter months, across the Tianshan Mountains. Some travelers praised the complementary value of both routes — the new expressway for efficient transit and the current highway for leisurely scenic journeys.

\n

Bayankexike, a herder from Narat township, told Xinhua News Agency the expressway is something that had been much awaited. "In the past, winter snow would cut us off. It was hard to get medical treatment or buy supplies. The expressway will make life much easier."

\n

This year marks the 70th anniversary of the establishment of the Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region.

\n

According to "CPC Guidelines for Governing Xinjiang in the New Era: Practice and Achievements", a white paper released on Friday by the State Council Information Office, the region has seen accelerated development of culture and tourism industry. Spurred by a growing interest in road trips and special interest tours, routes like the Duku Highway have emerged as popular destinations.

\n

The white paper also noted the region's enhanced infrastructure development. Xinjiang's transportation network has largely improved, with all prefectures and over 90 percent of administrative areas at county level connected by highways, totaling 230,000 kilometers as of 2024. Meanwhile, the region's railway network reached 9,202 kilometers as of 2024, nearly double the 2012 figure.

\n

guoyanqi@chinadaily.com.cn

\n


获取更多RSS：
https://feedx.net
https://feedx.site
", - "content": "

China broke ground on Saturday for a new expressway that traverses the Tianshan Mountains in Northwest China's Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, with the aim of opening a new artery that allows year-round, all-weather travel in the area.

\n

The 394-kilometer Duku Expressway, scheduled for completion in 2032, will be built with a total investment of 76 billion yuan ($10.68 billion), making it the largest single highway project in Xinjiang.

\n

It will extend from Dushanzi in northern Xinjiang to Kuqa in the south. With a design speed of 100 to 120 kilometers per hour, it will cut travel time between the region's north and south from more than 10 hours at present to five hours and connect well-known attractions such as the Narat grasslands and Bayanbulak Swan Lake.

\n

The existing Duku Highway, built in 1983 and stretching 561 kilometers, is widely deemed as one of China's most beautiful roads, winding through landscapes such as glaciers, forests, grasslands and gorges. However, it is only operational for four months a year due to heavy snowfall and road icing. Its limited capacity, shaped by the technical conditions of its time, has long restricted traffic flow.

\n

Wang Xinghua, deputy director of the region's transportation department, said the Duku Expressway is a key project under China's Western Development strategy and a vital infrastructure project of the Belt and Road Initiative.

\n

It will enhance the national highway network and establish a crucial economic corridor between northern and southern Xinjiang, fostering economic exchanges, tourism development and regional coordination, Wang said.

\n

Lu Xinhu, deputy manager of Xinjiang Transportation Investment Group, said the expressway will greatly improve connectivity in the region. The expressway's fast transit, alongside the existing leisurely and scenic travel on the Duku Highway, will create a new tourism model and serve as a new engine for regional growth, he added.

\n

The construction of the expressway faces several challenges due to high altitude, complex geological conditions and harsh climate. Lu said the construction will rely on advanced tunneling techniques and cold-resistant materials.

\n

Environmental protection has also been integral to the project's planning. A straight route would have meant the expressway cutting through the Bayanbulak Grassland, China's largest subalpine meadow.

\n

It is home to the Bayanbulak National Nature Reserve and the Kaidu River's National Aquatic Germplasm Resources Reserve, both vital habitats for terrestrial and aquatic species.

\n

"Taking a straight route would have meant the shortest distance and lowest cost," said Yang Song, deputy head of the First Highway Design Institute at Xinjiang Transportation Planning, Survey and Design Institute, who participated in the survey and design work. "But building a road inside the reserve, even with bridges, would still damage the local ecosystem," he added.

\n

So the expressway was designed to bypass the core and experimental zones of the reserves, which meant a diversion of 15 kilometers, Yang said.

\n

Local residents have welcomed the building of the Duku Expressway, noting that it will make travel possible in all seasons, especially during harsh winter months, across the Tianshan Mountains. Some travelers praised the complementary value of both routes — the new expressway for efficient transit and the current highway for leisurely scenic journeys.

\n

Bayankexike, a herder from Narat township, told Xinhua News Agency the expressway is something that had been much awaited. "In the past, winter snow would cut us off. It was hard to get medical treatment or buy supplies. The expressway will make life much easier."

\n

This year marks the 70th anniversary of the establishment of the Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region.

\n

According to "CPC Guidelines for Governing Xinjiang in the New Era: Practice and Achievements", a white paper released on Friday by the State Council Information Office, the region has seen accelerated development of culture and tourism industry. Spurred by a growing interest in road trips and special interest tours, routes like the Duku Highway have emerged as popular destinations.

\n

The white paper also noted the region's enhanced infrastructure development. Xinjiang's transportation network has largely improved, with all prefectures and over 90 percent of administrative areas at county level connected by highways, totaling 230,000 kilometers as of 2024. Meanwhile, the region's railway network reached 9,202 kilometers as of 2024, nearly double the 2012 figure.

\n

guoyanqi@chinadaily.com.cn

\n


获取更多RSS：
https://feedx.net
https://feedx.site
", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-09/22/content_001_68d06df3ed50ccabe1519ec9.htm#001FRONT", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Mon, 22 Sep 2025 00:21:05 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "6d865e011002a21a425b7e1411e58335", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "001FRONT - MIDDLE EAST RISES IN POPULARITY AS OVERSEAS STUDY DESTINATION", "description": "

Left: Students attend Curtin University Dubai's orientation day this year. Right: Students from the university who participated in the 2024 MakeX Robotics Competition display their certificates and medals.

\n

The atrium of Sorbonne University Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates is designed to enhance interaction and exchanges between faculty members and students at the university.

\n

Tang Jiaxin (right), who studied at Heriot-Watt University Dubai, is working for a Chinese company in Sharjah, UAE.

\n

Wu Yuqing (right), a student at King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, poses with her roommate from Turkiye.

\n

Luo Hao (left), who is studying at the University of Sharjah, poses with his friends at a party in Sharjah.

\n

Under the searing sun, 19-year-old Wu Yuqing dragged her suitcase across the sprawling campus of King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals in Saudi Arabia — her new home for the next four years.

\n

Just a day earlier, she had been in her hometown of Shuozhou, Shanxi province. Nearly 24 hours later, after taking a train to Beijing and a plane to Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates, and then making a final hop to Dammam in eastern Saudi Arabia, she started her overseas study experience at the university.

\n

Wu is among a small but growing group of Chinese students now turning away from the well-trodden paths to North America, Europe and Australia, and toward the Middle East — a region once seen as distant, but now increasingly tied to China through trade, infrastructure and education.

\n

When she stepped off the plane in mid-August, the heavy, humid air from the nearby coast engulfed her.

\n

"The university is huge, a bit like a large community," Wu said after her first walk around the campus. "There are kindergartens, primary, middle and high schools here, separate shopping centers for men and women and a medical center — even getting around requires the school bus, because walking would take too long."

\n

Her mother, who accompanied her for registration, felt reassured after seeing the double dormitory room of about 40 square meters that Wu will share with a roommate from Turkiye.

\n

"My city is very small, and hardly anyone around me goes abroad, so I had never thought about studying overseas for my undergraduate degree," Wu said. "I knew very little about it."

\n

Generous scholarships, promising job prospects in energy and technology, and a surge in economic links have made universities from Saudi Arabia to the UAE attractive for ambitious young Chinese like her.

\n

Wu previously attended Shuocheng No 1 High School in Shanxi. Exhausted by the demands of high school, she decided to forgo the gaokao college entrance exam and pursue a university education abroad.

\n

"I was feeling really tired from high school. And when I learned about the option to study in the Middle East, it felt like a fresh start," she recalled.

\n

She received offers from several institutions, including Sorbonne University Abu Dhabi and the University of Sharjah, but chose King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, ranked 67th globally in the QS World University Rankings 2026. Awarded a full scholarship covering tuition, flights, accommodation and living expenses, she became the first Chinese undergraduate admitted to the university.

\n

Wu enrolled in the newly established data science and engineering program and plans to work locally after graduation. "The full scholarship also eased some of the financial pressure on my parents," she said.

\n

Chinese influx

\n

While still a relatively niche choice, the Middle East is attracting more Chinese students each year.

\n

Since 2018, Zhou Xiao, CEO of Middle-East International Education, has helped hundreds of students plan and apply for full or high-value scholarships to universities across the UAE, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and other Middle Eastern countries.

\n

Zhou's agency has offices in Changsha, Hunan province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang province, and Guangzhou, Guangdong province, though most students historically came from Changsha. "But since last year, I've noticed more students coming from Jiangsu (province), Zhejiang, Shanghai and Guangdong who are interested in studying in the Middle East," he said.

\n

While more agencies were competing fiercely for universities in Europe and the United States, Zhou said he believes that the international education sector could serve ordinary families.

\n

"I wanted a path that combined studying abroad with employment," he said. "Also, amid changing international relations, our exchanges with the Middle East were increasing."

\n

The pandemic initially disrupted his Middle East programs, but demand surged by 2024.

\n

"Previously, some students chose the Middle East as a more affordable alternative to Europe and the US, or their parents were doing business in Dubai. But by 2024, more parents from international schools or first-tier cities began considering the return on investment of studying abroad," he said.

\n

"Many run their own businesses or are increasingly exposed to the UAE and Saudi Arabia, so the student group changed significantly," he added.

\n

Undergraduates are attracted by high-value scholarships, the region's economic environment, safety and living conditions, while employment opportunities and income are also major draws, he said.

\n

Zhou has visited numerous Middle Eastern universities, including local institutions and branch campuses of Western institutions.

\n

"Schools are very welcoming to Chinese students. Chinese is a required subject in many schools, and there is a strong demand for Chinese teachers. Schools also want student diversity. In specialized fields like AI, low-altitude aviation and new energy, there is an urgent demand for Chinese research talent," he said.

\n

Popular fields include logistics, business, AI and law, with top university choices including New York University Abu Dhabi, Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence in the UAE, the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology in Saudi Arabia and KFUPM. Some Western branch campuses actively recruit in China and have even hired Chinese admissions officers.

\n

"The growing demand is closely linked to China's Belt and Road Initiative," Zhou said.

\n

Besides student numbers, tourism and real estate are also expanding, and the number of Chinese faculty members is increasing. After seven years, only two students placed by Zhou's company have returned to work in China; the rest found local employment.

\n

Around 6,000 Chinese companies operate in the UAE, mostly concentrated in Dubai, according to Dubai Multi Commodities Centre data in 2024.

\n

"Employment conditions have improved. Companies are more standardized, (they) consider long-term development, and highly educated people have better prospects and higher starting salaries," Zhou said.

\n

Adapting, flexibility

\n

After the summer break, Luo Hao, 22, returned to the University of Sharjah in the UAE, where he studies international relations.

\n

Luo learned about studying in the Middle East through an international program at Changsha Railway No 1 High School, which prepares students with the IELTS English program, basic Arabic and general courses.

\n

"This program suits students who might not excel in the gaokao. My arts subjects were fine, but my science subjects were weak, so I chose this program," he said.

\n

In 2022, Luo enrolled at the university after receiving a 50 percent tuition scholarship.

\n

"At first, it was hard to manage everything alone — paying fees, registering for courses and getting an ID and a SIM card," he recalled. "The courses are all in English, so it was challenging, but I adapted."

\n

Luo praised the university's teaching style. "Courses encourage participation and expressing opinions, not just grades. Instructors come from all over the world and often share their experiences," he said.

\n

Adapting to the UAE's heat was another challenge.

\n

"I had never left my hometown before. Going abroad lets you truly experience the world," he said.

\n

Over time, he adjusted to the study and living conditions, and his parents became reassured by seeing him thrive.

\n

Luo mostly cooks for himself, with Chinese supermarkets nearby offering affordable food items. With one year left in his studies, he hopes to work locally for two years. "Graduates I know earn around 16,000 yuan ($2,250) per month in administrative jobs. The job market is decent," he said.

\n

He has noticed more Chinese students arriving each year. His major is niche, with only two to three Chinese students, while popular fields like business and engineering attract more students. "About 30 exchange students from China come every year," he said.

\n

Campus life is vibrant, with Chinese students sharing their culture through clubs and activities like calligraphy and riddle games. "Students here are very interested in Chinese culture, and our booths always draw crowds," Luo said.

\n

More choices

\n

Universities in the Middle East are increasingly opening their doors to Chinese students.

\n

In 2024, Dubai was home to 34,000 university students, with 33 percent from outside the UAE, according to the city's Knowledge and Human Development Authority. Among them were 741 Chinese students, with 29 percent of those pursuing undergraduate degrees and 71 percent studying for master's degrees.

\n

In 2017, Curtin University, an Australian tertiary institution with three campuses in Western Australia and five campuses globally, launched its Dubai campus, which is located in the Dubai International Academic City.

\n

Over the past 15 years, Professor Ammar Kaka, pro vice-chancellor and president of Curtin University Dubai, has witnessed significant growth in the number of international students.

\n

"We do have a small number of students from China who come to study with us, but the majority are professionals already working in the UAE," Kaka said.

\n

"China is definitely a market we are keen to grow further, especially given Curtin University's strong connections with Chinese students across our campuses in Australia, Singapore and Malaysia. We already have extensive partnerships with universities in China, including joint programs and pathways that allow students to earn dual degrees," he added.

\n

Kaka has visited China several times and delivered keynote speeches at events organized by the Chinese Service Center for Scholarly Exchange. He said he believes China's growing economic ties with Gulf Cooperation Council countries, particularly the UAE, make the region an attractive destination for Chinese students.

\n

"We are also seeing growth in the Chinese expatriate community here. To give one example, Dubai even has a mall dedicated mainly to Chinese goods, highlighting the depth of cooperation and trade between the two countries," he said.

\n

For Chinese students studying in Dubai, Kaka sees multiple benefits.

\n

"They gain exposure not only to the culture, but also to the business landscape, and many take advantage of opportunities for internships during their studies," he said. "At the same time, they can immerse themselves in Arabic culture. So, if they return to China after graduation, they bring back knowledge and experience that is highly attractive to Chinese companies looking to expand into the Middle East."

\n

Employment opportunities

\n

At 23, Tang Jiaxin is already navigating professional life in the UAE, working in administration for a Chinese construction company in Sharjah. She recently completed her university studies in Dubai and is awaiting her graduation certificate later this year.

\n

Tang's journey to the Middle East began in 2020, when she enrolled at Heriot-Watt University Dubai. She initially chose business, but soon realized it wasn't her passion and switched to design.

\n

"Compared with China, there's much more self-directed learning here. You have to manage your studies and life yourself," she said. "The workload is heavy. Many courses don't have final exams; instead, we submit projects or design plans, do modeling and produce drawings. Sometimes it's quite stressful."

\n

Despite the challenges, Tang embraced student life in Dubai. She explored surrounding cities and attractions with friends and worked part-time to supplement her living expenses.

\n

"Sometimes we eat out, sometimes we order food deliveries. There are two Chinese-run food apps here with all Chinese cuisine — it's similar to home, just slightly more expensive and occasionally slower to deliver," she said.

\n

Tang has noticed a growing presence of Chinese in Dubai over the past two years, not only students but also businesspeople and tourists. Adjusting to cultural differences has been part of the experience.

\n

"Pork is hard to find here. Class schedules and practical coursework are often adjusted according to local holidays," she said.

\n

Some aspects of daily life have pleasantly surprised her. "The metro and buses have women-only carriages, which makes commuting during peak hours comfortable and less awkward," she said.

\n

Tang sees strong employment opportunities for graduates in the Middle East. Her English proficiency, combined with her Chinese language skills, has made it relatively easy to find work in local Chinese companies. "Knowing Arabic would make job hunting even easier," she added.

\n

For Tang, studying in Dubai has been more than just an academic journey — it's been a chance to experience a new culture, gain international work experience and prepare for a future that bridges China and the Middle East.

\n

liyingxue@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", @@ -5026,28 +4520,6 @@ "hash": "4cff044026874f67a2f4609a5c9eef75", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "004CHINA - University revokes demerit given to student accused of sexual harassment", - "description": "

In a case that has garnered massive attention on social media, Wuhan University has revoked the demerit punishment previously given to a male student, surnamed Xiao, who had been accused of sexual harassment by a female student in 2023, according to a statement released on Saturday.

\n

The revocation by the university in Hubei's provincial capital follows two court rulings made against the female student, surnamed Yang, this year.

\n

In July 2023, Yang accused Xiao of masturbating in public at the university library. On Oct 11, she published details of the incident on her WeChat account, which drew widespread attention. Two days later, the university announced in a statement that it had given a demerit to Xiao.

\n

Xiao's mother said he has atopic dermatitis, a chronic skin condition that causes inflammation, and that he was simply scratching an itch when Yang saw him at the library.

\n

Nevertheless, Yang filed a lawsuit against Xiao in June 2024, seeking a public apology from him and compensation of 5,000 yuan ($702).

\n

On July 25 this year, the People's Court of Wuhan Economic and Technological Development Zone dismissed all claims brought by Yang against Xiao, saying his actions could not be determined as masturbating and it was highly likely that he was merely scratching himself.

\n

A few days later on Aug 1, Wuhan University announced that it would reconsider the demerit it had handed down to Xiao.

\n

Yang appealed the decision to the Wuhan Intermediate People's Court, which announced on Saturday that it had upheld the lower court's ruling. Wuhan University said it respects the intermediate court's ruling and has officially removed the demerit from Xiao's disciplinary record.

\n

The case has been a hot topic on social media. Yang's accusations and subsequent loss in the original court led netizens to look into her academic records. Some discovered problems with her thesis — which had been accepted by the university and resulted in her being granted her master's degree — and discussed them online.

\n

Public concerns sparked by the netizens' findings prompted the university to establish a panel to reinvestigate Yang's thesis in August. After a blind review, the university upheld the decision to grant her degree, citing academic regulations and relevant rules.

\n

While the experts' review identified more than 100 nonstandard issues in Yang's thesis, mainly in expression, citation and format, as well as inaccurate translation and analysis, no academic misconduct on Yang's part was uncovered.

\n

Meanwhile, several Wuhan University staff members from the student affairs office, the School of Foreign Languages and Literature and the Economics and Management School faced disciplinary punishments for failing to perform their duties in the case.

\n

The statement further dismissed rumors about Yang's thesis being rated "excellent" in 2024, as well as false claims that her uncle is an academician or that nepotism influenced her interviews. Online rumors that Wuhan University gave Yang permission to revise her thesis turned out to be requests for her to provide raw data and code for review.

\n

Other online claims — including that Xiao's "paternal grandfather passed away" and his "maternal grandfather fell into a vegetative state" due to cyberbullying — were also denied. The university also said Xiao's studies were not interrupted by online harassment.

\n

wangsongsong@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", - "content": "

In a case that has garnered massive attention on social media, Wuhan University has revoked the demerit punishment previously given to a male student, surnamed Xiao, who had been accused of sexual harassment by a female student in 2023, according to a statement released on Saturday.

\n

The revocation by the university in Hubei's provincial capital follows two court rulings made against the female student, surnamed Yang, this year.

\n

In July 2023, Yang accused Xiao of masturbating in public at the university library. On Oct 11, she published details of the incident on her WeChat account, which drew widespread attention. Two days later, the university announced in a statement that it had given a demerit to Xiao.

\n

Xiao's mother said he has atopic dermatitis, a chronic skin condition that causes inflammation, and that he was simply scratching an itch when Yang saw him at the library.

\n

Nevertheless, Yang filed a lawsuit against Xiao in June 2024, seeking a public apology from him and compensation of 5,000 yuan ($702).

\n

On July 25 this year, the People's Court of Wuhan Economic and Technological Development Zone dismissed all claims brought by Yang against Xiao, saying his actions could not be determined as masturbating and it was highly likely that he was merely scratching himself.

\n

A few days later on Aug 1, Wuhan University announced that it would reconsider the demerit it had handed down to Xiao.

\n

Yang appealed the decision to the Wuhan Intermediate People's Court, which announced on Saturday that it had upheld the lower court's ruling. Wuhan University said it respects the intermediate court's ruling and has officially removed the demerit from Xiao's disciplinary record.

\n

The case has been a hot topic on social media. Yang's accusations and subsequent loss in the original court led netizens to look into her academic records. Some discovered problems with her thesis — which had been accepted by the university and resulted in her being granted her master's degree — and discussed them online.

\n

Public concerns sparked by the netizens' findings prompted the university to establish a panel to reinvestigate Yang's thesis in August. After a blind review, the university upheld the decision to grant her degree, citing academic regulations and relevant rules.

\n

While the experts' review identified more than 100 nonstandard issues in Yang's thesis, mainly in expression, citation and format, as well as inaccurate translation and analysis, no academic misconduct on Yang's part was uncovered.

\n

Meanwhile, several Wuhan University staff members from the student affairs office, the School of Foreign Languages and Literature and the Economics and Management School faced disciplinary punishments for failing to perform their duties in the case.

\n

The statement further dismissed rumors about Yang's thesis being rated "excellent" in 2024, as well as false claims that her uncle is an academician or that nepotism influenced her interviews. Online rumors that Wuhan University gave Yang permission to revise her thesis turned out to be requests for her to provide raw data and code for review.

\n

Other online claims — including that Xiao's "paternal grandfather passed away" and his "maternal grandfather fell into a vegetative state" due to cyberbullying — were also denied. The university also said Xiao's studies were not interrupted by online harassment.

\n

wangsongsong@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-09/22/content_004_68d06e17ed50ccabe1519ed4.htm#004CHINA", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Mon, 22 Sep 2025 00:21:05 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "470a0a71c0050c4c0edb32e7b34d3fa2", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "004CHINA - Officials say BRI key to global ties, growth", "description": "
\n

Founded on the principles of extensive consultation, joint contribution and shared benefits, the Belt and Road Initiative has become an important platform for advancing regional connectivity and common development, officials from China and abroad said on Thursday in Xi'an, Shaanxi province.

\n

"The Belt and Road Initiative represents a new development path. It is a project of profound significance that connects continents and peoples around the world," said Ada Lopreiato, senator and chairperson of the Friends of China Parliamentary Association of the Inter-Parliamentary Union in the Italian Parliament.

\n

Lopreiato said promoting investment can bring transformative changes, and strengthening connectivity and cooperation can lead to mutual benefits. China is a major trading partner of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, and Italy is also one of China's major trading partners. The two sides have achieved significant increases in trade and other areas.

\n

"Under the current complex global situation, geopolitics is confronted with many challenges, making the upholding of fundamental shared values of paramount importance," she added.

\n

The remarks were made at the China Economic and Social Forum 2025, hosted by the China Economic and Social Council and organized by the Shaanxi Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. The event drew over 80 participants from China and abroad for discussions on deepening exchanges and mutual learning to build a community with a shared future for humanity.

\n

Wu Wei, chairman of the Singapore-China Network Exchange, said the BRI has become "a crucial platform for promoting regional connectivity and common development". As the initiator, China has been continuously exploring ways to infuse new concepts and vitality into cooperation, he said.

\n

Wu highlighted cooperation between the two countries as a prime example, where China's vast market scale and infrastructure construction capabilities complement Singapore's international financial expertise and governance experience.

\n

"More importantly, both China and Singapore have consistently adhered to the principle of win-win cooperation. This collaboration is not a one-way assistance, but rather a mutually beneficial and jointly prosperous endeavor," he said.

\n

Zhao Yide, secretary of the Communist Party of China's Shaanxi Provincial Committee, noted the province's geographical advantages as a key hub connecting China with Central Asia, West Asia and Europe, adding that the province plans to further enhance its level of openness.

\n

"Shaanxi, a key gateway in China's efforts to open up to the outside world since ancient times, has become an important base for the country's westward outreach with the advancement of the Belt and Road Initiative," Zhao said.

\n

He added that the province will seize the favorable opportunity to accelerate both domestic and international opening-up efforts.

\n

Luo Zhaohui, former chairman of the China International Development Cooperation Agency, said the joint construction of the BRI has entered a new stage of high-quality development.

\n

Luo, who is also a member of the CPPCC National Committee, said that the BRI needs to be further aligned with the development initiatives of relevant countries. He proposed connecting the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor with the Pakistan-Iran land route corridor and identifying areas of greatest mutual benefit between Europe's Global Gateway plan and the BRI.

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"We need to better leverage regional cooperation mechanisms," Luo said. "Regional frameworks such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization are crucial priorities for advancing practical economic and trade collaboration, building on political security collaboration."

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Contact the writers at limenghan@chinadaily.com.cn

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", @@ -5070,28 +4542,6 @@ "hash": "8d88606edd9b361a5179245880823d29", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "006DOCUMENT - CPC Guidelines for Governing Xinjiang in the New Era: Practice and Achievements", - "description": "

Contents

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Preface

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I. Governance of Xinjiang by Past Central Authorities: Philosophies and Experience

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II. CPC's Governance of Xinjiang: Progress and Achievements

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III. CPC Guidelines for Governing Xinjiang in the New Era: Opening Up New Dimensions

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IV. Stronger Foundations for Stability, Peace and Security

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V. Uniting the Chinese Nation as One Community

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VI. Further Progress in Democracy and the Rule of Law

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VII. High-Quality Development and High-Standard Opening Up

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VIII. Significant Progress in Cultural Development

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IX. Continuous Improvement in People's Wellbeing

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X. Greater Synergy for Xinjiang's Development

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Conclusion

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Preface

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As the boundary of national governance is defined by where the people reside, the primary concern of a country should always be its border areas.

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Spanning five millennia, our great civilization has seen all the ethnic groups of the Chinese nation open up the motherland's vast territory through untold hardships and unparalleled perseverance and form a unified multiethnic nation. Together, they have written a glorious Chinese history, created a splendid Chinese culture, and fostered our great national spirit.

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Xinjiang, known as the Western Regions in ancient times, has long been an inseparable part of China and an important gateway of the Chinese civilization to the outside world. Throughout history, successive central governments have established administrative institutions for its governance and stationed garrison troops to reclaim wasteland and guard the border areas. Through millennia of exploration and practice, they have accumulated a wealth of experience in this crucial endeavor.

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Since its birth, the Communist Party of China (CPC) has pursued its mission of working for the wellbeing of the Chinese people and rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, including the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang. Throughout the years of revolution, construction and reform, the CPC has drawn from the experience and lessons in governing Xinjiang to continuously renew and develop its governance philosophy for the region. With new missions and tasks, it has responded to today's new imperatives in its work on Xinjiang, achieving major milestones in promoting reform and development, ethnic unity, social progress, people's wellbeing, and border security in the region.

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In the new era, the CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping at its core has considered, planned and arranged the work in relation to Xinjiang from the holistic and strategic perspective of building a strong China and pursuing national rejuvenation. It has continuously deepened its understanding of the dynamics of governing Xinjiang, set the overall goal of social stability and lasting peace and security, and established the Party's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era. In providing leadership for the work related to Xinjiang, it has upheld fundamental principles and broken new ground, and successfully driven its progress despite the complex circumstances, challenges, and risks. Historic achievements and transformative change have been witnessed in all undertakings of Xinjiang.

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I. Governance of Xinjiang by Past Central Authorities: Philosophies and Experience

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Central authorities throughout China's history have consistently upheld great unity in their governance, administering the Xinjiang region as an integral part of the country. They maintained social stability, advanced development, and facilitated ethnic interaction and cultural integration, forging a profound awareness and a firm common conviction that Chinese territory must remain intact, the nation must maintain order, all ethnic groups must remain united, and the civilization must be sustained. Their efforts have contributed to the philosophies and experience for governing the nation's border areas.

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Placing the administration of Xinjiang in the overall context of national governance. Xinjiang is China's sacred territory. In 60 BCE, the Han Dynasty (206 BCE-220 CE) established the Western Regions Frontier Command, pioneering the effective jurisdiction and administration over the Xinjiang region by central authorities.

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During the period (220-589) from the Three Kingdoms to the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Former Liang regime established the Gaochang Prefecture in the Turpan Basin, becoming the first to extend the system of prefectures and counties to the Western Regions.

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The Sui Dynasty (581-618) established three prefectures — Shanshan, Qiemo and Yiwu — further expanding the system in the region.

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The Tang Dynasty (618-907) successively set up the Grand Anxi Frontier Command and the Grand Beiting Frontier Command to administer the vast areas both north and south of the Tianshan Mountains.

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During the period of the Liao, Song, Xixia, and Kin dynasties (907-1234), the Liao regime established Prince of the State Office of Yutian Kingdom, Office of the Grand Prince of Gaochang Kingdom, and Arslan Uighur Office of the Grand Prince, thereby exercising effective administration over the Western Regions.

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The Yuan Dynasty (1206-1368) implemented the system of administrative provinces in the region, before setting up the Beiting Command and the Pacification Commissioner's Office to manage military and political affairs.

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In the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), the imperial court established the Hami Garrison Command to manage local affairs.

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The Qing Dynasty (1616-1911) established the post of Ili General and exercised more systematic administration over the Xinjiang region. In 1884, the Qing court established the region as a province, renaming it Xinjiang, meaning "land newly recovered".

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In 1912, following the Revolution of 1911, Xinjiang became a province of the Republic of China.

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Throughout China's history, depending on their strengths, imperial dynasties in the Central Plains maintained varying levels of relations with the Western Regions, and their administration of the Xinjiang region differed in intensity. Yet, all imperial dynasties regarded the Western Regions as an inalienable part of their territory, and all exercised jurisdiction over it. Safeguarding national unity has always been a sacred mission of China's central authorities.

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Upholding national unity. Since ancient times, the Chinese nation has embraced the ideas of "shared customs and practices and unified governance across the country" and "great harmony under Heaven", considering national unification "a universal tenet between Heaven and Earth, and a constant creed throughout the past and present".

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Through measures including establishing administrative systems, building up military defenses, guiding economic growth, and promoting the code of rites and law, central authorities throughout Chinese history continued to strengthen the concept of great unity. Local regimes in the Western Regions also held a strong sense of being an integral part of China, considering themselves either tributaries or vassals of the imperial dynasty in the Central Plains.

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During the Han Dynasty, King Yan of Shache, in the Western Regions, often told his son that they must serve the Han court from generation to generation and never betray it. During the Tang Dynasty, various tribes in the northwest honored Emperor Taizong of Tang as the "Heavenly Khan". During the Ming and Qing dynasties, local regimes in the Western Regions — such as the Yarkand Khanate — regularly traveled to the imperial capital to pay tribute on a "golden road".

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The enduring tradition of great unity of the Chinese civilization affirms that unification has always been at the core of China's core national interests, and that a strong and unified country is fundamental to the future of all ethnic groups.

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Strengthening governance over Xinjiang in line with local conditions. In China, past central authorities attached great importance to the governance of border areas. On the premise of political unity, they adapted to local conditions and administered the region in line with local customs.

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From Han Dynasty's Chamberlain for Dependencies, to Court of State Ceremonial in the Tang and Song dynasties, to Commission for Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs in the Yuan Dynasty, to Court of Colonial Affairs in the Qing Dynasty, successive central authorities set up specific agencies to oversee ethnic affairs in border areas.

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The Han court strengthened its administration over the Western Regions by conferring titles on and presenting official seals to the heads and officials of local vassal regimes, so as to maintain the ruling order and consolidate central authority.

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In the Tang Dynasty, the same system of prefectures and counties as in the Central Plains was applied in the regions of Yizhou, Xizhou and Tingzhou. In areas west of these three prefectures, local tribal leaders, who were granted titles such as prefect or commander-in-chief, would follow the imperial court's orders and carry out its missions by defending the country's territory and sending troops to battles.

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In the Qing Dynasty, governance in the region was made more systematic and comprehensive through a mechanism that integrated military and political administration and included the Eight Banners system, the system of prefectures and counties, the Baeg and the Jasak systems.

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After Xinjiang was established as a province, the system of prefectures and counties was adopted across the region like the rest of the country.

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All the imperial dynasties throughout Chinese history have integrated the maintaining of a unified political order with governing in line with local customs, ensuring efficient and effective administration of Xinjiang by the central authorities.

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Vigorously developing and building Xinjiang. Central authorities across all historical periods of China attached great importance to the development and building of Xinjiang. The Han Dynasty sent garrison troops to convert wasteland into arable land in the Western Regions, a practice that was continued and expanded to the whole region during the Tang Dynasty. By the Qing Dynasty, the areas of reclaimed farmlands had exceeded 10 million mu (approximately 667,000 hectares).

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Water conservancy projects have also flourished. The Milan Ruins in Ruoqiang County are a well-preserved and relatively intact example of Han Dynasty water conservancy facilities in the region. During the Tang Dynasty, Taotuo water management offices were established, with officials overseeing water conservancy work. The Qing Dynasty promoted extensive water conservancy construction in Xinjiang, dredging rivers and canals and popularizing the karez system — an underground irrigation system primarily in use in arid regions. By the late Guangxu era (1875-1908) of the Qing Dynasty, the total length of canals in Xinjiang had surpassed 35,000 kilometers, with a total irrigation capacity exceeding 10 million mu (approximately 667,000 hectares).

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Xinjiang has been a vital hub of the Silk Road since ancient times. Central authorities set up postal stations along key routes to ensure the safety of commercial routes for trade and exchanges. On the Silk Road, envoys and caravans traveled between countries and continents, their activities spanning over a thousand years.

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With the booming trade, a number of cities and towns, such as Yutian, Shule, Xizhou, Tingzhou, Huiyuan, and Dihua, were built one after another in Xinjiang, driving economic development and population growth. The continuous development and construction of Xinjiang laid a solid material foundation for effective governance and stability in the border areas.

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Advancing ethnic integration and religious coexistence. Central authorities throughout China's history regarded ethnic and religious affairs as a key priority in the governance of Xinjiang. In each historical period, people from diverse ethnic backgrounds migrated to or left the region in large groups. Ethnic groups had grown, developed and integrated with each other despite periods of isolation and conflict, forging a bond thicker than blood and sharing weal and woe together. All of them have made important contributions to exploring, developing, and protecting Xinjiang.

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The Liu Pingguo Stele of the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220) and the 883 Tang-Dynasty documents unearthed from the Keyakekuduke Watchtower site in Yuli County record vivid scenes of people of diverse ethnic groups jointly garrisoning the frontier. In the Qing Dynasty, the court moved military personnel and civilians of various ethnic groups, including the Manchu, Han, Hui, Mongolian (Chahar Tribe), Xibe, and Suolun (Daur), together with their families, to Xinjiang to garrison the border areas and engage in agricultural cultivation, strengthening northwestern border defense.

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The Xinjiang region has always been a place where multiple religions coexist, and central authorities all incorporated the management of religious affairs into the national governance system. In the Tang Dynasty, the position of Chief Buddhist Monk was established to supervise Buddhist affairs in the four garrison commands of Anxi: Qiuci, Yutian, Shule, and Suiye. The Qing Dynasty promulgated the Administrative Codex for Xinjiang, stipulating that the Motisebu Baeg should administer Islamic affairs without interfering in civil affairs.

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The fact that the Chinese civilization has been forged through the convergence of diverse cultures fundamentally determines the historical trajectory of ethnic interaction and integration, as well as the harmonious coexistence of religious beliefs in China.

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Uniting all ethnic groups with the best of traditional Chinese culture. Central authorities across China's historical periods regarded promoting mainstream values and the best of traditional Chinese culture as an indispensable part of governing Xinjiang. The formation and development of Chinese culture could not have been sustained without the Chinese written language. After the Western Han Dynasty unified the Western Regions, the Chinese language and writing system began to be promoted, and has been in continuous use in Xinjiang ever since.

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Confucianism has a profound impact on the Western Regions. By the Tang Dynasty, Confucian classics had been widely disseminated — numerous fragmented manuscripts of the Book of Songs, Book of History, Book of Rites, and The Analects of Confucius have been unearthed in archeological excavations in Turpan. Institutions and statutes originating from the Central Plains were implemented in Xinjiang, and Chinese institutions and cultural traditions, including the Rites of Zhou, took root in the region, exemplified by the widespread application of the Statutes and Regulations of the Qing Dynasty.

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For a century or so since the mid-19th century, confronted with an unprecedented crisis of national subjugation and extinction, the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang, together with their compatriots across the country, united to resist foreign aggression and fight for national survival. This shared struggle elevated the consciousness of national identity among all ethnic groups to a new height.

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Since their inception, the cultures of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang have borne the hallmark of unity in diversity of Chinese culture. Chinese culture has always been the harbor and cultural home of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang, as well as the driving force for the development of their respective cultures.

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Over 2,000 years, China's central authorities adopted distinct approaches in their governance of Xinjiang across different historical periods. And Xinjiang has always remained an indispensable and vital part of the unified, multiethnic Chinese nation. Objectively speaking, their concepts and measures for governing Xinjiang had some unavoidable shortcomings: Their governance over Xinjiang varied in intensity, and lacked precision and effectiveness. Especially after the mid-19th century, separatist activities instigated and backed by foreign forces occurred from time to time.

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History was calling for a true leader capable of leading the Chinese nation to independence, people's liberation, and national rejuvenation. This glorious mission rightfully fell on the Communist Party of China, which was duty bound to fulfill these goals.

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II. CPC's Governance of Xinjiang: Progress and Achievements

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Since its founding, the CPC has always held deep concern for Xinjiang, and the future and wellbeing of the people of all ethnic groups living on this vast land. Under the leadership of the Party, the people of Xinjiang have traversed a remarkable path: from achieving emancipation and becoming their own masters, to embarking on the socialist road; from embracing reform and opening up and achieving moderate prosperity in all respects, to setting out on the new journey towards Chinese modernization. Together with the rest of the nation, they have witnessed the great transformation from standing up and growing prosperous to becoming strong. Over the past century and more, generations of Chinese Communists have continued to explore and advance theoretical, practical, and institutional innovations, deepening their understanding and grasp of the dynamics of governance in Xinjiang.

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Active exploration during the New Democratic Revolution between 1919 and 1949. During this period, the CPC united the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang and led them in heroic and unrelenting struggle, bringing them emancipation and enabling them to be their own masters. The founding of the CPC in July 1921 was an epoch-making event in Chinese history. Ever since, the Party has remained a pillar on which the Chinese people, including those in Xinjiang, can rely. In its early years, the Party had given clear emphasis on Xinjiang, sending members to the region to spread Marxism, sow the seeds of revolution, enlighten the people, and raise their political awareness. During the whole nation's war of resistance against Japanese aggression (1931-1945), the CPC — holding high the banner of a national united front — led the people of Xinjiang in supporting the war effort: organizing donations, ensuring the safe transport of international aid to China, fortifying Xinjiang to support the war front from China's interior, and proactively engaging in movements to rescue the country from Japanese occupation. In August 1938, donations from the people of Xinjiang were used to purchase 10 fighter planes — named "Xinjiang" in their honor — to assist the front line.

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Thanks to the CPC's persistent effort, people in Xinjiang developed an unprecedented sense of the Chinese nation as one community, and a large number of progressives devoted themselves to the revolutionary cause. Having secured a decisive victory in the War of Liberation (1946-1950), the CPC central leadership decided to peacefully liberate Xinjiang. The People's Liberation Army (PLA) marched triumphantly into the region, shattering the wild ambition of imperialist and separatist forces to dismember China and safeguarding the fundamental interests of the Chinese nation. This marked a major victory in the cause of national unification and a historic turning point in advancing unity and progress among the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang.

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Comprehensive governance in the process of socialist revolution and construction between 1949 and 1978. During this period, the CPC united the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang and led them in bringing tremendous changes to a region with hard natural conditions, achieving a historic leap into socialist society. The founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC) on October 1, 1949 ushered in a new era: the Chinese people had stood up, and a new chapter for Xinjiang had begun. On December 17 the same year, the People's Government of Xinjiang Province was officially established. Under the Party's leadership, the people of Xinjiang consolidated the newly established people's democratic power, created a new, socialist form of ethnic relations, and abolished the feudal land system. Together, they prudently advanced comprehensive social reforms and completed the socialist transformation, establishing the socialist system in Xinjiang that enabled the region to stride forward with the rest of the country — marking the greatest and most profound change in Xinjiang's history.

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On October 7, 1954, the Production and Construction Corps of the Xinjiang Military District of the PLA was formed. A total of 100,000 garrison troops began to open up large swaths of wastelands while guarding the border areas. On October 1, 1955, the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was formally established, marking a milestone in the region's development and a new success of the CPC's policies on ethnic affairs. In order to end poverty and catch up, the people of Xinjiang pursued self-reliance and worked with determination under the leadership of the CPC to strengthen their home region, supported by selfless assistance from people across the nation. Consequently, Xinjiang has basically built up its industrial system, improved its agricultural production conditions significantly, and achieved marked progress in education, science and technology, health care, transportation, and water conservancy. It has witnessed a historic transformation from barrenness and poverty to flourishing prosperity, secured pivotal achievements in socialist revolution and construction, and created a miracle that changed its future with the people's undaunted spirit.

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Further progress in the process of reform, opening up, and socialist modernization. During this period, the CPC has united the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang and led them confidently onto the broad path of socialism with Chinese characteristics, aiming for greater heights. The convening of the Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in December 1978 was a pivotal juncture of far-reaching significance in the history of the Party and the country. Xinjiang's vast land of 1.66 million square kilometers was awash with the strong tides of reform and opening up. In December 1981, the central government decided to restore the production and construction corps system, giving it the name the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (XPCC). As reforms rolled out, the CPC Central Committee — noting Xinjiang's great potential — decided to accelerate its modernization and promote common prosperity among all ethnic groups in the region. The Central Committee lent vigorous support to the region in transforming its advantage in superior resources into growth, guiding it to achieve a strategic shift in its focus. Comprehensive reforms were implemented in both rural and urban areas, while opening up was expanded by attracting external resources and strengthening internal coordination, bringing about new prospects on either side of the Tianshan Mountains.

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After the Fourth Plenary Session of the 13th CPC Central Committee in 1989, the Party Central Committee emphasized that Xinjiang's development and stability was of overarching importance to the nation. For its development, prosperity, and lasting peace and security, the central leadership pooled resources nationwide in assistance to Xinjiang and saw that the socialist market economy was established and improved in the region. This enabled Xinjiang to seize the strategic opportunities presented by the large-scale development of China's west and pioneer a new phase of all-round reform and opening up.

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Following the 16th CPC National Congress in 2002, the Central Committee reaffirmed its commitment to unswervingly advancing reform and opening up and socialist modernization in Xinjiang, maintaining social stability, and promoting ethnic unity. Guided by the major strategic plan of stabilizing and revitalizing Xinjiang, enriching the people, and safeguarding the border areas, the region has achieved sound and rapid economic and social development. In advancing the great cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics, Xinjiang has experienced a historic transformation. Its economy has been markedly strengthened by improving its once relatively backward productive forces, and its society has shifted from a closed and semi-closed outlook to one defined by openness. The people's living standards have also borne witness to profound transformation, evolving from bare subsistence to a basic level of moderate prosperity, and then ultimately to moderate prosperity in all respects. Xinjiang has caught up with the rest of the country in making great strides towards the goals of our time.

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A new era for socialism with Chinese characteristics. The CPC has united the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang and led them in pressing forward with hard work, upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground, creating new miraculous achievements. The 18th CPC National Congress held in November 2012 ushered Chinese socialism into a new era. While pursuing national rejuvenation within a wider context of global change on a scale unseen in a century, the Party Central Committee with Xi Jinping at its core has put its work related to Xinjiang high on the agenda of the Party and the country and continued to further its understanding and grasp of the dynamics of governance in the region. The Central Committee convened its second and third meetings on the work related to Xinjiang in 2014 and 2020, and in 2014, 2022 and 2023, General Secretary Xi traveled three times to Xinjiang on inspection tours, establishing the overall goal of social stability and lasting peace and security in the region, laying down the Party's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era.

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With the guidelines in place, Xinjiang has focused on forging a strong sense of the Chinese nation as one community, adhered to its strategic positioning in the country, and ensured both development and security. Solid steps have been taken to govern Xinjiang in accordance with the law, maintain stability through ethnic unity, strengthen cultural identity and bonds, bring greater prosperity to the region and its people, and develop Xinjiang from a long-term perspective. This has contributed to unprecedented economic and social development and significant improvement of people's wellbeing, and brought a greater sense of gain, happiness and security to the people.

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Today's Xinjiang is experiencing the best period of development in its history. Over 26 million Xinjiang people of all ethnic groups are tightly knit like the roots of poplar trees and closely united like the seeds of a pomegranate. Confident and open-minded, they are marching forward on the new journey towards a modern socialist country in all respects and striving for the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through hard work and perseverance.

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III. CPC Guidelines for Governing Xinjiang in the New Era: Opening Up New Dimensions

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Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the Party Central Committee with Xi Jinping at its core has drawn experience and lessons from past central authorities in governing Xinjiang, and continued to apply and improve the Party's best practices in this regard. It has adopted a systematic and holistic approach to planning and advancing fundamental, essential and long-term undertakings for the region's lasting peace and security. These efforts have explored new dimensions in Xinjiang's governance, enabling the Party to scale new heights in maintaining stability and driving development in the region.

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The formulation and development of the CPC's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era. The rejuvenation of the Chinese nation is interwoven with — and interacts with — global change on a scale unseen in a century. Consequently, the strategic role of Xinjiang has become ever more pivotal to the nation's overall trajectory. Prioritizing Xinjiang in the governance of the country, the CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping at its core has systematically planned all work related to Xinjiang from an overall strategic perspective and provided answers to a series of questions on the future direction and strategy in governing the region.

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General Secretary Xi has always paid close attention to the work related to Xinjiang, from a place of care for the people of all of its ethnic groups. At each critical stage in work related to Xinjiang, he has provided strategic direction and guidance, personally steering the course of its development. In April 2014, during an inspection visit to Xinjiang, he highlighted, "The CPC Central Committee has continued to attach great importance to the work related to Xinjiang, emphasizing Xinjiang's special and important strategic role in the work of the Party and the country." He emphasized the major principles and policies of the central leadership to improve the work related to Xinjiang in the new era, and the need to "take a coordinated approach in all undertakings with a focus on social stability and lasting peace and security". In May 2014, the CPC Central Committee held its second meeting on the work related to Xinjiang, at which it reiterated its major principles and policies in this effort and established social stability and lasting peace and security as the overall goal.

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After the meeting, Xi presided over a number of important meetings of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and its standing committee, to make plans for the work related to Xinjiang. In September 2020, at the third central meeting on the work related to Xinjiang held by the CPC Central Committee, he raised the CPC's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era, explaining them in detail. He emphasized governing Xinjiang in accordance with the law, maintaining stability through ethnic unity, strengthening cultural identity and bonds, bringing greater prosperity to the region and its people, and developing Xinjiang from a long-term perspective, to build a socialist Xinjiang with Chinese characteristics in the new era.

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In July 2022, on another inspection visit to Xinjiang, Xi pointed out the need to promote the fundamental, essential and long-term undertakings for Xinjiang's lasting peace and security, with a focus on the overall goal. In August 2023, he visited Xinjiang again to hear reports about the work of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region government and the XPCC. He emphasized the full, accurate and faithful implementation of the Party's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era, and the strategic positioning of Xinjiang in the country. With the overall goal in mind, we will make thorough and meticulous efforts to deliver practical results in governing Xinjiang in accordance with the law, maintaining stability through ethnic unity, strengthening cultural identity and bonds, bringing greater prosperity to the region and its people, and developing Xinjiang from a long-term perspective. We will pursue progress while ensuring stability, devote continued and long-term sustained efforts in our work, and build Xinjiang into a beautiful home characterized by unity, harmony, prosperity, cultural progress, and a sound eco-environment in which people live and work in peace and contentment on the path to Chinese modernization. In addition, he has delivered speeches, made remarks, and provided instructions on many occasions, putting forward new ideas, perspectives and requirements on improving the work related to Xinjiang that have further enriched and developed the CPC's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era.

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The essence of the CPC's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era. The CPC's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era represent a thorough understanding of the situation in Xinjiang and embody a profound reflection on the work related to the region by the CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping at its core. They comprise a complete system of theories with a sound logic and rich content, and sit at the core of all work related to Xinjiang in the new era. Their main content is as follows:

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Viewing and planning the work related to Xinjiang from a strategic perspective. The work related to Xinjiang bears not only on national reunification, ethnic unity, and national security, but also on the initiative to build China into a great country and the goal of national rejuvenation. We must have a clear understanding of the prevailing trend of development in Xinjiang, of the impact of good work in Xinjiang on the overall situation of the Party and the country, and of the work's significance in addressing both domestic and international imperatives, thereby laying a solid foundation for its long-term development, peace and security.

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Upholding social stability and lasting peace and security as the overall goal of the work related to Xinjiang. This means that all undertakings must be planned and advanced to achieve this goal. We should both channel our resources to address the pressing problems in maintaining social stability and systematically tackle the deep-rooted issues that undermine Xinjiang's lasting peace and security.

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Rallying the people's support is fundamental. Without the people's support, all efforts are futile. We must put the people first, have faith in the people of all ethnic groups, rely on them, and be of service to them. We should provide them with guidance, and let them understand the importance of stability and peace, that a happy life stems from the Party's good policies and the hard work of all ethnic groups united as one, and that the development of Xinjiang cannot be achieved without the support from the whole Party and the whole country.

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Fostering a stronger sense of the Chinese nation as one community. This is fundamental to the work related to Xinjiang in the long run. We must focus on fostering a stronger sense of national identity, fully implement the Party's policies concerning ethnic affairs, and heighten public awareness of ethnic unity and progress. We must move faster to build an ethnically integrated society and neighborhoods and encourage more exchanges, interactions and integration among different ethnic groups, so that they remain as closely united as the seeds of a pomegranate.

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Ensuring that religions in China conform to China's realities. This concerns the overall work related to Xinjiang. We must fully implement the Party's basic policy on religious affairs, protect lawful practices, proscribe illegal activities, contain extremism, resist infiltration, and punish crime. We must guide religious believers to foster a keen sense of national identity, citizenship, and law-based governance, and provide active guidance to religions so that they can adapt to socialist society.

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Fostering and carrying forward the core socialist values. We must uphold the guiding role of advanced socialist culture and strengthen the cultural identity and bonds of people in Xinjiang. We must guide the people and inspire them to identify more closely with our motherland, the Chinese nation, the Chinese culture, the CPC, and socialism with Chinese characteristics.

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Promoting high-quality development centered on the people's wellbeing. Xinjiang's development should manifest in the people's wellbeing, betterment of local economy and society, and greater ethnic unity. We must uphold the people-centered development philosophy, and advance economic and social development while improving people's wellbeing so that the people of all ethnic groups live and work in peace and contentment, thereby enabling them to enjoy a stronger sense of gain, fulfillment and security.

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Strengthening the Party's leadership over the work related to Xinjiang. To improve the work related to Xinjiang, we must uphold and strengthen the Party's overall leadership, cultivate a contingent of officials with strong political commitment, professional competence, and exemplary conduct, and ensure the smooth execution of the Central Committee's policies and decisions. We must regard building solid foundations at the grassroots level as the fundamental measure to ensure stability and security in Xinjiang, and strengthen grassroots Party organizations to serve the people, maintain stability, and oppose division.

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The principles and requirements of the CPC's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era. The CPC's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era are the foundation for the work related to Xinjiang. We must have a thorough understanding of governing Xinjiang in accordance with the law, maintaining stability through ethnic unity, strengthening cultural identity and bonds, bringing greater prosperity to the region and its people, and developing Xinjiang from a long-term perspective, and advance these undertakings in a coordinated manner.

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To govern the region in accordance with the law, we should uphold Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law, advance law-based governance, promote its concept across society, adhere to its principles, and implement its requirements in all sectors of the work related to Xinjiang. We should employ law-based thinking and approaches to forestall risks, combat crimes, handle problems, and address disputes, and strengthen law-based and persistent efforts in combating terrorism and maintaining stability, thereby ensuring that all the work related to Xinjiang is carried out under the rule of law.

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To maintain stability through ethnic unity, the fundamental issue is to rally people's support. We should regard ethnic unity as the lifeline of the people of all ethnic groups, safeguard the unity of the Chinese nation, and continue to foster a stronger sense of the Chinese nation as one community. We should make systematic efforts to ensure that religions in China conform to China's realities, to unite the people of all ethnic groups closer around the Party, and to forge tremendous momentum to build a beautiful Xinjiang.

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To strengthen cultural identity and bonds, we should see that people in Xinjiang identify with the Chinese culture. Upholding the core socialist values, we should develop advanced socialist culture, promote revolutionary culture, carry forward the best of traditional Chinese culture, and build a spiritual home shared by all the Chinese people. We should provide education and guidance to the people of all ethnic groups to strengthen their sense of Chinese national identity, and reinforce their political commitment and win their support, thus consolidating the ideological foundations for social stability and lasting peace and security.

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To bring greater prosperity to Xinjiang and its people, we should fully and faithfully apply the new development philosophy on all fronts in line with the strategic positioning of Xinjiang in building a great modern socialist country. Giving full play to Xinjiang's advantages in geographic location, resources, and policies, we should actively support Xinjiang in serving and integrating with the new development dynamic and promoting high-quality opening up. We should advance high-quality development centered on the people's wellbeing, and ensure that the benefits of development improve the people's wellbeing and win their support.

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To develop Xinjiang from a long-term perspective, we should uphold and strengthen the Party's overall leadership and advance the great new project of strengthening the Party in the new era. We should foster highly competent officials based on the criteria for assessing the caliber of officials in the new era, maintain our strategic resolve, and make meticulous plans before taking any actions. We should pursue progress while ensuring stability, devote continued and long-term sustained efforts in our work, and address deep-rooted problems, to lay solid foundations for achieving the overall goal of the work related to Xinjiang.

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The CPC's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era represent both innovations and breakthroughs in theory, and concrete plans and requirements for their implementation. Embodying Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, they encapsulate and build on the past successes of the CPC who lead the Chinese people in governing, stabilizing and developing Xinjiang. They have opened a wide avenue leading to steady and sustained progress in the work related to Xinjiang, marking a new height of the CPC's understanding of the underlying principles in border governance. They are a milestone in the Party's work related to Xinjiang and in the development of the region.

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Under the strong leadership of the Party Central Committee and with the support of the whole country, over 26 million people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang are applying the Party's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era in full, to the letter, and in all fields. Keeping the requirements in mind, they are working hard with gratitude and forging ahead in the face of daunting challenges to translate into reality the grand blueprint for Xinjiang drawn up by the CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping at its core.

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IV. Stronger Foundations for Stability, Peace and Security

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Social stability and lasting peace and security in Xinjiang are of overarching importance to overall reform, development and stability in China. While balancing development and security, Xinjiang has maintained social stability as a top priority. It has continued to fight terrorism and maintain stability in a law-based and regular manner, preventing and defusing risks in various fields, as well as interference and sabotage by external forces. A historic transformation from chaos to stability and from stability to governance has been achieved in the region.

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Significant achievements in the fight against secession. Separatism endangers national unity and undermines ethnic unity, breeding terrorism and extremism in Xinjiang. In the past, ethnic separatists, religious extremists, and terrorists have engaged in rampant sabotaging activities in Xinjiang, disrupting local stability and bringing enormous suffering to the people of all ethnic groups in the region. The Chinese government stands firm against all forms of separatism, terrorism, and extremism, and takes robust action against any acts that aim to split the country, endanger public security, or infringe upon human rights in accordance with the law.

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Xinjiang is resolute in safeguarding national unity and takes robust action against illegal acts and crimes, including the incitement, organization, plotting, and execution of acts that divide the country or jeopardize national unity. It is resolute in guarding against the infiltration and spread of "Pan-Turkism" and "Pan-Islamism" and strives to root out the breeding grounds for terrorism and extremism to sprout and spread. The hard work over the years has reaped notable results in Xinjiang's fight against separatism. Violent and terrorist events have not happened for many years, and social stability and ethnic unity have been effectively safeguarded in the region.

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Enforcement of regular counterterrorism measures to ensure stability in accordance with the law. This is central to sustaining long-term social stability, peace, and security in Xinjiang. Upholding and promoting the socialist rule of law, Xinjiang has exercised law-based governance in full and across all areas. In accordance with the Criminal Law and Counterterrorism Law of the People's Republic of China, it has advanced the fight against terrorism and continued to maintain stability with standardized, regular and efficient operations within the legal framework.

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The autonomous region government has improved the long-term mechanism for rigorous crackdowns on violent and terrorist acts, employed law-based thinking and approaches to combat crimes and maintain stability, and ensured that these efforts were law-based, targeted, and timely. It has established a system for fighting terrorism and maintaining stability in a law-based and regular manner, and a comprehensive prevention and control system for social security, shifting the focus from the very end to the source and evolving from emergency response to a standardized, refined, and regular approach. Policies and measures have been improved to guard against the few terrorists without interrupting the normal order of work, study, and daily life of the majority of people, effecting a fundamental change more conducive to ensuring peace and stability. Since the start of the new era, counterterrorism and stability-maintaining efforts have achieved significant outcomes, bringing an end to the frequent violent and terrorist attacks seen in the past.

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Targeted countermeasures against foreign sanctions and interference. In recent years, a number of Western countries, led by the United States, have imposed sanctions on businesses and individuals related to Xinjiang on the account of "genocide" and "forced labor" — lies and absurd fallacies they have concocted to interfere in China's internal affairs. Their purpose is political manipulation and economic bullying under the guise of human rights protection. Countering sanctions and interference is essential for breaking the containment of China by the anti-China forces in the US and some Western countries, which use Xinjiang as a handle. It is a just response for safeguarding our national sovereignty, security, and development interests.

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China has promulgated relevant laws, regulations, and departmental rules, such as the Foreign Relations Law, the Anti-Foreign Sanctions Law, the Provisions on the Application of the Anti-Foreign Sanctions Law, and the Provisions on the Unreliable Entity List, taking countermeasures against the unjustified sanctions involving Xinjiang imposed by a mere handful of countries. The Standing Committee of the People's Congress of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has adopted a resolution opposing a series of US sanctions on Xinjiang and supporting the development of sanctioned enterprises and related industries, fighting back against unilateral sanctions by the US. In addition, the government has provided a range of services for sanctioned businesses, supported them in safeguarding their legitimate rights and interests in accordance with the law, given a boost to relevant industries, and created new employment opportunities for people affected by the sanctions.

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Notable improvements in social governance. Sound social governance is a prerequisite and guarantee for social harmony, stability, and people's wellbeing. Xinjiang has applied and further developed the Fengqiao model for community-level governance in the new era, and improved the urban and rural primary-level governance system that combines self-governance, the rule of law, and the rule of virtue under the leadership of Party organizations. The autonomous region has strengthened grassroots governance through Party development and improved the social governance system based on collaboration, participation, and common interests, consolidating the grassroots foundations. It has conducted regular risk assessment, combined with prevention, coordination, and resolution measures, to effectively forestall and defuse any potential risks or dangers.

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The autonomous region government monitors and takes resolute action against illegal acts of grave concern to the public, including severe violent crimes and recurrent offences such as pornography, gambling, drug abuse, food and drug safety violations, environmental crimes, theft, robbery, and conventional, telecom, and online fraud, carrying out regular campaigns targeting criminal gangs and organized crime. It has introduced diverse ways for the resolution of conflicts and disputes by promoting law-based handling of public complaints, advancing the standardized development of integrated management centers with a focus on the county level, and created new forms of dispute resolution such as "horseback mediation teams" and "tea-serving mediation rooms". These initiatives have helped to resolve issues at the community level as soon as they arise. In 2024, 98.52 percent of civil disputes in Xinjiang were solved through mediation. The autonomous region government is firmly committed to maintaining social stability and ensuring people's safety and wellbeing. Significant progress has been made in building a peaceful Xinjiang, providing the people of all ethnic groups with a greater sense of gain, fulfillment, and security.

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V. Uniting the Chinese Nation as One Community

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Forging a stronger sense of the Chinese nation as one community is the focus of the CPC's work on ethnic affairs in the new era and the focus of all work in ethnic minority areas. Taking solid steps to heighten the sense of national identity, Xinjiang endeavors to improve commonality among its people of all ethnic groups, and guides them to unite as one through both rough times and the smooth towards a shared future, encouraging them to contribute to building China into a great country and creating a better life together.

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Faster pace in building a cultural home shared by the Chinese nation. Xinjiang continues to promote mainstream opinions and increase the appeal of the Chinese culture and its power to unite people, consolidating the common ideological and political foundations for ethnic unity and progress. Under the guidance of the core socialist values, it has strengthened public education on the history of the CPC, the PRC, reform and opening up, the development of socialism, and the development of the Chinese nation, and carried out extensive educational campaigns, such as the one on "forging a stronger sense of the Chinese nation as one community to realize the Chinese Dream", to enhance cohesion and forge the nation's soul with shared ideals and convictions. Under an initiative for carrying forward revolutionary traditions and heritage, Xinjiang has built 471 education bases for patriotism at all levels, inspiring officials and the public to love the Party and dedicate themselves to the country by promoting the Desert Poplar Spirit and the XPCC Spirit.

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Studying and exploring the inherent values and contemporary relevance of traditional Chinese culture, Xinjiang has established demonstration sites, where shared Chinese cultural symbols and the collective images of the Chinese nation are showcased; and it has organized regular trips to learn and experience traditional Chinese culture, thus further developing the advanced socialist culture and fostering a stronger sense of identity with the Chinese culture among all ethnic groups. To promote modern civilization, it has advanced campaigns to introduce modern values and encourage modern lifestyles with the help of specialized education centers. It has carried out extensive programs to popularize science and raise awareness of the law, to guide the people in adapting to life of modern civilization. Standard spoken and written Chinese is promoted across the region, and used and taught at schools. As a result, the public has developed a stronger awareness and capability to use standard Chinese, which has united hearts and minds for a shared future through a common tongue.

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Increased interactions, exchanges and integration among all ethnic groups. Xinjiang coordinates urban and rural construction planning and the allocation of public service resources to advance all-round integration for the people of all ethnic groups physically, culturally, economically, socially, and psychologically, so that all are closely united like the seeds of a pomegranate. It has accelerated the development of people-centered new urbanization, introducing a more rational distribution of city clusters and small, medium and large cities, and building an ethnically integrated society and community. This approach makes full use of the mutually reinforcing effect between urban and industrial development, attracts populations with a flourishing industry, and makes it possible for all ethnic groups to live, study, work, and enjoy life side by side, as they contribute and share benefits together.

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Further efforts have been made to carry forward the Foundation Project for young people and expand the patriotic education program that brings Xinjiang youth to other parts of the country on study trips. In 2024, 86,000 elementary and secondary school students traveled to other provinces and cities on such trips. Extensive "hand-in-hand" student activities have been organized between Xinjiang and provinces providing assistance to it, between schools run by the XPCC and regular schools, and between southern and northern Xinjiang. They are intended to create mixed-classes and mixed-dormitories that give students from different ethnic groups the opportunity to study, live, and grow together. Upholding the cultural core of tourism and promoting integration through tourism, Xinjiang strives to heighten the sense of the Chinese nation as one community throughout its high-quality development of the tourist industry. Tourism has become an important facilitator of interactions, exchanges and integration between ethnic groups. The region has also held activities to promote unity, increase understanding, and forge a stronger bond among the people of all ethnic groups.

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Greater ethnic unity and progress. With a focus on unity, progress, and common prosperity and development among all ethnic groups, Xinjiang has implemented initiatives to safeguard and develop border areas and advance common prosperity among all ethnic groups. It has incorporated ethnic unity and progress into the regional legislative work and plans for economic and social development, and has promulgated and implemented the Regulations on the Establishment of Model Areas for Ethnic Unity and Progress, alongside the 14th Five-Year Plan for the Establishment of Model Areas for Ethnic Unity and Progress. Model units and individuals have been commended for contributing to ethnic unity and progress, with marked progress in strengthening and developing a new type of socialist ethnic relationship characterized by equality, unity, mutual assistance, and harmony. As of 2024, there were 101 national model areas and units, 14 national education bases, 1,555 model units and 2,690 exemplary individuals at the autonomous region level and above in Xinjiang, including the "People's Guardian" Bayika Kalidibek and the "People's Model" Burmahan Mawluda.

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Steady progress in ensuring that religions in China conform to China's realities. Xinjiang is a region where religions have coexisted since ancient times. Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Catholicism, and Christianity all flourish in the region. Xinjiang fully, accurately, and faithfully implements the Party's policy on freedom of religious belief by respecting people's religious beliefs, administering religious affairs in accordance with the law, allowing religious groups to manage their own affairs independently, and guiding religions to be compatible with socialist society. Following the principle that religions in China should conform to China's realities, the region has strengthened theoretical and political guidance for the religious circle, and has introduced the national flag, the Constitution, laws and regulations, the socialist core values, and fine traditional Chinese culture into venues for religious activities. Efforts have been made to inspire religious figures and believers to identify more closely with the motherland, the Chinese nation, the Chinese culture, the CPC, and socialism with Chinese characteristics.

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The autonomous region government supports the religious circle in the study of scripture, and encourages interpretations of religious doctrines and precepts that align with contemporary development and with traditional Chinese culture, thereby enhancing religious people's Chinese cultural identity. To ensure the healthy development of religion in Xinjiang, the region has issued plans on training for religious figures to cultivate talent who are completely versed in both classical religious doctrines and traditional Chinese culture. It has strengthened governance on religious affairs in accordance with the law, and supports the religious circle in countering radicalization and guarding against the infiltration of religious extremism. It guides and supports the religious community to exercise full and strict self-governance, improve self-education, self-management and self-discipline, and lead its believers to contribute to building a great nation and realizing the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

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VI. Further Progress in Democracy and the Rule of Law

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Whole-process people's democracy is the defining feature of socialist democracy; it is democracy in its most extensive, genuine and effective form. Acting on this key concept, Xinjiang is committed to the unity of CPC's leadership, the people's position as masters of the country, and law-based governance, and guarantees the implementation of the people's congress system, the system of CPC-led multiparty cooperation and political consultation, the system of regional ethnic autonomy, and the system of community-level self-governance. It has made new strides in advancing democracy and the rule of law.

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Remarkable achievements in developing whole-process people's democracy. By practicing democracy throughout the whole process of elections, consultations, decision-making, administration, and oversight, Xinjiang has continued to improve the institutional framework for whole-process people's democracy.

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The people's congress system serves as a fundamental institutional pillar of whole-process people's democracy. As of 2024, a total of 74,412 people were serving as deputies to people's congresses at all levels in Xinjiang. Among them, 78.69 percent were from the grassroots level, and 69.21 percent were from ethnic minority groups. This composition demonstrates that the people of Xinjiang enjoy an equal status in political affairs, irrespective of ethnic or social background.

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Consultative democracy is an important form of whole-process people's democracy in practice. As of 2024, Xinjiang had 16,121 members serving on its CPPCC committees at all levels, with 49.06 percent of non-CPC members and 46.13 percent of members from ethnic minority groups. These figures underscore the broad representation and political inclusiveness of the CPPCC system.

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Primary-level democracy is a key manifestation of whole-process people's democracy. The system of community-level self-governance has been established for all villages and communities across Xinjiang. Over 85 percent of the matters for decision-making at grassroots self-governance organizations come from public proposals, demonstrating the authenticity of primary-level democracy and its extensive coverage and effectiveness.

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The united front is a powerful force in advancing whole-process people's democracy. Xinjiang coordinates efforts to unite members of non-CPC political parties, prominent individuals without party affiliation, non-CPC intellectuals, and businesspeople working in the non-public sector, building extensive consensus.

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Democratic oversight is an integral component of whole-process people's democracy. People's congresses at all levels in Xinjiang and their standing committees are continuing to improve their scrutiny of the people's governments, supervision commissions, people's courts, and people's procuratorates at the same level in performing their statutory duties. CPPCC committees at all levels in Xinjiang exercise consultative supervision by expressing views, making criticisms, and giving advice to ensure the legitimate rights and interests of the people of all ethnic groups are protected and realized.

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Evident strengths of the system of regional ethnic autonomy. By upholding national unity while practicing regional autonomy, and by leveraging regional features while highlighting its multiethnic composition, Xinjiang fully protects the right of all ethnic groups to jointly administer state affairs as masters of the country.

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Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has autonomous areas at all three levels — regional, prefectural, and county level. It has five autonomous prefectures and six autonomous counties, all of which enjoy extensive autonomy as prescribed by law. On all standing committees of people's congresses of ethnic autonomous areas, there are citizens from the ethnic groups exercising autonomy holding the office of chair or vice chair. The chair of the autonomous region, the governors of autonomous prefectures, and the heads of autonomous counties are all citizens from the local ethnic groups exercising regional autonomy.

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The people of all ethnic groups have equal legal status, enjoying the right to vote and stand for election, as endowed by the Constitution and the law. They enjoy freedom of religious belief, and have the rights to participate in the administration of state affairs, to receive education, to use and develop their own spoken and written languages, and to preserve and protect the fine traditional culture of their own groups.

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Xinjiang respects and protects ethnic minorities' right to learn and use their own spoken and written languages, takes a sound approach to protecting the spoken and written languages of all ethnic groups, and encourages them to learn languages from each other.

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Important advancements in the rule of law. To fully implement the CPC Central Committee's decisions and plans on law-based governance, Xinjiang has actively promoted the rule of law within the government and across society. It respects human rights and ensures its protection throughout the process of legislation, law enforcement, judicature, and law observance, so that the people can see justice served in every law, every enforcement action, and every judicial ruling.

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Xinjiang exercises its local legislative powers in accordance with the law. By the end of 2024, the People's Congress of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and its Standing Committee had formulated, revised and approved 874 local regulations, resolutions and decisions with regulatory functions or on major issues, and special ordinances. Among them, currently in effect are 175 local regulations and 56 resolutions and decisions with regulatory functions or on major issues. They have laid a solid legal foundation for maintaining local social stability and lasting peace and security.

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Xinjiang actively promotes democratic legislation. It has established two grassroots legislative outreach offices at the national level, 23 at the autonomous region level, and 112 at the city level, to extensively solicit public opinions and suggestions on legislative work.

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Xinjiang strives to build a law-based government. Over 500,000 pieces of information on law enforcement were made known to the public by the administrative law enforcement departments at all levels, and law enforcement supervision and inspection were conducted on more than 2,100 occasions.

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Continuous efforts have been made to strengthen community-level legal systems. Judicial offices have been established for townships and urban sub-districts, and people's mediation committees have been set up for villages and communities, both of which serve as legal counsels for ordinary people. A public legal service system is now in place to cover both urban and rural populations.

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Law-based governance of foreign-related affairs has been elevated to a new level. The Standing Committee of the People's Congress of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has revised the regulations on border administration and released the Regulations on China (Xinjiang) Pilot Free Trade Zone, to build Xinjiang into a core area of the Silk Road Economic Belt.

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Greater protection of human rights. Respecting and protecting human rights is a constitutional principle in China. Comprehensive progress in human rights is an ongoing quest of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang and all Chinese people. The CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping at its core has integrated this principle into the Party's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era, and made vigorous and solid efforts to protect the basic rights of the people of all ethnic groups in the region.

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Adopting a people-centered view of human rights, Xinjiang has made the improvement of people's lives the ultimate goal of all its work. It has maintained social harmony and stability in accordance with the law, accelerated the pace of high-quality development, ensured and improved living standards, developed and consolidated ethnic unity, protected the freedom of religious belief by law, and attached importance to the protection and preservation of the fine traditional culture of all ethnic groups. The rights to subsistence and development of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang are effectively guaranteed, and their political, economic, social, cultural, environmental and other rights are fully realized.

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Unprecedented progress has been made in Xinjiang's human rights cause, owing to multiple factors. The Chinese socialist system offers a strong institutional guarantee, China's high-quality economic and social development lays a solid material foundation, and sustained social stability has created favorable conditions for its development.

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VII. High-Quality Development and High-Standard Opening Up

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In the pursuit of Chinese modernization and common prosperity, none of the nation's 56 ethnic groups should be left behind. Xinjiang has fully, accurately and faithfully applied the new development philosophy and actively contributed to and been integrated with the new development dynamic. The region continues to drive deeper all-round reform and wider high-standard opening up. The foundation for Xinjiang's stable economic and social development has been strengthened, the momentum for growth has been accelerated, and the new development quality and efficiency have been substantially enhanced. Overall, Xinjiang has made solid progress in advancing Chinese modernization.

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Sustainable, sound and rapid economic development. By focusing on its strategic positioning in the nation's overall development, and upholding the integrity of innovative, coordinated, green, open and shared development, Xinjiang has been fully committed to high-quality development, seeing significant improvement in its overall economic strength and historic leaps in multiple indicators. The region's GDP increased from about RMB749.95 billion in 2012 to more than RMB2.05 trillion in 2024, exceeding the threshold of RMB2 trillion for the first time with an annual growth rate of 7 percent at constant prices. Its per capita nominal GDP increased 2.3 times from RMB33,495 in 2012 to RMB78,660 in 2024. The revenue in the general public budget jumped from nearly RMB90.9 billion in 2012 to nearly RMB240.97 billion in 2024, representing an average annual growth of more than RMB10 billion.

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Continuous efforts have been made to optimize Xinjiang's industrial structure. In 2012, the shares of the primary, secondary and tertiary industries were 16.1 percent, 44.3 percent, and 39.6 percent respectively, and in 2024, the figures were 12.5 percent, 39.6 percent, and 47.9 percent. The interconnected and complementary development between the Urumqi-Karamay-Changji Area, northern Xinjiang, eastern Xinjiang, and southern Xinjiang is now fully coordinated. Measures to accelerate new urbanization and advance the regional economic planning and spatial planning for high-quality development have been put in place. The proportion of permanent urban residents in Xinjiang rose from 44.22 percent in 2012 to 60.36 percent in 2024, up by 16.14 percentage points.

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Improved infrastructure. To optimize infrastructure layout, structure, functions, and system integration, Xinjiang has made overall planning for the construction of 10 networks covering railways, highways, aviation, power, natural gas, logistics and computing. Transportation has been largely improved in the region. The operating mileage of railways totaled 9,202 km as of 2024 — up from 4,914 km in 2012. This network now reaches all prefectures, as well as over 80 percent of county-level administrative regions. The highway network has also grown, from 165,900 km in 2012 to 230,000 km in 2024. All prefectures in Xinjiang are now accessible by highway, as are more than 90 percent of administrative regions at county level. The number of civil air routes in Xinjiang now totals 595, of which 25 are international routes, connecting to 17 countries and regions. A network of air routes covering entire Xinjiang and radiating to the east and west has now basically formed. The first, second, and third channels consistently transmit locally generated electricity to other parts of the country, with 750 kV transmission lines extending more than 12,000 km and delivering in excess of 100 billion kWh of electricity to 22 provinces and equivalent administrative units for five consecutive years. Information highway is also taking shape, with optical cables now extending 1.78 million km. All of its counties are connected with 1000M fiber optic networks, towns with 5G networks, and villages with broadband networks.

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Cluster effect of the modern industrial system. Focusing on national strategic needs, and leveraging its natural resources and industrial capabilities, Xinjiang has accelerated efforts to develop a modern industrial system with its own unique advantages. The region is also rapidly emerging as a national base for high-quality agricultural and livestock products. In 2024, grain yield per unit area reached 7872.75 kg/ha, the highest in the country. The total food output surged from nearly 15.18 million tonnes in 2012 to 23.3 million tonnes in 2024, up 53.6 percent. Xinjiang's cotton output of about 5.69 million tonnes accounted for 92.3 percent of the national total in 2024, maintaining its position as the country's top producer for the 32nd consecutive year. The mechanization rate in plowing, planting, and harvesting has reached 97 percent. Xinjiang is accelerating efforts to build itself into a strategic base of the nation's energy resources. In 2024, the oil and gas production equivalent reached 66.64 million tonnes, and the raw coal output stood at 543 million tonnes. Installed capacity of electricity hit 192.7 million kW in 2024, of which capacity from new energy sources surpassed 100 million kW. The Urumqi-Changji-Shihezi photovoltaic cluster was put on the list of national advanced manufacturing clusters.

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Xinjiang fosters its new quality productive forces in light of local conditions. A talent development fund of RMB10 billion was set up to promote the integrated development and reform of education, talent, and science and technology. The Xinjiang Research Institute of Huairou Laboratory has been put into operation, and the National Innovation Center for Wind Power Generation has been officially launched. Exceeding 10,000 m, the Tarim Oilfield's ultra-deep drilling is now the deepest in Asia. The Xinjiang-to-Chongqing Computing Resource Transfer project was listed as the pilot project for coordinated development of computing and power, and the region's first intelligent computing center has been established and put into use. The Urumqi-Changji-Shihezi national innovation demonstration zone is continuing to improve its leading role, while other five new high-tech industrial development zones have made substantial progress. The region continues to improve its support for high-quality enterprises, developing 11 single-product champion enterprises in the manufacturing sector, 52 exemplary specialized enterprises that use advanced technologies to produce unique and innovative products, and 2,742 high-tech enterprises as of the end of 2024.

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Solid green and low-carbon development. Xinjiang upholds the principle that lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets, and takes a holistic and systematic approach to the conservation and improvement of mountains, rivers, forests, farmlands, lakes, grasslands and deserts, constantly strengthening its capabilities in safeguarding eco-environmental security. The region has made significant progress in improving air quality. In 2024, the proportion of days with good air quality was 78.1 percent in cities at or above the prefectural level. Water management has also improved, as the region moves towards a more efficient and rational use of its water resources. In 2024, the proportion of surface water at Grade III (good water quality) or above reached 95.9 percent. The water supply program in the Tarim River Basin has significantly raised the groundwater level of the lower reaches, thereby promoting the region's coordinated economic and social development with its population, resources, and the eco-environment. Large-scale greening programs have been rolled out in a well-planned manner, including developing shelterbelt networks in northwest, north and northeast China, which has seen the forest coverage rate increase from 4.24 percent in 2012 to 5.07 percent in 2024. Oases area has expanded by 56.6 percent over the past three decades. The battle against desertification on the fringes of the Taklimakan Desert has been stepped up, with the desert now entirely encircled with a sand-blocking green belt stretching 3,046 km — the longest in the world. Xinjiang's accelerated green transformation can also be seen in the region's active efforts to achieve peak carbon emissions and carbon neutrality, with carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP continuing to drop.

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A core area of the Silk Road Economic Belt. Xinjiang has consciously integrated its regional opening up strategy into the country's overall plan of opening up to the west. Focusing on the construction of "One Port, Two Zones, Five Centers, and One Port Economic Belt", it aims to build a golden channel across the Eurasian continent and a gateway for opening up to the west. Consequently, it has accelerated the development of broader channels for opening up. Xinjiang has established 19 ports, including the Kunjirap Port, which is open all year round. There are 119 bilateral transport routes and 10 multilateral road freight routes. A total of 16,400 freight trains traveled through Xinjiang on the China-Europe Railway Express in 2024, marking the fifth consecutive year that the number of trains on the line had exceeded 10,000. The number of Xinjiang's economic and trade partners also increased significantly from a small handful in the 1950s to 196 countries and regions in 2012, and to 211 in 2024. Trade volume has also expanded, with the total import and export value surging from RMB158.96 billion in 2012 to RMB434.16 billion in 2024, surpassing RMB200 billion, RMB300 billion, and RMB400 billion in 2022, 2023 and 2024 respectively. The platform for opening up has improved further. China (Xinjiang) Pilot Free Trade Zone was approved and set up in October, 2023. Over the following year, more than 9,000 enterprises moved into the Zone, whose total import and export value accounted for over 30 percent of the region's total. The region has also prioritized the construction of the Tacheng Pilot Zone for Development and Opening Up, the Horgos Economic Development Zone and the Kashi Economic Development Zone.

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VIII. Significant Progress in Cultural Development

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Culture nurtures the mind and cultivates lofty aspirations. In studying and carrying out Xi Jinping Thought on Culture, Xinjiang has bolstered stronger cultural confidence, strengthened cultural identity and bonds, and developed the Chinese culture, including its diverse ethnic cultures, with greater momentum and more robust measures. The region has continued its systematic protection of cultural heritage, boosted cultural creativity, and promoted the prosperous development of socialist culture, to better meet the new aspirations of the people of all ethnic groups for enriched intellectual and cultural lives.

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Cultural heritage under effective protection. Adhering to the principle of prioritizing protection, promoting sound utilization, and minimizing interference, Xinjiang has improved its comprehensive preservation of cultural heritage. It has formulated plans for the protection of regional cultural heritage, and released local regulations such as Regulations on the Protection of the Ancient City of Kashi and Regulations on the Protection of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Manas, as part of its continuing efforts to strengthen legal guarantees for preserving cultural heritage. By 2024, Xinjiang had housed 195 institutions of cultural heritage protection at all levels, 150 registered museums, and 9,545 verified and registered immovable cultural relics, among which 6 were world cultural heritage sites, 133 were key cultural relics sites under national-level protection, and 779 were cultural relics sites under the protection of the autonomous region. The region also boasts 3 intangible cultural heritage items on the list of the UNESCO, 141 items on the national representative list, and 567 items on the list of the autonomous region. Xinjiang has coordinated the protection of cultural heritage and the development of urban and rural areas, provided effective protection and sound management for historic and cultural cities, towns and villages, traditional villages, and streets and districts with historical and cultural significance, and ensured their rational utilization. The region has promoted the preservation and exhibition of key ruins and sites reflecting past central authorities' viable governance of Xinjiang. For instance, the ruins of the Western Regions Frontier Command, Ulanbay Ancient City, Beiting City, and the Ili Commandery have been well preserved and put into good use. Also, the construction of the National Archeological Park of the Site of Beiting City, Museum of the Western Regions Frontier Command, and Silk Road and Great Wall Culture Museum has been completed. The archeological research of Xinjiang falls under the broader "Archeological Finds in China" project. Xinjiang has implemented projects such as the protection and utilization of religious ruins on the rim of the Tarim Basin, built the Qiuci Museum and the Qiuci Wei and Jin Ancient Tomb Site Museum, and promoted the protection of the Kizil Grottoes, Subashi Buddhist Temple Ruins, Loulan Ancient City Ruins, and the Nestorian monastery site on the west side of Turpan City. Xinjiang's Tongtiandong Cave, Keyakekuduke Watchtower site, and Mo'er Temple ruins have all featured on China's "top 10 archeological discoveries of the year" list.

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Flourishing cultural and artistic creation. Focusing on producing excellent cultural and artistic works, Xinjiang has improved its mechanism for serving, guiding and organizing literary and artistic creation, resulting in a continuous emergence of excellent works. In terms of literary creations, it has launched the Tianshan Literature Award, and many Xinjiang-themed literary works have received nationwide acclaim, including Ben Ba, winner of the Mao Dun Literature Prize; Distant Sunflower Fields and The Western Great Wall, winners of the Lu Xun Literature Prize; and The Flowers Are Always This Red, winner of the national Steed Awards for Ethnic Literature. In the performing arts, songs such as The Shepherds of Koktokay and Apple Fragrance have familiarized the whole country with melodies from Xinjiang; dance dramas such as Five Stars Rise in the East and Zhang Qian have powerfully reflected the nation's history and spirit; dances such as Markit Under the Sunshine and Grandpa's Samawar have been honored with the Lotus Award, China's highest honor in dance; and the performer of the Shaanxi opera Burning Incense received the prestigious China Theater Plum Blossom Awards. In film and television, Xinjiang-themed films have won the Best Works Award for seven consecutive years, including the highly acclaimed Fade Away Pastoral; the children's film The Little Horsewhip was a winner at the China Movie Awards; the TV drama To the Wonder gained viral recognition and was broadcast in several other countries; and the documentary film Fabric of Lives received substantial praise from audiences. Additionally, the brilliant performance at the Kashi sub-venue of the Central Television Station's 2024 Spring Festival Gala captivated viewers around the world.

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Continuous improvement of the system of public cultural services. Xinjiang has promoted consistent and equal access to public cultural services and channeled quality cultural resources to the community level, protecting the people's cultural rights and interests and improving their quality of life. By the end of 2024, Xinjiang had established 111 public libraries, 118 cultural centers, 1,126 cultural facilities in towns, townships and sub-districts, and 11,783 village cultural centers, providing 695.86 sq m of public cultural facilities per 10,000 people. The autonomous region now boasts 88,800 sports venues, and has established a comprehensive, five-tier public cultural service network spanning the village, township, county, prefecture, and the autonomous region levels. Believing that culture should serve the interests of the people, Xinjiang has made great efforts to ensure every village and household has access to radio and television programs, with coverage rates now reaching 99.26 and 99.37 percent, respectively. The people of all ethnic groups now have easy access to rich cultural products in their neighborhoods. From 2012 to 2024, nearly 1.37 million movie screenings were held for free in nearly 9,000 venues in rural villages or communities and covered all administrative villages. The region has held the China Xinjiang Folk Art Season, Conference on Reading, and village Spring Festival galas that also reached all villages and communities. Additionally, the establishment of the pomegranate seed art troupes has expanded access to literature and the arts in rural areas through regular performances that benefit local residents.

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Accelerated development of cultural and tourist industries. Xinjiang encourages the positive interplay between culture and tourism, and continues to advance the deeper integration of the two sectors. This enables tourists to embrace not only Xinjiang's breathtaking landscapes, but also its profound culture. To advance this deeper integration, the region has worked out a development plan for cultural and tourist industry clusters, the worth of which could reach RMB1 trillion and more. In its efforts to promote the development of sports tourism, sports training and competition, Xinjiang has hosted the Taklimakan Rally, Tour of Salimu Lake Road Cycling Race, and Freeride World Tour. The industrial cluster effect is becoming increasingly apparent in the region. Resources are now being channeled into developing the winter sports tourism sector, with 72 skiing venues and five national ski resorts established across the region by the end of 2024. Xinjiang now stands among the top in the country's winter tourism. Road trips and special interest tours are immensely popular here, with the Xinjiang section of the G219 national highway, the S101 provincial highway, the Dushanzi-Kuqa highway, the Altay-Hemu highway, and the highway around the Bosten Lake all becoming viral travel destinations among tourists, giving rise to new forms of tourism products in the region. The number of tourists to Xinjiang has increased from 48.6 million in 2012 to 302 million in 2024, a 6.21-fold increase, and the total revenues from tourism in Xinjiang were RMB359.5 billion in 2024.

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IX. Continuous Improvement in People's Wellbeing

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Living a life of contentment is the ultimate human right, and a happy life for the people is the ultimate goal of development in Xinjiang. Committed to a people-centered approach, Xinjiang pursues development to improve its people's wellbeing, benefit local society, and strengthen unity. To this end, the regional government works tirelessly to solve the most pressing and immediate concerns of the people of all ethnic groups. Every year, more than 70 percent of Xinjiang's general public budget is allocated to safeguard and improve people's wellbeing, to ensure that development benefits the people of all ethnic groups in a fair way.

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A complete victory in the fight against poverty. Xinjiang was once one of the areas with the highest incidence and intensity of poverty in all of China. After the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012, the region prioritized the fight against poverty, pooling the best of its resources and adopting targeted measures to end poverty through hard work and perseverance.

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By the end of 2020, over 3.06 million of Xinjiang's impoverished rural population, its 3,666 impoverished villages, and 35 impoverished counties had all emerged from poverty. Once the specter of absolute poverty that had haunted Xinjiang for millennia was finally eradicated, the region was able to complete the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects, along with the rest of the country. The infrastructure in areas that have escaped poverty has been significantly improved. All towns and townships, as well as administrative villages where conditions permit, now have access to paved roads, bus services, and three-phase power. Dilapidated houses in rural areas have become a thing of the past and the days of drinking bitter and saline water are forever gone.

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In 2021, the first year after achieving complete victory against absolute poverty, the per capita disposable income of residents in once impoverished rural areas rose to RMB14,477, a 2.8-fold increase from RMB5,090 in 2012, with an average annual growth rate of 12.3 percent. The numbers of family cars, washing machines, refrigerators, and computers per 100 households had risen by 14.6, 51.6, 49.5 and 5.1 respectively, compared with figures in 2012, reflecting the broader improvements in people's quality of life.

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Xinjiang has embarked on a new journey after eradicating absolute poverty. It has consolidated and expanded its achievements in poverty elimination, promoted all-round rural revitalization, and enabled the people of all ethnic groups to live a more fulfilling and promising life.

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Steady growth in employment. Xinjiang implements the employment-first strategy and tries its best to achieve high-quality full employment. Employment rates are continuing to improve, with the region's employed population rising from 12.46 million in 2012 to 13.91 million in 2024, up 11.64 percent. The employment structure has also witnessed continued improvement. In 2024, the proportion of people working in the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors stood at 31.34 percent, 14.45 percent, and 54.21 percent respectively. The hiring capacity of urban areas has continued to increase, with the number of people working in cities reaching 8.18 million in 2024, accounting for 58.8 percent of the total employed population.

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People's income has increased. In 2024, the per capita disposable income of urban and rural residents reached RMB42,820 and RMB19,427, an increase of RMB23,801 and RMB12,551 respectively, compared with 2012 figures. Better employment has created a better life for all of the region's people. By improving the employment policy system and the mechanism for protecting labor rights and interests, Xinjiang has safeguarded workers' legitimate rights and interests, ensured employment for those with the ability to work, and enabled the people of all ethnic groups to look for the jobs that suit them best and work in decent conditions.

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Comprehensive development of education. Prioritizing the development of education, Xinjiang has moved faster to build a high-quality education system, and worked to ensure that educational development offers greater benefits to the people of all ethnic groups in a fair way.

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In 2024, the gross enrollment rate of preschool education in Xinjiang reached 102.72 percent, the completion rate of the nine-year compulsory education was over 99 percent, and the gross enrollment rate of senior high schools was 97.74 percent, all above the national average. Educational investment has continued to expand. Since 2012, fiscal expenditure from the central government on education in Xinjiang has reached RMB1.1 trillion, among which RMB47.9 billion have been used to improve conditions of elementary and secondary schools. These efforts have helped to promote the quality and balanced development of compulsory education.

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A student financial assistance system covering all stages of education for every student from disadvantaged families has been established, with the amount of assistance increasing from RMB2.039 billion in 2012 to RMB9.306 billion in 2024. Students in Aksu, Kashi, and Hotan prefectures and the Kizilsu Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture in southern Xinjiang receive free education for 15 years, from preschool to senior high school.

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Xinjiang has continued to optimize the configuration and structure of higher education. By 2024, the region had 63 institutions of higher learning, 24 more than 2012, and all five prefectures and autonomous prefectures in southern Xinjiang housed universities offering undergraduate programs, a historic breakthrough. The region has further expanded the scale of vocational education, with the number of students in vocational schools growing by 60.69 percent between 2012 and 2024 to reach 575,000. Through the establishment of a modern vocational education system, Xinjiang has cultivated a large number of highly skilled workers.

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Improved and optimized health service system. Xinjiang continues to improve its policies on promoting public health and has significantly increased its protection of people's health. By 2024, Xinjiang had over 19,000 medical institutions of various types at all levels and 314,600 staff in the healthcare system. The number of beds in medical institutions per thousand people in 2024 was 7.85, the number of licensed and assistant doctors was 3.19, and the number of registered nurses was 4.12.

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The service system has continued to improve. Xinjiang has established a total of 55 national-level key clinical specialties, 358 key clinical specialties and 54 specialty alliances at the autonomous region level, and 74 telemedicine coordination networks, all of which ensure that the people of all ethnic groups have access to affordable and effective medical services. It has worked to increase the availability of quality medical resources and ensure such resources are channeled towards the community level. The proportion of Xinjiang's closely integrated medical and health consortia at the county level has reached 86.05 percent, with all town and township health centers and village clinics in the region operating up to standards. Local patients can now obtain treatment for everyday health issues at the community level, for common illnesses in counties and prefectures, and for serious diseases within the autonomous region.

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Xinjiang has worked to build an international medical center and make it a signature and demonstration medical project in the core area of the Silk Road Economic Belt. It has sped up the development of three regional medical centers at the national level and four regional medical centers at the autonomous region level, and worked to fulfill their designated roles to ensure all people have access to medical services of higher quality.

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The region's ability to safeguard public health has seen significant improvement. Disease prevention and control centers and health monitoring institutions in 14 prefectures, autonomous prefectures and cities, and 96 counties, county-level cities, and districts in Xinjiang have been restructured to improve the system for disease prevention and control. The development of the health sector has helped improve people's health, with the average life expectancy in the region increasing from 30 years in 1949 to 77 years in 2024.

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An upgraded social security net. Xinjiang has continued to improve the multitiered social security system that covers the entire population in the urban and rural areas, see that it is fair, unified, reliable, well-regulated and sustainable, and speed up the formation of a strong safety net to ensure people's wellbeing.

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By the end of 2024, the number of people under the basic old-age pension scheme and the basic medical insurance system in Xinjiang stood at 16.91 million and 23.67 million respectively, each accounting for over 95 percent of Xinjiang's total population in their category. The number of people under the unemployment insurance and work-related injury insurance exceeded 4.19 million and 5.43 million, respectively, in the same period. While improving its social security system across the board, Xinjiang has worked to upgrade its services to ensure that the fruits of reform and development can benefit more people in a fair way.

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Xinjiang has established and improved the dynamic growth mechanism for social assistance standards and the price-linked adjustment mechanism for social assistance and social security standards. Since 2012, Xinjiang has increased the subsistence allowance 13 consecutive times to meet the people's basic living needs.

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X. Greater Synergy for Xinjiang's Development

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China's great achievements in the new era have been forged through the hard work of the Party and the people. The historic success in all undertakings in Xinjiang and all the epoch-making changes are fundamentally attributed to the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping at its core. It is the result of unconditional assistance from all parts of the country and the hard work of the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang.

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The Party and the country's solid support — the foundation for Xinjiang's development. The CPC's firm leadership is the greatest political strength for Xinjiang to overcome all challenges and press forward on the path of Chinese modernization. The CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping at its core has given utmost attention to Xinjiang's development by setting the Party's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era, delineating Xinjiang's five strategic roles in national development, and issuing policy measures for improving people's wellbeing, strengthening social cohesion, and promoting high-quality economic and social development in the region. The Party central leadership has ensured that fundamental principles are upheld in the work related to Xinjiang while breaking new ground.

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Under the unified leadership of the CPC Central Committee, the whole Party and the entire nation have adopted a unified approach to national development through overall planning and coordinated action. In the case of Xinjiang, the country has put in place mechanisms under which central departments provide policy support and guidance, provincial and municipal governments cooperate and provide assistance, and Xinjiang's government plays a principal role. These mechanisms have created great synergy for the autonomous region's development.

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The central government provides special support for Xinjiang in terms of funds, projects, preferential policies, industry support, and investments. Since 2012, it has allocated more than RMB4 trillion in transfer payments to Xinjiang, including nearly RMB543.48 billion in 2024 alone.

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The firm leadership of the Party Central Committee and its solid support provide fundamental guidance for Xinjiang-related work in the new era, giving it a strong impetus.

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Notable improvements in paired assistance to Xinjiang. Paired assistance is a strategic policy measure to maintain lasting stability, peace and security in Xinjiang. Central Party and government departments, state-owned enterprises directly administered by the central government, and designated provinces and municipalities provide paired assistance to Xinjiang on a comprehensive, targeted and long-term basis. These assistance efforts include dispatching officials and professionals, implementing projects in specific industries, advancing sci-tech and education development, providing medical and health services, and promoting culture and tourism.

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Since the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012, the central government has allocated over RMB200 billion in paired assistance funds for Xinjiang, secured RMB3 trillion in investments for economic cooperation projects, and introduced more than 15,000 enterprises into the region, helping Xinjiang onto a path of high-quality development.

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Paired assistance to Xinjiang prioritizes safeguarding and improving people's wellbeing. During the 14th Five-year Plan period (2021-2025), 89.2 percent of assistance funds for Xinjiang were earmarked for projects related to the people's wellbeing, and 91.3 percent of funds served grassroots needs, improving the welfare of the people from all ethnic groups.

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Under this mechanism, large groups of officials from other parts of the country have been selected and dispatched to work in Xinjiang, and Xinjiang's grassroots officials have received training in more developed places that provide assistance, thereby increasing communication and exchanges between them. Cultural exchanges have been organized to boost communication between people from various ethnic groups in and outside Xinjiang, at multiple levels and in diverse forms. Officials and professionals stationed in Xinjiang have provided effective assistance with selfless devotion, and strengthened the bond between people in Xinjiang and in other parts of the country, helping build a strong synergy for realizing the Chinese Dream of national rejuvenation.

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Civil-military integration — new impetus for Xinjiang's development. The Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps serves as a major strategic force for realizing Xinjiang's development goals. Upholding the policy of coordination between civilian and military sectors, the autonomous region and the Corps have aligned themselves in designing strategic plans, formulating overarching plans, dovetailing special plans, and coordinating local plans. This integrated approach aims to foster development by leveraging complementary strengths and building close-knit communities.

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Xinjiang has improved the mechanisms for civil-military integration through innovative practices. The civilian and military sectors have jointly implemented a group of key infrastructure projects, including three 10 million-kW new energy bases in Hami City, the Zhundong Economic-Technological Development Park, and around the Tarim Basin. They have worked together to promote high-quality development of platforms for opening up, such as pilot free trade zones, comprehensive bonded areas, pilot zones for development and opening up, and economic and technological development zones.

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The civilian and military sectors in Xinjiang have promoted resource sharing and service integration. Twenty higher education institutions, 40 secondary vocational schools, and 590 kindergartens, elementary schools and secondary schools have been respectively paired up for mutual assistance, while a total of 196 medical partnerships have been established.

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Civil-military integration in Xinjiang is going wider and deeper, contributing to common development through unity and mutual assistance and by leveraging complementary strengths.

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Building a beautiful home through hard work. Today's Xinjiang is characterized by social stability and harmony, ethnic unity and progress, and a strong development momentum. It is a region of cultural prosperity and religious harmony where the people enjoy peace and contentment in life and work. The vast lands on both sides of the Tianshan Mountains are enjoying peace and pulsating with vigor and energy.

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Under the firm leadership of the CPC Central Committee, and with the strong support of the entire nation, the more than 26 million people in Xinjiang are working hard to achieve greater progress, bearing in mind the Party's hopes in them. Following the Party's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era in full, to the letter, and in all fields, they uphold the overall goal of stability, peace and security, and focus their work on fostering a stronger sense of the Chinese nation as one community. They have fulfilled their principal role and contributed substantial efforts in advancing Xinjiang's development, an endeavor of fundamental, indispensable and long-term significance to China's overall development.

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With unprecedented initiative and a strong motivation to create history, they are adding Xinjiang's chapters to the annals of Chinese modernization with unparalleled confidence, striving to turn into reality the grand blueprint for Xinjiang drawn up by the Party Central Committee with Xi Jinping at its core.

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Conclusion

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In the mighty tides of history, we must temper our will and character to prepare for new journeys and surmount new obstacles that come before us.

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The great achievements in pursuing reform, development and stability in Xinjiang in the new era are, fundamentally, attributed to the leadership by General Secretary Xi Jinping as the core of both the CPC Central Committee and the entire Party, to the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, and to the full, accurate and faithful implementation of the Party's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era.

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Following the guidelines, we have made a historic leap in the system and capacity for governing border areas, and have found the right way of ensuring both development and security in these areas, driving forward the Xinjiang practice in China's modernization, and achieving the overall goal of social stability and lasting peace and security in the region.

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However distant as it may seem, a dream can be achieved as long as we pursue it; however lofty as it may appear, a goal is attainable as long as we work for it. This year marks the 70th anniversary of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Looking ahead, in the grand endeavors on either side of the Tianshan Mountains and on the great journey of China's modernization, the Party's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era will undoubtedly demonstrate its enduring effectiveness while continually developing and being enriched. Following their guidance, Xinjiang will embark on an increasingly broad development path and embrace an even brighter future.

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Contents

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Preface

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I. Governance of Xinjiang by Past Central Authorities: Philosophies and Experience

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II. CPC's Governance of Xinjiang: Progress and Achievements

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III. CPC Guidelines for Governing Xinjiang in the New Era: Opening Up New Dimensions

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IV. Stronger Foundations for Stability, Peace and Security

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V. Uniting the Chinese Nation as One Community

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VI. Further Progress in Democracy and the Rule of Law

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VII. High-Quality Development and High-Standard Opening Up

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VIII. Significant Progress in Cultural Development

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IX. Continuous Improvement in People's Wellbeing

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X. Greater Synergy for Xinjiang's Development

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Conclusion

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Preface

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As the boundary of national governance is defined by where the people reside, the primary concern of a country should always be its border areas.

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Spanning five millennia, our great civilization has seen all the ethnic groups of the Chinese nation open up the motherland's vast territory through untold hardships and unparalleled perseverance and form a unified multiethnic nation. Together, they have written a glorious Chinese history, created a splendid Chinese culture, and fostered our great national spirit.

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Xinjiang, known as the Western Regions in ancient times, has long been an inseparable part of China and an important gateway of the Chinese civilization to the outside world. Throughout history, successive central governments have established administrative institutions for its governance and stationed garrison troops to reclaim wasteland and guard the border areas. Through millennia of exploration and practice, they have accumulated a wealth of experience in this crucial endeavor.

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Since its birth, the Communist Party of China (CPC) has pursued its mission of working for the wellbeing of the Chinese people and rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, including the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang. Throughout the years of revolution, construction and reform, the CPC has drawn from the experience and lessons in governing Xinjiang to continuously renew and develop its governance philosophy for the region. With new missions and tasks, it has responded to today's new imperatives in its work on Xinjiang, achieving major milestones in promoting reform and development, ethnic unity, social progress, people's wellbeing, and border security in the region.

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In the new era, the CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping at its core has considered, planned and arranged the work in relation to Xinjiang from the holistic and strategic perspective of building a strong China and pursuing national rejuvenation. It has continuously deepened its understanding of the dynamics of governing Xinjiang, set the overall goal of social stability and lasting peace and security, and established the Party's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era. In providing leadership for the work related to Xinjiang, it has upheld fundamental principles and broken new ground, and successfully driven its progress despite the complex circumstances, challenges, and risks. Historic achievements and transformative change have been witnessed in all undertakings of Xinjiang.

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I. Governance of Xinjiang by Past Central Authorities: Philosophies and Experience

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Central authorities throughout China's history have consistently upheld great unity in their governance, administering the Xinjiang region as an integral part of the country. They maintained social stability, advanced development, and facilitated ethnic interaction and cultural integration, forging a profound awareness and a firm common conviction that Chinese territory must remain intact, the nation must maintain order, all ethnic groups must remain united, and the civilization must be sustained. Their efforts have contributed to the philosophies and experience for governing the nation's border areas.

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Placing the administration of Xinjiang in the overall context of national governance. Xinjiang is China's sacred territory. In 60 BCE, the Han Dynasty (206 BCE-220 CE) established the Western Regions Frontier Command, pioneering the effective jurisdiction and administration over the Xinjiang region by central authorities.

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During the period (220-589) from the Three Kingdoms to the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Former Liang regime established the Gaochang Prefecture in the Turpan Basin, becoming the first to extend the system of prefectures and counties to the Western Regions.

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The Sui Dynasty (581-618) established three prefectures — Shanshan, Qiemo and Yiwu — further expanding the system in the region.

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The Tang Dynasty (618-907) successively set up the Grand Anxi Frontier Command and the Grand Beiting Frontier Command to administer the vast areas both north and south of the Tianshan Mountains.

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During the period of the Liao, Song, Xixia, and Kin dynasties (907-1234), the Liao regime established Prince of the State Office of Yutian Kingdom, Office of the Grand Prince of Gaochang Kingdom, and Arslan Uighur Office of the Grand Prince, thereby exercising effective administration over the Western Regions.

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The Yuan Dynasty (1206-1368) implemented the system of administrative provinces in the region, before setting up the Beiting Command and the Pacification Commissioner's Office to manage military and political affairs.

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In the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), the imperial court established the Hami Garrison Command to manage local affairs.

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The Qing Dynasty (1616-1911) established the post of Ili General and exercised more systematic administration over the Xinjiang region. In 1884, the Qing court established the region as a province, renaming it Xinjiang, meaning "land newly recovered".

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In 1912, following the Revolution of 1911, Xinjiang became a province of the Republic of China.

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Throughout China's history, depending on their strengths, imperial dynasties in the Central Plains maintained varying levels of relations with the Western Regions, and their administration of the Xinjiang region differed in intensity. Yet, all imperial dynasties regarded the Western Regions as an inalienable part of their territory, and all exercised jurisdiction over it. Safeguarding national unity has always been a sacred mission of China's central authorities.

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Upholding national unity. Since ancient times, the Chinese nation has embraced the ideas of "shared customs and practices and unified governance across the country" and "great harmony under Heaven", considering national unification "a universal tenet between Heaven and Earth, and a constant creed throughout the past and present".

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Through measures including establishing administrative systems, building up military defenses, guiding economic growth, and promoting the code of rites and law, central authorities throughout Chinese history continued to strengthen the concept of great unity. Local regimes in the Western Regions also held a strong sense of being an integral part of China, considering themselves either tributaries or vassals of the imperial dynasty in the Central Plains.

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During the Han Dynasty, King Yan of Shache, in the Western Regions, often told his son that they must serve the Han court from generation to generation and never betray it. During the Tang Dynasty, various tribes in the northwest honored Emperor Taizong of Tang as the "Heavenly Khan". During the Ming and Qing dynasties, local regimes in the Western Regions — such as the Yarkand Khanate — regularly traveled to the imperial capital to pay tribute on a "golden road".

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The enduring tradition of great unity of the Chinese civilization affirms that unification has always been at the core of China's core national interests, and that a strong and unified country is fundamental to the future of all ethnic groups.

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Strengthening governance over Xinjiang in line with local conditions. In China, past central authorities attached great importance to the governance of border areas. On the premise of political unity, they adapted to local conditions and administered the region in line with local customs.

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From Han Dynasty's Chamberlain for Dependencies, to Court of State Ceremonial in the Tang and Song dynasties, to Commission for Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs in the Yuan Dynasty, to Court of Colonial Affairs in the Qing Dynasty, successive central authorities set up specific agencies to oversee ethnic affairs in border areas.

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The Han court strengthened its administration over the Western Regions by conferring titles on and presenting official seals to the heads and officials of local vassal regimes, so as to maintain the ruling order and consolidate central authority.

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In the Tang Dynasty, the same system of prefectures and counties as in the Central Plains was applied in the regions of Yizhou, Xizhou and Tingzhou. In areas west of these three prefectures, local tribal leaders, who were granted titles such as prefect or commander-in-chief, would follow the imperial court's orders and carry out its missions by defending the country's territory and sending troops to battles.

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In the Qing Dynasty, governance in the region was made more systematic and comprehensive through a mechanism that integrated military and political administration and included the Eight Banners system, the system of prefectures and counties, the Baeg and the Jasak systems.

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After Xinjiang was established as a province, the system of prefectures and counties was adopted across the region like the rest of the country.

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All the imperial dynasties throughout Chinese history have integrated the maintaining of a unified political order with governing in line with local customs, ensuring efficient and effective administration of Xinjiang by the central authorities.

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Vigorously developing and building Xinjiang. Central authorities across all historical periods of China attached great importance to the development and building of Xinjiang. The Han Dynasty sent garrison troops to convert wasteland into arable land in the Western Regions, a practice that was continued and expanded to the whole region during the Tang Dynasty. By the Qing Dynasty, the areas of reclaimed farmlands had exceeded 10 million mu (approximately 667,000 hectares).

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Water conservancy projects have also flourished. The Milan Ruins in Ruoqiang County are a well-preserved and relatively intact example of Han Dynasty water conservancy facilities in the region. During the Tang Dynasty, Taotuo water management offices were established, with officials overseeing water conservancy work. The Qing Dynasty promoted extensive water conservancy construction in Xinjiang, dredging rivers and canals and popularizing the karez system — an underground irrigation system primarily in use in arid regions. By the late Guangxu era (1875-1908) of the Qing Dynasty, the total length of canals in Xinjiang had surpassed 35,000 kilometers, with a total irrigation capacity exceeding 10 million mu (approximately 667,000 hectares).

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Xinjiang has been a vital hub of the Silk Road since ancient times. Central authorities set up postal stations along key routes to ensure the safety of commercial routes for trade and exchanges. On the Silk Road, envoys and caravans traveled between countries and continents, their activities spanning over a thousand years.

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With the booming trade, a number of cities and towns, such as Yutian, Shule, Xizhou, Tingzhou, Huiyuan, and Dihua, were built one after another in Xinjiang, driving economic development and population growth. The continuous development and construction of Xinjiang laid a solid material foundation for effective governance and stability in the border areas.

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Advancing ethnic integration and religious coexistence. Central authorities throughout China's history regarded ethnic and religious affairs as a key priority in the governance of Xinjiang. In each historical period, people from diverse ethnic backgrounds migrated to or left the region in large groups. Ethnic groups had grown, developed and integrated with each other despite periods of isolation and conflict, forging a bond thicker than blood and sharing weal and woe together. All of them have made important contributions to exploring, developing, and protecting Xinjiang.

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The Liu Pingguo Stele of the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220) and the 883 Tang-Dynasty documents unearthed from the Keyakekuduke Watchtower site in Yuli County record vivid scenes of people of diverse ethnic groups jointly garrisoning the frontier. In the Qing Dynasty, the court moved military personnel and civilians of various ethnic groups, including the Manchu, Han, Hui, Mongolian (Chahar Tribe), Xibe, and Suolun (Daur), together with their families, to Xinjiang to garrison the border areas and engage in agricultural cultivation, strengthening northwestern border defense.

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The Xinjiang region has always been a place where multiple religions coexist, and central authorities all incorporated the management of religious affairs into the national governance system. In the Tang Dynasty, the position of Chief Buddhist Monk was established to supervise Buddhist affairs in the four garrison commands of Anxi: Qiuci, Yutian, Shule, and Suiye. The Qing Dynasty promulgated the Administrative Codex for Xinjiang, stipulating that the Motisebu Baeg should administer Islamic affairs without interfering in civil affairs.

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The fact that the Chinese civilization has been forged through the convergence of diverse cultures fundamentally determines the historical trajectory of ethnic interaction and integration, as well as the harmonious coexistence of religious beliefs in China.

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Uniting all ethnic groups with the best of traditional Chinese culture. Central authorities across China's historical periods regarded promoting mainstream values and the best of traditional Chinese culture as an indispensable part of governing Xinjiang. The formation and development of Chinese culture could not have been sustained without the Chinese written language. After the Western Han Dynasty unified the Western Regions, the Chinese language and writing system began to be promoted, and has been in continuous use in Xinjiang ever since.

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Confucianism has a profound impact on the Western Regions. By the Tang Dynasty, Confucian classics had been widely disseminated — numerous fragmented manuscripts of the Book of Songs, Book of History, Book of Rites, and The Analects of Confucius have been unearthed in archeological excavations in Turpan. Institutions and statutes originating from the Central Plains were implemented in Xinjiang, and Chinese institutions and cultural traditions, including the Rites of Zhou, took root in the region, exemplified by the widespread application of the Statutes and Regulations of the Qing Dynasty.

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For a century or so since the mid-19th century, confronted with an unprecedented crisis of national subjugation and extinction, the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang, together with their compatriots across the country, united to resist foreign aggression and fight for national survival. This shared struggle elevated the consciousness of national identity among all ethnic groups to a new height.

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Since their inception, the cultures of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang have borne the hallmark of unity in diversity of Chinese culture. Chinese culture has always been the harbor and cultural home of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang, as well as the driving force for the development of their respective cultures.

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Over 2,000 years, China's central authorities adopted distinct approaches in their governance of Xinjiang across different historical periods. And Xinjiang has always remained an indispensable and vital part of the unified, multiethnic Chinese nation. Objectively speaking, their concepts and measures for governing Xinjiang had some unavoidable shortcomings: Their governance over Xinjiang varied in intensity, and lacked precision and effectiveness. Especially after the mid-19th century, separatist activities instigated and backed by foreign forces occurred from time to time.

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History was calling for a true leader capable of leading the Chinese nation to independence, people's liberation, and national rejuvenation. This glorious mission rightfully fell on the Communist Party of China, which was duty bound to fulfill these goals.

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II. CPC's Governance of Xinjiang: Progress and Achievements

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Since its founding, the CPC has always held deep concern for Xinjiang, and the future and wellbeing of the people of all ethnic groups living on this vast land. Under the leadership of the Party, the people of Xinjiang have traversed a remarkable path: from achieving emancipation and becoming their own masters, to embarking on the socialist road; from embracing reform and opening up and achieving moderate prosperity in all respects, to setting out on the new journey towards Chinese modernization. Together with the rest of the nation, they have witnessed the great transformation from standing up and growing prosperous to becoming strong. Over the past century and more, generations of Chinese Communists have continued to explore and advance theoretical, practical, and institutional innovations, deepening their understanding and grasp of the dynamics of governance in Xinjiang.

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Active exploration during the New Democratic Revolution between 1919 and 1949. During this period, the CPC united the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang and led them in heroic and unrelenting struggle, bringing them emancipation and enabling them to be their own masters. The founding of the CPC in July 1921 was an epoch-making event in Chinese history. Ever since, the Party has remained a pillar on which the Chinese people, including those in Xinjiang, can rely. In its early years, the Party had given clear emphasis on Xinjiang, sending members to the region to spread Marxism, sow the seeds of revolution, enlighten the people, and raise their political awareness. During the whole nation's war of resistance against Japanese aggression (1931-1945), the CPC — holding high the banner of a national united front — led the people of Xinjiang in supporting the war effort: organizing donations, ensuring the safe transport of international aid to China, fortifying Xinjiang to support the war front from China's interior, and proactively engaging in movements to rescue the country from Japanese occupation. In August 1938, donations from the people of Xinjiang were used to purchase 10 fighter planes — named "Xinjiang" in their honor — to assist the front line.

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Thanks to the CPC's persistent effort, people in Xinjiang developed an unprecedented sense of the Chinese nation as one community, and a large number of progressives devoted themselves to the revolutionary cause. Having secured a decisive victory in the War of Liberation (1946-1950), the CPC central leadership decided to peacefully liberate Xinjiang. The People's Liberation Army (PLA) marched triumphantly into the region, shattering the wild ambition of imperialist and separatist forces to dismember China and safeguarding the fundamental interests of the Chinese nation. This marked a major victory in the cause of national unification and a historic turning point in advancing unity and progress among the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang.

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Comprehensive governance in the process of socialist revolution and construction between 1949 and 1978. During this period, the CPC united the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang and led them in bringing tremendous changes to a region with hard natural conditions, achieving a historic leap into socialist society. The founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC) on October 1, 1949 ushered in a new era: the Chinese people had stood up, and a new chapter for Xinjiang had begun. On December 17 the same year, the People's Government of Xinjiang Province was officially established. Under the Party's leadership, the people of Xinjiang consolidated the newly established people's democratic power, created a new, socialist form of ethnic relations, and abolished the feudal land system. Together, they prudently advanced comprehensive social reforms and completed the socialist transformation, establishing the socialist system in Xinjiang that enabled the region to stride forward with the rest of the country — marking the greatest and most profound change in Xinjiang's history.

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On October 7, 1954, the Production and Construction Corps of the Xinjiang Military District of the PLA was formed. A total of 100,000 garrison troops began to open up large swaths of wastelands while guarding the border areas. On October 1, 1955, the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was formally established, marking a milestone in the region's development and a new success of the CPC's policies on ethnic affairs. In order to end poverty and catch up, the people of Xinjiang pursued self-reliance and worked with determination under the leadership of the CPC to strengthen their home region, supported by selfless assistance from people across the nation. Consequently, Xinjiang has basically built up its industrial system, improved its agricultural production conditions significantly, and achieved marked progress in education, science and technology, health care, transportation, and water conservancy. It has witnessed a historic transformation from barrenness and poverty to flourishing prosperity, secured pivotal achievements in socialist revolution and construction, and created a miracle that changed its future with the people's undaunted spirit.

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Further progress in the process of reform, opening up, and socialist modernization. During this period, the CPC has united the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang and led them confidently onto the broad path of socialism with Chinese characteristics, aiming for greater heights. The convening of the Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in December 1978 was a pivotal juncture of far-reaching significance in the history of the Party and the country. Xinjiang's vast land of 1.66 million square kilometers was awash with the strong tides of reform and opening up. In December 1981, the central government decided to restore the production and construction corps system, giving it the name the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (XPCC). As reforms rolled out, the CPC Central Committee — noting Xinjiang's great potential — decided to accelerate its modernization and promote common prosperity among all ethnic groups in the region. The Central Committee lent vigorous support to the region in transforming its advantage in superior resources into growth, guiding it to achieve a strategic shift in its focus. Comprehensive reforms were implemented in both rural and urban areas, while opening up was expanded by attracting external resources and strengthening internal coordination, bringing about new prospects on either side of the Tianshan Mountains.

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After the Fourth Plenary Session of the 13th CPC Central Committee in 1989, the Party Central Committee emphasized that Xinjiang's development and stability was of overarching importance to the nation. For its development, prosperity, and lasting peace and security, the central leadership pooled resources nationwide in assistance to Xinjiang and saw that the socialist market economy was established and improved in the region. This enabled Xinjiang to seize the strategic opportunities presented by the large-scale development of China's west and pioneer a new phase of all-round reform and opening up.

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Following the 16th CPC National Congress in 2002, the Central Committee reaffirmed its commitment to unswervingly advancing reform and opening up and socialist modernization in Xinjiang, maintaining social stability, and promoting ethnic unity. Guided by the major strategic plan of stabilizing and revitalizing Xinjiang, enriching the people, and safeguarding the border areas, the region has achieved sound and rapid economic and social development. In advancing the great cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics, Xinjiang has experienced a historic transformation. Its economy has been markedly strengthened by improving its once relatively backward productive forces, and its society has shifted from a closed and semi-closed outlook to one defined by openness. The people's living standards have also borne witness to profound transformation, evolving from bare subsistence to a basic level of moderate prosperity, and then ultimately to moderate prosperity in all respects. Xinjiang has caught up with the rest of the country in making great strides towards the goals of our time.

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A new era for socialism with Chinese characteristics. The CPC has united the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang and led them in pressing forward with hard work, upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground, creating new miraculous achievements. The 18th CPC National Congress held in November 2012 ushered Chinese socialism into a new era. While pursuing national rejuvenation within a wider context of global change on a scale unseen in a century, the Party Central Committee with Xi Jinping at its core has put its work related to Xinjiang high on the agenda of the Party and the country and continued to further its understanding and grasp of the dynamics of governance in the region. The Central Committee convened its second and third meetings on the work related to Xinjiang in 2014 and 2020, and in 2014, 2022 and 2023, General Secretary Xi traveled three times to Xinjiang on inspection tours, establishing the overall goal of social stability and lasting peace and security in the region, laying down the Party's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era.

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With the guidelines in place, Xinjiang has focused on forging a strong sense of the Chinese nation as one community, adhered to its strategic positioning in the country, and ensured both development and security. Solid steps have been taken to govern Xinjiang in accordance with the law, maintain stability through ethnic unity, strengthen cultural identity and bonds, bring greater prosperity to the region and its people, and develop Xinjiang from a long-term perspective. This has contributed to unprecedented economic and social development and significant improvement of people's wellbeing, and brought a greater sense of gain, happiness and security to the people.

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Today's Xinjiang is experiencing the best period of development in its history. Over 26 million Xinjiang people of all ethnic groups are tightly knit like the roots of poplar trees and closely united like the seeds of a pomegranate. Confident and open-minded, they are marching forward on the new journey towards a modern socialist country in all respects and striving for the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through hard work and perseverance.

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III. CPC Guidelines for Governing Xinjiang in the New Era: Opening Up New Dimensions

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Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the Party Central Committee with Xi Jinping at its core has drawn experience and lessons from past central authorities in governing Xinjiang, and continued to apply and improve the Party's best practices in this regard. It has adopted a systematic and holistic approach to planning and advancing fundamental, essential and long-term undertakings for the region's lasting peace and security. These efforts have explored new dimensions in Xinjiang's governance, enabling the Party to scale new heights in maintaining stability and driving development in the region.

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The formulation and development of the CPC's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era. The rejuvenation of the Chinese nation is interwoven with — and interacts with — global change on a scale unseen in a century. Consequently, the strategic role of Xinjiang has become ever more pivotal to the nation's overall trajectory. Prioritizing Xinjiang in the governance of the country, the CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping at its core has systematically planned all work related to Xinjiang from an overall strategic perspective and provided answers to a series of questions on the future direction and strategy in governing the region.

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General Secretary Xi has always paid close attention to the work related to Xinjiang, from a place of care for the people of all of its ethnic groups. At each critical stage in work related to Xinjiang, he has provided strategic direction and guidance, personally steering the course of its development. In April 2014, during an inspection visit to Xinjiang, he highlighted, "The CPC Central Committee has continued to attach great importance to the work related to Xinjiang, emphasizing Xinjiang's special and important strategic role in the work of the Party and the country." He emphasized the major principles and policies of the central leadership to improve the work related to Xinjiang in the new era, and the need to "take a coordinated approach in all undertakings with a focus on social stability and lasting peace and security". In May 2014, the CPC Central Committee held its second meeting on the work related to Xinjiang, at which it reiterated its major principles and policies in this effort and established social stability and lasting peace and security as the overall goal.

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After the meeting, Xi presided over a number of important meetings of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and its standing committee, to make plans for the work related to Xinjiang. In September 2020, at the third central meeting on the work related to Xinjiang held by the CPC Central Committee, he raised the CPC's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era, explaining them in detail. He emphasized governing Xinjiang in accordance with the law, maintaining stability through ethnic unity, strengthening cultural identity and bonds, bringing greater prosperity to the region and its people, and developing Xinjiang from a long-term perspective, to build a socialist Xinjiang with Chinese characteristics in the new era.

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In July 2022, on another inspection visit to Xinjiang, Xi pointed out the need to promote the fundamental, essential and long-term undertakings for Xinjiang's lasting peace and security, with a focus on the overall goal. In August 2023, he visited Xinjiang again to hear reports about the work of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region government and the XPCC. He emphasized the full, accurate and faithful implementation of the Party's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era, and the strategic positioning of Xinjiang in the country. With the overall goal in mind, we will make thorough and meticulous efforts to deliver practical results in governing Xinjiang in accordance with the law, maintaining stability through ethnic unity, strengthening cultural identity and bonds, bringing greater prosperity to the region and its people, and developing Xinjiang from a long-term perspective. We will pursue progress while ensuring stability, devote continued and long-term sustained efforts in our work, and build Xinjiang into a beautiful home characterized by unity, harmony, prosperity, cultural progress, and a sound eco-environment in which people live and work in peace and contentment on the path to Chinese modernization. In addition, he has delivered speeches, made remarks, and provided instructions on many occasions, putting forward new ideas, perspectives and requirements on improving the work related to Xinjiang that have further enriched and developed the CPC's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era.

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The essence of the CPC's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era. The CPC's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era represent a thorough understanding of the situation in Xinjiang and embody a profound reflection on the work related to the region by the CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping at its core. They comprise a complete system of theories with a sound logic and rich content, and sit at the core of all work related to Xinjiang in the new era. Their main content is as follows:

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Viewing and planning the work related to Xinjiang from a strategic perspective. The work related to Xinjiang bears not only on national reunification, ethnic unity, and national security, but also on the initiative to build China into a great country and the goal of national rejuvenation. We must have a clear understanding of the prevailing trend of development in Xinjiang, of the impact of good work in Xinjiang on the overall situation of the Party and the country, and of the work's significance in addressing both domestic and international imperatives, thereby laying a solid foundation for its long-term development, peace and security.

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Upholding social stability and lasting peace and security as the overall goal of the work related to Xinjiang. This means that all undertakings must be planned and advanced to achieve this goal. We should both channel our resources to address the pressing problems in maintaining social stability and systematically tackle the deep-rooted issues that undermine Xinjiang's lasting peace and security.

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Rallying the people's support is fundamental. Without the people's support, all efforts are futile. We must put the people first, have faith in the people of all ethnic groups, rely on them, and be of service to them. We should provide them with guidance, and let them understand the importance of stability and peace, that a happy life stems from the Party's good policies and the hard work of all ethnic groups united as one, and that the development of Xinjiang cannot be achieved without the support from the whole Party and the whole country.

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Fostering a stronger sense of the Chinese nation as one community. This is fundamental to the work related to Xinjiang in the long run. We must focus on fostering a stronger sense of national identity, fully implement the Party's policies concerning ethnic affairs, and heighten public awareness of ethnic unity and progress. We must move faster to build an ethnically integrated society and neighborhoods and encourage more exchanges, interactions and integration among different ethnic groups, so that they remain as closely united as the seeds of a pomegranate.

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Ensuring that religions in China conform to China's realities. This concerns the overall work related to Xinjiang. We must fully implement the Party's basic policy on religious affairs, protect lawful practices, proscribe illegal activities, contain extremism, resist infiltration, and punish crime. We must guide religious believers to foster a keen sense of national identity, citizenship, and law-based governance, and provide active guidance to religions so that they can adapt to socialist society.

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Fostering and carrying forward the core socialist values. We must uphold the guiding role of advanced socialist culture and strengthen the cultural identity and bonds of people in Xinjiang. We must guide the people and inspire them to identify more closely with our motherland, the Chinese nation, the Chinese culture, the CPC, and socialism with Chinese characteristics.

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Promoting high-quality development centered on the people's wellbeing. Xinjiang's development should manifest in the people's wellbeing, betterment of local economy and society, and greater ethnic unity. We must uphold the people-centered development philosophy, and advance economic and social development while improving people's wellbeing so that the people of all ethnic groups live and work in peace and contentment, thereby enabling them to enjoy a stronger sense of gain, fulfillment and security.

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Strengthening the Party's leadership over the work related to Xinjiang. To improve the work related to Xinjiang, we must uphold and strengthen the Party's overall leadership, cultivate a contingent of officials with strong political commitment, professional competence, and exemplary conduct, and ensure the smooth execution of the Central Committee's policies and decisions. We must regard building solid foundations at the grassroots level as the fundamental measure to ensure stability and security in Xinjiang, and strengthen grassroots Party organizations to serve the people, maintain stability, and oppose division.

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The principles and requirements of the CPC's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era. The CPC's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era are the foundation for the work related to Xinjiang. We must have a thorough understanding of governing Xinjiang in accordance with the law, maintaining stability through ethnic unity, strengthening cultural identity and bonds, bringing greater prosperity to the region and its people, and developing Xinjiang from a long-term perspective, and advance these undertakings in a coordinated manner.

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To govern the region in accordance with the law, we should uphold Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law, advance law-based governance, promote its concept across society, adhere to its principles, and implement its requirements in all sectors of the work related to Xinjiang. We should employ law-based thinking and approaches to forestall risks, combat crimes, handle problems, and address disputes, and strengthen law-based and persistent efforts in combating terrorism and maintaining stability, thereby ensuring that all the work related to Xinjiang is carried out under the rule of law.

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To maintain stability through ethnic unity, the fundamental issue is to rally people's support. We should regard ethnic unity as the lifeline of the people of all ethnic groups, safeguard the unity of the Chinese nation, and continue to foster a stronger sense of the Chinese nation as one community. We should make systematic efforts to ensure that religions in China conform to China's realities, to unite the people of all ethnic groups closer around the Party, and to forge tremendous momentum to build a beautiful Xinjiang.

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To strengthen cultural identity and bonds, we should see that people in Xinjiang identify with the Chinese culture. Upholding the core socialist values, we should develop advanced socialist culture, promote revolutionary culture, carry forward the best of traditional Chinese culture, and build a spiritual home shared by all the Chinese people. We should provide education and guidance to the people of all ethnic groups to strengthen their sense of Chinese national identity, and reinforce their political commitment and win their support, thus consolidating the ideological foundations for social stability and lasting peace and security.

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To bring greater prosperity to Xinjiang and its people, we should fully and faithfully apply the new development philosophy on all fronts in line with the strategic positioning of Xinjiang in building a great modern socialist country. Giving full play to Xinjiang's advantages in geographic location, resources, and policies, we should actively support Xinjiang in serving and integrating with the new development dynamic and promoting high-quality opening up. We should advance high-quality development centered on the people's wellbeing, and ensure that the benefits of development improve the people's wellbeing and win their support.

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To develop Xinjiang from a long-term perspective, we should uphold and strengthen the Party's overall leadership and advance the great new project of strengthening the Party in the new era. We should foster highly competent officials based on the criteria for assessing the caliber of officials in the new era, maintain our strategic resolve, and make meticulous plans before taking any actions. We should pursue progress while ensuring stability, devote continued and long-term sustained efforts in our work, and address deep-rooted problems, to lay solid foundations for achieving the overall goal of the work related to Xinjiang.

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The CPC's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era represent both innovations and breakthroughs in theory, and concrete plans and requirements for their implementation. Embodying Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, they encapsulate and build on the past successes of the CPC who lead the Chinese people in governing, stabilizing and developing Xinjiang. They have opened a wide avenue leading to steady and sustained progress in the work related to Xinjiang, marking a new height of the CPC's understanding of the underlying principles in border governance. They are a milestone in the Party's work related to Xinjiang and in the development of the region.

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Under the strong leadership of the Party Central Committee and with the support of the whole country, over 26 million people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang are applying the Party's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era in full, to the letter, and in all fields. Keeping the requirements in mind, they are working hard with gratitude and forging ahead in the face of daunting challenges to translate into reality the grand blueprint for Xinjiang drawn up by the CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping at its core.

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IV. Stronger Foundations for Stability, Peace and Security

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Social stability and lasting peace and security in Xinjiang are of overarching importance to overall reform, development and stability in China. While balancing development and security, Xinjiang has maintained social stability as a top priority. It has continued to fight terrorism and maintain stability in a law-based and regular manner, preventing and defusing risks in various fields, as well as interference and sabotage by external forces. A historic transformation from chaos to stability and from stability to governance has been achieved in the region.

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Significant achievements in the fight against secession. Separatism endangers national unity and undermines ethnic unity, breeding terrorism and extremism in Xinjiang. In the past, ethnic separatists, religious extremists, and terrorists have engaged in rampant sabotaging activities in Xinjiang, disrupting local stability and bringing enormous suffering to the people of all ethnic groups in the region. The Chinese government stands firm against all forms of separatism, terrorism, and extremism, and takes robust action against any acts that aim to split the country, endanger public security, or infringe upon human rights in accordance with the law.

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Xinjiang is resolute in safeguarding national unity and takes robust action against illegal acts and crimes, including the incitement, organization, plotting, and execution of acts that divide the country or jeopardize national unity. It is resolute in guarding against the infiltration and spread of "Pan-Turkism" and "Pan-Islamism" and strives to root out the breeding grounds for terrorism and extremism to sprout and spread. The hard work over the years has reaped notable results in Xinjiang's fight against separatism. Violent and terrorist events have not happened for many years, and social stability and ethnic unity have been effectively safeguarded in the region.

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Enforcement of regular counterterrorism measures to ensure stability in accordance with the law. This is central to sustaining long-term social stability, peace, and security in Xinjiang. Upholding and promoting the socialist rule of law, Xinjiang has exercised law-based governance in full and across all areas. In accordance with the Criminal Law and Counterterrorism Law of the People's Republic of China, it has advanced the fight against terrorism and continued to maintain stability with standardized, regular and efficient operations within the legal framework.

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The autonomous region government has improved the long-term mechanism for rigorous crackdowns on violent and terrorist acts, employed law-based thinking and approaches to combat crimes and maintain stability, and ensured that these efforts were law-based, targeted, and timely. It has established a system for fighting terrorism and maintaining stability in a law-based and regular manner, and a comprehensive prevention and control system for social security, shifting the focus from the very end to the source and evolving from emergency response to a standardized, refined, and regular approach. Policies and measures have been improved to guard against the few terrorists without interrupting the normal order of work, study, and daily life of the majority of people, effecting a fundamental change more conducive to ensuring peace and stability. Since the start of the new era, counterterrorism and stability-maintaining efforts have achieved significant outcomes, bringing an end to the frequent violent and terrorist attacks seen in the past.

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Targeted countermeasures against foreign sanctions and interference. In recent years, a number of Western countries, led by the United States, have imposed sanctions on businesses and individuals related to Xinjiang on the account of "genocide" and "forced labor" — lies and absurd fallacies they have concocted to interfere in China's internal affairs. Their purpose is political manipulation and economic bullying under the guise of human rights protection. Countering sanctions and interference is essential for breaking the containment of China by the anti-China forces in the US and some Western countries, which use Xinjiang as a handle. It is a just response for safeguarding our national sovereignty, security, and development interests.

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China has promulgated relevant laws, regulations, and departmental rules, such as the Foreign Relations Law, the Anti-Foreign Sanctions Law, the Provisions on the Application of the Anti-Foreign Sanctions Law, and the Provisions on the Unreliable Entity List, taking countermeasures against the unjustified sanctions involving Xinjiang imposed by a mere handful of countries. The Standing Committee of the People's Congress of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has adopted a resolution opposing a series of US sanctions on Xinjiang and supporting the development of sanctioned enterprises and related industries, fighting back against unilateral sanctions by the US. In addition, the government has provided a range of services for sanctioned businesses, supported them in safeguarding their legitimate rights and interests in accordance with the law, given a boost to relevant industries, and created new employment opportunities for people affected by the sanctions.

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Notable improvements in social governance. Sound social governance is a prerequisite and guarantee for social harmony, stability, and people's wellbeing. Xinjiang has applied and further developed the Fengqiao model for community-level governance in the new era, and improved the urban and rural primary-level governance system that combines self-governance, the rule of law, and the rule of virtue under the leadership of Party organizations. The autonomous region has strengthened grassroots governance through Party development and improved the social governance system based on collaboration, participation, and common interests, consolidating the grassroots foundations. It has conducted regular risk assessment, combined with prevention, coordination, and resolution measures, to effectively forestall and defuse any potential risks or dangers.

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The autonomous region government monitors and takes resolute action against illegal acts of grave concern to the public, including severe violent crimes and recurrent offences such as pornography, gambling, drug abuse, food and drug safety violations, environmental crimes, theft, robbery, and conventional, telecom, and online fraud, carrying out regular campaigns targeting criminal gangs and organized crime. It has introduced diverse ways for the resolution of conflicts and disputes by promoting law-based handling of public complaints, advancing the standardized development of integrated management centers with a focus on the county level, and created new forms of dispute resolution such as "horseback mediation teams" and "tea-serving mediation rooms". These initiatives have helped to resolve issues at the community level as soon as they arise. In 2024, 98.52 percent of civil disputes in Xinjiang were solved through mediation. The autonomous region government is firmly committed to maintaining social stability and ensuring people's safety and wellbeing. Significant progress has been made in building a peaceful Xinjiang, providing the people of all ethnic groups with a greater sense of gain, fulfillment, and security.

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V. Uniting the Chinese Nation as One Community

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Forging a stronger sense of the Chinese nation as one community is the focus of the CPC's work on ethnic affairs in the new era and the focus of all work in ethnic minority areas. Taking solid steps to heighten the sense of national identity, Xinjiang endeavors to improve commonality among its people of all ethnic groups, and guides them to unite as one through both rough times and the smooth towards a shared future, encouraging them to contribute to building China into a great country and creating a better life together.

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Faster pace in building a cultural home shared by the Chinese nation. Xinjiang continues to promote mainstream opinions and increase the appeal of the Chinese culture and its power to unite people, consolidating the common ideological and political foundations for ethnic unity and progress. Under the guidance of the core socialist values, it has strengthened public education on the history of the CPC, the PRC, reform and opening up, the development of socialism, and the development of the Chinese nation, and carried out extensive educational campaigns, such as the one on "forging a stronger sense of the Chinese nation as one community to realize the Chinese Dream", to enhance cohesion and forge the nation's soul with shared ideals and convictions. Under an initiative for carrying forward revolutionary traditions and heritage, Xinjiang has built 471 education bases for patriotism at all levels, inspiring officials and the public to love the Party and dedicate themselves to the country by promoting the Desert Poplar Spirit and the XPCC Spirit.

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Studying and exploring the inherent values and contemporary relevance of traditional Chinese culture, Xinjiang has established demonstration sites, where shared Chinese cultural symbols and the collective images of the Chinese nation are showcased; and it has organized regular trips to learn and experience traditional Chinese culture, thus further developing the advanced socialist culture and fostering a stronger sense of identity with the Chinese culture among all ethnic groups. To promote modern civilization, it has advanced campaigns to introduce modern values and encourage modern lifestyles with the help of specialized education centers. It has carried out extensive programs to popularize science and raise awareness of the law, to guide the people in adapting to life of modern civilization. Standard spoken and written Chinese is promoted across the region, and used and taught at schools. As a result, the public has developed a stronger awareness and capability to use standard Chinese, which has united hearts and minds for a shared future through a common tongue.

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Increased interactions, exchanges and integration among all ethnic groups. Xinjiang coordinates urban and rural construction planning and the allocation of public service resources to advance all-round integration for the people of all ethnic groups physically, culturally, economically, socially, and psychologically, so that all are closely united like the seeds of a pomegranate. It has accelerated the development of people-centered new urbanization, introducing a more rational distribution of city clusters and small, medium and large cities, and building an ethnically integrated society and community. This approach makes full use of the mutually reinforcing effect between urban and industrial development, attracts populations with a flourishing industry, and makes it possible for all ethnic groups to live, study, work, and enjoy life side by side, as they contribute and share benefits together.

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Further efforts have been made to carry forward the Foundation Project for young people and expand the patriotic education program that brings Xinjiang youth to other parts of the country on study trips. In 2024, 86,000 elementary and secondary school students traveled to other provinces and cities on such trips. Extensive "hand-in-hand" student activities have been organized between Xinjiang and provinces providing assistance to it, between schools run by the XPCC and regular schools, and between southern and northern Xinjiang. They are intended to create mixed-classes and mixed-dormitories that give students from different ethnic groups the opportunity to study, live, and grow together. Upholding the cultural core of tourism and promoting integration through tourism, Xinjiang strives to heighten the sense of the Chinese nation as one community throughout its high-quality development of the tourist industry. Tourism has become an important facilitator of interactions, exchanges and integration between ethnic groups. The region has also held activities to promote unity, increase understanding, and forge a stronger bond among the people of all ethnic groups.

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Greater ethnic unity and progress. With a focus on unity, progress, and common prosperity and development among all ethnic groups, Xinjiang has implemented initiatives to safeguard and develop border areas and advance common prosperity among all ethnic groups. It has incorporated ethnic unity and progress into the regional legislative work and plans for economic and social development, and has promulgated and implemented the Regulations on the Establishment of Model Areas for Ethnic Unity and Progress, alongside the 14th Five-Year Plan for the Establishment of Model Areas for Ethnic Unity and Progress. Model units and individuals have been commended for contributing to ethnic unity and progress, with marked progress in strengthening and developing a new type of socialist ethnic relationship characterized by equality, unity, mutual assistance, and harmony. As of 2024, there were 101 national model areas and units, 14 national education bases, 1,555 model units and 2,690 exemplary individuals at the autonomous region level and above in Xinjiang, including the "People's Guardian" Bayika Kalidibek and the "People's Model" Burmahan Mawluda.

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Steady progress in ensuring that religions in China conform to China's realities. Xinjiang is a region where religions have coexisted since ancient times. Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Catholicism, and Christianity all flourish in the region. Xinjiang fully, accurately, and faithfully implements the Party's policy on freedom of religious belief by respecting people's religious beliefs, administering religious affairs in accordance with the law, allowing religious groups to manage their own affairs independently, and guiding religions to be compatible with socialist society. Following the principle that religions in China should conform to China's realities, the region has strengthened theoretical and political guidance for the religious circle, and has introduced the national flag, the Constitution, laws and regulations, the socialist core values, and fine traditional Chinese culture into venues for religious activities. Efforts have been made to inspire religious figures and believers to identify more closely with the motherland, the Chinese nation, the Chinese culture, the CPC, and socialism with Chinese characteristics.

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The autonomous region government supports the religious circle in the study of scripture, and encourages interpretations of religious doctrines and precepts that align with contemporary development and with traditional Chinese culture, thereby enhancing religious people's Chinese cultural identity. To ensure the healthy development of religion in Xinjiang, the region has issued plans on training for religious figures to cultivate talent who are completely versed in both classical religious doctrines and traditional Chinese culture. It has strengthened governance on religious affairs in accordance with the law, and supports the religious circle in countering radicalization and guarding against the infiltration of religious extremism. It guides and supports the religious community to exercise full and strict self-governance, improve self-education, self-management and self-discipline, and lead its believers to contribute to building a great nation and realizing the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

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VI. Further Progress in Democracy and the Rule of Law

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Whole-process people's democracy is the defining feature of socialist democracy; it is democracy in its most extensive, genuine and effective form. Acting on this key concept, Xinjiang is committed to the unity of CPC's leadership, the people's position as masters of the country, and law-based governance, and guarantees the implementation of the people's congress system, the system of CPC-led multiparty cooperation and political consultation, the system of regional ethnic autonomy, and the system of community-level self-governance. It has made new strides in advancing democracy and the rule of law.

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Remarkable achievements in developing whole-process people's democracy. By practicing democracy throughout the whole process of elections, consultations, decision-making, administration, and oversight, Xinjiang has continued to improve the institutional framework for whole-process people's democracy.

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The people's congress system serves as a fundamental institutional pillar of whole-process people's democracy. As of 2024, a total of 74,412 people were serving as deputies to people's congresses at all levels in Xinjiang. Among them, 78.69 percent were from the grassroots level, and 69.21 percent were from ethnic minority groups. This composition demonstrates that the people of Xinjiang enjoy an equal status in political affairs, irrespective of ethnic or social background.

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Consultative democracy is an important form of whole-process people's democracy in practice. As of 2024, Xinjiang had 16,121 members serving on its CPPCC committees at all levels, with 49.06 percent of non-CPC members and 46.13 percent of members from ethnic minority groups. These figures underscore the broad representation and political inclusiveness of the CPPCC system.

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Primary-level democracy is a key manifestation of whole-process people's democracy. The system of community-level self-governance has been established for all villages and communities across Xinjiang. Over 85 percent of the matters for decision-making at grassroots self-governance organizations come from public proposals, demonstrating the authenticity of primary-level democracy and its extensive coverage and effectiveness.

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The united front is a powerful force in advancing whole-process people's democracy. Xinjiang coordinates efforts to unite members of non-CPC political parties, prominent individuals without party affiliation, non-CPC intellectuals, and businesspeople working in the non-public sector, building extensive consensus.

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Democratic oversight is an integral component of whole-process people's democracy. People's congresses at all levels in Xinjiang and their standing committees are continuing to improve their scrutiny of the people's governments, supervision commissions, people's courts, and people's procuratorates at the same level in performing their statutory duties. CPPCC committees at all levels in Xinjiang exercise consultative supervision by expressing views, making criticisms, and giving advice to ensure the legitimate rights and interests of the people of all ethnic groups are protected and realized.

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Evident strengths of the system of regional ethnic autonomy. By upholding national unity while practicing regional autonomy, and by leveraging regional features while highlighting its multiethnic composition, Xinjiang fully protects the right of all ethnic groups to jointly administer state affairs as masters of the country.

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Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has autonomous areas at all three levels — regional, prefectural, and county level. It has five autonomous prefectures and six autonomous counties, all of which enjoy extensive autonomy as prescribed by law. On all standing committees of people's congresses of ethnic autonomous areas, there are citizens from the ethnic groups exercising autonomy holding the office of chair or vice chair. The chair of the autonomous region, the governors of autonomous prefectures, and the heads of autonomous counties are all citizens from the local ethnic groups exercising regional autonomy.

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The people of all ethnic groups have equal legal status, enjoying the right to vote and stand for election, as endowed by the Constitution and the law. They enjoy freedom of religious belief, and have the rights to participate in the administration of state affairs, to receive education, to use and develop their own spoken and written languages, and to preserve and protect the fine traditional culture of their own groups.

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Xinjiang respects and protects ethnic minorities' right to learn and use their own spoken and written languages, takes a sound approach to protecting the spoken and written languages of all ethnic groups, and encourages them to learn languages from each other.

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Important advancements in the rule of law. To fully implement the CPC Central Committee's decisions and plans on law-based governance, Xinjiang has actively promoted the rule of law within the government and across society. It respects human rights and ensures its protection throughout the process of legislation, law enforcement, judicature, and law observance, so that the people can see justice served in every law, every enforcement action, and every judicial ruling.

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Xinjiang exercises its local legislative powers in accordance with the law. By the end of 2024, the People's Congress of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and its Standing Committee had formulated, revised and approved 874 local regulations, resolutions and decisions with regulatory functions or on major issues, and special ordinances. Among them, currently in effect are 175 local regulations and 56 resolutions and decisions with regulatory functions or on major issues. They have laid a solid legal foundation for maintaining local social stability and lasting peace and security.

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Xinjiang actively promotes democratic legislation. It has established two grassroots legislative outreach offices at the national level, 23 at the autonomous region level, and 112 at the city level, to extensively solicit public opinions and suggestions on legislative work.

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Xinjiang strives to build a law-based government. Over 500,000 pieces of information on law enforcement were made known to the public by the administrative law enforcement departments at all levels, and law enforcement supervision and inspection were conducted on more than 2,100 occasions.

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Continuous efforts have been made to strengthen community-level legal systems. Judicial offices have been established for townships and urban sub-districts, and people's mediation committees have been set up for villages and communities, both of which serve as legal counsels for ordinary people. A public legal service system is now in place to cover both urban and rural populations.

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Law-based governance of foreign-related affairs has been elevated to a new level. The Standing Committee of the People's Congress of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has revised the regulations on border administration and released the Regulations on China (Xinjiang) Pilot Free Trade Zone, to build Xinjiang into a core area of the Silk Road Economic Belt.

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Greater protection of human rights. Respecting and protecting human rights is a constitutional principle in China. Comprehensive progress in human rights is an ongoing quest of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang and all Chinese people. The CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping at its core has integrated this principle into the Party's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era, and made vigorous and solid efforts to protect the basic rights of the people of all ethnic groups in the region.

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Adopting a people-centered view of human rights, Xinjiang has made the improvement of people's lives the ultimate goal of all its work. It has maintained social harmony and stability in accordance with the law, accelerated the pace of high-quality development, ensured and improved living standards, developed and consolidated ethnic unity, protected the freedom of religious belief by law, and attached importance to the protection and preservation of the fine traditional culture of all ethnic groups. The rights to subsistence and development of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang are effectively guaranteed, and their political, economic, social, cultural, environmental and other rights are fully realized.

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Unprecedented progress has been made in Xinjiang's human rights cause, owing to multiple factors. The Chinese socialist system offers a strong institutional guarantee, China's high-quality economic and social development lays a solid material foundation, and sustained social stability has created favorable conditions for its development.

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VII. High-Quality Development and High-Standard Opening Up

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In the pursuit of Chinese modernization and common prosperity, none of the nation's 56 ethnic groups should be left behind. Xinjiang has fully, accurately and faithfully applied the new development philosophy and actively contributed to and been integrated with the new development dynamic. The region continues to drive deeper all-round reform and wider high-standard opening up. The foundation for Xinjiang's stable economic and social development has been strengthened, the momentum for growth has been accelerated, and the new development quality and efficiency have been substantially enhanced. Overall, Xinjiang has made solid progress in advancing Chinese modernization.

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Sustainable, sound and rapid economic development. By focusing on its strategic positioning in the nation's overall development, and upholding the integrity of innovative, coordinated, green, open and shared development, Xinjiang has been fully committed to high-quality development, seeing significant improvement in its overall economic strength and historic leaps in multiple indicators. The region's GDP increased from about RMB749.95 billion in 2012 to more than RMB2.05 trillion in 2024, exceeding the threshold of RMB2 trillion for the first time with an annual growth rate of 7 percent at constant prices. Its per capita nominal GDP increased 2.3 times from RMB33,495 in 2012 to RMB78,660 in 2024. The revenue in the general public budget jumped from nearly RMB90.9 billion in 2012 to nearly RMB240.97 billion in 2024, representing an average annual growth of more than RMB10 billion.

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Continuous efforts have been made to optimize Xinjiang's industrial structure. In 2012, the shares of the primary, secondary and tertiary industries were 16.1 percent, 44.3 percent, and 39.6 percent respectively, and in 2024, the figures were 12.5 percent, 39.6 percent, and 47.9 percent. The interconnected and complementary development between the Urumqi-Karamay-Changji Area, northern Xinjiang, eastern Xinjiang, and southern Xinjiang is now fully coordinated. Measures to accelerate new urbanization and advance the regional economic planning and spatial planning for high-quality development have been put in place. The proportion of permanent urban residents in Xinjiang rose from 44.22 percent in 2012 to 60.36 percent in 2024, up by 16.14 percentage points.

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Improved infrastructure. To optimize infrastructure layout, structure, functions, and system integration, Xinjiang has made overall planning for the construction of 10 networks covering railways, highways, aviation, power, natural gas, logistics and computing. Transportation has been largely improved in the region. The operating mileage of railways totaled 9,202 km as of 2024 — up from 4,914 km in 2012. This network now reaches all prefectures, as well as over 80 percent of county-level administrative regions. The highway network has also grown, from 165,900 km in 2012 to 230,000 km in 2024. All prefectures in Xinjiang are now accessible by highway, as are more than 90 percent of administrative regions at county level. The number of civil air routes in Xinjiang now totals 595, of which 25 are international routes, connecting to 17 countries and regions. A network of air routes covering entire Xinjiang and radiating to the east and west has now basically formed. The first, second, and third channels consistently transmit locally generated electricity to other parts of the country, with 750 kV transmission lines extending more than 12,000 km and delivering in excess of 100 billion kWh of electricity to 22 provinces and equivalent administrative units for five consecutive years. Information highway is also taking shape, with optical cables now extending 1.78 million km. All of its counties are connected with 1000M fiber optic networks, towns with 5G networks, and villages with broadband networks.

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Cluster effect of the modern industrial system. Focusing on national strategic needs, and leveraging its natural resources and industrial capabilities, Xinjiang has accelerated efforts to develop a modern industrial system with its own unique advantages. The region is also rapidly emerging as a national base for high-quality agricultural and livestock products. In 2024, grain yield per unit area reached 7872.75 kg/ha, the highest in the country. The total food output surged from nearly 15.18 million tonnes in 2012 to 23.3 million tonnes in 2024, up 53.6 percent. Xinjiang's cotton output of about 5.69 million tonnes accounted for 92.3 percent of the national total in 2024, maintaining its position as the country's top producer for the 32nd consecutive year. The mechanization rate in plowing, planting, and harvesting has reached 97 percent. Xinjiang is accelerating efforts to build itself into a strategic base of the nation's energy resources. In 2024, the oil and gas production equivalent reached 66.64 million tonnes, and the raw coal output stood at 543 million tonnes. Installed capacity of electricity hit 192.7 million kW in 2024, of which capacity from new energy sources surpassed 100 million kW. The Urumqi-Changji-Shihezi photovoltaic cluster was put on the list of national advanced manufacturing clusters.

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Xinjiang fosters its new quality productive forces in light of local conditions. A talent development fund of RMB10 billion was set up to promote the integrated development and reform of education, talent, and science and technology. The Xinjiang Research Institute of Huairou Laboratory has been put into operation, and the National Innovation Center for Wind Power Generation has been officially launched. Exceeding 10,000 m, the Tarim Oilfield's ultra-deep drilling is now the deepest in Asia. The Xinjiang-to-Chongqing Computing Resource Transfer project was listed as the pilot project for coordinated development of computing and power, and the region's first intelligent computing center has been established and put into use. The Urumqi-Changji-Shihezi national innovation demonstration zone is continuing to improve its leading role, while other five new high-tech industrial development zones have made substantial progress. The region continues to improve its support for high-quality enterprises, developing 11 single-product champion enterprises in the manufacturing sector, 52 exemplary specialized enterprises that use advanced technologies to produce unique and innovative products, and 2,742 high-tech enterprises as of the end of 2024.

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Solid green and low-carbon development. Xinjiang upholds the principle that lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets, and takes a holistic and systematic approach to the conservation and improvement of mountains, rivers, forests, farmlands, lakes, grasslands and deserts, constantly strengthening its capabilities in safeguarding eco-environmental security. The region has made significant progress in improving air quality. In 2024, the proportion of days with good air quality was 78.1 percent in cities at or above the prefectural level. Water management has also improved, as the region moves towards a more efficient and rational use of its water resources. In 2024, the proportion of surface water at Grade III (good water quality) or above reached 95.9 percent. The water supply program in the Tarim River Basin has significantly raised the groundwater level of the lower reaches, thereby promoting the region's coordinated economic and social development with its population, resources, and the eco-environment. Large-scale greening programs have been rolled out in a well-planned manner, including developing shelterbelt networks in northwest, north and northeast China, which has seen the forest coverage rate increase from 4.24 percent in 2012 to 5.07 percent in 2024. Oases area has expanded by 56.6 percent over the past three decades. The battle against desertification on the fringes of the Taklimakan Desert has been stepped up, with the desert now entirely encircled with a sand-blocking green belt stretching 3,046 km — the longest in the world. Xinjiang's accelerated green transformation can also be seen in the region's active efforts to achieve peak carbon emissions and carbon neutrality, with carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP continuing to drop.

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A core area of the Silk Road Economic Belt. Xinjiang has consciously integrated its regional opening up strategy into the country's overall plan of opening up to the west. Focusing on the construction of "One Port, Two Zones, Five Centers, and One Port Economic Belt", it aims to build a golden channel across the Eurasian continent and a gateway for opening up to the west. Consequently, it has accelerated the development of broader channels for opening up. Xinjiang has established 19 ports, including the Kunjirap Port, which is open all year round. There are 119 bilateral transport routes and 10 multilateral road freight routes. A total of 16,400 freight trains traveled through Xinjiang on the China-Europe Railway Express in 2024, marking the fifth consecutive year that the number of trains on the line had exceeded 10,000. The number of Xinjiang's economic and trade partners also increased significantly from a small handful in the 1950s to 196 countries and regions in 2012, and to 211 in 2024. Trade volume has also expanded, with the total import and export value surging from RMB158.96 billion in 2012 to RMB434.16 billion in 2024, surpassing RMB200 billion, RMB300 billion, and RMB400 billion in 2022, 2023 and 2024 respectively. The platform for opening up has improved further. China (Xinjiang) Pilot Free Trade Zone was approved and set up in October, 2023. Over the following year, more than 9,000 enterprises moved into the Zone, whose total import and export value accounted for over 30 percent of the region's total. The region has also prioritized the construction of the Tacheng Pilot Zone for Development and Opening Up, the Horgos Economic Development Zone and the Kashi Economic Development Zone.

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VIII. Significant Progress in Cultural Development

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Culture nurtures the mind and cultivates lofty aspirations. In studying and carrying out Xi Jinping Thought on Culture, Xinjiang has bolstered stronger cultural confidence, strengthened cultural identity and bonds, and developed the Chinese culture, including its diverse ethnic cultures, with greater momentum and more robust measures. The region has continued its systematic protection of cultural heritage, boosted cultural creativity, and promoted the prosperous development of socialist culture, to better meet the new aspirations of the people of all ethnic groups for enriched intellectual and cultural lives.

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Cultural heritage under effective protection. Adhering to the principle of prioritizing protection, promoting sound utilization, and minimizing interference, Xinjiang has improved its comprehensive preservation of cultural heritage. It has formulated plans for the protection of regional cultural heritage, and released local regulations such as Regulations on the Protection of the Ancient City of Kashi and Regulations on the Protection of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Manas, as part of its continuing efforts to strengthen legal guarantees for preserving cultural heritage. By 2024, Xinjiang had housed 195 institutions of cultural heritage protection at all levels, 150 registered museums, and 9,545 verified and registered immovable cultural relics, among which 6 were world cultural heritage sites, 133 were key cultural relics sites under national-level protection, and 779 were cultural relics sites under the protection of the autonomous region. The region also boasts 3 intangible cultural heritage items on the list of the UNESCO, 141 items on the national representative list, and 567 items on the list of the autonomous region. Xinjiang has coordinated the protection of cultural heritage and the development of urban and rural areas, provided effective protection and sound management for historic and cultural cities, towns and villages, traditional villages, and streets and districts with historical and cultural significance, and ensured their rational utilization. The region has promoted the preservation and exhibition of key ruins and sites reflecting past central authorities' viable governance of Xinjiang. For instance, the ruins of the Western Regions Frontier Command, Ulanbay Ancient City, Beiting City, and the Ili Commandery have been well preserved and put into good use. Also, the construction of the National Archeological Park of the Site of Beiting City, Museum of the Western Regions Frontier Command, and Silk Road and Great Wall Culture Museum has been completed. The archeological research of Xinjiang falls under the broader "Archeological Finds in China" project. Xinjiang has implemented projects such as the protection and utilization of religious ruins on the rim of the Tarim Basin, built the Qiuci Museum and the Qiuci Wei and Jin Ancient Tomb Site Museum, and promoted the protection of the Kizil Grottoes, Subashi Buddhist Temple Ruins, Loulan Ancient City Ruins, and the Nestorian monastery site on the west side of Turpan City. Xinjiang's Tongtiandong Cave, Keyakekuduke Watchtower site, and Mo'er Temple ruins have all featured on China's "top 10 archeological discoveries of the year" list.

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Flourishing cultural and artistic creation. Focusing on producing excellent cultural and artistic works, Xinjiang has improved its mechanism for serving, guiding and organizing literary and artistic creation, resulting in a continuous emergence of excellent works. In terms of literary creations, it has launched the Tianshan Literature Award, and many Xinjiang-themed literary works have received nationwide acclaim, including Ben Ba, winner of the Mao Dun Literature Prize; Distant Sunflower Fields and The Western Great Wall, winners of the Lu Xun Literature Prize; and The Flowers Are Always This Red, winner of the national Steed Awards for Ethnic Literature. In the performing arts, songs such as The Shepherds of Koktokay and Apple Fragrance have familiarized the whole country with melodies from Xinjiang; dance dramas such as Five Stars Rise in the East and Zhang Qian have powerfully reflected the nation's history and spirit; dances such as Markit Under the Sunshine and Grandpa's Samawar have been honored with the Lotus Award, China's highest honor in dance; and the performer of the Shaanxi opera Burning Incense received the prestigious China Theater Plum Blossom Awards. In film and television, Xinjiang-themed films have won the Best Works Award for seven consecutive years, including the highly acclaimed Fade Away Pastoral; the children's film The Little Horsewhip was a winner at the China Movie Awards; the TV drama To the Wonder gained viral recognition and was broadcast in several other countries; and the documentary film Fabric of Lives received substantial praise from audiences. Additionally, the brilliant performance at the Kashi sub-venue of the Central Television Station's 2024 Spring Festival Gala captivated viewers around the world.

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Continuous improvement of the system of public cultural services. Xinjiang has promoted consistent and equal access to public cultural services and channeled quality cultural resources to the community level, protecting the people's cultural rights and interests and improving their quality of life. By the end of 2024, Xinjiang had established 111 public libraries, 118 cultural centers, 1,126 cultural facilities in towns, townships and sub-districts, and 11,783 village cultural centers, providing 695.86 sq m of public cultural facilities per 10,000 people. The autonomous region now boasts 88,800 sports venues, and has established a comprehensive, five-tier public cultural service network spanning the village, township, county, prefecture, and the autonomous region levels. Believing that culture should serve the interests of the people, Xinjiang has made great efforts to ensure every village and household has access to radio and television programs, with coverage rates now reaching 99.26 and 99.37 percent, respectively. The people of all ethnic groups now have easy access to rich cultural products in their neighborhoods. From 2012 to 2024, nearly 1.37 million movie screenings were held for free in nearly 9,000 venues in rural villages or communities and covered all administrative villages. The region has held the China Xinjiang Folk Art Season, Conference on Reading, and village Spring Festival galas that also reached all villages and communities. Additionally, the establishment of the pomegranate seed art troupes has expanded access to literature and the arts in rural areas through regular performances that benefit local residents.

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Accelerated development of cultural and tourist industries. Xinjiang encourages the positive interplay between culture and tourism, and continues to advance the deeper integration of the two sectors. This enables tourists to embrace not only Xinjiang's breathtaking landscapes, but also its profound culture. To advance this deeper integration, the region has worked out a development plan for cultural and tourist industry clusters, the worth of which could reach RMB1 trillion and more. In its efforts to promote the development of sports tourism, sports training and competition, Xinjiang has hosted the Taklimakan Rally, Tour of Salimu Lake Road Cycling Race, and Freeride World Tour. The industrial cluster effect is becoming increasingly apparent in the region. Resources are now being channeled into developing the winter sports tourism sector, with 72 skiing venues and five national ski resorts established across the region by the end of 2024. Xinjiang now stands among the top in the country's winter tourism. Road trips and special interest tours are immensely popular here, with the Xinjiang section of the G219 national highway, the S101 provincial highway, the Dushanzi-Kuqa highway, the Altay-Hemu highway, and the highway around the Bosten Lake all becoming viral travel destinations among tourists, giving rise to new forms of tourism products in the region. The number of tourists to Xinjiang has increased from 48.6 million in 2012 to 302 million in 2024, a 6.21-fold increase, and the total revenues from tourism in Xinjiang were RMB359.5 billion in 2024.

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IX. Continuous Improvement in People's Wellbeing

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Living a life of contentment is the ultimate human right, and a happy life for the people is the ultimate goal of development in Xinjiang. Committed to a people-centered approach, Xinjiang pursues development to improve its people's wellbeing, benefit local society, and strengthen unity. To this end, the regional government works tirelessly to solve the most pressing and immediate concerns of the people of all ethnic groups. Every year, more than 70 percent of Xinjiang's general public budget is allocated to safeguard and improve people's wellbeing, to ensure that development benefits the people of all ethnic groups in a fair way.

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A complete victory in the fight against poverty. Xinjiang was once one of the areas with the highest incidence and intensity of poverty in all of China. After the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012, the region prioritized the fight against poverty, pooling the best of its resources and adopting targeted measures to end poverty through hard work and perseverance.

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By the end of 2020, over 3.06 million of Xinjiang's impoverished rural population, its 3,666 impoverished villages, and 35 impoverished counties had all emerged from poverty. Once the specter of absolute poverty that had haunted Xinjiang for millennia was finally eradicated, the region was able to complete the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects, along with the rest of the country. The infrastructure in areas that have escaped poverty has been significantly improved. All towns and townships, as well as administrative villages where conditions permit, now have access to paved roads, bus services, and three-phase power. Dilapidated houses in rural areas have become a thing of the past and the days of drinking bitter and saline water are forever gone.

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In 2021, the first year after achieving complete victory against absolute poverty, the per capita disposable income of residents in once impoverished rural areas rose to RMB14,477, a 2.8-fold increase from RMB5,090 in 2012, with an average annual growth rate of 12.3 percent. The numbers of family cars, washing machines, refrigerators, and computers per 100 households had risen by 14.6, 51.6, 49.5 and 5.1 respectively, compared with figures in 2012, reflecting the broader improvements in people's quality of life.

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Xinjiang has embarked on a new journey after eradicating absolute poverty. It has consolidated and expanded its achievements in poverty elimination, promoted all-round rural revitalization, and enabled the people of all ethnic groups to live a more fulfilling and promising life.

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Steady growth in employment. Xinjiang implements the employment-first strategy and tries its best to achieve high-quality full employment. Employment rates are continuing to improve, with the region's employed population rising from 12.46 million in 2012 to 13.91 million in 2024, up 11.64 percent. The employment structure has also witnessed continued improvement. In 2024, the proportion of people working in the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors stood at 31.34 percent, 14.45 percent, and 54.21 percent respectively. The hiring capacity of urban areas has continued to increase, with the number of people working in cities reaching 8.18 million in 2024, accounting for 58.8 percent of the total employed population.

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People's income has increased. In 2024, the per capita disposable income of urban and rural residents reached RMB42,820 and RMB19,427, an increase of RMB23,801 and RMB12,551 respectively, compared with 2012 figures. Better employment has created a better life for all of the region's people. By improving the employment policy system and the mechanism for protecting labor rights and interests, Xinjiang has safeguarded workers' legitimate rights and interests, ensured employment for those with the ability to work, and enabled the people of all ethnic groups to look for the jobs that suit them best and work in decent conditions.

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Comprehensive development of education. Prioritizing the development of education, Xinjiang has moved faster to build a high-quality education system, and worked to ensure that educational development offers greater benefits to the people of all ethnic groups in a fair way.

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In 2024, the gross enrollment rate of preschool education in Xinjiang reached 102.72 percent, the completion rate of the nine-year compulsory education was over 99 percent, and the gross enrollment rate of senior high schools was 97.74 percent, all above the national average. Educational investment has continued to expand. Since 2012, fiscal expenditure from the central government on education in Xinjiang has reached RMB1.1 trillion, among which RMB47.9 billion have been used to improve conditions of elementary and secondary schools. These efforts have helped to promote the quality and balanced development of compulsory education.

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A student financial assistance system covering all stages of education for every student from disadvantaged families has been established, with the amount of assistance increasing from RMB2.039 billion in 2012 to RMB9.306 billion in 2024. Students in Aksu, Kashi, and Hotan prefectures and the Kizilsu Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture in southern Xinjiang receive free education for 15 years, from preschool to senior high school.

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Xinjiang has continued to optimize the configuration and structure of higher education. By 2024, the region had 63 institutions of higher learning, 24 more than 2012, and all five prefectures and autonomous prefectures in southern Xinjiang housed universities offering undergraduate programs, a historic breakthrough. The region has further expanded the scale of vocational education, with the number of students in vocational schools growing by 60.69 percent between 2012 and 2024 to reach 575,000. Through the establishment of a modern vocational education system, Xinjiang has cultivated a large number of highly skilled workers.

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Improved and optimized health service system. Xinjiang continues to improve its policies on promoting public health and has significantly increased its protection of people's health. By 2024, Xinjiang had over 19,000 medical institutions of various types at all levels and 314,600 staff in the healthcare system. The number of beds in medical institutions per thousand people in 2024 was 7.85, the number of licensed and assistant doctors was 3.19, and the number of registered nurses was 4.12.

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The service system has continued to improve. Xinjiang has established a total of 55 national-level key clinical specialties, 358 key clinical specialties and 54 specialty alliances at the autonomous region level, and 74 telemedicine coordination networks, all of which ensure that the people of all ethnic groups have access to affordable and effective medical services. It has worked to increase the availability of quality medical resources and ensure such resources are channeled towards the community level. The proportion of Xinjiang's closely integrated medical and health consortia at the county level has reached 86.05 percent, with all town and township health centers and village clinics in the region operating up to standards. Local patients can now obtain treatment for everyday health issues at the community level, for common illnesses in counties and prefectures, and for serious diseases within the autonomous region.

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Xinjiang has worked to build an international medical center and make it a signature and demonstration medical project in the core area of the Silk Road Economic Belt. It has sped up the development of three regional medical centers at the national level and four regional medical centers at the autonomous region level, and worked to fulfill their designated roles to ensure all people have access to medical services of higher quality.

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The region's ability to safeguard public health has seen significant improvement. Disease prevention and control centers and health monitoring institutions in 14 prefectures, autonomous prefectures and cities, and 96 counties, county-level cities, and districts in Xinjiang have been restructured to improve the system for disease prevention and control. The development of the health sector has helped improve people's health, with the average life expectancy in the region increasing from 30 years in 1949 to 77 years in 2024.

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An upgraded social security net. Xinjiang has continued to improve the multitiered social security system that covers the entire population in the urban and rural areas, see that it is fair, unified, reliable, well-regulated and sustainable, and speed up the formation of a strong safety net to ensure people's wellbeing.

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By the end of 2024, the number of people under the basic old-age pension scheme and the basic medical insurance system in Xinjiang stood at 16.91 million and 23.67 million respectively, each accounting for over 95 percent of Xinjiang's total population in their category. The number of people under the unemployment insurance and work-related injury insurance exceeded 4.19 million and 5.43 million, respectively, in the same period. While improving its social security system across the board, Xinjiang has worked to upgrade its services to ensure that the fruits of reform and development can benefit more people in a fair way.

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Xinjiang has established and improved the dynamic growth mechanism for social assistance standards and the price-linked adjustment mechanism for social assistance and social security standards. Since 2012, Xinjiang has increased the subsistence allowance 13 consecutive times to meet the people's basic living needs.

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X. Greater Synergy for Xinjiang's Development

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China's great achievements in the new era have been forged through the hard work of the Party and the people. The historic success in all undertakings in Xinjiang and all the epoch-making changes are fundamentally attributed to the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping at its core. It is the result of unconditional assistance from all parts of the country and the hard work of the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang.

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The Party and the country's solid support — the foundation for Xinjiang's development. The CPC's firm leadership is the greatest political strength for Xinjiang to overcome all challenges and press forward on the path of Chinese modernization. The CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping at its core has given utmost attention to Xinjiang's development by setting the Party's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era, delineating Xinjiang's five strategic roles in national development, and issuing policy measures for improving people's wellbeing, strengthening social cohesion, and promoting high-quality economic and social development in the region. The Party central leadership has ensured that fundamental principles are upheld in the work related to Xinjiang while breaking new ground.

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Under the unified leadership of the CPC Central Committee, the whole Party and the entire nation have adopted a unified approach to national development through overall planning and coordinated action. In the case of Xinjiang, the country has put in place mechanisms under which central departments provide policy support and guidance, provincial and municipal governments cooperate and provide assistance, and Xinjiang's government plays a principal role. These mechanisms have created great synergy for the autonomous region's development.

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The central government provides special support for Xinjiang in terms of funds, projects, preferential policies, industry support, and investments. Since 2012, it has allocated more than RMB4 trillion in transfer payments to Xinjiang, including nearly RMB543.48 billion in 2024 alone.

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The firm leadership of the Party Central Committee and its solid support provide fundamental guidance for Xinjiang-related work in the new era, giving it a strong impetus.

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Notable improvements in paired assistance to Xinjiang. Paired assistance is a strategic policy measure to maintain lasting stability, peace and security in Xinjiang. Central Party and government departments, state-owned enterprises directly administered by the central government, and designated provinces and municipalities provide paired assistance to Xinjiang on a comprehensive, targeted and long-term basis. These assistance efforts include dispatching officials and professionals, implementing projects in specific industries, advancing sci-tech and education development, providing medical and health services, and promoting culture and tourism.

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Since the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012, the central government has allocated over RMB200 billion in paired assistance funds for Xinjiang, secured RMB3 trillion in investments for economic cooperation projects, and introduced more than 15,000 enterprises into the region, helping Xinjiang onto a path of high-quality development.

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Paired assistance to Xinjiang prioritizes safeguarding and improving people's wellbeing. During the 14th Five-year Plan period (2021-2025), 89.2 percent of assistance funds for Xinjiang were earmarked for projects related to the people's wellbeing, and 91.3 percent of funds served grassroots needs, improving the welfare of the people from all ethnic groups.

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Under this mechanism, large groups of officials from other parts of the country have been selected and dispatched to work in Xinjiang, and Xinjiang's grassroots officials have received training in more developed places that provide assistance, thereby increasing communication and exchanges between them. Cultural exchanges have been organized to boost communication between people from various ethnic groups in and outside Xinjiang, at multiple levels and in diverse forms. Officials and professionals stationed in Xinjiang have provided effective assistance with selfless devotion, and strengthened the bond between people in Xinjiang and in other parts of the country, helping build a strong synergy for realizing the Chinese Dream of national rejuvenation.

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Civil-military integration — new impetus for Xinjiang's development. The Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps serves as a major strategic force for realizing Xinjiang's development goals. Upholding the policy of coordination between civilian and military sectors, the autonomous region and the Corps have aligned themselves in designing strategic plans, formulating overarching plans, dovetailing special plans, and coordinating local plans. This integrated approach aims to foster development by leveraging complementary strengths and building close-knit communities.

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Xinjiang has improved the mechanisms for civil-military integration through innovative practices. The civilian and military sectors have jointly implemented a group of key infrastructure projects, including three 10 million-kW new energy bases in Hami City, the Zhundong Economic-Technological Development Park, and around the Tarim Basin. They have worked together to promote high-quality development of platforms for opening up, such as pilot free trade zones, comprehensive bonded areas, pilot zones for development and opening up, and economic and technological development zones.

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The civilian and military sectors in Xinjiang have promoted resource sharing and service integration. Twenty higher education institutions, 40 secondary vocational schools, and 590 kindergartens, elementary schools and secondary schools have been respectively paired up for mutual assistance, while a total of 196 medical partnerships have been established.

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Civil-military integration in Xinjiang is going wider and deeper, contributing to common development through unity and mutual assistance and by leveraging complementary strengths.

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Building a beautiful home through hard work. Today's Xinjiang is characterized by social stability and harmony, ethnic unity and progress, and a strong development momentum. It is a region of cultural prosperity and religious harmony where the people enjoy peace and contentment in life and work. The vast lands on both sides of the Tianshan Mountains are enjoying peace and pulsating with vigor and energy.

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Under the firm leadership of the CPC Central Committee, and with the strong support of the entire nation, the more than 26 million people in Xinjiang are working hard to achieve greater progress, bearing in mind the Party's hopes in them. Following the Party's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era in full, to the letter, and in all fields, they uphold the overall goal of stability, peace and security, and focus their work on fostering a stronger sense of the Chinese nation as one community. They have fulfilled their principal role and contributed substantial efforts in advancing Xinjiang's development, an endeavor of fundamental, indispensable and long-term significance to China's overall development.

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With unprecedented initiative and a strong motivation to create history, they are adding Xinjiang's chapters to the annals of Chinese modernization with unparalleled confidence, striving to turn into reality the grand blueprint for Xinjiang drawn up by the Party Central Committee with Xi Jinping at its core.

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Conclusion

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In the mighty tides of history, we must temper our will and character to prepare for new journeys and surmount new obstacles that come before us.

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The great achievements in pursuing reform, development and stability in Xinjiang in the new era are, fundamentally, attributed to the leadership by General Secretary Xi Jinping as the core of both the CPC Central Committee and the entire Party, to the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, and to the full, accurate and faithful implementation of the Party's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era.

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Following the guidelines, we have made a historic leap in the system and capacity for governing border areas, and have found the right way of ensuring both development and security in these areas, driving forward the Xinjiang practice in China's modernization, and achieving the overall goal of social stability and lasting peace and security in the region.

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However distant as it may seem, a dream can be achieved as long as we pursue it; however lofty as it may appear, a goal is attainable as long as we work for it. This year marks the 70th anniversary of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Looking ahead, in the grand endeavors on either side of the Tianshan Mountains and on the great journey of China's modernization, the Party's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era will undoubtedly demonstrate its enduring effectiveness while continually developing and being enriched. Following their guidance, Xinjiang will embark on an increasingly broad development path and embrace an even brighter future.

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Contents

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Preface

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I. Governance of Xinjiang by Past Central Authorities: Philosophies and Experience

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II. CPC's Governance of Xinjiang: Progress and Achievements

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III. CPC Guidelines for Governing Xinjiang in the New Era: Opening Up New Dimensions

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IV. Stronger Foundations for Stability, Peace and Security

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V. Uniting the Chinese Nation as One Community

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VI. Further Progress in Democracy and the Rule of Law

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VII. High-Quality Development and High-Standard Opening Up

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VIII. Significant Progress in Cultural Development

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IX. Continuous Improvement in People's Wellbeing

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X. Greater Synergy for Xinjiang's Development

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Conclusion

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Preface

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As the boundary of national governance is defined by where the people reside, the primary concern of a country should always be its border areas.

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Spanning five millennia, our great civilization has seen all the ethnic groups of the Chinese nation open up the motherland's vast territory through untold hardships and unparalleled perseverance and form a unified multiethnic nation. Together, they have written a glorious Chinese history, created a splendid Chinese culture, and fostered our great national spirit.

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Xinjiang, known as the Western Regions in ancient times, has long been an inseparable part of China and an important gateway of the Chinese civilization to the outside world. Throughout history, successive central governments have established administrative institutions for its governance and stationed garrison troops to reclaim wasteland and guard the border areas. Through millennia of exploration and practice, they have accumulated a wealth of experience in this crucial endeavor.

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Since its birth, the Communist Party of China (CPC) has pursued its mission of working for the wellbeing of the Chinese people and rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, including the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang. Throughout the years of revolution, construction and reform, the CPC has drawn from the experience and lessons in governing Xinjiang to continuously renew and develop its governance philosophy for the region. With new missions and tasks, it has responded to today's new imperatives in its work on Xinjiang, achieving major milestones in promoting reform and development, ethnic unity, social progress, people's wellbeing, and border security in the region.

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In the new era, the CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping at its core has considered, planned and arranged the work in relation to Xinjiang from the holistic and strategic perspective of building a strong China and pursuing national rejuvenation. It has continuously deepened its understanding of the dynamics of governing Xinjiang, set the overall goal of social stability and lasting peace and security, and established the Party's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era. In providing leadership for the work related to Xinjiang, it has upheld fundamental principles and broken new ground, and successfully driven its progress despite the complex circumstances, challenges, and risks. Historic achievements and transformative change have been witnessed in all undertakings of Xinjiang.

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I. Governance of Xinjiang by Past Central Authorities: Philosophies and Experience

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Central authorities throughout China's history have consistently upheld great unity in their governance, administering the Xinjiang region as an integral part of the country. They maintained social stability, advanced development, and facilitated ethnic interaction and cultural integration, forging a profound awareness and a firm common conviction that Chinese territory must remain intact, the nation must maintain order, all ethnic groups must remain united, and the civilization must be sustained. Their efforts have contributed to the philosophies and experience for governing the nation's border areas.

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Placing the administration of Xinjiang in the overall context of national governance. Xinjiang is China's sacred territory. In 60 BCE, the Han Dynasty (206 BCE-220 CE) established the Western Regions Frontier Command, pioneering the effective jurisdiction and administration over the Xinjiang region by central authorities.

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During the period (220-589) from the Three Kingdoms to the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Former Liang regime established the Gaochang Prefecture in the Turpan Basin, becoming the first to extend the system of prefectures and counties to the Western Regions.

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The Sui Dynasty (581-618) established three prefectures — Shanshan, Qiemo and Yiwu — further expanding the system in the region.

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The Tang Dynasty (618-907) successively set up the Grand Anxi Frontier Command and the Grand Beiting Frontier Command to administer the vast areas both north and south of the Tianshan Mountains.

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During the period of the Liao, Song, Xixia, and Kin dynasties (907-1234), the Liao regime established Prince of the State Office of Yutian Kingdom, Office of the Grand Prince of Gaochang Kingdom, and Arslan Uighur Office of the Grand Prince, thereby exercising effective administration over the Western Regions.

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The Yuan Dynasty (1206-1368) implemented the system of administrative provinces in the region, before setting up the Beiting Command and the Pacification Commissioner's Office to manage military and political affairs.

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In the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), the imperial court established the Hami Garrison Command to manage local affairs.

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The Qing Dynasty (1616-1911) established the post of Ili General and exercised more systematic administration over the Xinjiang region. In 1884, the Qing court established the region as a province, renaming it Xinjiang, meaning "land newly recovered".

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In 1912, following the Revolution of 1911, Xinjiang became a province of the Republic of China.

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Throughout China's history, depending on their strengths, imperial dynasties in the Central Plains maintained varying levels of relations with the Western Regions, and their administration of the Xinjiang region differed in intensity. Yet, all imperial dynasties regarded the Western Regions as an inalienable part of their territory, and all exercised jurisdiction over it. Safeguarding national unity has always been a sacred mission of China's central authorities.

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Upholding national unity. Since ancient times, the Chinese nation has embraced the ideas of "shared customs and practices and unified governance across the country" and "great harmony under Heaven", considering national unification "a universal tenet between Heaven and Earth, and a constant creed throughout the past and present".

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Through measures including establishing administrative systems, building up military defenses, guiding economic growth, and promoting the code of rites and law, central authorities throughout Chinese history continued to strengthen the concept of great unity. Local regimes in the Western Regions also held a strong sense of being an integral part of China, considering themselves either tributaries or vassals of the imperial dynasty in the Central Plains.

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During the Han Dynasty, King Yan of Shache, in the Western Regions, often told his son that they must serve the Han court from generation to generation and never betray it. During the Tang Dynasty, various tribes in the northwest honored Emperor Taizong of Tang as the "Heavenly Khan". During the Ming and Qing dynasties, local regimes in the Western Regions — such as the Yarkand Khanate — regularly traveled to the imperial capital to pay tribute on a "golden road".

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The enduring tradition of great unity of the Chinese civilization affirms that unification has always been at the core of China's core national interests, and that a strong and unified country is fundamental to the future of all ethnic groups.

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Strengthening governance over Xinjiang in line with local conditions. In China, past central authorities attached great importance to the governance of border areas. On the premise of political unity, they adapted to local conditions and administered the region in line with local customs.

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From Han Dynasty's Chamberlain for Dependencies, to Court of State Ceremonial in the Tang and Song dynasties, to Commission for Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs in the Yuan Dynasty, to Court of Colonial Affairs in the Qing Dynasty, successive central authorities set up specific agencies to oversee ethnic affairs in border areas.

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The Han court strengthened its administration over the Western Regions by conferring titles on and presenting official seals to the heads and officials of local vassal regimes, so as to maintain the ruling order and consolidate central authority.

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In the Tang Dynasty, the same system of prefectures and counties as in the Central Plains was applied in the regions of Yizhou, Xizhou and Tingzhou. In areas west of these three prefectures, local tribal leaders, who were granted titles such as prefect or commander-in-chief, would follow the imperial court's orders and carry out its missions by defending the country's territory and sending troops to battles.

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In the Qing Dynasty, governance in the region was made more systematic and comprehensive through a mechanism that integrated military and political administration and included the Eight Banners system, the system of prefectures and counties, the Baeg and the Jasak systems.

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After Xinjiang was established as a province, the system of prefectures and counties was adopted across the region like the rest of the country.

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All the imperial dynasties throughout Chinese history have integrated the maintaining of a unified political order with governing in line with local customs, ensuring efficient and effective administration of Xinjiang by the central authorities.

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Vigorously developing and building Xinjiang. Central authorities across all historical periods of China attached great importance to the development and building of Xinjiang. The Han Dynasty sent garrison troops to convert wasteland into arable land in the Western Regions, a practice that was continued and expanded to the whole region during the Tang Dynasty. By the Qing Dynasty, the areas of reclaimed farmlands had exceeded 10 million mu (approximately 667,000 hectares).

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Water conservancy projects have also flourished. The Milan Ruins in Ruoqiang County are a well-preserved and relatively intact example of Han Dynasty water conservancy facilities in the region. During the Tang Dynasty, Taotuo water management offices were established, with officials overseeing water conservancy work. The Qing Dynasty promoted extensive water conservancy construction in Xinjiang, dredging rivers and canals and popularizing the karez system — an underground irrigation system primarily in use in arid regions. By the late Guangxu era (1875-1908) of the Qing Dynasty, the total length of canals in Xinjiang had surpassed 35,000 kilometers, with a total irrigation capacity exceeding 10 million mu (approximately 667,000 hectares).

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Xinjiang has been a vital hub of the Silk Road since ancient times. Central authorities set up postal stations along key routes to ensure the safety of commercial routes for trade and exchanges. On the Silk Road, envoys and caravans traveled between countries and continents, their activities spanning over a thousand years.

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With the booming trade, a number of cities and towns, such as Yutian, Shule, Xizhou, Tingzhou, Huiyuan, and Dihua, were built one after another in Xinjiang, driving economic development and population growth. The continuous development and construction of Xinjiang laid a solid material foundation for effective governance and stability in the border areas.

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Advancing ethnic integration and religious coexistence. Central authorities throughout China's history regarded ethnic and religious affairs as a key priority in the governance of Xinjiang. In each historical period, people from diverse ethnic backgrounds migrated to or left the region in large groups. Ethnic groups had grown, developed and integrated with each other despite periods of isolation and conflict, forging a bond thicker than blood and sharing weal and woe together. All of them have made important contributions to exploring, developing, and protecting Xinjiang.

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The Liu Pingguo Stele of the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220) and the 883 Tang-Dynasty documents unearthed from the Keyakekuduke Watchtower site in Yuli County record vivid scenes of people of diverse ethnic groups jointly garrisoning the frontier. In the Qing Dynasty, the court moved military personnel and civilians of various ethnic groups, including the Manchu, Han, Hui, Mongolian (Chahar Tribe), Xibe, and Suolun (Daur), together with their families, to Xinjiang to garrison the border areas and engage in agricultural cultivation, strengthening northwestern border defense.

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The Xinjiang region has always been a place where multiple religions coexist, and central authorities all incorporated the management of religious affairs into the national governance system. In the Tang Dynasty, the position of Chief Buddhist Monk was established to supervise Buddhist affairs in the four garrison commands of Anxi: Qiuci, Yutian, Shule, and Suiye. The Qing Dynasty promulgated the Administrative Codex for Xinjiang, stipulating that the Motisebu Baeg should administer Islamic affairs without interfering in civil affairs.

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The fact that the Chinese civilization has been forged through the convergence of diverse cultures fundamentally determines the historical trajectory of ethnic interaction and integration, as well as the harmonious coexistence of religious beliefs in China.

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Uniting all ethnic groups with the best of traditional Chinese culture. Central authorities across China's historical periods regarded promoting mainstream values and the best of traditional Chinese culture as an indispensable part of governing Xinjiang. The formation and development of Chinese culture could not have been sustained without the Chinese written language. After the Western Han Dynasty unified the Western Regions, the Chinese language and writing system began to be promoted, and has been in continuous use in Xinjiang ever since.

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Confucianism has a profound impact on the Western Regions. By the Tang Dynasty, Confucian classics had been widely disseminated — numerous fragmented manuscripts of the Book of Songs, Book of History, Book of Rites, and The Analects of Confucius have been unearthed in archeological excavations in Turpan. Institutions and statutes originating from the Central Plains were implemented in Xinjiang, and Chinese institutions and cultural traditions, including the Rites of Zhou, took root in the region, exemplified by the widespread application of the Statutes and Regulations of the Qing Dynasty.

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For a century or so since the mid-19th century, confronted with an unprecedented crisis of national subjugation and extinction, the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang, together with their compatriots across the country, united to resist foreign aggression and fight for national survival. This shared struggle elevated the consciousness of national identity among all ethnic groups to a new height.

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Since their inception, the cultures of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang have borne the hallmark of unity in diversity of Chinese culture. Chinese culture has always been the harbor and cultural home of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang, as well as the driving force for the development of their respective cultures.

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Over 2,000 years, China's central authorities adopted distinct approaches in their governance of Xinjiang across different historical periods. And Xinjiang has always remained an indispensable and vital part of the unified, multiethnic Chinese nation. Objectively speaking, their concepts and measures for governing Xinjiang had some unavoidable shortcomings: Their governance over Xinjiang varied in intensity, and lacked precision and effectiveness. Especially after the mid-19th century, separatist activities instigated and backed by foreign forces occurred from time to time.

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History was calling for a true leader capable of leading the Chinese nation to independence, people's liberation, and national rejuvenation. This glorious mission rightfully fell on the Communist Party of China, which was duty bound to fulfill these goals.

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II. CPC's Governance of Xinjiang: Progress and Achievements

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Since its founding, the CPC has always held deep concern for Xinjiang, and the future and wellbeing of the people of all ethnic groups living on this vast land. Under the leadership of the Party, the people of Xinjiang have traversed a remarkable path: from achieving emancipation and becoming their own masters, to embarking on the socialist road; from embracing reform and opening up and achieving moderate prosperity in all respects, to setting out on the new journey towards Chinese modernization. Together with the rest of the nation, they have witnessed the great transformation from standing up and growing prosperous to becoming strong. Over the past century and more, generations of Chinese Communists have continued to explore and advance theoretical, practical, and institutional innovations, deepening their understanding and grasp of the dynamics of governance in Xinjiang.

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Active exploration during the New Democratic Revolution between 1919 and 1949. During this period, the CPC united the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang and led them in heroic and unrelenting struggle, bringing them emancipation and enabling them to be their own masters. The founding of the CPC in July 1921 was an epoch-making event in Chinese history. Ever since, the Party has remained a pillar on which the Chinese people, including those in Xinjiang, can rely. In its early years, the Party had given clear emphasis on Xinjiang, sending members to the region to spread Marxism, sow the seeds of revolution, enlighten the people, and raise their political awareness. During the whole nation's war of resistance against Japanese aggression (1931-1945), the CPC — holding high the banner of a national united front — led the people of Xinjiang in supporting the war effort: organizing donations, ensuring the safe transport of international aid to China, fortifying Xinjiang to support the war front from China's interior, and proactively engaging in movements to rescue the country from Japanese occupation. In August 1938, donations from the people of Xinjiang were used to purchase 10 fighter planes — named "Xinjiang" in their honor — to assist the front line.

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Thanks to the CPC's persistent effort, people in Xinjiang developed an unprecedented sense of the Chinese nation as one community, and a large number of progressives devoted themselves to the revolutionary cause. Having secured a decisive victory in the War of Liberation (1946-1950), the CPC central leadership decided to peacefully liberate Xinjiang. The People's Liberation Army (PLA) marched triumphantly into the region, shattering the wild ambition of imperialist and separatist forces to dismember China and safeguarding the fundamental interests of the Chinese nation. This marked a major victory in the cause of national unification and a historic turning point in advancing unity and progress among the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang.

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Comprehensive governance in the process of socialist revolution and construction between 1949 and 1978. During this period, the CPC united the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang and led them in bringing tremendous changes to a region with hard natural conditions, achieving a historic leap into socialist society. The founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC) on October 1, 1949 ushered in a new era: the Chinese people had stood up, and a new chapter for Xinjiang had begun. On December 17 the same year, the People's Government of Xinjiang Province was officially established. Under the Party's leadership, the people of Xinjiang consolidated the newly established people's democratic power, created a new, socialist form of ethnic relations, and abolished the feudal land system. Together, they prudently advanced comprehensive social reforms and completed the socialist transformation, establishing the socialist system in Xinjiang that enabled the region to stride forward with the rest of the country — marking the greatest and most profound change in Xinjiang's history.

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On October 7, 1954, the Production and Construction Corps of the Xinjiang Military District of the PLA was formed. A total of 100,000 garrison troops began to open up large swaths of wastelands while guarding the border areas. On October 1, 1955, the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was formally established, marking a milestone in the region's development and a new success of the CPC's policies on ethnic affairs. In order to end poverty and catch up, the people of Xinjiang pursued self-reliance and worked with determination under the leadership of the CPC to strengthen their home region, supported by selfless assistance from people across the nation. Consequently, Xinjiang has basically built up its industrial system, improved its agricultural production conditions significantly, and achieved marked progress in education, science and technology, health care, transportation, and water conservancy. It has witnessed a historic transformation from barrenness and poverty to flourishing prosperity, secured pivotal achievements in socialist revolution and construction, and created a miracle that changed its future with the people's undaunted spirit.

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Further progress in the process of reform, opening up, and socialist modernization. During this period, the CPC has united the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang and led them confidently onto the broad path of socialism with Chinese characteristics, aiming for greater heights. The convening of the Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in December 1978 was a pivotal juncture of far-reaching significance in the history of the Party and the country. Xinjiang's vast land of 1.66 million square kilometers was awash with the strong tides of reform and opening up. In December 1981, the central government decided to restore the production and construction corps system, giving it the name the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (XPCC). As reforms rolled out, the CPC Central Committee — noting Xinjiang's great potential — decided to accelerate its modernization and promote common prosperity among all ethnic groups in the region. The Central Committee lent vigorous support to the region in transforming its advantage in superior resources into growth, guiding it to achieve a strategic shift in its focus. Comprehensive reforms were implemented in both rural and urban areas, while opening up was expanded by attracting external resources and strengthening internal coordination, bringing about new prospects on either side of the Tianshan Mountains.

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After the Fourth Plenary Session of the 13th CPC Central Committee in 1989, the Party Central Committee emphasized that Xinjiang's development and stability was of overarching importance to the nation. For its development, prosperity, and lasting peace and security, the central leadership pooled resources nationwide in assistance to Xinjiang and saw that the socialist market economy was established and improved in the region. This enabled Xinjiang to seize the strategic opportunities presented by the large-scale development of China's west and pioneer a new phase of all-round reform and opening up.

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Following the 16th CPC National Congress in 2002, the Central Committee reaffirmed its commitment to unswervingly advancing reform and opening up and socialist modernization in Xinjiang, maintaining social stability, and promoting ethnic unity. Guided by the major strategic plan of stabilizing and revitalizing Xinjiang, enriching the people, and safeguarding the border areas, the region has achieved sound and rapid economic and social development. In advancing the great cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics, Xinjiang has experienced a historic transformation. Its economy has been markedly strengthened by improving its once relatively backward productive forces, and its society has shifted from a closed and semi-closed outlook to one defined by openness. The people's living standards have also borne witness to profound transformation, evolving from bare subsistence to a basic level of moderate prosperity, and then ultimately to moderate prosperity in all respects. Xinjiang has caught up with the rest of the country in making great strides towards the goals of our time.

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A new era for socialism with Chinese characteristics. The CPC has united the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang and led them in pressing forward with hard work, upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground, creating new miraculous achievements. The 18th CPC National Congress held in November 2012 ushered Chinese socialism into a new era. While pursuing national rejuvenation within a wider context of global change on a scale unseen in a century, the Party Central Committee with Xi Jinping at its core has put its work related to Xinjiang high on the agenda of the Party and the country and continued to further its understanding and grasp of the dynamics of governance in the region. The Central Committee convened its second and third meetings on the work related to Xinjiang in 2014 and 2020, and in 2014, 2022 and 2023, General Secretary Xi traveled three times to Xinjiang on inspection tours, establishing the overall goal of social stability and lasting peace and security in the region, laying down the Party's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era.

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With the guidelines in place, Xinjiang has focused on forging a strong sense of the Chinese nation as one community, adhered to its strategic positioning in the country, and ensured both development and security. Solid steps have been taken to govern Xinjiang in accordance with the law, maintain stability through ethnic unity, strengthen cultural identity and bonds, bring greater prosperity to the region and its people, and develop Xinjiang from a long-term perspective. This has contributed to unprecedented economic and social development and significant improvement of people's wellbeing, and brought a greater sense of gain, happiness and security to the people.

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Today's Xinjiang is experiencing the best period of development in its history. Over 26 million Xinjiang people of all ethnic groups are tightly knit like the roots of poplar trees and closely united like the seeds of a pomegranate. Confident and open-minded, they are marching forward on the new journey towards a modern socialist country in all respects and striving for the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through hard work and perseverance.

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III. CPC Guidelines for Governing Xinjiang in the New Era: Opening Up New Dimensions

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Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the Party Central Committee with Xi Jinping at its core has drawn experience and lessons from past central authorities in governing Xinjiang, and continued to apply and improve the Party's best practices in this regard. It has adopted a systematic and holistic approach to planning and advancing fundamental, essential and long-term undertakings for the region's lasting peace and security. These efforts have explored new dimensions in Xinjiang's governance, enabling the Party to scale new heights in maintaining stability and driving development in the region.

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The formulation and development of the CPC's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era. The rejuvenation of the Chinese nation is interwoven with — and interacts with — global change on a scale unseen in a century. Consequently, the strategic role of Xinjiang has become ever more pivotal to the nation's overall trajectory. Prioritizing Xinjiang in the governance of the country, the CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping at its core has systematically planned all work related to Xinjiang from an overall strategic perspective and provided answers to a series of questions on the future direction and strategy in governing the region.

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General Secretary Xi has always paid close attention to the work related to Xinjiang, from a place of care for the people of all of its ethnic groups. At each critical stage in work related to Xinjiang, he has provided strategic direction and guidance, personally steering the course of its development. In April 2014, during an inspection visit to Xinjiang, he highlighted, "The CPC Central Committee has continued to attach great importance to the work related to Xinjiang, emphasizing Xinjiang's special and important strategic role in the work of the Party and the country." He emphasized the major principles and policies of the central leadership to improve the work related to Xinjiang in the new era, and the need to "take a coordinated approach in all undertakings with a focus on social stability and lasting peace and security". In May 2014, the CPC Central Committee held its second meeting on the work related to Xinjiang, at which it reiterated its major principles and policies in this effort and established social stability and lasting peace and security as the overall goal.

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After the meeting, Xi presided over a number of important meetings of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and its standing committee, to make plans for the work related to Xinjiang. In September 2020, at the third central meeting on the work related to Xinjiang held by the CPC Central Committee, he raised the CPC's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era, explaining them in detail. He emphasized governing Xinjiang in accordance with the law, maintaining stability through ethnic unity, strengthening cultural identity and bonds, bringing greater prosperity to the region and its people, and developing Xinjiang from a long-term perspective, to build a socialist Xinjiang with Chinese characteristics in the new era.

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In July 2022, on another inspection visit to Xinjiang, Xi pointed out the need to promote the fundamental, essential and long-term undertakings for Xinjiang's lasting peace and security, with a focus on the overall goal. In August 2023, he visited Xinjiang again to hear reports about the work of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region government and the XPCC. He emphasized the full, accurate and faithful implementation of the Party's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era, and the strategic positioning of Xinjiang in the country. With the overall goal in mind, we will make thorough and meticulous efforts to deliver practical results in governing Xinjiang in accordance with the law, maintaining stability through ethnic unity, strengthening cultural identity and bonds, bringing greater prosperity to the region and its people, and developing Xinjiang from a long-term perspective. We will pursue progress while ensuring stability, devote continued and long-term sustained efforts in our work, and build Xinjiang into a beautiful home characterized by unity, harmony, prosperity, cultural progress, and a sound eco-environment in which people live and work in peace and contentment on the path to Chinese modernization. In addition, he has delivered speeches, made remarks, and provided instructions on many occasions, putting forward new ideas, perspectives and requirements on improving the work related to Xinjiang that have further enriched and developed the CPC's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era.

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The essence of the CPC's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era. The CPC's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era represent a thorough understanding of the situation in Xinjiang and embody a profound reflection on the work related to the region by the CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping at its core. They comprise a complete system of theories with a sound logic and rich content, and sit at the core of all work related to Xinjiang in the new era. Their main content is as follows:

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Viewing and planning the work related to Xinjiang from a strategic perspective. The work related to Xinjiang bears not only on national reunification, ethnic unity, and national security, but also on the initiative to build China into a great country and the goal of national rejuvenation. We must have a clear understanding of the prevailing trend of development in Xinjiang, of the impact of good work in Xinjiang on the overall situation of the Party and the country, and of the work's significance in addressing both domestic and international imperatives, thereby laying a solid foundation for its long-term development, peace and security.

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Upholding social stability and lasting peace and security as the overall goal of the work related to Xinjiang. This means that all undertakings must be planned and advanced to achieve this goal. We should both channel our resources to address the pressing problems in maintaining social stability and systematically tackle the deep-rooted issues that undermine Xinjiang's lasting peace and security.

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Rallying the people's support is fundamental. Without the people's support, all efforts are futile. We must put the people first, have faith in the people of all ethnic groups, rely on them, and be of service to them. We should provide them with guidance, and let them understand the importance of stability and peace, that a happy life stems from the Party's good policies and the hard work of all ethnic groups united as one, and that the development of Xinjiang cannot be achieved without the support from the whole Party and the whole country.

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Fostering a stronger sense of the Chinese nation as one community. This is fundamental to the work related to Xinjiang in the long run. We must focus on fostering a stronger sense of national identity, fully implement the Party's policies concerning ethnic affairs, and heighten public awareness of ethnic unity and progress. We must move faster to build an ethnically integrated society and neighborhoods and encourage more exchanges, interactions and integration among different ethnic groups, so that they remain as closely united as the seeds of a pomegranate.

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Ensuring that religions in China conform to China's realities. This concerns the overall work related to Xinjiang. We must fully implement the Party's basic policy on religious affairs, protect lawful practices, proscribe illegal activities, contain extremism, resist infiltration, and punish crime. We must guide religious believers to foster a keen sense of national identity, citizenship, and law-based governance, and provide active guidance to religions so that they can adapt to socialist society.

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Fostering and carrying forward the core socialist values. We must uphold the guiding role of advanced socialist culture and strengthen the cultural identity and bonds of people in Xinjiang. We must guide the people and inspire them to identify more closely with our motherland, the Chinese nation, the Chinese culture, the CPC, and socialism with Chinese characteristics.

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Promoting high-quality development centered on the people's wellbeing. Xinjiang's development should manifest in the people's wellbeing, betterment of local economy and society, and greater ethnic unity. We must uphold the people-centered development philosophy, and advance economic and social development while improving people's wellbeing so that the people of all ethnic groups live and work in peace and contentment, thereby enabling them to enjoy a stronger sense of gain, fulfillment and security.

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Strengthening the Party's leadership over the work related to Xinjiang. To improve the work related to Xinjiang, we must uphold and strengthen the Party's overall leadership, cultivate a contingent of officials with strong political commitment, professional competence, and exemplary conduct, and ensure the smooth execution of the Central Committee's policies and decisions. We must regard building solid foundations at the grassroots level as the fundamental measure to ensure stability and security in Xinjiang, and strengthen grassroots Party organizations to serve the people, maintain stability, and oppose division.

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The principles and requirements of the CPC's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era. The CPC's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era are the foundation for the work related to Xinjiang. We must have a thorough understanding of governing Xinjiang in accordance with the law, maintaining stability through ethnic unity, strengthening cultural identity and bonds, bringing greater prosperity to the region and its people, and developing Xinjiang from a long-term perspective, and advance these undertakings in a coordinated manner.

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To govern the region in accordance with the law, we should uphold Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law, advance law-based governance, promote its concept across society, adhere to its principles, and implement its requirements in all sectors of the work related to Xinjiang. We should employ law-based thinking and approaches to forestall risks, combat crimes, handle problems, and address disputes, and strengthen law-based and persistent efforts in combating terrorism and maintaining stability, thereby ensuring that all the work related to Xinjiang is carried out under the rule of law.

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To maintain stability through ethnic unity, the fundamental issue is to rally people's support. We should regard ethnic unity as the lifeline of the people of all ethnic groups, safeguard the unity of the Chinese nation, and continue to foster a stronger sense of the Chinese nation as one community. We should make systematic efforts to ensure that religions in China conform to China's realities, to unite the people of all ethnic groups closer around the Party, and to forge tremendous momentum to build a beautiful Xinjiang.

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To strengthen cultural identity and bonds, we should see that people in Xinjiang identify with the Chinese culture. Upholding the core socialist values, we should develop advanced socialist culture, promote revolutionary culture, carry forward the best of traditional Chinese culture, and build a spiritual home shared by all the Chinese people. We should provide education and guidance to the people of all ethnic groups to strengthen their sense of Chinese national identity, and reinforce their political commitment and win their support, thus consolidating the ideological foundations for social stability and lasting peace and security.

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To bring greater prosperity to Xinjiang and its people, we should fully and faithfully apply the new development philosophy on all fronts in line with the strategic positioning of Xinjiang in building a great modern socialist country. Giving full play to Xinjiang's advantages in geographic location, resources, and policies, we should actively support Xinjiang in serving and integrating with the new development dynamic and promoting high-quality opening up. We should advance high-quality development centered on the people's wellbeing, and ensure that the benefits of development improve the people's wellbeing and win their support.

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To develop Xinjiang from a long-term perspective, we should uphold and strengthen the Party's overall leadership and advance the great new project of strengthening the Party in the new era. We should foster highly competent officials based on the criteria for assessing the caliber of officials in the new era, maintain our strategic resolve, and make meticulous plans before taking any actions. We should pursue progress while ensuring stability, devote continued and long-term sustained efforts in our work, and address deep-rooted problems, to lay solid foundations for achieving the overall goal of the work related to Xinjiang.

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The CPC's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era represent both innovations and breakthroughs in theory, and concrete plans and requirements for their implementation. Embodying Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, they encapsulate and build on the past successes of the CPC who lead the Chinese people in governing, stabilizing and developing Xinjiang. They have opened a wide avenue leading to steady and sustained progress in the work related to Xinjiang, marking a new height of the CPC's understanding of the underlying principles in border governance. They are a milestone in the Party's work related to Xinjiang and in the development of the region.

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Under the strong leadership of the Party Central Committee and with the support of the whole country, over 26 million people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang are applying the Party's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era in full, to the letter, and in all fields. Keeping the requirements in mind, they are working hard with gratitude and forging ahead in the face of daunting challenges to translate into reality the grand blueprint for Xinjiang drawn up by the CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping at its core.

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IV. Stronger Foundations for Stability, Peace and Security

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Social stability and lasting peace and security in Xinjiang are of overarching importance to overall reform, development and stability in China. While balancing development and security, Xinjiang has maintained social stability as a top priority. It has continued to fight terrorism and maintain stability in a law-based and regular manner, preventing and defusing risks in various fields, as well as interference and sabotage by external forces. A historic transformation from chaos to stability and from stability to governance has been achieved in the region.

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Significant achievements in the fight against secession. Separatism endangers national unity and undermines ethnic unity, breeding terrorism and extremism in Xinjiang. In the past, ethnic separatists, religious extremists, and terrorists have engaged in rampant sabotaging activities in Xinjiang, disrupting local stability and bringing enormous suffering to the people of all ethnic groups in the region. The Chinese government stands firm against all forms of separatism, terrorism, and extremism, and takes robust action against any acts that aim to split the country, endanger public security, or infringe upon human rights in accordance with the law.

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Xinjiang is resolute in safeguarding national unity and takes robust action against illegal acts and crimes, including the incitement, organization, plotting, and execution of acts that divide the country or jeopardize national unity. It is resolute in guarding against the infiltration and spread of "Pan-Turkism" and "Pan-Islamism" and strives to root out the breeding grounds for terrorism and extremism to sprout and spread. The hard work over the years has reaped notable results in Xinjiang's fight against separatism. Violent and terrorist events have not happened for many years, and social stability and ethnic unity have been effectively safeguarded in the region.

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Enforcement of regular counterterrorism measures to ensure stability in accordance with the law. This is central to sustaining long-term social stability, peace, and security in Xinjiang. Upholding and promoting the socialist rule of law, Xinjiang has exercised law-based governance in full and across all areas. In accordance with the Criminal Law and Counterterrorism Law of the People's Republic of China, it has advanced the fight against terrorism and continued to maintain stability with standardized, regular and efficient operations within the legal framework.

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The autonomous region government has improved the long-term mechanism for rigorous crackdowns on violent and terrorist acts, employed law-based thinking and approaches to combat crimes and maintain stability, and ensured that these efforts were law-based, targeted, and timely. It has established a system for fighting terrorism and maintaining stability in a law-based and regular manner, and a comprehensive prevention and control system for social security, shifting the focus from the very end to the source and evolving from emergency response to a standardized, refined, and regular approach. Policies and measures have been improved to guard against the few terrorists without interrupting the normal order of work, study, and daily life of the majority of people, effecting a fundamental change more conducive to ensuring peace and stability. Since the start of the new era, counterterrorism and stability-maintaining efforts have achieved significant outcomes, bringing an end to the frequent violent and terrorist attacks seen in the past.

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Targeted countermeasures against foreign sanctions and interference. In recent years, a number of Western countries, led by the United States, have imposed sanctions on businesses and individuals related to Xinjiang on the account of "genocide" and "forced labor" — lies and absurd fallacies they have concocted to interfere in China's internal affairs. Their purpose is political manipulation and economic bullying under the guise of human rights protection. Countering sanctions and interference is essential for breaking the containment of China by the anti-China forces in the US and some Western countries, which use Xinjiang as a handle. It is a just response for safeguarding our national sovereignty, security, and development interests.

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China has promulgated relevant laws, regulations, and departmental rules, such as the Foreign Relations Law, the Anti-Foreign Sanctions Law, the Provisions on the Application of the Anti-Foreign Sanctions Law, and the Provisions on the Unreliable Entity List, taking countermeasures against the unjustified sanctions involving Xinjiang imposed by a mere handful of countries. The Standing Committee of the People's Congress of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has adopted a resolution opposing a series of US sanctions on Xinjiang and supporting the development of sanctioned enterprises and related industries, fighting back against unilateral sanctions by the US. In addition, the government has provided a range of services for sanctioned businesses, supported them in safeguarding their legitimate rights and interests in accordance with the law, given a boost to relevant industries, and created new employment opportunities for people affected by the sanctions.

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Notable improvements in social governance. Sound social governance is a prerequisite and guarantee for social harmony, stability, and people's wellbeing. Xinjiang has applied and further developed the Fengqiao model for community-level governance in the new era, and improved the urban and rural primary-level governance system that combines self-governance, the rule of law, and the rule of virtue under the leadership of Party organizations. The autonomous region has strengthened grassroots governance through Party development and improved the social governance system based on collaboration, participation, and common interests, consolidating the grassroots foundations. It has conducted regular risk assessment, combined with prevention, coordination, and resolution measures, to effectively forestall and defuse any potential risks or dangers.

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The autonomous region government monitors and takes resolute action against illegal acts of grave concern to the public, including severe violent crimes and recurrent offences such as pornography, gambling, drug abuse, food and drug safety violations, environmental crimes, theft, robbery, and conventional, telecom, and online fraud, carrying out regular campaigns targeting criminal gangs and organized crime. It has introduced diverse ways for the resolution of conflicts and disputes by promoting law-based handling of public complaints, advancing the standardized development of integrated management centers with a focus on the county level, and created new forms of dispute resolution such as "horseback mediation teams" and "tea-serving mediation rooms". These initiatives have helped to resolve issues at the community level as soon as they arise. In 2024, 98.52 percent of civil disputes in Xinjiang were solved through mediation. The autonomous region government is firmly committed to maintaining social stability and ensuring people's safety and wellbeing. Significant progress has been made in building a peaceful Xinjiang, providing the people of all ethnic groups with a greater sense of gain, fulfillment, and security.

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V. Uniting the Chinese Nation as One Community

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Forging a stronger sense of the Chinese nation as one community is the focus of the CPC's work on ethnic affairs in the new era and the focus of all work in ethnic minority areas. Taking solid steps to heighten the sense of national identity, Xinjiang endeavors to improve commonality among its people of all ethnic groups, and guides them to unite as one through both rough times and the smooth towards a shared future, encouraging them to contribute to building China into a great country and creating a better life together.

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Faster pace in building a cultural home shared by the Chinese nation. Xinjiang continues to promote mainstream opinions and increase the appeal of the Chinese culture and its power to unite people, consolidating the common ideological and political foundations for ethnic unity and progress. Under the guidance of the core socialist values, it has strengthened public education on the history of the CPC, the PRC, reform and opening up, the development of socialism, and the development of the Chinese nation, and carried out extensive educational campaigns, such as the one on "forging a stronger sense of the Chinese nation as one community to realize the Chinese Dream", to enhance cohesion and forge the nation's soul with shared ideals and convictions. Under an initiative for carrying forward revolutionary traditions and heritage, Xinjiang has built 471 education bases for patriotism at all levels, inspiring officials and the public to love the Party and dedicate themselves to the country by promoting the Desert Poplar Spirit and the XPCC Spirit.

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Studying and exploring the inherent values and contemporary relevance of traditional Chinese culture, Xinjiang has established demonstration sites, where shared Chinese cultural symbols and the collective images of the Chinese nation are showcased; and it has organized regular trips to learn and experience traditional Chinese culture, thus further developing the advanced socialist culture and fostering a stronger sense of identity with the Chinese culture among all ethnic groups. To promote modern civilization, it has advanced campaigns to introduce modern values and encourage modern lifestyles with the help of specialized education centers. It has carried out extensive programs to popularize science and raise awareness of the law, to guide the people in adapting to life of modern civilization. Standard spoken and written Chinese is promoted across the region, and used and taught at schools. As a result, the public has developed a stronger awareness and capability to use standard Chinese, which has united hearts and minds for a shared future through a common tongue.

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Increased interactions, exchanges and integration among all ethnic groups. Xinjiang coordinates urban and rural construction planning and the allocation of public service resources to advance all-round integration for the people of all ethnic groups physically, culturally, economically, socially, and psychologically, so that all are closely united like the seeds of a pomegranate. It has accelerated the development of people-centered new urbanization, introducing a more rational distribution of city clusters and small, medium and large cities, and building an ethnically integrated society and community. This approach makes full use of the mutually reinforcing effect between urban and industrial development, attracts populations with a flourishing industry, and makes it possible for all ethnic groups to live, study, work, and enjoy life side by side, as they contribute and share benefits together.

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Further efforts have been made to carry forward the Foundation Project for young people and expand the patriotic education program that brings Xinjiang youth to other parts of the country on study trips. In 2024, 86,000 elementary and secondary school students traveled to other provinces and cities on such trips. Extensive "hand-in-hand" student activities have been organized between Xinjiang and provinces providing assistance to it, between schools run by the XPCC and regular schools, and between southern and northern Xinjiang. They are intended to create mixed-classes and mixed-dormitories that give students from different ethnic groups the opportunity to study, live, and grow together. Upholding the cultural core of tourism and promoting integration through tourism, Xinjiang strives to heighten the sense of the Chinese nation as one community throughout its high-quality development of the tourist industry. Tourism has become an important facilitator of interactions, exchanges and integration between ethnic groups. The region has also held activities to promote unity, increase understanding, and forge a stronger bond among the people of all ethnic groups.

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Greater ethnic unity and progress. With a focus on unity, progress, and common prosperity and development among all ethnic groups, Xinjiang has implemented initiatives to safeguard and develop border areas and advance common prosperity among all ethnic groups. It has incorporated ethnic unity and progress into the regional legislative work and plans for economic and social development, and has promulgated and implemented the Regulations on the Establishment of Model Areas for Ethnic Unity and Progress, alongside the 14th Five-Year Plan for the Establishment of Model Areas for Ethnic Unity and Progress. Model units and individuals have been commended for contributing to ethnic unity and progress, with marked progress in strengthening and developing a new type of socialist ethnic relationship characterized by equality, unity, mutual assistance, and harmony. As of 2024, there were 101 national model areas and units, 14 national education bases, 1,555 model units and 2,690 exemplary individuals at the autonomous region level and above in Xinjiang, including the "People's Guardian" Bayika Kalidibek and the "People's Model" Burmahan Mawluda.

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Steady progress in ensuring that religions in China conform to China's realities. Xinjiang is a region where religions have coexisted since ancient times. Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Catholicism, and Christianity all flourish in the region. Xinjiang fully, accurately, and faithfully implements the Party's policy on freedom of religious belief by respecting people's religious beliefs, administering religious affairs in accordance with the law, allowing religious groups to manage their own affairs independently, and guiding religions to be compatible with socialist society. Following the principle that religions in China should conform to China's realities, the region has strengthened theoretical and political guidance for the religious circle, and has introduced the national flag, the Constitution, laws and regulations, the socialist core values, and fine traditional Chinese culture into venues for religious activities. Efforts have been made to inspire religious figures and believers to identify more closely with the motherland, the Chinese nation, the Chinese culture, the CPC, and socialism with Chinese characteristics.

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The autonomous region government supports the religious circle in the study of scripture, and encourages interpretations of religious doctrines and precepts that align with contemporary development and with traditional Chinese culture, thereby enhancing religious people's Chinese cultural identity. To ensure the healthy development of religion in Xinjiang, the region has issued plans on training for religious figures to cultivate talent who are completely versed in both classical religious doctrines and traditional Chinese culture. It has strengthened governance on religious affairs in accordance with the law, and supports the religious circle in countering radicalization and guarding against the infiltration of religious extremism. It guides and supports the religious community to exercise full and strict self-governance, improve self-education, self-management and self-discipline, and lead its believers to contribute to building a great nation and realizing the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

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VI. Further Progress in Democracy and the Rule of Law

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Whole-process people's democracy is the defining feature of socialist democracy; it is democracy in its most extensive, genuine and effective form. Acting on this key concept, Xinjiang is committed to the unity of CPC's leadership, the people's position as masters of the country, and law-based governance, and guarantees the implementation of the people's congress system, the system of CPC-led multiparty cooperation and political consultation, the system of regional ethnic autonomy, and the system of community-level self-governance. It has made new strides in advancing democracy and the rule of law.

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Remarkable achievements in developing whole-process people's democracy. By practicing democracy throughout the whole process of elections, consultations, decision-making, administration, and oversight, Xinjiang has continued to improve the institutional framework for whole-process people's democracy.

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The people's congress system serves as a fundamental institutional pillar of whole-process people's democracy. As of 2024, a total of 74,412 people were serving as deputies to people's congresses at all levels in Xinjiang. Among them, 78.69 percent were from the grassroots level, and 69.21 percent were from ethnic minority groups. This composition demonstrates that the people of Xinjiang enjoy an equal status in political affairs, irrespective of ethnic or social background.

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Consultative democracy is an important form of whole-process people's democracy in practice. As of 2024, Xinjiang had 16,121 members serving on its CPPCC committees at all levels, with 49.06 percent of non-CPC members and 46.13 percent of members from ethnic minority groups. These figures underscore the broad representation and political inclusiveness of the CPPCC system.

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Primary-level democracy is a key manifestation of whole-process people's democracy. The system of community-level self-governance has been established for all villages and communities across Xinjiang. Over 85 percent of the matters for decision-making at grassroots self-governance organizations come from public proposals, demonstrating the authenticity of primary-level democracy and its extensive coverage and effectiveness.

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The united front is a powerful force in advancing whole-process people's democracy. Xinjiang coordinates efforts to unite members of non-CPC political parties, prominent individuals without party affiliation, non-CPC intellectuals, and businesspeople working in the non-public sector, building extensive consensus.

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Democratic oversight is an integral component of whole-process people's democracy. People's congresses at all levels in Xinjiang and their standing committees are continuing to improve their scrutiny of the people's governments, supervision commissions, people's courts, and people's procuratorates at the same level in performing their statutory duties. CPPCC committees at all levels in Xinjiang exercise consultative supervision by expressing views, making criticisms, and giving advice to ensure the legitimate rights and interests of the people of all ethnic groups are protected and realized.

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Evident strengths of the system of regional ethnic autonomy. By upholding national unity while practicing regional autonomy, and by leveraging regional features while highlighting its multiethnic composition, Xinjiang fully protects the right of all ethnic groups to jointly administer state affairs as masters of the country.

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Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has autonomous areas at all three levels — regional, prefectural, and county level. It has five autonomous prefectures and six autonomous counties, all of which enjoy extensive autonomy as prescribed by law. On all standing committees of people's congresses of ethnic autonomous areas, there are citizens from the ethnic groups exercising autonomy holding the office of chair or vice chair. The chair of the autonomous region, the governors of autonomous prefectures, and the heads of autonomous counties are all citizens from the local ethnic groups exercising regional autonomy.

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The people of all ethnic groups have equal legal status, enjoying the right to vote and stand for election, as endowed by the Constitution and the law. They enjoy freedom of religious belief, and have the rights to participate in the administration of state affairs, to receive education, to use and develop their own spoken and written languages, and to preserve and protect the fine traditional culture of their own groups.

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Xinjiang respects and protects ethnic minorities' right to learn and use their own spoken and written languages, takes a sound approach to protecting the spoken and written languages of all ethnic groups, and encourages them to learn languages from each other.

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Important advancements in the rule of law. To fully implement the CPC Central Committee's decisions and plans on law-based governance, Xinjiang has actively promoted the rule of law within the government and across society. It respects human rights and ensures its protection throughout the process of legislation, law enforcement, judicature, and law observance, so that the people can see justice served in every law, every enforcement action, and every judicial ruling.

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Xinjiang exercises its local legislative powers in accordance with the law. By the end of 2024, the People's Congress of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and its Standing Committee had formulated, revised and approved 874 local regulations, resolutions and decisions with regulatory functions or on major issues, and special ordinances. Among them, currently in effect are 175 local regulations and 56 resolutions and decisions with regulatory functions or on major issues. They have laid a solid legal foundation for maintaining local social stability and lasting peace and security.

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Xinjiang actively promotes democratic legislation. It has established two grassroots legislative outreach offices at the national level, 23 at the autonomous region level, and 112 at the city level, to extensively solicit public opinions and suggestions on legislative work.

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Xinjiang strives to build a law-based government. Over 500,000 pieces of information on law enforcement were made known to the public by the administrative law enforcement departments at all levels, and law enforcement supervision and inspection were conducted on more than 2,100 occasions.

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Continuous efforts have been made to strengthen community-level legal systems. Judicial offices have been established for townships and urban sub-districts, and people's mediation committees have been set up for villages and communities, both of which serve as legal counsels for ordinary people. A public legal service system is now in place to cover both urban and rural populations.

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Law-based governance of foreign-related affairs has been elevated to a new level. The Standing Committee of the People's Congress of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has revised the regulations on border administration and released the Regulations on China (Xinjiang) Pilot Free Trade Zone, to build Xinjiang into a core area of the Silk Road Economic Belt.

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Greater protection of human rights. Respecting and protecting human rights is a constitutional principle in China. Comprehensive progress in human rights is an ongoing quest of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang and all Chinese people. The CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping at its core has integrated this principle into the Party's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era, and made vigorous and solid efforts to protect the basic rights of the people of all ethnic groups in the region.

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Adopting a people-centered view of human rights, Xinjiang has made the improvement of people's lives the ultimate goal of all its work. It has maintained social harmony and stability in accordance with the law, accelerated the pace of high-quality development, ensured and improved living standards, developed and consolidated ethnic unity, protected the freedom of religious belief by law, and attached importance to the protection and preservation of the fine traditional culture of all ethnic groups. The rights to subsistence and development of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang are effectively guaranteed, and their political, economic, social, cultural, environmental and other rights are fully realized.

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Unprecedented progress has been made in Xinjiang's human rights cause, owing to multiple factors. The Chinese socialist system offers a strong institutional guarantee, China's high-quality economic and social development lays a solid material foundation, and sustained social stability has created favorable conditions for its development.

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VII. High-Quality Development and High-Standard Opening Up

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In the pursuit of Chinese modernization and common prosperity, none of the nation's 56 ethnic groups should be left behind. Xinjiang has fully, accurately and faithfully applied the new development philosophy and actively contributed to and been integrated with the new development dynamic. The region continues to drive deeper all-round reform and wider high-standard opening up. The foundation for Xinjiang's stable economic and social development has been strengthened, the momentum for growth has been accelerated, and the new development quality and efficiency have been substantially enhanced. Overall, Xinjiang has made solid progress in advancing Chinese modernization.

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Sustainable, sound and rapid economic development. By focusing on its strategic positioning in the nation's overall development, and upholding the integrity of innovative, coordinated, green, open and shared development, Xinjiang has been fully committed to high-quality development, seeing significant improvement in its overall economic strength and historic leaps in multiple indicators. The region's GDP increased from about RMB749.95 billion in 2012 to more than RMB2.05 trillion in 2024, exceeding the threshold of RMB2 trillion for the first time with an annual growth rate of 7 percent at constant prices. Its per capita nominal GDP increased 2.3 times from RMB33,495 in 2012 to RMB78,660 in 2024. The revenue in the general public budget jumped from nearly RMB90.9 billion in 2012 to nearly RMB240.97 billion in 2024, representing an average annual growth of more than RMB10 billion.

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Continuous efforts have been made to optimize Xinjiang's industrial structure. In 2012, the shares of the primary, secondary and tertiary industries were 16.1 percent, 44.3 percent, and 39.6 percent respectively, and in 2024, the figures were 12.5 percent, 39.6 percent, and 47.9 percent. The interconnected and complementary development between the Urumqi-Karamay-Changji Area, northern Xinjiang, eastern Xinjiang, and southern Xinjiang is now fully coordinated. Measures to accelerate new urbanization and advance the regional economic planning and spatial planning for high-quality development have been put in place. The proportion of permanent urban residents in Xinjiang rose from 44.22 percent in 2012 to 60.36 percent in 2024, up by 16.14 percentage points.

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Improved infrastructure. To optimize infrastructure layout, structure, functions, and system integration, Xinjiang has made overall planning for the construction of 10 networks covering railways, highways, aviation, power, natural gas, logistics and computing. Transportation has been largely improved in the region. The operating mileage of railways totaled 9,202 km as of 2024 — up from 4,914 km in 2012. This network now reaches all prefectures, as well as over 80 percent of county-level administrative regions. The highway network has also grown, from 165,900 km in 2012 to 230,000 km in 2024. All prefectures in Xinjiang are now accessible by highway, as are more than 90 percent of administrative regions at county level. The number of civil air routes in Xinjiang now totals 595, of which 25 are international routes, connecting to 17 countries and regions. A network of air routes covering entire Xinjiang and radiating to the east and west has now basically formed. The first, second, and third channels consistently transmit locally generated electricity to other parts of the country, with 750 kV transmission lines extending more than 12,000 km and delivering in excess of 100 billion kWh of electricity to 22 provinces and equivalent administrative units for five consecutive years. Information highway is also taking shape, with optical cables now extending 1.78 million km. All of its counties are connected with 1000M fiber optic networks, towns with 5G networks, and villages with broadband networks.

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Cluster effect of the modern industrial system. Focusing on national strategic needs, and leveraging its natural resources and industrial capabilities, Xinjiang has accelerated efforts to develop a modern industrial system with its own unique advantages. The region is also rapidly emerging as a national base for high-quality agricultural and livestock products. In 2024, grain yield per unit area reached 7872.75 kg/ha, the highest in the country. The total food output surged from nearly 15.18 million tonnes in 2012 to 23.3 million tonnes in 2024, up 53.6 percent. Xinjiang's cotton output of about 5.69 million tonnes accounted for 92.3 percent of the national total in 2024, maintaining its position as the country's top producer for the 32nd consecutive year. The mechanization rate in plowing, planting, and harvesting has reached 97 percent. Xinjiang is accelerating efforts to build itself into a strategic base of the nation's energy resources. In 2024, the oil and gas production equivalent reached 66.64 million tonnes, and the raw coal output stood at 543 million tonnes. Installed capacity of electricity hit 192.7 million kW in 2024, of which capacity from new energy sources surpassed 100 million kW. The Urumqi-Changji-Shihezi photovoltaic cluster was put on the list of national advanced manufacturing clusters.

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Xinjiang fosters its new quality productive forces in light of local conditions. A talent development fund of RMB10 billion was set up to promote the integrated development and reform of education, talent, and science and technology. The Xinjiang Research Institute of Huairou Laboratory has been put into operation, and the National Innovation Center for Wind Power Generation has been officially launched. Exceeding 10,000 m, the Tarim Oilfield's ultra-deep drilling is now the deepest in Asia. The Xinjiang-to-Chongqing Computing Resource Transfer project was listed as the pilot project for coordinated development of computing and power, and the region's first intelligent computing center has been established and put into use. The Urumqi-Changji-Shihezi national innovation demonstration zone is continuing to improve its leading role, while other five new high-tech industrial development zones have made substantial progress. The region continues to improve its support for high-quality enterprises, developing 11 single-product champion enterprises in the manufacturing sector, 52 exemplary specialized enterprises that use advanced technologies to produce unique and innovative products, and 2,742 high-tech enterprises as of the end of 2024.

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Solid green and low-carbon development. Xinjiang upholds the principle that lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets, and takes a holistic and systematic approach to the conservation and improvement of mountains, rivers, forests, farmlands, lakes, grasslands and deserts, constantly strengthening its capabilities in safeguarding eco-environmental security. The region has made significant progress in improving air quality. In 2024, the proportion of days with good air quality was 78.1 percent in cities at or above the prefectural level. Water management has also improved, as the region moves towards a more efficient and rational use of its water resources. In 2024, the proportion of surface water at Grade III (good water quality) or above reached 95.9 percent. The water supply program in the Tarim River Basin has significantly raised the groundwater level of the lower reaches, thereby promoting the region's coordinated economic and social development with its population, resources, and the eco-environment. Large-scale greening programs have been rolled out in a well-planned manner, including developing shelterbelt networks in northwest, north and northeast China, which has seen the forest coverage rate increase from 4.24 percent in 2012 to 5.07 percent in 2024. Oases area has expanded by 56.6 percent over the past three decades. The battle against desertification on the fringes of the Taklimakan Desert has been stepped up, with the desert now entirely encircled with a sand-blocking green belt stretching 3,046 km — the longest in the world. Xinjiang's accelerated green transformation can also be seen in the region's active efforts to achieve peak carbon emissions and carbon neutrality, with carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP continuing to drop.

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A core area of the Silk Road Economic Belt. Xinjiang has consciously integrated its regional opening up strategy into the country's overall plan of opening up to the west. Focusing on the construction of "One Port, Two Zones, Five Centers, and One Port Economic Belt", it aims to build a golden channel across the Eurasian continent and a gateway for opening up to the west. Consequently, it has accelerated the development of broader channels for opening up. Xinjiang has established 19 ports, including the Kunjirap Port, which is open all year round. There are 119 bilateral transport routes and 10 multilateral road freight routes. A total of 16,400 freight trains traveled through Xinjiang on the China-Europe Railway Express in 2024, marking the fifth consecutive year that the number of trains on the line had exceeded 10,000. The number of Xinjiang's economic and trade partners also increased significantly from a small handful in the 1950s to 196 countries and regions in 2012, and to 211 in 2024. Trade volume has also expanded, with the total import and export value surging from RMB158.96 billion in 2012 to RMB434.16 billion in 2024, surpassing RMB200 billion, RMB300 billion, and RMB400 billion in 2022, 2023 and 2024 respectively. The platform for opening up has improved further. China (Xinjiang) Pilot Free Trade Zone was approved and set up in October, 2023. Over the following year, more than 9,000 enterprises moved into the Zone, whose total import and export value accounted for over 30 percent of the region's total. The region has also prioritized the construction of the Tacheng Pilot Zone for Development and Opening Up, the Horgos Economic Development Zone and the Kashi Economic Development Zone.

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VIII. Significant Progress in Cultural Development

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Culture nurtures the mind and cultivates lofty aspirations. In studying and carrying out Xi Jinping Thought on Culture, Xinjiang has bolstered stronger cultural confidence, strengthened cultural identity and bonds, and developed the Chinese culture, including its diverse ethnic cultures, with greater momentum and more robust measures. The region has continued its systematic protection of cultural heritage, boosted cultural creativity, and promoted the prosperous development of socialist culture, to better meet the new aspirations of the people of all ethnic groups for enriched intellectual and cultural lives.

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Cultural heritage under effective protection. Adhering to the principle of prioritizing protection, promoting sound utilization, and minimizing interference, Xinjiang has improved its comprehensive preservation of cultural heritage. It has formulated plans for the protection of regional cultural heritage, and released local regulations such as Regulations on the Protection of the Ancient City of Kashi and Regulations on the Protection of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Manas, as part of its continuing efforts to strengthen legal guarantees for preserving cultural heritage. By 2024, Xinjiang had housed 195 institutions of cultural heritage protection at all levels, 150 registered museums, and 9,545 verified and registered immovable cultural relics, among which 6 were world cultural heritage sites, 133 were key cultural relics sites under national-level protection, and 779 were cultural relics sites under the protection of the autonomous region. The region also boasts 3 intangible cultural heritage items on the list of the UNESCO, 141 items on the national representative list, and 567 items on the list of the autonomous region. Xinjiang has coordinated the protection of cultural heritage and the development of urban and rural areas, provided effective protection and sound management for historic and cultural cities, towns and villages, traditional villages, and streets and districts with historical and cultural significance, and ensured their rational utilization. The region has promoted the preservation and exhibition of key ruins and sites reflecting past central authorities' viable governance of Xinjiang. For instance, the ruins of the Western Regions Frontier Command, Ulanbay Ancient City, Beiting City, and the Ili Commandery have been well preserved and put into good use. Also, the construction of the National Archeological Park of the Site of Beiting City, Museum of the Western Regions Frontier Command, and Silk Road and Great Wall Culture Museum has been completed. The archeological research of Xinjiang falls under the broader "Archeological Finds in China" project. Xinjiang has implemented projects such as the protection and utilization of religious ruins on the rim of the Tarim Basin, built the Qiuci Museum and the Qiuci Wei and Jin Ancient Tomb Site Museum, and promoted the protection of the Kizil Grottoes, Subashi Buddhist Temple Ruins, Loulan Ancient City Ruins, and the Nestorian monastery site on the west side of Turpan City. Xinjiang's Tongtiandong Cave, Keyakekuduke Watchtower site, and Mo'er Temple ruins have all featured on China's "top 10 archeological discoveries of the year" list.

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Flourishing cultural and artistic creation. Focusing on producing excellent cultural and artistic works, Xinjiang has improved its mechanism for serving, guiding and organizing literary and artistic creation, resulting in a continuous emergence of excellent works. In terms of literary creations, it has launched the Tianshan Literature Award, and many Xinjiang-themed literary works have received nationwide acclaim, including Ben Ba, winner of the Mao Dun Literature Prize; Distant Sunflower Fields and The Western Great Wall, winners of the Lu Xun Literature Prize; and The Flowers Are Always This Red, winner of the national Steed Awards for Ethnic Literature. In the performing arts, songs such as The Shepherds of Koktokay and Apple Fragrance have familiarized the whole country with melodies from Xinjiang; dance dramas such as Five Stars Rise in the East and Zhang Qian have powerfully reflected the nation's history and spirit; dances such as Markit Under the Sunshine and Grandpa's Samawar have been honored with the Lotus Award, China's highest honor in dance; and the performer of the Shaanxi opera Burning Incense received the prestigious China Theater Plum Blossom Awards. In film and television, Xinjiang-themed films have won the Best Works Award for seven consecutive years, including the highly acclaimed Fade Away Pastoral; the children's film The Little Horsewhip was a winner at the China Movie Awards; the TV drama To the Wonder gained viral recognition and was broadcast in several other countries; and the documentary film Fabric of Lives received substantial praise from audiences. Additionally, the brilliant performance at the Kashi sub-venue of the Central Television Station's 2024 Spring Festival Gala captivated viewers around the world.

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Continuous improvement of the system of public cultural services. Xinjiang has promoted consistent and equal access to public cultural services and channeled quality cultural resources to the community level, protecting the people's cultural rights and interests and improving their quality of life. By the end of 2024, Xinjiang had established 111 public libraries, 118 cultural centers, 1,126 cultural facilities in towns, townships and sub-districts, and 11,783 village cultural centers, providing 695.86 sq m of public cultural facilities per 10,000 people. The autonomous region now boasts 88,800 sports venues, and has established a comprehensive, five-tier public cultural service network spanning the village, township, county, prefecture, and the autonomous region levels. Believing that culture should serve the interests of the people, Xinjiang has made great efforts to ensure every village and household has access to radio and television programs, with coverage rates now reaching 99.26 and 99.37 percent, respectively. The people of all ethnic groups now have easy access to rich cultural products in their neighborhoods. From 2012 to 2024, nearly 1.37 million movie screenings were held for free in nearly 9,000 venues in rural villages or communities and covered all administrative villages. The region has held the China Xinjiang Folk Art Season, Conference on Reading, and village Spring Festival galas that also reached all villages and communities. Additionally, the establishment of the pomegranate seed art troupes has expanded access to literature and the arts in rural areas through regular performances that benefit local residents.

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Accelerated development of cultural and tourist industries. Xinjiang encourages the positive interplay between culture and tourism, and continues to advance the deeper integration of the two sectors. This enables tourists to embrace not only Xinjiang's breathtaking landscapes, but also its profound culture. To advance this deeper integration, the region has worked out a development plan for cultural and tourist industry clusters, the worth of which could reach RMB1 trillion and more. In its efforts to promote the development of sports tourism, sports training and competition, Xinjiang has hosted the Taklimakan Rally, Tour of Salimu Lake Road Cycling Race, and Freeride World Tour. The industrial cluster effect is becoming increasingly apparent in the region. Resources are now being channeled into developing the winter sports tourism sector, with 72 skiing venues and five national ski resorts established across the region by the end of 2024. Xinjiang now stands among the top in the country's winter tourism. Road trips and special interest tours are immensely popular here, with the Xinjiang section of the G219 national highway, the S101 provincial highway, the Dushanzi-Kuqa highway, the Altay-Hemu highway, and the highway around the Bosten Lake all becoming viral travel destinations among tourists, giving rise to new forms of tourism products in the region. The number of tourists to Xinjiang has increased from 48.6 million in 2012 to 302 million in 2024, a 6.21-fold increase, and the total revenues from tourism in Xinjiang were RMB359.5 billion in 2024.

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IX. Continuous Improvement in People's Wellbeing

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Living a life of contentment is the ultimate human right, and a happy life for the people is the ultimate goal of development in Xinjiang. Committed to a people-centered approach, Xinjiang pursues development to improve its people's wellbeing, benefit local society, and strengthen unity. To this end, the regional government works tirelessly to solve the most pressing and immediate concerns of the people of all ethnic groups. Every year, more than 70 percent of Xinjiang's general public budget is allocated to safeguard and improve people's wellbeing, to ensure that development benefits the people of all ethnic groups in a fair way.

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A complete victory in the fight against poverty. Xinjiang was once one of the areas with the highest incidence and intensity of poverty in all of China. After the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012, the region prioritized the fight against poverty, pooling the best of its resources and adopting targeted measures to end poverty through hard work and perseverance.

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By the end of 2020, over 3.06 million of Xinjiang's impoverished rural population, its 3,666 impoverished villages, and 35 impoverished counties had all emerged from poverty. Once the specter of absolute poverty that had haunted Xinjiang for millennia was finally eradicated, the region was able to complete the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects, along with the rest of the country. The infrastructure in areas that have escaped poverty has been significantly improved. All towns and townships, as well as administrative villages where conditions permit, now have access to paved roads, bus services, and three-phase power. Dilapidated houses in rural areas have become a thing of the past and the days of drinking bitter and saline water are forever gone.

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In 2021, the first year after achieving complete victory against absolute poverty, the per capita disposable income of residents in once impoverished rural areas rose to RMB14,477, a 2.8-fold increase from RMB5,090 in 2012, with an average annual growth rate of 12.3 percent. The numbers of family cars, washing machines, refrigerators, and computers per 100 households had risen by 14.6, 51.6, 49.5 and 5.1 respectively, compared with figures in 2012, reflecting the broader improvements in people's quality of life.

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Xinjiang has embarked on a new journey after eradicating absolute poverty. It has consolidated and expanded its achievements in poverty elimination, promoted all-round rural revitalization, and enabled the people of all ethnic groups to live a more fulfilling and promising life.

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Steady growth in employment. Xinjiang implements the employment-first strategy and tries its best to achieve high-quality full employment. Employment rates are continuing to improve, with the region's employed population rising from 12.46 million in 2012 to 13.91 million in 2024, up 11.64 percent. The employment structure has also witnessed continued improvement. In 2024, the proportion of people working in the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors stood at 31.34 percent, 14.45 percent, and 54.21 percent respectively. The hiring capacity of urban areas has continued to increase, with the number of people working in cities reaching 8.18 million in 2024, accounting for 58.8 percent of the total employed population.

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People's income has increased. In 2024, the per capita disposable income of urban and rural residents reached RMB42,820 and RMB19,427, an increase of RMB23,801 and RMB12,551 respectively, compared with 2012 figures. Better employment has created a better life for all of the region's people. By improving the employment policy system and the mechanism for protecting labor rights and interests, Xinjiang has safeguarded workers' legitimate rights and interests, ensured employment for those with the ability to work, and enabled the people of all ethnic groups to look for the jobs that suit them best and work in decent conditions.

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Comprehensive development of education. Prioritizing the development of education, Xinjiang has moved faster to build a high-quality education system, and worked to ensure that educational development offers greater benefits to the people of all ethnic groups in a fair way.

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In 2024, the gross enrollment rate of preschool education in Xinjiang reached 102.72 percent, the completion rate of the nine-year compulsory education was over 99 percent, and the gross enrollment rate of senior high schools was 97.74 percent, all above the national average. Educational investment has continued to expand. Since 2012, fiscal expenditure from the central government on education in Xinjiang has reached RMB1.1 trillion, among which RMB47.9 billion have been used to improve conditions of elementary and secondary schools. These efforts have helped to promote the quality and balanced development of compulsory education.

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A student financial assistance system covering all stages of education for every student from disadvantaged families has been established, with the amount of assistance increasing from RMB2.039 billion in 2012 to RMB9.306 billion in 2024. Students in Aksu, Kashi, and Hotan prefectures and the Kizilsu Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture in southern Xinjiang receive free education for 15 years, from preschool to senior high school.

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Xinjiang has continued to optimize the configuration and structure of higher education. By 2024, the region had 63 institutions of higher learning, 24 more than 2012, and all five prefectures and autonomous prefectures in southern Xinjiang housed universities offering undergraduate programs, a historic breakthrough. The region has further expanded the scale of vocational education, with the number of students in vocational schools growing by 60.69 percent between 2012 and 2024 to reach 575,000. Through the establishment of a modern vocational education system, Xinjiang has cultivated a large number of highly skilled workers.

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Improved and optimized health service system. Xinjiang continues to improve its policies on promoting public health and has significantly increased its protection of people's health. By 2024, Xinjiang had over 19,000 medical institutions of various types at all levels and 314,600 staff in the healthcare system. The number of beds in medical institutions per thousand people in 2024 was 7.85, the number of licensed and assistant doctors was 3.19, and the number of registered nurses was 4.12.

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The service system has continued to improve. Xinjiang has established a total of 55 national-level key clinical specialties, 358 key clinical specialties and 54 specialty alliances at the autonomous region level, and 74 telemedicine coordination networks, all of which ensure that the people of all ethnic groups have access to affordable and effective medical services. It has worked to increase the availability of quality medical resources and ensure such resources are channeled towards the community level. The proportion of Xinjiang's closely integrated medical and health consortia at the county level has reached 86.05 percent, with all town and township health centers and village clinics in the region operating up to standards. Local patients can now obtain treatment for everyday health issues at the community level, for common illnesses in counties and prefectures, and for serious diseases within the autonomous region.

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Xinjiang has worked to build an international medical center and make it a signature and demonstration medical project in the core area of the Silk Road Economic Belt. It has sped up the development of three regional medical centers at the national level and four regional medical centers at the autonomous region level, and worked to fulfill their designated roles to ensure all people have access to medical services of higher quality.

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The region's ability to safeguard public health has seen significant improvement. Disease prevention and control centers and health monitoring institutions in 14 prefectures, autonomous prefectures and cities, and 96 counties, county-level cities, and districts in Xinjiang have been restructured to improve the system for disease prevention and control. The development of the health sector has helped improve people's health, with the average life expectancy in the region increasing from 30 years in 1949 to 77 years in 2024.

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An upgraded social security net. Xinjiang has continued to improve the multitiered social security system that covers the entire population in the urban and rural areas, see that it is fair, unified, reliable, well-regulated and sustainable, and speed up the formation of a strong safety net to ensure people's wellbeing.

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By the end of 2024, the number of people under the basic old-age pension scheme and the basic medical insurance system in Xinjiang stood at 16.91 million and 23.67 million respectively, each accounting for over 95 percent of Xinjiang's total population in their category. The number of people under the unemployment insurance and work-related injury insurance exceeded 4.19 million and 5.43 million, respectively, in the same period. While improving its social security system across the board, Xinjiang has worked to upgrade its services to ensure that the fruits of reform and development can benefit more people in a fair way.

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Xinjiang has established and improved the dynamic growth mechanism for social assistance standards and the price-linked adjustment mechanism for social assistance and social security standards. Since 2012, Xinjiang has increased the subsistence allowance 13 consecutive times to meet the people's basic living needs.

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X. Greater Synergy for Xinjiang's Development

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China's great achievements in the new era have been forged through the hard work of the Party and the people. The historic success in all undertakings in Xinjiang and all the epoch-making changes are fundamentally attributed to the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping at its core. It is the result of unconditional assistance from all parts of the country and the hard work of the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang.

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The Party and the country's solid support — the foundation for Xinjiang's development. The CPC's firm leadership is the greatest political strength for Xinjiang to overcome all challenges and press forward on the path of Chinese modernization. The CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping at its core has given utmost attention to Xinjiang's development by setting the Party's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era, delineating Xinjiang's five strategic roles in national development, and issuing policy measures for improving people's wellbeing, strengthening social cohesion, and promoting high-quality economic and social development in the region. The Party central leadership has ensured that fundamental principles are upheld in the work related to Xinjiang while breaking new ground.

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Under the unified leadership of the CPC Central Committee, the whole Party and the entire nation have adopted a unified approach to national development through overall planning and coordinated action. In the case of Xinjiang, the country has put in place mechanisms under which central departments provide policy support and guidance, provincial and municipal governments cooperate and provide assistance, and Xinjiang's government plays a principal role. These mechanisms have created great synergy for the autonomous region's development.

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The central government provides special support for Xinjiang in terms of funds, projects, preferential policies, industry support, and investments. Since 2012, it has allocated more than RMB4 trillion in transfer payments to Xinjiang, including nearly RMB543.48 billion in 2024 alone.

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The firm leadership of the Party Central Committee and its solid support provide fundamental guidance for Xinjiang-related work in the new era, giving it a strong impetus.

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Notable improvements in paired assistance to Xinjiang. Paired assistance is a strategic policy measure to maintain lasting stability, peace and security in Xinjiang. Central Party and government departments, state-owned enterprises directly administered by the central government, and designated provinces and municipalities provide paired assistance to Xinjiang on a comprehensive, targeted and long-term basis. These assistance efforts include dispatching officials and professionals, implementing projects in specific industries, advancing sci-tech and education development, providing medical and health services, and promoting culture and tourism.

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Since the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012, the central government has allocated over RMB200 billion in paired assistance funds for Xinjiang, secured RMB3 trillion in investments for economic cooperation projects, and introduced more than 15,000 enterprises into the region, helping Xinjiang onto a path of high-quality development.

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Paired assistance to Xinjiang prioritizes safeguarding and improving people's wellbeing. During the 14th Five-year Plan period (2021-2025), 89.2 percent of assistance funds for Xinjiang were earmarked for projects related to the people's wellbeing, and 91.3 percent of funds served grassroots needs, improving the welfare of the people from all ethnic groups.

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Under this mechanism, large groups of officials from other parts of the country have been selected and dispatched to work in Xinjiang, and Xinjiang's grassroots officials have received training in more developed places that provide assistance, thereby increasing communication and exchanges between them. Cultural exchanges have been organized to boost communication between people from various ethnic groups in and outside Xinjiang, at multiple levels and in diverse forms. Officials and professionals stationed in Xinjiang have provided effective assistance with selfless devotion, and strengthened the bond between people in Xinjiang and in other parts of the country, helping build a strong synergy for realizing the Chinese Dream of national rejuvenation.

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Civil-military integration — new impetus for Xinjiang's development. The Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps serves as a major strategic force for realizing Xinjiang's development goals. Upholding the policy of coordination between civilian and military sectors, the autonomous region and the Corps have aligned themselves in designing strategic plans, formulating overarching plans, dovetailing special plans, and coordinating local plans. This integrated approach aims to foster development by leveraging complementary strengths and building close-knit communities.

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Xinjiang has improved the mechanisms for civil-military integration through innovative practices. The civilian and military sectors have jointly implemented a group of key infrastructure projects, including three 10 million-kW new energy bases in Hami City, the Zhundong Economic-Technological Development Park, and around the Tarim Basin. They have worked together to promote high-quality development of platforms for opening up, such as pilot free trade zones, comprehensive bonded areas, pilot zones for development and opening up, and economic and technological development zones.

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The civilian and military sectors in Xinjiang have promoted resource sharing and service integration. Twenty higher education institutions, 40 secondary vocational schools, and 590 kindergartens, elementary schools and secondary schools have been respectively paired up for mutual assistance, while a total of 196 medical partnerships have been established.

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Civil-military integration in Xinjiang is going wider and deeper, contributing to common development through unity and mutual assistance and by leveraging complementary strengths.

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Building a beautiful home through hard work. Today's Xinjiang is characterized by social stability and harmony, ethnic unity and progress, and a strong development momentum. It is a region of cultural prosperity and religious harmony where the people enjoy peace and contentment in life and work. The vast lands on both sides of the Tianshan Mountains are enjoying peace and pulsating with vigor and energy.

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Under the firm leadership of the CPC Central Committee, and with the strong support of the entire nation, the more than 26 million people in Xinjiang are working hard to achieve greater progress, bearing in mind the Party's hopes in them. Following the Party's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era in full, to the letter, and in all fields, they uphold the overall goal of stability, peace and security, and focus their work on fostering a stronger sense of the Chinese nation as one community. They have fulfilled their principal role and contributed substantial efforts in advancing Xinjiang's development, an endeavor of fundamental, indispensable and long-term significance to China's overall development.

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With unprecedented initiative and a strong motivation to create history, they are adding Xinjiang's chapters to the annals of Chinese modernization with unparalleled confidence, striving to turn into reality the grand blueprint for Xinjiang drawn up by the Party Central Committee with Xi Jinping at its core.

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Conclusion

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In the mighty tides of history, we must temper our will and character to prepare for new journeys and surmount new obstacles that come before us.

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The great achievements in pursuing reform, development and stability in Xinjiang in the new era are, fundamentally, attributed to the leadership by General Secretary Xi Jinping as the core of both the CPC Central Committee and the entire Party, to the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, and to the full, accurate and faithful implementation of the Party's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era.

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Following the guidelines, we have made a historic leap in the system and capacity for governing border areas, and have found the right way of ensuring both development and security in these areas, driving forward the Xinjiang practice in China's modernization, and achieving the overall goal of social stability and lasting peace and security in the region.

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However distant as it may seem, a dream can be achieved as long as we pursue it; however lofty as it may appear, a goal is attainable as long as we work for it. This year marks the 70th anniversary of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Looking ahead, in the grand endeavors on either side of the Tianshan Mountains and on the great journey of China's modernization, the Party's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era will undoubtedly demonstrate its enduring effectiveness while continually developing and being enriched. Following their guidance, Xinjiang will embark on an increasingly broad development path and embrace an even brighter future.

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", @@ -5114,28 +4564,6 @@ "hash": "a9aaf2fb07b2f91e42cedd064e88416a", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "010COMMENT - Guidelines illuminate path of prosperity", - "description": "

The State Council Information Office released the white paper, titled CPC Guidelines for Governing Xinjiang in the New Era: Practice and Achievements, on Friday. The document comes at a meaningful moment, as Oct 1 this year will mark the 70th anniversary of the founding of the Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region.

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Over the past seven decades, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, Xinjiang has undergone a remarkable transformation. Particularly, in the new era, the region has markedly consolidated the foundation for peace, stability and development, highlighting Xinjiang's strategic importance to overall national development. No wonder the white paper says that Xinjiang is experiencing the best period of development in history.

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Although Xinjiang is a border region, its development has never been a peripheral issue, but an issue of importance for national stability, security and development. In the new era, the central leadership has viewed Xinjiang's development from a holistic perspective featuring systematic thinking, foresight and down-to-earth pragmatism. This perspective has shaped a set of guidelines that combine law-based governance, ethnic unity, cultural confidence, prosperity and long-term stability into a comprehensive framework.

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The guidelines are not abstract principles. By integrating stability and development, cultural bonds and economic progress, internal cohesion and external openness, the CPC has explored a governance model that is forward-looking and people-centered, as well as suiting Xinjiang's practical situation. The region's stability, good governance and development in recent years stand as proof of the effectiveness of the CPC guidelines for governing Xinjiang.

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Above all, the CPC has consistently placed the interests of the people in Xinjiang at the forefront of governance in the new era. Whether in poverty alleviation, infrastructure development, cultural preservation or ecological protection, the guiding principle has been that all progress must translate into tangible benefits for local residents. From reliable livelihoods and housing to better education, healthcare and cultural services, people across the region have felt concrete improvements in their daily lives. A greater sense of gain, happiness and security is not a slogan but a lived reality.

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This people-first approach also underpins the CPC's handling of such issues as ethnic relations and religious affairs. As the white paper stresses, fostering a stronger sense of the Chinese nation as one community is the foundation for long-term stability for the whole country, including Xinjiang. This unity is built not on uniformity, but on respect for diversity.

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The languages, cultures and traditions of the many ethnic groups in the region are respected and protected according to law, while exchanges and integration are encouraged to strengthen bonds. Religious freedom is safeguarded under the law, while extremism is resolutely opposed. The aim is clear: to ensure that all ethnic groups live in harmony and share the benefits of development.

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The CPC's guidelines for governing Xinjiang have also opened the door for the region to integrate with the wider world. As an important gateway of the Silk Road Economic Belt, Xinjiang is steadily expanding its role as a bridge linking China with Central Asia, Europe and beyond.

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This opening-up process has brought not only new opportunities for trade and investment but also greater connectivity for local people. Openness, combined with stability, ensures that Xinjiang is not isolated but fully part of both the national and global economy. It is no longer the hinterland on China's economic map but the forefront of the country's high-standard opening-up.

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It is this combination of stability, prosperity and openness that offers a strong rebuttal to the false accusations made by some external forces. For years, they have attempted to smear China with baseless claims about Xinjiang. But the reality on the ground is undeniable: Xinjiang is peaceful, its people are living harmoniously together and its development continues to improve the lives of millions. The white paper therefore is not just an account of Xinjiang's governance; it is a statement of the fact that Xinjiang's progress is the most convincing answer to its naysayers.

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As Xinjiang continues to modernize, integrate with the world, and raise the living standards of its residents, it is demonstrating the effectiveness of its governance under the CPC's leadership.

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Xinjiang's progress serves as an example for other border and multiethnic regions. It shows that under the CPC's leadership areas once suffering from instability can become regions of unity, vitality and opportunity. In this sense, Xinjiang is not only a story of regional transformation but also a template of Chinese modernization in practice, and a reflection of China's broader governance philosophy in the new era.

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", - "content": "

The State Council Information Office released the white paper, titled CPC Guidelines for Governing Xinjiang in the New Era: Practice and Achievements, on Friday. The document comes at a meaningful moment, as Oct 1 this year will mark the 70th anniversary of the founding of the Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region.

\n

Over the past seven decades, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, Xinjiang has undergone a remarkable transformation. Particularly, in the new era, the region has markedly consolidated the foundation for peace, stability and development, highlighting Xinjiang's strategic importance to overall national development. No wonder the white paper says that Xinjiang is experiencing the best period of development in history.

\n

Although Xinjiang is a border region, its development has never been a peripheral issue, but an issue of importance for national stability, security and development. In the new era, the central leadership has viewed Xinjiang's development from a holistic perspective featuring systematic thinking, foresight and down-to-earth pragmatism. This perspective has shaped a set of guidelines that combine law-based governance, ethnic unity, cultural confidence, prosperity and long-term stability into a comprehensive framework.

\n

The guidelines are not abstract principles. By integrating stability and development, cultural bonds and economic progress, internal cohesion and external openness, the CPC has explored a governance model that is forward-looking and people-centered, as well as suiting Xinjiang's practical situation. The region's stability, good governance and development in recent years stand as proof of the effectiveness of the CPC guidelines for governing Xinjiang.

\n

Above all, the CPC has consistently placed the interests of the people in Xinjiang at the forefront of governance in the new era. Whether in poverty alleviation, infrastructure development, cultural preservation or ecological protection, the guiding principle has been that all progress must translate into tangible benefits for local residents. From reliable livelihoods and housing to better education, healthcare and cultural services, people across the region have felt concrete improvements in their daily lives. A greater sense of gain, happiness and security is not a slogan but a lived reality.

\n

This people-first approach also underpins the CPC's handling of such issues as ethnic relations and religious affairs. As the white paper stresses, fostering a stronger sense of the Chinese nation as one community is the foundation for long-term stability for the whole country, including Xinjiang. This unity is built not on uniformity, but on respect for diversity.

\n

The languages, cultures and traditions of the many ethnic groups in the region are respected and protected according to law, while exchanges and integration are encouraged to strengthen bonds. Religious freedom is safeguarded under the law, while extremism is resolutely opposed. The aim is clear: to ensure that all ethnic groups live in harmony and share the benefits of development.

\n

The CPC's guidelines for governing Xinjiang have also opened the door for the region to integrate with the wider world. As an important gateway of the Silk Road Economic Belt, Xinjiang is steadily expanding its role as a bridge linking China with Central Asia, Europe and beyond.

\n

This opening-up process has brought not only new opportunities for trade and investment but also greater connectivity for local people. Openness, combined with stability, ensures that Xinjiang is not isolated but fully part of both the national and global economy. It is no longer the hinterland on China's economic map but the forefront of the country's high-standard opening-up.

\n

It is this combination of stability, prosperity and openness that offers a strong rebuttal to the false accusations made by some external forces. For years, they have attempted to smear China with baseless claims about Xinjiang. But the reality on the ground is undeniable: Xinjiang is peaceful, its people are living harmoniously together and its development continues to improve the lives of millions. The white paper therefore is not just an account of Xinjiang's governance; it is a statement of the fact that Xinjiang's progress is the most convincing answer to its naysayers.

\n

As Xinjiang continues to modernize, integrate with the world, and raise the living standards of its residents, it is demonstrating the effectiveness of its governance under the CPC's leadership.

\n

Xinjiang's progress serves as an example for other border and multiethnic regions. It shows that under the CPC's leadership areas once suffering from instability can become regions of unity, vitality and opportunity. In this sense, Xinjiang is not only a story of regional transformation but also a template of Chinese modernization in practice, and a reflection of China's broader governance philosophy in the new era.

\n

", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-09/22/content_010_68d06e37ed50ccabe1519ede.htm#010COMMENT", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Mon, 22 Sep 2025 00:21:05 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "322ec37af9293469b80eac78f99e8333", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "010COMMENT - Gyalze fireworks: a cautionary tale of greenwashing practices", "description": "

A fireworks show, co-organized by a company and an artist, that was staged in Gyalze, Shigatse, in the Xizang autonomous region on Saturday, has rightly provoked a wave of public criticism. Marketed by the outdoor brand as an "artistic tribute to nature", the spectacle instead raised deep concerns about the ecological integrity of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Far from being an act of reverence, the event revealed a troubling trend: the misuse of art as a cloak for commercial hype — a textbook case of greenwashing.

\n

The plateau, often called the "roof of the world", is a vital ecological barrier and a sanctuary for a variety of species. It is also among the most fragile ecosystems on Earth. To set off explosives for a fleeting display of light and smoke was more than reckless; it was disrespectful to the very environment the show claimed to honor. The residue of chemicals, the bursts of noise, and the disruption to wildlife cannot be dismissed as trivial. Once ecological damage occurs in such vulnerable areas, restoration is extremely difficult, if not impossible.

\n

That is why the key questions must be asked: why was this performance approved in the first place? Was any scientific assessment carried out? If not, the incident reflects not only poor judgment by the company and artist but also systemic loopholes in environmental oversight. The public deserves a reply. And if harm is proved to have been done, those responsible should not merely apologize, but also be held to account via penalties, compensation and concrete restoration measures. Only then can the incident serve as a real deterrent to others.

\n

What stands out in this controversy is the distortion of artistic expression. True art reveres nature, elevates the human spirit and embodies truth, goodness and beauty. What happened in Gyalze was not art in this sense, but the commodification of nature — turning the vulnerability of the natural world into a marketing gimmick. Cloaking a publicity stunt in lofty rhetoric about "paying tribute to nature" insults both art and ecology.

\n

Corporate actors must recognize that commercial logic has boundaries, especially in an ecological civilization. Marketing cannot come at the expense of environmental ethics. The Gyalze fireworks show is a vivid example of how attention-seeking under the guise of creativity can quickly backfire, eroding public trust and damaging brand credibility. Companies should learn that real value today lies not in pyrotechnic spectacles but in sustainable practices that genuinely respect the environment.

\n

The local authority of Shigatse released a statement on early Sunday morning, saying that they had set up an investigation team that rushed to the scene, and will handle the matter in accordance with laws and regulations based on the results of its on-site investigation, according to an official statement.

\n

Going forward, the lesson is clear: The authorities must strengthen governance by tightening approval procedures for artistic or commercial events in ecologically sensitive regions. No activity should proceed without rigorous scientific evaluation, and violations must carry serious consequences. At the same time, society should foster a healthier view of art — one that understands that the truest tribute to mountains, rivers and skies is not noisy fireworks but quiet protection.

\n

The Gyalze incident is more than a local controversy; it is a wake-up call. Ecological ethics cannot be sacrificed for spectacle, and greenwashing disguised as art is neither acceptable nor sustainable. The fireworks have faded, but the accountability must not. What should remain is not only regret but resolve: to protect the fragile beauty of the plateau, to punish those who cross ecological red lines, and to ensure that art, commerce and nature coexist in harmony — not conflict.

\n

", @@ -5158,28 +4586,6 @@ "hash": "72fc56383be4524964476679f41867cc", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "011VIEWS - Peace, development are what China really pursues", - "description": "

\n

The author is an associate researcher at the School of Humanities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University.

\n

Editor's note: The Sept 3 military parade was held in Beijing to mark the 80th anniversary of the victory in the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression. Adhering to a path of peaceful development, China opposes hegemonism of all kinds. That's why it is promoting a community with a shared future for humanity. Three experts share their views on the issue with China Daily.

\n

When discussing the Sept 3 military parade, held to mark the 80th anniversary of the victory in the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression (1931-45) and the World Anti-Fascist War, it is necessary to know that for a century since the Opium Wars, foreign powers kept invading and occupying parts of China, committing atrocities on the Chinese people, and looting the country's wealth. Even today, US-led Western forces are using every possible method including encircling China militarily to contain its peaceful rise.

\n

These facts are crucial for understanding China's current political, economic and foreign policies. Some Western powers still believe in the axiom, "might makes right", and thus assume that a stronger China would inevitably seek "revenge" for being invaded and partly occupied from the mid-19th to the mid-20th centuries. But that is not true.

\n

China has chosen a development path distinct from that of the United States and the rest of the West. It has proposed to build a community with a shared future for humanity, emphasizing global cooperation, mutual benefit and peaceful coexistence. This principle has been widely recognized and even included in United Nations General Assembly resolutions for eight consecutive years. Importantly, the term humanity encompasses people in the West.

\n

Some Western politicians and observers assume that as China gains in national strength, it may seek to dominate other countries to maximize its own interests. But such assumptions don't align with China's foreign policy.

\n

If China really has such intentions, why doesn't it emulate the US by resorting to unilateralism and pulling out of international organizations like United Nations agencies and international treaties? In reality, China has followed all the rules of the UN-led postwar world order while upholding international law, and is helping build a fairer global governance system.

\n

The US and Japan accuse China of "challenging the world order" because it is calling for reforming the Western-dominated world order into a fairer and more inclusive rules-based system, which by no means is an attempt to establish a new world order led by China.

\n

As part of its attempt to build a community with a shared future for humanity, China is implementing the Belt and Road Initiative, which is aimed at improving infrastructure connectivity among countries. The Belt and Road Initiative connects China with Central Asia, the Middle East, and Europe by land, and Southeast Asia, Africa and even the Americas via maritime routes, promoting shared development.

\n

While some Western countries view the BRI as China's tool for expanding its economic influence, they ignore an important fact: well-developed connectivity also facilitates the export and import of goods and services from and to China and the rest of the world.

\n

By helping other countries improve their infrastructure, China is creating conditions for BRI partner countries to export and import goods and services to and from global markets. If China intended to pursue power politics, it would not be promoting such mutually beneficial projects.

\n

So, why does China still advance the Belt and Road Initiative?

\n

Unlike developed countries' attempts to maintain the economic cycle centered on the West, the globalization advocated by China aims to develop a two-way open economic environment, creating equal opportunities for developing countries to pursue economic development. China follows this development principle because it recognizes that balanced development is essential for long-term global stability and prosperity. When all countries share the benefits of development, the interconnectedness and shared destiny become a guarantee of security.

\n

By adopting this approach, China seeks to end the structural injustices that have led to exploitation of developing countries. When countries can achieve economic growth following their own development path, they can help build an international community free from war and hegemony.

\n

More important, China does not view Japan or any other country as a rival nor does it incite anti-Japanese sentiments. As the country that suffered the most from Japanese invasion and occupation, China knows the necessity of preventing the recurrence of such aggression. It is the countries that refuse to face their wartime past and even glorify their war crimes that pose a real threat to human existence. Remaining vigilant against the guile of military powers is the shared responsibility of all countries, and China is doing exactly that.

\n

The Sept 3 military parade was by no means a show of force. Rather, it was a message to the world that the Chinese people, who once suffered wartime atrocities, are committed to joining hands with all peace-loving people to defend the hard-won independence and sovereignty, and build a future of peaceful coexistence.

\n

The Victory Day commemoration reminded every country that their policy stance determined whether they would tolerate plunder and aggression or stand up against injustice, and pursue fairness and inclusiveness. The commemoration underscored Beijing's commitment to peace and its vision for development, international cooperation and shared prosperity.

\n

In an era marked by uncertainty, China's choices and actions offer the world a new possibility, a model of global governance based on equality, mutual benefit and win-win outcomes.

\n

Through this vision and a series of robust, practical actions that transcend ideological, political and social differences, China is sending out an unequivocal message to the world: peace and development are the shared aspirations of all humanity, and only through collaboration and cooperation can we build a peaceful and promising future.

\n

The views don't necessarily represent those of China Daily.

\n

", - "content": "

\n

The author is an associate researcher at the School of Humanities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University.

\n

Editor's note: The Sept 3 military parade was held in Beijing to mark the 80th anniversary of the victory in the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression. Adhering to a path of peaceful development, China opposes hegemonism of all kinds. That's why it is promoting a community with a shared future for humanity. Three experts share their views on the issue with China Daily.

\n

When discussing the Sept 3 military parade, held to mark the 80th anniversary of the victory in the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression (1931-45) and the World Anti-Fascist War, it is necessary to know that for a century since the Opium Wars, foreign powers kept invading and occupying parts of China, committing atrocities on the Chinese people, and looting the country's wealth. Even today, US-led Western forces are using every possible method including encircling China militarily to contain its peaceful rise.

\n

These facts are crucial for understanding China's current political, economic and foreign policies. Some Western powers still believe in the axiom, "might makes right", and thus assume that a stronger China would inevitably seek "revenge" for being invaded and partly occupied from the mid-19th to the mid-20th centuries. But that is not true.

\n

China has chosen a development path distinct from that of the United States and the rest of the West. It has proposed to build a community with a shared future for humanity, emphasizing global cooperation, mutual benefit and peaceful coexistence. This principle has been widely recognized and even included in United Nations General Assembly resolutions for eight consecutive years. Importantly, the term humanity encompasses people in the West.

\n

Some Western politicians and observers assume that as China gains in national strength, it may seek to dominate other countries to maximize its own interests. But such assumptions don't align with China's foreign policy.

\n

If China really has such intentions, why doesn't it emulate the US by resorting to unilateralism and pulling out of international organizations like United Nations agencies and international treaties? In reality, China has followed all the rules of the UN-led postwar world order while upholding international law, and is helping build a fairer global governance system.

\n

The US and Japan accuse China of "challenging the world order" because it is calling for reforming the Western-dominated world order into a fairer and more inclusive rules-based system, which by no means is an attempt to establish a new world order led by China.

\n

As part of its attempt to build a community with a shared future for humanity, China is implementing the Belt and Road Initiative, which is aimed at improving infrastructure connectivity among countries. The Belt and Road Initiative connects China with Central Asia, the Middle East, and Europe by land, and Southeast Asia, Africa and even the Americas via maritime routes, promoting shared development.

\n

While some Western countries view the BRI as China's tool for expanding its economic influence, they ignore an important fact: well-developed connectivity also facilitates the export and import of goods and services from and to China and the rest of the world.

\n

By helping other countries improve their infrastructure, China is creating conditions for BRI partner countries to export and import goods and services to and from global markets. If China intended to pursue power politics, it would not be promoting such mutually beneficial projects.

\n

So, why does China still advance the Belt and Road Initiative?

\n

Unlike developed countries' attempts to maintain the economic cycle centered on the West, the globalization advocated by China aims to develop a two-way open economic environment, creating equal opportunities for developing countries to pursue economic development. China follows this development principle because it recognizes that balanced development is essential for long-term global stability and prosperity. When all countries share the benefits of development, the interconnectedness and shared destiny become a guarantee of security.

\n

By adopting this approach, China seeks to end the structural injustices that have led to exploitation of developing countries. When countries can achieve economic growth following their own development path, they can help build an international community free from war and hegemony.

\n

More important, China does not view Japan or any other country as a rival nor does it incite anti-Japanese sentiments. As the country that suffered the most from Japanese invasion and occupation, China knows the necessity of preventing the recurrence of such aggression. It is the countries that refuse to face their wartime past and even glorify their war crimes that pose a real threat to human existence. Remaining vigilant against the guile of military powers is the shared responsibility of all countries, and China is doing exactly that.

\n

The Sept 3 military parade was by no means a show of force. Rather, it was a message to the world that the Chinese people, who once suffered wartime atrocities, are committed to joining hands with all peace-loving people to defend the hard-won independence and sovereignty, and build a future of peaceful coexistence.

\n

The Victory Day commemoration reminded every country that their policy stance determined whether they would tolerate plunder and aggression or stand up against injustice, and pursue fairness and inclusiveness. The commemoration underscored Beijing's commitment to peace and its vision for development, international cooperation and shared prosperity.

\n

In an era marked by uncertainty, China's choices and actions offer the world a new possibility, a model of global governance based on equality, mutual benefit and win-win outcomes.

\n

Through this vision and a series of robust, practical actions that transcend ideological, political and social differences, China is sending out an unequivocal message to the world: peace and development are the shared aspirations of all humanity, and only through collaboration and cooperation can we build a peaceful and promising future.

\n

The views don't necessarily represent those of China Daily.

\n

", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-09/22/content_011_68d06e49ed50ccabe1519ee2.htm#011VIEWS", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Mon, 22 Sep 2025 00:21:05 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "05edc672494b60e163e97820f9575aa9", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "011VIEWS - Japan won't succeed in its dirty ploy to disown its war crimes", "description": "

The author is a professor at the Institute of Japanese Studies, Nankai University.

\n

This year marks the 80th anniversary of the victory in the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression (1931-45) and the World Anti-Fascist War, an occasion that Japan should use to sincerely reflect on its history of aggression, acknowledge its war crimes, and take corrective measures to improve its relations with China.

\n

But instead of doing that, Japan, especially right-wing forces in Japan, has been trying to reshape the narrative of World War II by, among other things, rewriting its wartime history to project Japan as a victim of the war instead of a perpetrator. The right-wing forces aim to disown Japan's wartime past, including the atrocities it committed in neighboring countries including China.

\n

Rather than holding commemorations to reflect on Japan's heinous crimes before and during World War II, the right-wing forces are mourning the Japanese people who died or suffered during the war.

\n

A key element of Japan's narrative is to show that it was a victim of nuclear attacks. The bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki are used as powerful symbols to portray Japan as the "only nation to have suffered atomic bombings", which obscures its role as an initiator of the war.

\n

The G7 Summit held in Hiroshima in 2023 and the subsequent issuance of the "Hiroshima Vision" were products of Japan's efforts to reshape its identity — as a victim of World War II. Similarly, during an event to mark the 80th anniversary of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima on Aug 6, 2025, then Japanese prime minister Shigeru Ishiba emphasized Japan's unique status as the only victim of nuclear attack while avoiding any discussion on the reasons behind the bombings, thereby framing the event as a senseless tragedy.

\n

Japan has systematically expanded the definition of who qualifies as a victim. The definition, according to Japan, now includes civilians who died in the Battle of Okinawa, victims of the Tokyo air raids, postwar orphans, detained laborers, family members of deceased soldiers and even fallen soldiers.

\n

By asserting that all the Japanese people were victims of war, Japan's narrative sidesteps any acknowledgment of its military's atrocities on the people of neighboring countries. The designation of Aug 15 as "Japan's Day to Commemorate the War Dead and Pray for Peace" blurs the lines between perpetrator and victim.

\n

Through its state-funded and secular memorial sites such as the Chidorigafuchi National Cemetery, Japan conflates the commemoration of fallen soldiers, including those who invaded other countries and committed atrocities, with civilian victims, blending their memories into a narrative of public mourning.

\n

Japan's expansion of its victimhood narrative operates across three key dimensions: geographically, stretching beyond its mainland to former colonies by highlighting the suffering of overseas Japanese, such as prisoners of war detained in Siberia; temporally, extending into the postwar period to incorporate hardships like food shortages and social unrest under US occupation; and identity-wise, rebranding soldiers and colonizers as ordinary civilians, exemplified by the enshrinement of war criminals alongside other war dead at Yasukuni Shrine.

\n

The ultimate goal of Japan's narrative restructuring is to transfer its responsibility for launching the war from the state to abstract concepts like militarism, and then disperse it across the entire population. This is Japan's ploy to decriminalize its history of aggression.

\n

Another significant strategy of Japan's narrative involves playing the "Taiwan card". On Aug 6, Japan invited for the first time the Taiwan province to attend the atomic bombing anniversary ceremony in Hiroshima. While ostensibly framed as a humanitarian gesture, the move was in essence a calculated geopolitical strategy that exploited historical grievances to erode the political foundation of Sino-Japanese relations.

\n

Japan attributes the responsibility for its wartime past to "militarist cliques" in the country, asserting that ordinary Japanese people at the time and the subsequent generations bear no accountability. By merging worshipping at Yasukuni Shrine — where class-A war criminals are enshrined alongside the regular war dead — with official peace memorials, Japan hopes to build an atmosphere of undifferentiated collective mourning, thereby blurring its militarist past.

\n

Through anime, films and other media, popular Japanese cultural products frequently highlight civilian suffering during the war. While eliciting empathy, these narratives often strip away historical facts, diluting the accountability of those who launched the war.

\n

In addition, certain textbooks in Japan have reduced references to issues such as "comfort women" and the "Nanjing Massacre", replacing them with vague statements like "all countries suffered casualties during the war", further obscuring historical specifics.

\n

The implications of Japan's victimhood narrative will be profound. It will dilute the moral authority of countries that forged the anti-fascist front during World War II, including China, by trying to garner global sympathy.

\n

By promoting itself as a peace advocate through events held to promote nuclear disarmament and diplomatic outreach, Japan is trying to disown responsibility for its war crimes.

\n

But reconstructed history cannot whitewash Japan's colonial and war crimes. Instead, it will severely impede historical reconciliation across East Asia. As the world marks the 80th anniversary of the victory over fascism, Japan's distorted wartime narrative is hindering regional historical reconciliation.

\n

The views don't necessarily represent those of China Daily.

\n

", @@ -11269,28 +10675,6 @@ "hash": "3919a386a65bfa46a203d116643437da", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "004CHINA - Fujian fosters cross-Strait agricultural cooperation", - "description": "

Chang Wei-yin (right) provides professional guidance to a local farmer.

\n

Fujian province, with its geographical proximity and similar climate to Taiwan, has become a magnet for individuals from the island seeking opportunities in the agriculture and forestry sectors. The region's progressive policies and expansive market further enhance its appeal.

\n

Under policies promoting cross-Strait integration, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University has taken a pioneering step by opening full-time faculty positions to Taiwan professionals. Among those who have embraced this opportunity is Chang Wei-yin, who moved from Taiwan to the provincial capital of Fuzhou in 2018. He now serves as an associate professor and the director of the Cross-Strait Research Center for Forest Therapy and Environmental Education at the university.

\n

Chang has introduced Taiwan's well-developed forest therapy concepts to the university in Fujian, integrating forestry, psychology, health and physical education into the curriculum. This initiative led to the creation of the mainland's first undergraduate class in forest therapy. Additionally, he has established research and teaching practice bases in the province's grassroots areas of Fuzhou and Sanming.

\n

Chang said that his initial attraction to the job was not only its proximity to Taiwan; more importantly, the mainland's supportive policies for natural education industries offered promising prospects.

\n

"As the living standards of mainland residents improve, they yearn for a higher quality of life and a closer connection to nature," he said. "Natural education guides people to adopt lifestyles and concepts that are more environmentally friendly and ecologically sustainable."

\n

Chen Xuanyang, director of the Cross-Strait Agricultural Technology Cooperation Center in FAFU, said the university plays a pioneering role in cross-Strait agricultural cooperation, and the center has become a crucial platform for early exchanges since its establishment in 2008.

\n

The center has hosted nearly 100 experts from 32 Taiwan institutions. It has introduced more than 40 high-quality new varieties of grains and vegetables, as well as five breakthrough technologies, fostering cross-Strait agricultural industry integration.

\n

"Popular fruits such as mangoes, wax apples and guavas now available on the market are mainly varieties introduced from Taiwan and adapted to thrive in Fujian," Chen said. "Taiwan's head start in new variety research, combined with the similar ecological environments across the Strait, allows these seeds to take root in Fujian's soil."

\n

Cross-Strait cooperation in agricultural and forestry academic exchanges and talent cultivation remains robust, including conferences and publications, he said.

\n

"With the mainland's vast market in mind, Fujian has become a frontier for Taiwan farmers venturing into entrepreneurship," Chen added.

\n

In Fujian, various Taiwan farmer entrepreneurship parks are flourishing, introducing Taiwan specialty agricultural products and processing management techniques in areas including orchids, tea and fruits.

\n

In December, Fujian was approved to establish eight additional entrepreneurship parks, further solidifying its role as a hub for cross-Strait agricultural collaboration.

\n

Contact the writers at zhangyi1@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", - "content": "

Chang Wei-yin (right) provides professional guidance to a local farmer.

\n

Fujian province, with its geographical proximity and similar climate to Taiwan, has become a magnet for individuals from the island seeking opportunities in the agriculture and forestry sectors. The region's progressive policies and expansive market further enhance its appeal.

\n

Under policies promoting cross-Strait integration, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University has taken a pioneering step by opening full-time faculty positions to Taiwan professionals. Among those who have embraced this opportunity is Chang Wei-yin, who moved from Taiwan to the provincial capital of Fuzhou in 2018. He now serves as an associate professor and the director of the Cross-Strait Research Center for Forest Therapy and Environmental Education at the university.

\n

Chang has introduced Taiwan's well-developed forest therapy concepts to the university in Fujian, integrating forestry, psychology, health and physical education into the curriculum. This initiative led to the creation of the mainland's first undergraduate class in forest therapy. Additionally, he has established research and teaching practice bases in the province's grassroots areas of Fuzhou and Sanming.

\n

Chang said that his initial attraction to the job was not only its proximity to Taiwan; more importantly, the mainland's supportive policies for natural education industries offered promising prospects.

\n

"As the living standards of mainland residents improve, they yearn for a higher quality of life and a closer connection to nature," he said. "Natural education guides people to adopt lifestyles and concepts that are more environmentally friendly and ecologically sustainable."

\n

Chen Xuanyang, director of the Cross-Strait Agricultural Technology Cooperation Center in FAFU, said the university plays a pioneering role in cross-Strait agricultural cooperation, and the center has become a crucial platform for early exchanges since its establishment in 2008.

\n

The center has hosted nearly 100 experts from 32 Taiwan institutions. It has introduced more than 40 high-quality new varieties of grains and vegetables, as well as five breakthrough technologies, fostering cross-Strait agricultural industry integration.

\n

"Popular fruits such as mangoes, wax apples and guavas now available on the market are mainly varieties introduced from Taiwan and adapted to thrive in Fujian," Chen said. "Taiwan's head start in new variety research, combined with the similar ecological environments across the Strait, allows these seeds to take root in Fujian's soil."

\n

Cross-Strait cooperation in agricultural and forestry academic exchanges and talent cultivation remains robust, including conferences and publications, he said.

\n

"With the mainland's vast market in mind, Fujian has become a frontier for Taiwan farmers venturing into entrepreneurship," Chen added.

\n

In Fujian, various Taiwan farmer entrepreneurship parks are flourishing, introducing Taiwan specialty agricultural products and processing management techniques in areas including orchids, tea and fruits.

\n

In December, Fujian was approved to establish eight additional entrepreneurship parks, further solidifying its role as a hub for cross-Strait agricultural collaboration.

\n

Contact the writers at zhangyi1@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-09/23/content_004_68d1bb1eed50ccabe1519fc8.htm#004CHINA", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Tue, 23 Sep 2025 00:21:06 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "964d819876dbd2b654cd37b027046dd9", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "005CHINA - AVIC alters drone to aid sea rescues", "description": "

A mockup of Wing Loong 10H is on display.

\n

Aviation Industry Corp of China, the nation's dominant aircraft maker, has modified one of its unmanned aircraft models into a platform capable of facilitating maritime search and rescue operations.

\n

The Wing Loong 10H — developed based on the Wing Loong 10 high-altitude, high-speed reconnaissance drone — is capable of conducting rapid search missions over coastal waters, according to designers at AVIC Chengdu Unmanned Aerial Vehicle System.

\n

Powered by two turbofan engines, the unmanned jet can quickly reach designated areas.

\n

Designers said it is equipped with a high-definition electro-optical pod, a communication signal relay pod, a signal search and positioning pod, and a meteorological sonde pod. It can also be fitted with other rescue equipment in accordance with customer needs.

\n

The high-definition electro-optical pod can detect targets in distress at sea from a long distance in the air, and transmit real-time images back to ground controllers, providing additional information for decision-making. The signal search and positioning pod can quickly determine the location of stranded personnel and ships, while the communication signal relay pod can continuously provide high-bandwidth communication for stranded personnel and ships. The meteorological sonde pod can accurately detect and analyze the weather above sea surfaces, providing meteorological support for rescue operations.

\n

In addition, the Wing Loong 10H can carry an emergency rescue airdrop buoyant pod to deliver and retrieve urgently needed materials and equipment for those in distress, providing valuable time for subsequent rescue operations.

\n

A large mockup of the pilotless jet has been on display at the AVIC hall at the 2025 aviation open-day activities of the People's Liberation Army Air Force, which began on Friday and concludes on Tuesday in Changchun, capital of Jilin province.

\n

According to specs provided by AVIC, the Wing Loong 10H is 9.9 meters long and 3.7 meters tall, with a wingspan of 17.8 meters.

\n

The drone has a maximum takeoff weight of 3.5 metric tons and a top speed of 550 kilometers per hour. It has a maximum operational altitude of 11 km and can carry up to 400 kilograms of mission payloads.

\n

Wu Peixin, an aviation industry observer, said the advantages of drones in maritime search and rescue tasks include short preparation time, long stays over designated places, no pilot-safety concerns and good cost-effectiveness.

\n

"Compared with manned planes, drones are cheaper and expendable, and don't need rest time, which means you can deploy them in bad weather or tough environments without having to worry about operators' safety. They are more suitable for operations such as signal relays and meteorological measurements," he explained.

\n

Before the Wing Loong 10H, AVIC had built several civilian models based on the Wing Loong series armed drones to serve emergency-response, communication relay, weather forecasting and other public service operations.

\n

Contact the writers at zhaolei@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", @@ -11313,28 +10697,6 @@ "hash": "f76bbff5b7816eb62474d23a154911d6", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "005CHINA - UNESCO institute inaugurated in Shanghai", - "description": "

The UNESCO International Institute for STEM Education was officially inaugurated in Shanghai on Sunday, marking the first establishment of a UNESCO Category 1 Institute in China.

\n

In November 2023, the 42nd session of the UNESCO General Conference unanimously adopted a resolution to establish the Shanghai institute. It is the 10th Category 1 Institute globally and the first outside Europe and North America.

\n

The institute's functions include promoting education in science, technology, engineering and mathematics across all stages from early childhood to adulthood, with a focus on providing inclusive, equitable, relevant and high-quality STEM education for all.

\n

Minister of Education Huai Jinpeng welcomed the official establishment of the institute. He said it is the first Category 1 Institute jointly established by China and UNESCO, calling it a major milestone in cooperation and the result of joint efforts between China and UNESCO member states.

\n

China is committed to fulfilling its promises to the international community, Huai said, adding that the country will work with others to foster innovation and support the institute as a source of advanced STEM concepts, a testing ground for educational ideas and an international platform for promoting educational transformation, technological innovation and sustainable development.

\n

Shanghai Mayor Gong Zheng said the city will take the establishment of the institute as an opportunity to strengthen the cultivation of sci-tech talent, enhance public scientific literacy, advance high-level opening-up in education and accelerate efforts to build Shanghai into a hub for international STEM education development.

\n

Shanghai will fully support the institute and contribute to global educational reform, innovation and the realization of the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals, he said.

\n

UNESCO Director-General Audrey Azoulay said Shanghai, with its concentration of knowledge, scientific innovation and historical heritage, provides a first-class venue for the institute.

\n

Azoulay said the establishment of a Category 1 Institute in Shanghai carries a broad vision and extraordinary significance. She said the institute will promote STEM fields, advance global educational equity and help countries address shared challenges.

\n

Even before the resolution for the new institute, the UNESCO Teacher Education Center, a Category 2 Institute at Shanghai Normal University since 2021, has been supporting global STEM education.

\n

In 2022, the university and UNESCO launched the "Go to Global South: Shanghai International STEM Education Volunteer Project", which aims to address urgent educational challenges in the Global South by offering training to teachers. It has trained more than 600 potential and current teachers so far.

\n

Contact the writers at zoushuo@chinadaily.com.cn

\n


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https://feedx.net
https://feedx.site
", - "content": "

The UNESCO International Institute for STEM Education was officially inaugurated in Shanghai on Sunday, marking the first establishment of a UNESCO Category 1 Institute in China.

\n

In November 2023, the 42nd session of the UNESCO General Conference unanimously adopted a resolution to establish the Shanghai institute. It is the 10th Category 1 Institute globally and the first outside Europe and North America.

\n

The institute's functions include promoting education in science, technology, engineering and mathematics across all stages from early childhood to adulthood, with a focus on providing inclusive, equitable, relevant and high-quality STEM education for all.

\n

Minister of Education Huai Jinpeng welcomed the official establishment of the institute. He said it is the first Category 1 Institute jointly established by China and UNESCO, calling it a major milestone in cooperation and the result of joint efforts between China and UNESCO member states.

\n

China is committed to fulfilling its promises to the international community, Huai said, adding that the country will work with others to foster innovation and support the institute as a source of advanced STEM concepts, a testing ground for educational ideas and an international platform for promoting educational transformation, technological innovation and sustainable development.

\n

Shanghai Mayor Gong Zheng said the city will take the establishment of the institute as an opportunity to strengthen the cultivation of sci-tech talent, enhance public scientific literacy, advance high-level opening-up in education and accelerate efforts to build Shanghai into a hub for international STEM education development.

\n

Shanghai will fully support the institute and contribute to global educational reform, innovation and the realization of the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals, he said.

\n

UNESCO Director-General Audrey Azoulay said Shanghai, with its concentration of knowledge, scientific innovation and historical heritage, provides a first-class venue for the institute.

\n

Azoulay said the establishment of a Category 1 Institute in Shanghai carries a broad vision and extraordinary significance. She said the institute will promote STEM fields, advance global educational equity and help countries address shared challenges.

\n

Even before the resolution for the new institute, the UNESCO Teacher Education Center, a Category 2 Institute at Shanghai Normal University since 2021, has been supporting global STEM education.

\n

In 2022, the university and UNESCO launched the "Go to Global South: Shanghai International STEM Education Volunteer Project", which aims to address urgent educational challenges in the Global South by offering training to teachers. It has trained more than 600 potential and current teachers so far.

\n

Contact the writers at zoushuo@chinadaily.com.cn

\n


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", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-09/23/content_005_68d1bb42ed50ccabe1519fd0.htm#005CHINA", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Tue, 23 Sep 2025 00:21:06 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "7876ebe2f08f612299dcc879214d7e6d", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "006CHINA - Yiwu mold town ushers in 'Christmas season'", "description": "
\n

HANGZHOU — As summer heat lingers, Yiwu, the eastern Chinese city known as "the world's supermarket", has already ushered in the "Christmas season".

\n

Shops in the Yiwu International Trade Market are filled with festive surprises — Santa Claus in summer outfits for Southern Hemisphere customers, and street lamps with artificial snowflakes swirling inside their lampshades — all carefully packed and ready to be shipped worldwide.

\n

While Christmas products await their global journey, machines producing the molds of those products are humming at factories in the Yiwu mold town, some 17 kilometers away. Workers are busy rushing to fulfill a continuous stream of orders.

\n

Yin Zhenghua, head of Yiwu Dingfeng Mold Factory, which specializes in producing molds for Christmas ornaments such as snowmen, pine cones and bells, emphasized the importance of high-quality molds.

\n

"A good mold is the foundation for producing millions of high-quality and consistent products," he said.

\n

He added that in the small commodities sector, disruptive innovation is rare, with most improvements being minor upgrades in appearance, function or structure. "The mold town significantly reduces the cost and time for trial and error in microinnovation," Yin noted.

\n

Since early 2025, his company has developed 80 new molds based on manufacturers' feedback, generating over 700,000 yuan ($98,544) in revenue.

\n

Chen Qizhi, general manager of the Yiwu Xianglaiji Craft Factory, which orders over 100 molds annually in the mold town for its new designs, highlighted the advantage of geographical proximity.

\n

"The small commodities market requires speed — fast updates in design and quick order delivery. Having the mold town nearby allows manufacturers to communicate, sample, modify, and produce efficiently," he said.

\n

To address the historical challenge of outsourcing mold production to cities of Taizhou in East China's Jiangsu province and Dongguan in South China's Guangdong province, Yiwu began systematically developing its own mold industry in 2014. Today, the 22-hectare Yiwu mold town hosts over 1,200 mold enterprises and employs more than 10,000 people.

\n

According to Tong Binbin, general manager of Yiwu Mold Industry Development Co, the market transaction volume of the mold town reached 2.04 billion yuan by August, representing a 56.4 percent year-on-year increase.

\n

The mold town produces over 3,000 types of molds annually, with 30 percent used locally, 30 percent supplied to enterprises in Zhejiang and neighboring provinces, and 40 percent exported to Southeast Asia, Africa and South America.

\n

"Yiwu mold town will continue to focus on the fast, flexible and cost-sensitive small commodities mold market while enhancing its advantages," Tong said, adding that the mold enterprises would strive to provide one-stop services, from industrial design and mold manufacturing to small-batch production, to improve the efficiency, speed and quality of Yiwu's manufacturing.

\n

", @@ -11357,28 +10719,6 @@ "hash": "501ad1222f5ebf10a4e8bd75340bb316", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "008COMMENT - Country advancing women's well-rounded development", - "description": "

A white paper titled "China's Achievements in Women's Well-Rounded Development in the New Era", published by the State Council Information Office on Friday, presents a comprehensive account of the country's historic progress in advancing women's rights under the leadership of the Communist Party of China since 2012.

\n

Gender equality has been incorporated into the Party's governance program and integrated into national development plans more closely since that year. This has helped to ensure that women's issues are addressed within the broader framework of the country's modernization.

\n

The achievements outlined in the white paper are remarkable. The rising proportion of women among Party delegates, lawmakers, government officials and political advisers at various levels directly reflects the commitment to ensuring women have an equal role in the country's whole-process people's democracy.

\n

Highlighting their indispensable contribution to high-quality development, women represented about 43 percent of the total employed population in 2024, and more than 8.4 million women had received entrepreneurial loans to realize their business dreams.

\n

The elimination of absolute poverty in 2020 directly benefited millions of women. Women's access to education and healthcare has also seen historic progress. Maternal and child healthcare networks have expanded, reducing maternal mortality and safeguarding the health of mothers and newborns, while family-friendly policies, including extended maternity and parental leave, childcare subsidies, and community childcare facilities, have helped ease women's burden balancing family and work.

\n

Behind these achievements is systematic policy design and implementation. The All-China Women's Federation, as the bridge between women and the Party, has launched many initiatives to support women in such fields as employment, family education, rights protection and social services. These measures have created favorable conditions for women and contributed to national development.

\n

This year has a special significance, as it marks the 30th anniversary of the 1995 World Conference on Women in Beijing. Since then, China has actively participated in the global cause of women's development through concrete actions.

\n

These actions include upholding gender equality as a basic State policy, carrying out national action plans dedicated to the all-around development of women, supporting UN Women, assisting developing countries with 100 maternal and child healthcare projects, and training over 200,000 female professionals for more than 180 countries and regions.

\n

China's achievements lie in combining a people-centered approach with strategic planning. Laws such as the Anti-Domestic Violence Law, the Civil Code, and the Law on the Protection of Women's Rights and Interests provide strong legal safeguards. The country's five-year plans have consistently included dedicated sections on women's development. Meanwhile, public campaigns and education on gender equality have helped build a social ethos of respect for women and family values.

\n

Later this year, China will host the Global Leaders' Meeting on Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment, underscoring the continuity of China's commitment to advancing the well-rounded development of women both at home and abroad.

\n

Under the leadership of the CPC, China will continue to advance gender equality and women's well-rounded development. Women's growing confidence, independence and contributions will be vital in achieving the nation's goals of building a modern socialist country and realizing national rejuvenation.

\n

As the white paper makes clear: China's story of women's development is at heart a story of CPC leadership, systematic governance, and the collective efforts of hundreds of millions of women striving for a better life and a brighter future.

\n


获取更多RSS：
https://feedx.net
https://feedx.site
", - "content": "

A white paper titled "China's Achievements in Women's Well-Rounded Development in the New Era", published by the State Council Information Office on Friday, presents a comprehensive account of the country's historic progress in advancing women's rights under the leadership of the Communist Party of China since 2012.

\n

Gender equality has been incorporated into the Party's governance program and integrated into national development plans more closely since that year. This has helped to ensure that women's issues are addressed within the broader framework of the country's modernization.

\n

The achievements outlined in the white paper are remarkable. The rising proportion of women among Party delegates, lawmakers, government officials and political advisers at various levels directly reflects the commitment to ensuring women have an equal role in the country's whole-process people's democracy.

\n

Highlighting their indispensable contribution to high-quality development, women represented about 43 percent of the total employed population in 2024, and more than 8.4 million women had received entrepreneurial loans to realize their business dreams.

\n

The elimination of absolute poverty in 2020 directly benefited millions of women. Women's access to education and healthcare has also seen historic progress. Maternal and child healthcare networks have expanded, reducing maternal mortality and safeguarding the health of mothers and newborns, while family-friendly policies, including extended maternity and parental leave, childcare subsidies, and community childcare facilities, have helped ease women's burden balancing family and work.

\n

Behind these achievements is systematic policy design and implementation. The All-China Women's Federation, as the bridge between women and the Party, has launched many initiatives to support women in such fields as employment, family education, rights protection and social services. These measures have created favorable conditions for women and contributed to national development.

\n

This year has a special significance, as it marks the 30th anniversary of the 1995 World Conference on Women in Beijing. Since then, China has actively participated in the global cause of women's development through concrete actions.

\n

These actions include upholding gender equality as a basic State policy, carrying out national action plans dedicated to the all-around development of women, supporting UN Women, assisting developing countries with 100 maternal and child healthcare projects, and training over 200,000 female professionals for more than 180 countries and regions.

\n

China's achievements lie in combining a people-centered approach with strategic planning. Laws such as the Anti-Domestic Violence Law, the Civil Code, and the Law on the Protection of Women's Rights and Interests provide strong legal safeguards. The country's five-year plans have consistently included dedicated sections on women's development. Meanwhile, public campaigns and education on gender equality have helped build a social ethos of respect for women and family values.

\n

Later this year, China will host the Global Leaders' Meeting on Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment, underscoring the continuity of China's commitment to advancing the well-rounded development of women both at home and abroad.

\n

Under the leadership of the CPC, China will continue to advance gender equality and women's well-rounded development. Women's growing confidence, independence and contributions will be vital in achieving the nation's goals of building a modern socialist country and realizing national rejuvenation.

\n

As the white paper makes clear: China's story of women's development is at heart a story of CPC leadership, systematic governance, and the collective efforts of hundreds of millions of women striving for a better life and a brighter future.

\n


获取更多RSS：
https://feedx.net
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", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-09/23/content_008_68d1bb6bed50ccabe1519fd9.htm#008COMMENT", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Tue, 23 Sep 2025 00:21:05 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "f66113b539fbbe2ef9cc6a52f0831283", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "009VIEWS - Decision to promote education of county-level senior high schools timely", "description": "

Kang Bing

\n\n

In an executive meeting in late August, the State Council, China's Cabinet, decided to further promote education of county-level senior high schools. The news briefing on the issue, however, was largely neglected by the media which were then busy covering the preparations for the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Summit in Tianjin and the Sept 3 military parade in Beijing.

\n

Media outlets failed to realize not only the significance of the news for millions of rural youngsters but also the strategic importance of the decision in furthering education reform.

\n

According to data, by the end of 2020, there were over 7,200 county-level senior high schools that have recruited many students from rural areas, making up about 51 percent of the national total.

\n

A big part of the financial support for the county-level schools comes from their county governments whose financial state largely decides the condition of these schools.

\n

As a result, some county-level senior high schools in the better-developed coastal areas boast advanced labs, well-equipped libraries, comfortable dorms and excellent gyms.

\n

But in the less-developed areas, where counties are usually short of money, even the best senior high schools may lack necessary teaching facilities and quality teachers.

\n

The proportion of urban high school teachers with a master's degree is much higher than that of county-level schools.

\n

Teachers in urban areas also have three-time more opportunities for participating in professional knowledge-refreshing training than their county-level counterparts.

\n

And only some of the graduates from county-level senior high schools can advance to universities after clearing the college entrance examination.

\n

Although the details of the State Council's new arrangement are not yet known, we hope the central government will provide more monetary support for county-level senior high schools in less-developed areas while urging the local governments to invest more in such schools.

\n

Increased investment by the central, provincial and county governments will allow county-level senior high schools to create more seats for students and enjoy better facilities.

\n

China has been pursuing urbanization, encouraging people in rural areas to work and live in towns and cities. Greater education opportunities, better education facilities and qualified teachers attract new immigrants to an urban area.

\n

Improved education quality in county-level senior high schools should play a big role in ensuring both rural and urban students receive quality education.

\n

Now that the central government has decided to promote education of county-level senior high schools, I'm sure education facilities in the senior high schools will be greatly improved in a few years.

\n

What is difficult, though, is improving teaching and managing staff. Hence, special arrangements should be made to encourage teachers' exchange programs between rural and urban schools.

\n

In fact, such exchanges are already taking place in some regions, though they're not as regular or popular as they should be.

\n

Attractive preferential policies, including better pay, more promotion opportunities, and housing and other subsidies, should be offered to encourage teachers with higher qualification to teach in county-level senior high schools in remote areas.

\n

Some regions have already implemented some of the above-mentioned policies. But such policies need to be applied nationwide to make them more authoritative and attractive.

\n

The central government can also consider extending its compulsory education program from the present nine years to 12 years, because it will help reduce the financial burden of many rural families that want their children to receive education at least up to the senior high school level.

\n

Since most of the county-level senior high schools are boarding schools, students' parents have to pay for not only tuition but also accommodation, food, textbooks, uniforms, transportation, and miscellaneous expenses.

\n

The yearly expenditure on a senior high school student could be anything between 15,000 yuan and 25,000 yuan.

\n

The inclusion of the three-year senior high school education in the compulsory education program will help millions of rural youngsters to continue their academic pursuit after completing junior high school education, thus enlarging our pool of potential talents.

\n

kangbing@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", @@ -11401,28 +10741,6 @@ "hash": "b05678544f9b07ad891886767fc79c7d", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "011WORLD - Afghanistan turns down air base proposal", - "description": "

Afghanistan should stand firm in rebuffing an attempt by the United States to reestablish a military base in the country, analysts said, adding the landlocked nation's future hinges on preventing fresh instability, maintaining good relations with all countries and realizing its potential as a hub of Eurasian connectivity.

\n

The comments came after US President Donald Trump said last week that his administration was seeking to retake control of the Bagram Air Base in Afghanistan, in order to enable the US military to reestablish a strategic presence in the region.

\n

Trump's call, four years after US troops' hasty withdrawal from Afghanistan following a two-decade war against the Taliban, has sparked outrage within Afghanistan as well as other countries in the region.

\n

On Sept 18, during a news conference with British Prime Minister Keir Starmer in London, Trump mentioned Bagram Air Base, saying that the US was "trying to get it back "from Afghanistan's Taliban rulers.

\n

Over the weekend, Trump raised the topic again, saying that "we're talking now to Afghanistan" about the return of the air base.

\n

In a post on his Truth Social platform, Trump even issued a threat. "If Afghanistan doesn't give Bagram Air Base back to those that built it, the United States of America, BAD THINGS ARE GOING TO HAPPEN," he said.

\n

Afghanistan has rejected the call from Trump, with the chief Taliban spokesman, Zabihullah Mujahid, urging the US to adopt a policy of "realism and rationality".

\n

Afghanistan had an economy-oriented foreign policy and sought constructive relations with all states on the basis of mutual and shared interests, Mujahid said in a post on the social media platform X on Sunday.

\n

Earlier, the same day, the chief of staff at Afghanistan's Defense Ministry, Fasihuddin Fitrat, said, "Ceding even an inch of our soil to anyone is out of the question and impossible", according to a speech broadcast by Afghan media.

\n

Shameem Ahmad Nawber, an Afghan analyst and deputy director at the Institute for Digital Economy and Artificial Systems in Xiamen, in East China's Fujian province, said that from the standpoint of Afghanistan's national interest, rejecting any foreign military's return to the Bagram Air Base is a logical assertion of sovereignty, signaling a necessary shift away from the country's historical role as a theater for power conflicts.

\n

"Bagram's immense geopolitical value — offering surveillance and power projection over Central Asia, Russia, Iran, and western China — makes its sovereign control nonnegotiable," he said.

\n

"Ceding this control would inevitably trap the country in external rivalries and undermine any prospect of lasting peace, a price the Afghan people have paid for too long."

\n

The last US troops left Afghanistan at the end of August 2021, but the Afghan economy is still feeling the negative effects of the US' two-decade-long meddling in the country.

\n

Trump said his administration wants to take back the Bagram Air Base "not because of Afghanistan but because of China, because it's exactly one hour away from where China makes its nuclear missiles".

\n

A Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman said on Sept 19 that China respects Afghanistan's independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity, and that "Afghanistan's future should rest in the hands of the Afghan people".

\n

"Let me stress that stirring up tensions and confrontation in the region will not be supported," spokesperson Lin Jian said at a regular press briefing in Beijing. "We hope all parties will play a constructive role in regional peace and stability."

\n

Afghan scholar Nawber noted that his nation's geography, long a curse, can also turn into its greatest asset if leveraged properly as a bridge between South Asia and Central Asia.

\n

"This requires a new paradigm built on regional consensus, where Afghanistan functions as a secure land bridge for trade and energy," he said.

\n

"In this framework, China can play an indispensable role, not as a patron, but as a key partner in providing the diplomatic support and infrastructure investment — through frameworks like the Belt and Road Initiative — needed to transform this vision of a prosperous and neutral Afghanistan into reality."

\n

vivienxu@chinadailyapac.com

\n

", - "content": "

Afghanistan should stand firm in rebuffing an attempt by the United States to reestablish a military base in the country, analysts said, adding the landlocked nation's future hinges on preventing fresh instability, maintaining good relations with all countries and realizing its potential as a hub of Eurasian connectivity.

\n

The comments came after US President Donald Trump said last week that his administration was seeking to retake control of the Bagram Air Base in Afghanistan, in order to enable the US military to reestablish a strategic presence in the region.

\n

Trump's call, four years after US troops' hasty withdrawal from Afghanistan following a two-decade war against the Taliban, has sparked outrage within Afghanistan as well as other countries in the region.

\n

On Sept 18, during a news conference with British Prime Minister Keir Starmer in London, Trump mentioned Bagram Air Base, saying that the US was "trying to get it back "from Afghanistan's Taliban rulers.

\n

Over the weekend, Trump raised the topic again, saying that "we're talking now to Afghanistan" about the return of the air base.

\n

In a post on his Truth Social platform, Trump even issued a threat. "If Afghanistan doesn't give Bagram Air Base back to those that built it, the United States of America, BAD THINGS ARE GOING TO HAPPEN," he said.

\n

Afghanistan has rejected the call from Trump, with the chief Taliban spokesman, Zabihullah Mujahid, urging the US to adopt a policy of "realism and rationality".

\n

Afghanistan had an economy-oriented foreign policy and sought constructive relations with all states on the basis of mutual and shared interests, Mujahid said in a post on the social media platform X on Sunday.

\n

Earlier, the same day, the chief of staff at Afghanistan's Defense Ministry, Fasihuddin Fitrat, said, "Ceding even an inch of our soil to anyone is out of the question and impossible", according to a speech broadcast by Afghan media.

\n

Shameem Ahmad Nawber, an Afghan analyst and deputy director at the Institute for Digital Economy and Artificial Systems in Xiamen, in East China's Fujian province, said that from the standpoint of Afghanistan's national interest, rejecting any foreign military's return to the Bagram Air Base is a logical assertion of sovereignty, signaling a necessary shift away from the country's historical role as a theater for power conflicts.

\n

"Bagram's immense geopolitical value — offering surveillance and power projection over Central Asia, Russia, Iran, and western China — makes its sovereign control nonnegotiable," he said.

\n

"Ceding this control would inevitably trap the country in external rivalries and undermine any prospect of lasting peace, a price the Afghan people have paid for too long."

\n

The last US troops left Afghanistan at the end of August 2021, but the Afghan economy is still feeling the negative effects of the US' two-decade-long meddling in the country.

\n

Trump said his administration wants to take back the Bagram Air Base "not because of Afghanistan but because of China, because it's exactly one hour away from where China makes its nuclear missiles".

\n

A Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman said on Sept 19 that China respects Afghanistan's independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity, and that "Afghanistan's future should rest in the hands of the Afghan people".

\n

"Let me stress that stirring up tensions and confrontation in the region will not be supported," spokesperson Lin Jian said at a regular press briefing in Beijing. "We hope all parties will play a constructive role in regional peace and stability."

\n

Afghan scholar Nawber noted that his nation's geography, long a curse, can also turn into its greatest asset if leveraged properly as a bridge between South Asia and Central Asia.

\n

"This requires a new paradigm built on regional consensus, where Afghanistan functions as a secure land bridge for trade and energy," he said.

\n

"In this framework, China can play an indispensable role, not as a patron, but as a key partner in providing the diplomatic support and infrastructure investment — through frameworks like the Belt and Road Initiative — needed to transform this vision of a prosperous and neutral Afghanistan into reality."

\n

vivienxu@chinadailyapac.com

\n

", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-09/23/content_011_68d1bb9bed50ccabe1519fe4.htm#011WORLD", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Tue, 23 Sep 2025 00:21:05 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "340dffbeafdccc837db8ea98c5446790", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "012WORLD - Briefly", "description": "

RUSSIA

\n

Putin offers US 1-year nuclear control deal

\n

Russian President Vladimir Putin said on Monday he was ready to extend by one year the last arms control treaty between Washington and Moscow if US President Donald Trump does the same. The New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty, which caps the number of strategic nuclear warheads that the United States and Russia can deploy, and the deployment of land- and submarine-based missiles and bombers to deliver them, is due to run out on Feb 5.Putin told a meeting of Russia's Security Council that he was ready to roll over the treaty by one year in the interests of global nonproliferation and to help spur dialogue with Washington about the treaty's successor if Trump was ready to do the same.

\n

SYRIA

\n

Committee sets Oct 5 for parliamentary vote

\n

Syria's supreme committee for parliamentary elections announced on Sunday that voting for the 250-seat People's Assembly will be held on Oct 5, marking the country's first legislative election since the fall of former president Bashar al-Assad's government last year. The committee stated that the decision was made in accordance with the constitutional declaration and decrees issued earlier this year by interim leader Ahmad al-Sharaa, who established the election authority in June. The polls will follow a temporary, indirect electoral system aimed at forming a new legislature within 60 to 90 days.

\n

", @@ -11445,28 +10763,6 @@ "hash": "069bcbfaee2b88d4db69aa7b06745ce0", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "013BUSINESS - Safety first", - "description": "

Staff members from State Grid Hotan in the Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region board an insulated bucket truck to carry out anti-icing insulator replacement work on a 220 kilovolt transmission line which crosses the Turpan-Hotan Expressway, aiming to enhance the line's ability to withstand icing hazards.

\n

", - "content": "

Staff members from State Grid Hotan in the Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region board an insulated bucket truck to carry out anti-icing insulator replacement work on a 220 kilovolt transmission line which crosses the Turpan-Hotan Expressway, aiming to enhance the line's ability to withstand icing hazards.

\n

", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-09/23/content_013_68d1bbbfed50ccabe1519fec.htm#013BUSINESS", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Tue, 23 Sep 2025 00:21:05 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "5a99b4240eecebdf7e5d1f4b240e8b15", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "013BUSINESS - Briefly", "description": "

System helps boost professionalism

\n

Chinese railway operators are taking creative measures to lift the professionalism of its staff members. China Railway Taiyuan Group has launched a mentor-apprentice system to elevate the hands-on competence of its employees. In a work area of Taiyuan House-Building and Apartment Section, senior technician Liu Chunxi was guiding foreman Yan Jie through equipment operations while Yan took careful notes. After 10 years working side by side, the pair have become role models, sticking to a principle that "electrical work bears on equipment safety — there is no room for sloppiness." The section has tapped the "pass-it-on" role of veteran workers, allowing them to pass on professionalism among employees.

\n

Loan prime rates remain unchanged

\n

China's one-year loan prime rate, a market-based benchmark lending rate, came in at 3 percent on Monday, unchanged from the previous month. The over-five-year LPR, on which many lenders base their mortgage rates, also remained unchanged from the previous reading of 3.5 percent, according to the National Interbank Funding Center. Recent data showed that the country's weighted average interest rate for new business loans stood at about 3.1 percent in August, down 40 basis points from a year earlier, while the rate for new personal mortgages dropped to around 3.1 percent, a decrease of 25 basis points.

\n

", @@ -11489,28 +10785,6 @@ "hash": "fbc9c6fbcf8ec193cd972e07b735901e", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "014BUSINESS - More HK residents eye retirement in mainland", - "description": "

Visitors from the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region enter Shenzhen, Guangdong province, via Luohu port.

\n

Under the current context of accelerated integrated development of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, more and more senior Hong Kong residents are choosing to live out their golden years in retirement on the Chinese mainland, triggering reflection on cross-border healthcare.

\n

Data from the Legislative Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region show that in 2024, nearly 100,000 Hong Kong residents 65 years old or above chose to settle down in Guangdong province for their retirement, a 40.5 percent increase compared to that of 10 years ago.

\n

"The price of commodities in the Chinese mainland is cheaper, the subsidy for a Hong Kong citizen is enough to spend through retirement there," a Hong Kong citizen who works in finance said.

\n

Judging from Hong Kong residents who choose to spend retirement on the Chinese mainland, the group mainly includes senior residents who share emotional connections with people in the Chinese mainland (those who were born and raised or had worked on the Chinese mainland), and those who feel pressure about spending their retirement in Hong Kong.

\n

Yu Ningqiao, an 82-year-old Hong Kong citizen, lives on the Old Age Living Allowance, which is issued by the HKSAR government and is over HK$4,000 ($514.74) per month. "Renting an apartment with one living room and one bedroom in the suburb of Shenzhen, Guangdong province, costs merely HK$2,000, while this price is unimaginable in Hong Kong," Yu said.

\n

"The price of commodities is also much lower, and I could catch up with old mates to drink tea or something," he said.

\n

Song Lee, a 29-year-old office clerk in Hong Kong, who was born and raised in Shenzhen, said that he is already considering spending his retirement back in Shenzhen, with the good cost performance of commodities and because he has friends there.

\n

However, bottlenecks still exist. Although since January 2020, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan residents are able to participate in the public health insurance of the Chinese mainland, since there are differences in the payment system, data interoperability remains a challenge. Currently, the healthcare insurance system of Hong Kong is not docked with that of the Chinese mainland, and healthcare records between the two sides are also not interconnected. Meanwhile, senior citizens need to travel between the two places for revisiting and getting medicine, which is highly time-consuming and costly.

\n

"For Hong Kong citizens, there is nearly zero payment to see a doctor in a public healthcare institution in Hong Kong, which means that living out their life in retirement in the Chinese mainland means giving up the nearly-free healthcare services in Hong Kong. Even if they participate in the public healthcare insurance in the Chinese mainland, there is usually a limited quota to reimburse inpatient expenses," said Shi Cheng, associate professor of the Institute of Policy Studies at Lingnan University of Hong Kong.

\n

Research on cross-border retirement of the Greater Bay Area showed that senior Hong Kong citizens who intend to spend their retirement on the Chinese mainland tend to consider questions including "How to see a doctor in the Chinese mainland", "Is there a reimbursement or fee reduction", "Are medicines provided in the Chinese mainland consistent with that in the Hong Kong drug catalogue", "Is the healthcare record interconnected".

\n

Zhan Junhao, founder of Fujian Huace Brand Positioning Consulting, said: "Solving the bottlenecks of cross-border healthcare requires a combination of measures. At the policy level, the integration of medical systems in Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao should be promoted, and a cross-border system to serve the aged should be built, to realize the mutual recognition of pension and healthcare insurance."

\n

"At the technical level, laws and regulations on cross-border data sharing should be optimized to promote the safe connection of data between Shenzhen and Hong Kong, so that healthcare records between the two places can be safely shared. At the service level, cross-border healthcare service points should be expanded, and the cross-border direct payment of commercial insurance should be introduced, to enhance the cross-border medical convenience," he added.

\n

Wang Peng, associate research fellow at the Beijing Academy of Social Sciences, added that the process of cross-border healthcare should be simplified and improved, such as offering Cantonese language service and personalized healthcare record management, so as to enhance the sense of belonging of senior Hong Kong citizens.

\n

zhengyiran@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", - "content": "

Visitors from the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region enter Shenzhen, Guangdong province, via Luohu port.

\n

Under the current context of accelerated integrated development of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, more and more senior Hong Kong residents are choosing to live out their golden years in retirement on the Chinese mainland, triggering reflection on cross-border healthcare.

\n

Data from the Legislative Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region show that in 2024, nearly 100,000 Hong Kong residents 65 years old or above chose to settle down in Guangdong province for their retirement, a 40.5 percent increase compared to that of 10 years ago.

\n

"The price of commodities in the Chinese mainland is cheaper, the subsidy for a Hong Kong citizen is enough to spend through retirement there," a Hong Kong citizen who works in finance said.

\n

Judging from Hong Kong residents who choose to spend retirement on the Chinese mainland, the group mainly includes senior residents who share emotional connections with people in the Chinese mainland (those who were born and raised or had worked on the Chinese mainland), and those who feel pressure about spending their retirement in Hong Kong.

\n

Yu Ningqiao, an 82-year-old Hong Kong citizen, lives on the Old Age Living Allowance, which is issued by the HKSAR government and is over HK$4,000 ($514.74) per month. "Renting an apartment with one living room and one bedroom in the suburb of Shenzhen, Guangdong province, costs merely HK$2,000, while this price is unimaginable in Hong Kong," Yu said.

\n

"The price of commodities is also much lower, and I could catch up with old mates to drink tea or something," he said.

\n

Song Lee, a 29-year-old office clerk in Hong Kong, who was born and raised in Shenzhen, said that he is already considering spending his retirement back in Shenzhen, with the good cost performance of commodities and because he has friends there.

\n

However, bottlenecks still exist. Although since January 2020, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan residents are able to participate in the public health insurance of the Chinese mainland, since there are differences in the payment system, data interoperability remains a challenge. Currently, the healthcare insurance system of Hong Kong is not docked with that of the Chinese mainland, and healthcare records between the two sides are also not interconnected. Meanwhile, senior citizens need to travel between the two places for revisiting and getting medicine, which is highly time-consuming and costly.

\n

"For Hong Kong citizens, there is nearly zero payment to see a doctor in a public healthcare institution in Hong Kong, which means that living out their life in retirement in the Chinese mainland means giving up the nearly-free healthcare services in Hong Kong. Even if they participate in the public healthcare insurance in the Chinese mainland, there is usually a limited quota to reimburse inpatient expenses," said Shi Cheng, associate professor of the Institute of Policy Studies at Lingnan University of Hong Kong.

\n

Research on cross-border retirement of the Greater Bay Area showed that senior Hong Kong citizens who intend to spend their retirement on the Chinese mainland tend to consider questions including "How to see a doctor in the Chinese mainland", "Is there a reimbursement or fee reduction", "Are medicines provided in the Chinese mainland consistent with that in the Hong Kong drug catalogue", "Is the healthcare record interconnected".

\n

Zhan Junhao, founder of Fujian Huace Brand Positioning Consulting, said: "Solving the bottlenecks of cross-border healthcare requires a combination of measures. At the policy level, the integration of medical systems in Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao should be promoted, and a cross-border system to serve the aged should be built, to realize the mutual recognition of pension and healthcare insurance."

\n

"At the technical level, laws and regulations on cross-border data sharing should be optimized to promote the safe connection of data between Shenzhen and Hong Kong, so that healthcare records between the two places can be safely shared. At the service level, cross-border healthcare service points should be expanded, and the cross-border direct payment of commercial insurance should be introduced, to enhance the cross-border medical convenience," he added.

\n

Wang Peng, associate research fellow at the Beijing Academy of Social Sciences, added that the process of cross-border healthcare should be simplified and improved, such as offering Cantonese language service and personalized healthcare record management, so as to enhance the sense of belonging of senior Hong Kong citizens.

\n

zhengyiran@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-09/23/content_014_68d1bbe3ed50ccabe1519ff4.htm#014BUSINESS", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Tue, 23 Sep 2025 00:21:05 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "a46973cbbfabf9fb4b4035a1ef88a38c", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "017LIFE - Chinese choirs sing to celebrate diplomatic ties with Switzerland", "description": "

Two Chinese choirs sing songs of peace and harmony to mark the International Day of Peace in Morges, Switzerland, on Wednesday.

\n

MORGES, Switzerland — The Chinese folk classic Jasmine Flower echoed through Morges Temple on the shores of Lake Geneva on Wednesday as The Voices of Peace concert celebrated the 75th anniversary of diplomatic ties between China and Switzerland.

\n

Drawing audiences from Switzerland, France, Germany, and Italy, the Beijing Qingzhou Choir and the Lidong Choir performed together, presenting the ode, Jian Jia, from China's ancient Shijing (The Book of Songs), as well as In the Depths of the Temple, a well-known duet from Georges Bizet's opera The Pearl Fishers.

\n

Tibor Savoldelli, a Swiss audience member, tells Xinhua that the concert was an excellent opportunity for cultural exchanges between China and Switzerland, and adds that the beautiful venue symbolized peace and promoted mutual understanding and cooperation between the two countries.

\n

Swiss citizen Feriz Imeri says the concert not only showed the Swiss but also the world that China values peace and understanding.

\n

Zhao Yuan, artistic director of the concert, says The Voice of Peace concert once again proved that music is humanity's common language.

\n

"It may bring warmth and lasting power to unite humanity and build lasting peace," Zhao says.

\n

The concert was part of the first Europe-China Youth Peace Forum, which convened on Sept 15 and brought together young people from around the world to discuss global peace. The forum adopted the theme "Past Lessons, Future Peace" and was held ahead of the International Day of Peace, which was celebrated on Sunday.

\n

", @@ -11533,28 +10807,6 @@ "hash": "4442fea6e301f2904695ed46a06cd17b", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "019SPORTS - US dominates relays on big closing day in Tokyo", - "description": "

Jamaica's Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce and her teammates celebrate with fans after taking silver in the women's 4x100m relay final at the World Athletics Championships on Sunday.

\n

TOKYO — Sha'Carri Richardson saved the day in her relay.

\n

Noah Lyles and Sydney McLaughlin-Levrone put exclamation points on theirs.

\n

The best in the United States splashed through the rainy relays in Tokyo on Sunday to capture three gold medals and close out the world championships on a night when track also bid a hug-filled farewell to Jamaica's sprint legend, Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce.

\n

"I felt like I ran with my heart because of the ladies I'm standing with," Richardson said, as she celebrated her first gold medal of a championships that was far from perfect. "I feel really good. It came back. I'm ready to start all over again."

\n

It has been a tough, injury-tainted year for Richardson, who finished fifth in the women's 100 meters on Sept 14. Even so, the US put her on the anchor leg for the 4x100m relay — the same place she's been for gold-medal performances for the last two years — and she didn't disappoint.

\n

But, unlike last year at the Olympics, when she gave the side-eye to the opponents she passed, then stomped her foot for emphasis at the finish line, she had to run hard all the way through in this one.

\n

Richardson was actually trailing by .01 second when she received the baton from Kayla White. It took a few steps for her to build a lead of her own, and she held off Jonielle Smith down the stretch and leaned in for the win in 41.75 seconds.

\n

It was a margin of .04 seconds, and the difference might have been a slight hiccup in an exchange between Jamaican twins Tia and Tina Clayton. The US had none of those problems.

\n

A full-circle moment

\n

In a couple of near-perfect, full-circle moments, it was Richardson's comeback that turned Melissa Jefferson-Wooden, who ran the lead leg, into the first three-time sprint winner at worlds — 100m, 200m and relay — since Fraser-Pryce did it in 2013.

\n

It also left the Jamaican they call the "Mommy Rocket" with silver, the same color she won on her debut at the worlds back in 2007 in Osaka, when she was 20 and earned a spot on the foursome that ran the qualifying round.

\n

"No emotions right now," Fraser-Pryce said. "Just grateful to be able to finish this race. It's been such a remarkable moment."

\n

Jefferson-Wooden wasn't alone in seeking out Fraser-Pryce, whose medal was her 17th from world championships to go with eight from the Olympics, mostly to say "thanks".

\n

"She's definitely paved the way for women's short sprints, and it's so inspiring to see someone like her do what she did and be so dominant for so long," Jefferson-Wooden said. "All of us up here are aspiring to do the same things."

\n

Not lost in the celebration was that all four racers on that US women's team — Tee Tee Terry ran the second leg — train together, and that Richardson and Jefferson-Wooden are vying to take Fraser-Pryce's place atop the sprint game in the buildup to the LA Olympics.

\n

A few minutes after the women's relay, and with the rain still falling, Lyles crossed the line first for the men, giving the US its 26th medal and 16th gold of the meet — totals that are more respectable after what, last week, had the makings of a forgettable trip.

\n

The 26 overall medals are the same number the US captured in the same stadium four years ago at the Tokyo Olympics. Only seven were gold that time.

\n

Lyles accounted for two golds and a bronze, and the finale was, frankly, boring — something hardly anybody says about the US men in a 4x100m. Bad exchanges have cost them in seven worlds and six Olympics since 1995.

\n

But this is now a worlds winning streak for the Americans, who won two years ago in Budapest (but did mess up at the Olympics last year) and didn't have to deal with Jamaican 100m gold and silver medalists Oblique Seville and Kishane Thompson because of that team's troubles in qualifying.

\n

"I didn't have to do much. These guys took care of business," Lyles said. "They made sure the handoffs were clean. It's a little anticlimactic, but at the same time, it's a great feeling because, you know, the job has been done."

\n

", - "content": "

Jamaica's Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce and her teammates celebrate with fans after taking silver in the women's 4x100m relay final at the World Athletics Championships on Sunday.

\n

TOKYO — Sha'Carri Richardson saved the day in her relay.

\n

Noah Lyles and Sydney McLaughlin-Levrone put exclamation points on theirs.

\n

The best in the United States splashed through the rainy relays in Tokyo on Sunday to capture three gold medals and close out the world championships on a night when track also bid a hug-filled farewell to Jamaica's sprint legend, Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce.

\n

"I felt like I ran with my heart because of the ladies I'm standing with," Richardson said, as she celebrated her first gold medal of a championships that was far from perfect. "I feel really good. It came back. I'm ready to start all over again."

\n

It has been a tough, injury-tainted year for Richardson, who finished fifth in the women's 100 meters on Sept 14. Even so, the US put her on the anchor leg for the 4x100m relay — the same place she's been for gold-medal performances for the last two years — and she didn't disappoint.

\n

But, unlike last year at the Olympics, when she gave the side-eye to the opponents she passed, then stomped her foot for emphasis at the finish line, she had to run hard all the way through in this one.

\n

Richardson was actually trailing by .01 second when she received the baton from Kayla White. It took a few steps for her to build a lead of her own, and she held off Jonielle Smith down the stretch and leaned in for the win in 41.75 seconds.

\n

It was a margin of .04 seconds, and the difference might have been a slight hiccup in an exchange between Jamaican twins Tia and Tina Clayton. The US had none of those problems.

\n

A full-circle moment

\n

In a couple of near-perfect, full-circle moments, it was Richardson's comeback that turned Melissa Jefferson-Wooden, who ran the lead leg, into the first three-time sprint winner at worlds — 100m, 200m and relay — since Fraser-Pryce did it in 2013.

\n

It also left the Jamaican they call the "Mommy Rocket" with silver, the same color she won on her debut at the worlds back in 2007 in Osaka, when she was 20 and earned a spot on the foursome that ran the qualifying round.

\n

"No emotions right now," Fraser-Pryce said. "Just grateful to be able to finish this race. It's been such a remarkable moment."

\n

Jefferson-Wooden wasn't alone in seeking out Fraser-Pryce, whose medal was her 17th from world championships to go with eight from the Olympics, mostly to say "thanks".

\n

"She's definitely paved the way for women's short sprints, and it's so inspiring to see someone like her do what she did and be so dominant for so long," Jefferson-Wooden said. "All of us up here are aspiring to do the same things."

\n

Not lost in the celebration was that all four racers on that US women's team — Tee Tee Terry ran the second leg — train together, and that Richardson and Jefferson-Wooden are vying to take Fraser-Pryce's place atop the sprint game in the buildup to the LA Olympics.

\n

A few minutes after the women's relay, and with the rain still falling, Lyles crossed the line first for the men, giving the US its 26th medal and 16th gold of the meet — totals that are more respectable after what, last week, had the makings of a forgettable trip.

\n

The 26 overall medals are the same number the US captured in the same stadium four years ago at the Tokyo Olympics. Only seven were gold that time.

\n

Lyles accounted for two golds and a bronze, and the finale was, frankly, boring — something hardly anybody says about the US men in a 4x100m. Bad exchanges have cost them in seven worlds and six Olympics since 1995.

\n

But this is now a worlds winning streak for the Americans, who won two years ago in Budapest (but did mess up at the Olympics last year) and didn't have to deal with Jamaican 100m gold and silver medalists Oblique Seville and Kishane Thompson because of that team's troubles in qualifying.

\n

"I didn't have to do much. These guys took care of business," Lyles said. "They made sure the handoffs were clean. It's a little anticlimactic, but at the same time, it's a great feeling because, you know, the job has been done."

\n

", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-09/23/content_019_68d1bc10ed50ccabe1519ffe.htm#019SPORTS", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Tue, 23 Sep 2025 00:21:05 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "8e1e60c72f976ea30a594d76901fd6c5", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "001FRONT - Washington urged to take faithful action", "description": "

Future progress on major China-US agenda items such as bilateral trade and TikTok operations in the United States depends on whether Washington will faithfully follow through on what it has promised during the latest China-US heads-of-state phone conversation, observers said.

\n

They made the remarks after President Xi Jinping and US President Donald Trump held their third phone talks this year on Friday evening. The first call was made in January and the second in June.

\n

Analysts described the talks as constructive, as both leaders highlighted the global implications of the two-way ties between the world's two largest economies.

\n

Xi said the two nations "are fully capable of helping each other succeed and prospering together", and Trump said the two countries working together can get many great things done that are good for world peace and stability.

\n

The two leaders also endorsed the recent consultation between Chinese and US officials on the economy and trade, and expressed hopes for commercial negotiations regarding TikTok operations in the US.

\n

Annual bilateral trade between the two sides exceeded $680 billion last year. China is now the US' second-largest source of imports and third-largest market for its exports, according to the Chinese embassy in the US.

\n

Wu Xinbo, dean of Fudan University's Institute of International Studies, said that Beijing has long urged Washington to stop suppressing China's technology-driven sectors, and the US has its own demands as well.

\n

"The heads-of-state talks — either on the phone or face to face — could help both sides arrive at more agreements and stabilize their economic ties," he said.

\n

"The Friday talks set the tone for the next step in developing the ties: advancing talks on the economy and trade while working together to keep the ties afloat. The expected result is to veer the relationship away from the drastic ups and downs that took place earlier this year," he said.

\n

Su Xiaohui, deputy director of the Department of American Studies at the China Institute of International Studies, said the latest conversation was "pragmatic and constructive", and Beijing's position on the TikTok case "reflects China's lasting efforts to secure its rightful interests and growth in the long term".

\n

"Through the talks, China has made clear that it supports Chinese companies' adding investment in the US, which the US side has aimed for, while Washington should shape an inviting climate for investors, make the play fair, and achieve a win-win situation, rather than forcing a deal or blackmailing," she said.

\n

Over the past two weeks, the world has seen several high-level dialogues take place between China and the US in various areas, such as the latest round of China-US economic and trade talks in Madrid, Spain, a phone talk between Foreign Minister Wang Yi and US Secretary of State Marco Rubio, and a video call between Minister of National Defense Dong Jun and US Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth.

\n

On Sunday, Premier Li Qiang met a visiting delegation of US lawmakers, led by Representative Adam Smith, a Democrat from the US state of Washington, in Beijing. Li said China is willing to work with the US to address each other's concerns through communication in the spirit of equality, respect and mutual benefit.

\n

Li said that China and the US should be partners for joint development, treat each other sincerely, empower each other and achieve mutual success, adding that Washington should meet Beijing halfway and jointly advance the ties on the right track.

\n

Li also said the phone conversations between Xi and Trump this year reinforced bilateral dialogue and cooperation and provided strategic guidance for the China-US ties' development in the next phase.

\n

Sourabh Gupta, a senior fellow at the Institute for China-America Studies, said the phone call on Friday "represents a further easing of the strain in bilateral ties" caused by Washington's imposition of unilateral tariffs during the first four months of this year.

\n

"China has conveyed its receptivity to a large market purchase package. … America needs to come to the table with its quid pro quo," he said.

\n

Diao Daming, a professor of US studies at Renmin University of China's School of International Relations, said the conversation on Friday "confirms the validity of China-US joint efforts in stabilizing their ties through communication, and projects good faith in managing and controlling factors that may destabilize the ties".

\n

On Friday, Xi told Trump that the Chinese people "will never forget the valuable support provided by the United States and other anti-fascist allies "during World War II, and Trump said that China's recent Victory Day parade was phenomenal and beautiful.

\n

Li Haidong, a professor of US studies at China Foreign Affairs University, said, "Xi conveyed China's willingness to cherish peace and usher in the future, emphasized to the US side the importance of shaping a proper view of history, and reminded both countries of their responsibilities as major countries."

\n

Contact the writers at zhangyunbi@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", @@ -11577,28 +10829,6 @@ "hash": "a0d930b2e136ee0d7f58dd0958fff979", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "001FRONT - MIDDLE EAST RISES IN POPULARITY AS OVERSEAS STUDY DESTINATION", - "description": "

Left: Students attend Curtin University Dubai's orientation day this year. Right: Students from the university who participated in the 2024 MakeX Robotics Competition display their certificates and medals.

\n

The atrium of Sorbonne University Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates is designed to enhance interaction and exchanges between faculty members and students at the university.

\n

Tang Jiaxin (right), who studied at Heriot-Watt University Dubai, is working for a Chinese company in Sharjah, UAE.

\n

Wu Yuqing (right), a student at King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, poses with her roommate from Turkiye.

\n

Luo Hao (left), who is studying at the University of Sharjah, poses with his friends at a party in Sharjah.

\n

Under the searing sun, 19-year-old Wu Yuqing dragged her suitcase across the sprawling campus of King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals in Saudi Arabia — her new home for the next four years.

\n

Just a day earlier, she had been in her hometown of Shuozhou, Shanxi province. Nearly 24 hours later, after taking a train to Beijing and a plane to Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates, and then making a final hop to Dammam in eastern Saudi Arabia, she started her overseas study experience at the university.

\n

Wu is among a small but growing group of Chinese students now turning away from the well-trodden paths to North America, Europe and Australia, and toward the Middle East — a region once seen as distant, but now increasingly tied to China through trade, infrastructure and education.

\n

When she stepped off the plane in mid-August, the heavy, humid air from the nearby coast engulfed her.

\n

"The university is huge, a bit like a large community," Wu said after her first walk around the campus. "There are kindergartens, primary, middle and high schools here, separate shopping centers for men and women and a medical center — even getting around requires the school bus, because walking would take too long."

\n

Her mother, who accompanied her for registration, felt reassured after seeing the double dormitory room of about 40 square meters that Wu will share with a roommate from Turkiye.

\n

"My city is very small, and hardly anyone around me goes abroad, so I had never thought about studying overseas for my undergraduate degree," Wu said. "I knew very little about it."

\n

Generous scholarships, promising job prospects in energy and technology, and a surge in economic links have made universities from Saudi Arabia to the UAE attractive for ambitious young Chinese like her.

\n

Wu previously attended Shuocheng No 1 High School in Shanxi. Exhausted by the demands of high school, she decided to forgo the gaokao college entrance exam and pursue a university education abroad.

\n

"I was feeling really tired from high school. And when I learned about the option to study in the Middle East, it felt like a fresh start," she recalled.

\n

She received offers from several institutions, including Sorbonne University Abu Dhabi and the University of Sharjah, but chose King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, ranked 67th globally in the QS World University Rankings 2026. Awarded a full scholarship covering tuition, flights, accommodation and living expenses, she became the first Chinese undergraduate admitted to the university.

\n

Wu enrolled in the newly established data science and engineering program and plans to work locally after graduation. "The full scholarship also eased some of the financial pressure on my parents," she said.

\n

Chinese influx

\n

While still a relatively niche choice, the Middle East is attracting more Chinese students each year.

\n

Since 2018, Zhou Xiao, CEO of Middle-East International Education, has helped hundreds of students plan and apply for full or high-value scholarships to universities across the UAE, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and other Middle Eastern countries.

\n

Zhou's agency has offices in Changsha, Hunan province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang province, and Guangzhou, Guangdong province, though most students historically came from Changsha. "But since last year, I've noticed more students coming from Jiangsu (province), Zhejiang, Shanghai and Guangdong who are interested in studying in the Middle East," he said.

\n

While more agencies were competing fiercely for universities in Europe and the United States, Zhou said he believes that the international education sector could serve ordinary families.

\n

"I wanted a path that combined studying abroad with employment," he said. "Also, amid changing international relations, our exchanges with the Middle East were increasing."

\n

The pandemic initially disrupted his Middle East programs, but demand surged by 2024.

\n

"Previously, some students chose the Middle East as a more affordable alternative to Europe and the US, or their parents were doing business in Dubai. But by 2024, more parents from international schools or first-tier cities began considering the return on investment of studying abroad," he said.

\n

"Many run their own businesses or are increasingly exposed to the UAE and Saudi Arabia, so the student group changed significantly," he added.

\n

Undergraduates are attracted by high-value scholarships, the region's economic environment, safety and living conditions, while employment opportunities and income are also major draws, he said.

\n

Zhou has visited numerous Middle Eastern universities, including local institutions and branch campuses of Western institutions.

\n

"Schools are very welcoming to Chinese students. Chinese is a required subject in many schools, and there is a strong demand for Chinese teachers. Schools also want student diversity. In specialized fields like AI, low-altitude aviation and new energy, there is an urgent demand for Chinese research talent," he said.

\n

Popular fields include logistics, business, AI and law, with top university choices including New York University Abu Dhabi, Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence in the UAE, the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology in Saudi Arabia and KFUPM. Some Western branch campuses actively recruit in China and have even hired Chinese admissions officers.

\n

"The growing demand is closely linked to China's Belt and Road Initiative," Zhou said.

\n

Besides student numbers, tourism and real estate are also expanding, and the number of Chinese faculty members is increasing. After seven years, only two students placed by Zhou's company have returned to work in China; the rest found local employment.

\n

Around 6,000 Chinese companies operate in the UAE, mostly concentrated in Dubai, according to Dubai Multi Commodities Centre data in 2024.

\n

"Employment conditions have improved. Companies are more standardized, (they) consider long-term development, and highly educated people have better prospects and higher starting salaries," Zhou said.

\n

Adapting, flexibility

\n

After the summer break, Luo Hao, 22, returned to the University of Sharjah in the UAE, where he studies international relations.

\n

Luo learned about studying in the Middle East through an international program at Changsha Railway No 1 High School, which prepares students with the IELTS English program, basic Arabic and general courses.

\n

"This program suits students who might not excel in the gaokao. My arts subjects were fine, but my science subjects were weak, so I chose this program," he said.

\n

In 2022, Luo enrolled at the university after receiving a 50 percent tuition scholarship.

\n

"At first, it was hard to manage everything alone — paying fees, registering for courses and getting an ID and a SIM card," he recalled. "The courses are all in English, so it was challenging, but I adapted."

\n

Luo praised the university's teaching style. "Courses encourage participation and expressing opinions, not just grades. Instructors come from all over the world and often share their experiences," he said.

\n

Adapting to the UAE's heat was another challenge.

\n

"I had never left my hometown before. Going abroad lets you truly experience the world," he said.

\n

Over time, he adjusted to the study and living conditions, and his parents became reassured by seeing him thrive.

\n

Luo mostly cooks for himself, with Chinese supermarkets nearby offering affordable food items. With one year left in his studies, he hopes to work locally for two years. "Graduates I know earn around 16,000 yuan ($2,250) per month in administrative jobs. The job market is decent," he said.

\n

He has noticed more Chinese students arriving each year. His major is niche, with only two to three Chinese students, while popular fields like business and engineering attract more students. "About 30 exchange students from China come every year," he said.

\n

Campus life is vibrant, with Chinese students sharing their culture through clubs and activities like calligraphy and riddle games. "Students here are very interested in Chinese culture, and our booths always draw crowds," Luo said.

\n

More choices

\n

Universities in the Middle East are increasingly opening their doors to Chinese students.

\n

In 2024, Dubai was home to 34,000 university students, with 33 percent from outside the UAE, according to the city's Knowledge and Human Development Authority. Among them were 741 Chinese students, with 29 percent of those pursuing undergraduate degrees and 71 percent studying for master's degrees.

\n

In 2017, Curtin University, an Australian tertiary institution with three campuses in Western Australia and five campuses globally, launched its Dubai campus, which is located in the Dubai International Academic City.

\n

Over the past 15 years, Professor Ammar Kaka, pro vice-chancellor and president of Curtin University Dubai, has witnessed significant growth in the number of international students.

\n

"We do have a small number of students from China who come to study with us, but the majority are professionals already working in the UAE," Kaka said.

\n

"China is definitely a market we are keen to grow further, especially given Curtin University's strong connections with Chinese students across our campuses in Australia, Singapore and Malaysia. We already have extensive partnerships with universities in China, including joint programs and pathways that allow students to earn dual degrees," he added.

\n

Kaka has visited China several times and delivered keynote speeches at events organized by the Chinese Service Center for Scholarly Exchange. He said he believes China's growing economic ties with Gulf Cooperation Council countries, particularly the UAE, make the region an attractive destination for Chinese students.

\n

"We are also seeing growth in the Chinese expatriate community here. To give one example, Dubai even has a mall dedicated mainly to Chinese goods, highlighting the depth of cooperation and trade between the two countries," he said.

\n

For Chinese students studying in Dubai, Kaka sees multiple benefits.

\n

"They gain exposure not only to the culture, but also to the business landscape, and many take advantage of opportunities for internships during their studies," he said. "At the same time, they can immerse themselves in Arabic culture. So, if they return to China after graduation, they bring back knowledge and experience that is highly attractive to Chinese companies looking to expand into the Middle East."

\n

Employment opportunities

\n

At 23, Tang Jiaxin is already navigating professional life in the UAE, working in administration for a Chinese construction company in Sharjah. She recently completed her university studies in Dubai and is awaiting her graduation certificate later this year.

\n

Tang's journey to the Middle East began in 2020, when she enrolled at Heriot-Watt University Dubai. She initially chose business, but soon realized it wasn't her passion and switched to design.

\n

"Compared with China, there's much more self-directed learning here. You have to manage your studies and life yourself," she said. "The workload is heavy. Many courses don't have final exams; instead, we submit projects or design plans, do modeling and produce drawings. Sometimes it's quite stressful."

\n

Despite the challenges, Tang embraced student life in Dubai. She explored surrounding cities and attractions with friends and worked part-time to supplement her living expenses.

\n

"Sometimes we eat out, sometimes we order food deliveries. There are two Chinese-run food apps here with all Chinese cuisine — it's similar to home, just slightly more expensive and occasionally slower to deliver," she said.

\n

Tang has noticed a growing presence of Chinese in Dubai over the past two years, not only students but also businesspeople and tourists. Adjusting to cultural differences has been part of the experience.

\n

"Pork is hard to find here. Class schedules and practical coursework are often adjusted according to local holidays," she said.

\n

Some aspects of daily life have pleasantly surprised her. "The metro and buses have women-only carriages, which makes commuting during peak hours comfortable and less awkward," she said.

\n

Tang sees strong employment opportunities for graduates in the Middle East. Her English proficiency, combined with her Chinese language skills, has made it relatively easy to find work in local Chinese companies. "Knowing Arabic would make job hunting even easier," she added.

\n

For Tang, studying in Dubai has been more than just an academic journey — it's been a chance to experience a new culture, gain international work experience and prepare for a future that bridges China and the Middle East.

\n

liyingxue@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", - "content": "

Left: Students attend Curtin University Dubai's orientation day this year. Right: Students from the university who participated in the 2024 MakeX Robotics Competition display their certificates and medals.

\n

The atrium of Sorbonne University Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates is designed to enhance interaction and exchanges between faculty members and students at the university.

\n

Tang Jiaxin (right), who studied at Heriot-Watt University Dubai, is working for a Chinese company in Sharjah, UAE.

\n

Wu Yuqing (right), a student at King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, poses with her roommate from Turkiye.

\n

Luo Hao (left), who is studying at the University of Sharjah, poses with his friends at a party in Sharjah.

\n

Under the searing sun, 19-year-old Wu Yuqing dragged her suitcase across the sprawling campus of King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals in Saudi Arabia — her new home for the next four years.

\n

Just a day earlier, she had been in her hometown of Shuozhou, Shanxi province. Nearly 24 hours later, after taking a train to Beijing and a plane to Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates, and then making a final hop to Dammam in eastern Saudi Arabia, she started her overseas study experience at the university.

\n

Wu is among a small but growing group of Chinese students now turning away from the well-trodden paths to North America, Europe and Australia, and toward the Middle East — a region once seen as distant, but now increasingly tied to China through trade, infrastructure and education.

\n

When she stepped off the plane in mid-August, the heavy, humid air from the nearby coast engulfed her.

\n

"The university is huge, a bit like a large community," Wu said after her first walk around the campus. "There are kindergartens, primary, middle and high schools here, separate shopping centers for men and women and a medical center — even getting around requires the school bus, because walking would take too long."

\n

Her mother, who accompanied her for registration, felt reassured after seeing the double dormitory room of about 40 square meters that Wu will share with a roommate from Turkiye.

\n

"My city is very small, and hardly anyone around me goes abroad, so I had never thought about studying overseas for my undergraduate degree," Wu said. "I knew very little about it."

\n

Generous scholarships, promising job prospects in energy and technology, and a surge in economic links have made universities from Saudi Arabia to the UAE attractive for ambitious young Chinese like her.

\n

Wu previously attended Shuocheng No 1 High School in Shanxi. Exhausted by the demands of high school, she decided to forgo the gaokao college entrance exam and pursue a university education abroad.

\n

"I was feeling really tired from high school. And when I learned about the option to study in the Middle East, it felt like a fresh start," she recalled.

\n

She received offers from several institutions, including Sorbonne University Abu Dhabi and the University of Sharjah, but chose King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, ranked 67th globally in the QS World University Rankings 2026. Awarded a full scholarship covering tuition, flights, accommodation and living expenses, she became the first Chinese undergraduate admitted to the university.

\n

Wu enrolled in the newly established data science and engineering program and plans to work locally after graduation. "The full scholarship also eased some of the financial pressure on my parents," she said.

\n

Chinese influx

\n

While still a relatively niche choice, the Middle East is attracting more Chinese students each year.

\n

Since 2018, Zhou Xiao, CEO of Middle-East International Education, has helped hundreds of students plan and apply for full or high-value scholarships to universities across the UAE, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and other Middle Eastern countries.

\n

Zhou's agency has offices in Changsha, Hunan province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang province, and Guangzhou, Guangdong province, though most students historically came from Changsha. "But since last year, I've noticed more students coming from Jiangsu (province), Zhejiang, Shanghai and Guangdong who are interested in studying in the Middle East," he said.

\n

While more agencies were competing fiercely for universities in Europe and the United States, Zhou said he believes that the international education sector could serve ordinary families.

\n

"I wanted a path that combined studying abroad with employment," he said. "Also, amid changing international relations, our exchanges with the Middle East were increasing."

\n

The pandemic initially disrupted his Middle East programs, but demand surged by 2024.

\n

"Previously, some students chose the Middle East as a more affordable alternative to Europe and the US, or their parents were doing business in Dubai. But by 2024, more parents from international schools or first-tier cities began considering the return on investment of studying abroad," he said.

\n

"Many run their own businesses or are increasingly exposed to the UAE and Saudi Arabia, so the student group changed significantly," he added.

\n

Undergraduates are attracted by high-value scholarships, the region's economic environment, safety and living conditions, while employment opportunities and income are also major draws, he said.

\n

Zhou has visited numerous Middle Eastern universities, including local institutions and branch campuses of Western institutions.

\n

"Schools are very welcoming to Chinese students. Chinese is a required subject in many schools, and there is a strong demand for Chinese teachers. Schools also want student diversity. In specialized fields like AI, low-altitude aviation and new energy, there is an urgent demand for Chinese research talent," he said.

\n

Popular fields include logistics, business, AI and law, with top university choices including New York University Abu Dhabi, Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence in the UAE, the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology in Saudi Arabia and KFUPM. Some Western branch campuses actively recruit in China and have even hired Chinese admissions officers.

\n

"The growing demand is closely linked to China's Belt and Road Initiative," Zhou said.

\n

Besides student numbers, tourism and real estate are also expanding, and the number of Chinese faculty members is increasing. After seven years, only two students placed by Zhou's company have returned to work in China; the rest found local employment.

\n

Around 6,000 Chinese companies operate in the UAE, mostly concentrated in Dubai, according to Dubai Multi Commodities Centre data in 2024.

\n

"Employment conditions have improved. Companies are more standardized, (they) consider long-term development, and highly educated people have better prospects and higher starting salaries," Zhou said.

\n

Adapting, flexibility

\n

After the summer break, Luo Hao, 22, returned to the University of Sharjah in the UAE, where he studies international relations.

\n

Luo learned about studying in the Middle East through an international program at Changsha Railway No 1 High School, which prepares students with the IELTS English program, basic Arabic and general courses.

\n

"This program suits students who might not excel in the gaokao. My arts subjects were fine, but my science subjects were weak, so I chose this program," he said.

\n

In 2022, Luo enrolled at the university after receiving a 50 percent tuition scholarship.

\n

"At first, it was hard to manage everything alone — paying fees, registering for courses and getting an ID and a SIM card," he recalled. "The courses are all in English, so it was challenging, but I adapted."

\n

Luo praised the university's teaching style. "Courses encourage participation and expressing opinions, not just grades. Instructors come from all over the world and often share their experiences," he said.

\n

Adapting to the UAE's heat was another challenge.

\n

"I had never left my hometown before. Going abroad lets you truly experience the world," he said.

\n

Over time, he adjusted to the study and living conditions, and his parents became reassured by seeing him thrive.

\n

Luo mostly cooks for himself, with Chinese supermarkets nearby offering affordable food items. With one year left in his studies, he hopes to work locally for two years. "Graduates I know earn around 16,000 yuan ($2,250) per month in administrative jobs. The job market is decent," he said.

\n

He has noticed more Chinese students arriving each year. His major is niche, with only two to three Chinese students, while popular fields like business and engineering attract more students. "About 30 exchange students from China come every year," he said.

\n

Campus life is vibrant, with Chinese students sharing their culture through clubs and activities like calligraphy and riddle games. "Students here are very interested in Chinese culture, and our booths always draw crowds," Luo said.

\n

More choices

\n

Universities in the Middle East are increasingly opening their doors to Chinese students.

\n

In 2024, Dubai was home to 34,000 university students, with 33 percent from outside the UAE, according to the city's Knowledge and Human Development Authority. Among them were 741 Chinese students, with 29 percent of those pursuing undergraduate degrees and 71 percent studying for master's degrees.

\n

In 2017, Curtin University, an Australian tertiary institution with three campuses in Western Australia and five campuses globally, launched its Dubai campus, which is located in the Dubai International Academic City.

\n

Over the past 15 years, Professor Ammar Kaka, pro vice-chancellor and president of Curtin University Dubai, has witnessed significant growth in the number of international students.

\n

"We do have a small number of students from China who come to study with us, but the majority are professionals already working in the UAE," Kaka said.

\n

"China is definitely a market we are keen to grow further, especially given Curtin University's strong connections with Chinese students across our campuses in Australia, Singapore and Malaysia. We already have extensive partnerships with universities in China, including joint programs and pathways that allow students to earn dual degrees," he added.

\n

Kaka has visited China several times and delivered keynote speeches at events organized by the Chinese Service Center for Scholarly Exchange. He said he believes China's growing economic ties with Gulf Cooperation Council countries, particularly the UAE, make the region an attractive destination for Chinese students.

\n

"We are also seeing growth in the Chinese expatriate community here. To give one example, Dubai even has a mall dedicated mainly to Chinese goods, highlighting the depth of cooperation and trade between the two countries," he said.

\n

For Chinese students studying in Dubai, Kaka sees multiple benefits.

\n

"They gain exposure not only to the culture, but also to the business landscape, and many take advantage of opportunities for internships during their studies," he said. "At the same time, they can immerse themselves in Arabic culture. So, if they return to China after graduation, they bring back knowledge and experience that is highly attractive to Chinese companies looking to expand into the Middle East."

\n

Employment opportunities

\n

At 23, Tang Jiaxin is already navigating professional life in the UAE, working in administration for a Chinese construction company in Sharjah. She recently completed her university studies in Dubai and is awaiting her graduation certificate later this year.

\n

Tang's journey to the Middle East began in 2020, when she enrolled at Heriot-Watt University Dubai. She initially chose business, but soon realized it wasn't her passion and switched to design.

\n

"Compared with China, there's much more self-directed learning here. You have to manage your studies and life yourself," she said. "The workload is heavy. Many courses don't have final exams; instead, we submit projects or design plans, do modeling and produce drawings. Sometimes it's quite stressful."

\n

Despite the challenges, Tang embraced student life in Dubai. She explored surrounding cities and attractions with friends and worked part-time to supplement her living expenses.

\n

"Sometimes we eat out, sometimes we order food deliveries. There are two Chinese-run food apps here with all Chinese cuisine — it's similar to home, just slightly more expensive and occasionally slower to deliver," she said.

\n

Tang has noticed a growing presence of Chinese in Dubai over the past two years, not only students but also businesspeople and tourists. Adjusting to cultural differences has been part of the experience.

\n

"Pork is hard to find here. Class schedules and practical coursework are often adjusted according to local holidays," she said.

\n

Some aspects of daily life have pleasantly surprised her. "The metro and buses have women-only carriages, which makes commuting during peak hours comfortable and less awkward," she said.

\n

Tang sees strong employment opportunities for graduates in the Middle East. Her English proficiency, combined with her Chinese language skills, has made it relatively easy to find work in local Chinese companies. "Knowing Arabic would make job hunting even easier," she added.

\n

For Tang, studying in Dubai has been more than just an academic journey — it's been a chance to experience a new culture, gain international work experience and prepare for a future that bridges China and the Middle East.

\n

liyingxue@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-09/22/content_001_68d06dfced50ccabe1519ecb.htm#001FRONT", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Mon, 22 Sep 2025 00:21:05 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "4cff044026874f67a2f4609a5c9eef75", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "004CHINA - Officials say BRI key to global ties, growth", "description": "
\n

Founded on the principles of extensive consultation, joint contribution and shared benefits, the Belt and Road Initiative has become an important platform for advancing regional connectivity and common development, officials from China and abroad said on Thursday in Xi'an, Shaanxi province.

\n

"The Belt and Road Initiative represents a new development path. It is a project of profound significance that connects continents and peoples around the world," said Ada Lopreiato, senator and chairperson of the Friends of China Parliamentary Association of the Inter-Parliamentary Union in the Italian Parliament.

\n

Lopreiato said promoting investment can bring transformative changes, and strengthening connectivity and cooperation can lead to mutual benefits. China is a major trading partner of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, and Italy is also one of China's major trading partners. The two sides have achieved significant increases in trade and other areas.

\n

"Under the current complex global situation, geopolitics is confronted with many challenges, making the upholding of fundamental shared values of paramount importance," she added.

\n

The remarks were made at the China Economic and Social Forum 2025, hosted by the China Economic and Social Council and organized by the Shaanxi Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. The event drew over 80 participants from China and abroad for discussions on deepening exchanges and mutual learning to build a community with a shared future for humanity.

\n

Wu Wei, chairman of the Singapore-China Network Exchange, said the BRI has become "a crucial platform for promoting regional connectivity and common development". As the initiator, China has been continuously exploring ways to infuse new concepts and vitality into cooperation, he said.

\n

Wu highlighted cooperation between the two countries as a prime example, where China's vast market scale and infrastructure construction capabilities complement Singapore's international financial expertise and governance experience.

\n

"More importantly, both China and Singapore have consistently adhered to the principle of win-win cooperation. This collaboration is not a one-way assistance, but rather a mutually beneficial and jointly prosperous endeavor," he said.

\n

Zhao Yide, secretary of the Communist Party of China's Shaanxi Provincial Committee, noted the province's geographical advantages as a key hub connecting China with Central Asia, West Asia and Europe, adding that the province plans to further enhance its level of openness.

\n

"Shaanxi, a key gateway in China's efforts to open up to the outside world since ancient times, has become an important base for the country's westward outreach with the advancement of the Belt and Road Initiative," Zhao said.

\n

He added that the province will seize the favorable opportunity to accelerate both domestic and international opening-up efforts.

\n

Luo Zhaohui, former chairman of the China International Development Cooperation Agency, said the joint construction of the BRI has entered a new stage of high-quality development.

\n

Luo, who is also a member of the CPPCC National Committee, said that the BRI needs to be further aligned with the development initiatives of relevant countries. He proposed connecting the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor with the Pakistan-Iran land route corridor and identifying areas of greatest mutual benefit between Europe's Global Gateway plan and the BRI.

\n

"We need to better leverage regional cooperation mechanisms," Luo said. "Regional frameworks such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization are crucial priorities for advancing practical economic and trade collaboration, building on political security collaboration."

\n

Contact the writers at limenghan@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", @@ -11621,28 +10851,6 @@ "hash": "8d88606edd9b361a5179245880823d29", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "008DOCUMENT - CPC Guidelines for Governing Xinjiang in the New Era: Practice and Achievements", - "description": "

Contents

\n

Preface

\n

I. Governance of Xinjiang by Past Central Authorities: Philosophies and Experience

\n

II. CPC's Governance of Xinjiang: Progress and Achievements

\n

III. CPC Guidelines for Governing Xinjiang in the New Era: Opening Up New Dimensions

\n

IV. Stronger Foundations for Stability, Peace and Security

\n

V. Uniting the Chinese Nation as One Community

\n

VI. Further Progress in Democracy and the Rule of Law

\n

VII. High-Quality Development and High-Standard Opening Up

\n

VIII. Significant Progress in Cultural Development

\n

IX. Continuous Improvement in People's Wellbeing

\n

X. Greater Synergy for Xinjiang's Development

\n

Conclusion

\n

Preface

\n

As the boundary of national governance is defined by where the people reside, the primary concern of a country should always be its border areas.

\n

Spanning five millennia, our great civilization has seen all the ethnic groups of the Chinese nation open up the motherland's vast territory through untold hardships and unparalleled perseverance and form a unified multiethnic nation. Together, they have written a glorious Chinese history, created a splendid Chinese culture, and fostered our great national spirit.

\n

Xinjiang, known as the Western Regions in ancient times, has long been an inseparable part of China and an important gateway of the Chinese civilization to the outside world. Throughout history, successive central governments have established administrative institutions for its governance and stationed garrison troops to reclaim wasteland and guard the border areas. Through millennia of exploration and practice, they have accumulated a wealth of experience in this crucial endeavor.

\n

Since its birth, the Communist Party of China (CPC) has pursued its mission of working for the wellbeing of the Chinese people and rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, including the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang. Throughout the years of revolution, construction and reform, the CPC has drawn from the experience and lessons in governing Xinjiang to continuously renew and develop its governance philosophy for the region. With new missions and tasks, it has responded to today's new imperatives in its work on Xinjiang, achieving major milestones in promoting reform and development, ethnic unity, social progress, people's wellbeing, and border security in the region.

\n

In the new era, the CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping at its core has considered, planned and arranged the work in relation to Xinjiang from the holistic and strategic perspective of building a strong China and pursuing national rejuvenation. It has continuously deepened its understanding of the dynamics of governing Xinjiang, set the overall goal of social stability and lasting peace and security, and established the Party's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era. In providing leadership for the work related to Xinjiang, it has upheld fundamental principles and broken new ground, and successfully driven its progress despite the complex circumstances, challenges, and risks. Historic achievements and transformative change have been witnessed in all undertakings of Xinjiang.

\n

I. Governance of Xinjiang by Past Central Authorities: Philosophies and Experience

\n

Central authorities throughout China's history have consistently upheld great unity in their governance, administering the Xinjiang region as an integral part of the country. They maintained social stability, advanced development, and facilitated ethnic interaction and cultural integration, forging a profound awareness and a firm common conviction that Chinese territory must remain intact, the nation must maintain order, all ethnic groups must remain united, and the civilization must be sustained. Their efforts have contributed to the philosophies and experience for governing the nation's border areas.

\n

Placing the administration of Xinjiang in the overall context of national governance. Xinjiang is China's sacred territory. In 60 BCE, the Han Dynasty (206 BCE-220 CE) established the Western Regions Frontier Command, pioneering the effective jurisdiction and administration over the Xinjiang region by central authorities.

\n

During the period (220-589) from the Three Kingdoms to the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Former Liang regime established the Gaochang Prefecture in the Turpan Basin, becoming the first to extend the system of prefectures and counties to the Western Regions.

\n

The Sui Dynasty (581-618) established three prefectures — Shanshan, Qiemo and Yiwu — further expanding the system in the region.

\n

The Tang Dynasty (618-907) successively set up the Grand Anxi Frontier Command and the Grand Beiting Frontier Command to administer the vast areas both north and south of the Tianshan Mountains.

\n

During the period of the Liao, Song, Xixia, and Kin dynasties (907-1234), the Liao regime established Prince of the State Office of Yutian Kingdom, Office of the Grand Prince of Gaochang Kingdom, and Arslan Uighur Office of the Grand Prince, thereby exercising effective administration over the Western Regions.

\n

The Yuan Dynasty (1206-1368) implemented the system of administrative provinces in the region, before setting up the Beiting Command and the Pacification Commissioner's Office to manage military and political affairs.

\n

In the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), the imperial court established the Hami Garrison Command to manage local affairs.

\n

The Qing Dynasty (1616-1911) established the post of Ili General and exercised more systematic administration over the Xinjiang region. In 1884, the Qing court established the region as a province, renaming it Xinjiang, meaning "land newly recovered".

\n

In 1912, following the Revolution of 1911, Xinjiang became a province of the Republic of China.

\n

Throughout China's history, depending on their strengths, imperial dynasties in the Central Plains maintained varying levels of relations with the Western Regions, and their administration of the Xinjiang region differed in intensity. Yet, all imperial dynasties regarded the Western Regions as an inalienable part of their territory, and all exercised jurisdiction over it. Safeguarding national unity has always been a sacred mission of China's central authorities.

\n

Upholding national unity. Since ancient times, the Chinese nation has embraced the ideas of "shared customs and practices and unified governance across the country" and "great harmony under Heaven", considering national unification "a universal tenet between Heaven and Earth, and a constant creed throughout the past and present".

\n

Through measures including establishing administrative systems, building up military defenses, guiding economic growth, and promoting the code of rites and law, central authorities throughout Chinese history continued to strengthen the concept of great unity. Local regimes in the Western Regions also held a strong sense of being an integral part of China, considering themselves either tributaries or vassals of the imperial dynasty in the Central Plains.

\n

During the Han Dynasty, King Yan of Shache, in the Western Regions, often told his son that they must serve the Han court from generation to generation and never betray it. During the Tang Dynasty, various tribes in the northwest honored Emperor Taizong of Tang as the "Heavenly Khan". During the Ming and Qing dynasties, local regimes in the Western Regions — such as the Yarkand Khanate — regularly traveled to the imperial capital to pay tribute on a "golden road".

\n

The enduring tradition of great unity of the Chinese civilization affirms that unification has always been at the core of China's core national interests, and that a strong and unified country is fundamental to the future of all ethnic groups.

\n

Strengthening governance over Xinjiang in line with local conditions. In China, past central authorities attached great importance to the governance of border areas. On the premise of political unity, they adapted to local conditions and administered the region in line with local customs.

\n

From Han Dynasty's Chamberlain for Dependencies, to Court of State Ceremonial in the Tang and Song dynasties, to Commission for Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs in the Yuan Dynasty, to Court of Colonial Affairs in the Qing Dynasty, successive central authorities set up specific agencies to oversee ethnic affairs in border areas.

\n

The Han court strengthened its administration over the Western Regions by conferring titles on and presenting official seals to the heads and officials of local vassal regimes, so as to maintain the ruling order and consolidate central authority.

\n

In the Tang Dynasty, the same system of prefectures and counties as in the Central Plains was applied in the regions of Yizhou, Xizhou and Tingzhou. In areas west of these three prefectures, local tribal leaders, who were granted titles such as prefect or commander-in-chief, would follow the imperial court's orders and carry out its missions by defending the country's territory and sending troops to battles.

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In the Qing Dynasty, governance in the region was made more systematic and comprehensive through a mechanism that integrated military and political administration and included the Eight Banners system, the system of prefectures and counties, the Baeg and the Jasak systems.

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After Xinjiang was established as a province, the system of prefectures and counties was adopted across the region like the rest of the country.

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All the imperial dynasties throughout Chinese history have integrated the maintaining of a unified political order with governing in line with local customs, ensuring efficient and effective administration of Xinjiang by the central authorities.

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Vigorously developing and building Xinjiang. Central authorities across all historical periods of China attached great importance to the development and building of Xinjiang. The Han Dynasty sent garrison troops to convert wasteland into arable land in the Western Regions, a practice that was continued and expanded to the whole region during the Tang Dynasty. By the Qing Dynasty, the areas of reclaimed farmlands had exceeded 10 million mu (approximately 667,000 hectares).

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Water conservancy projects have also flourished. The Milan Ruins in Ruoqiang County are a well-preserved and relatively intact example of Han Dynasty water conservancy facilities in the region. During the Tang Dynasty, Taotuo water management offices were established, with officials overseeing water conservancy work. The Qing Dynasty promoted extensive water conservancy construction in Xinjiang, dredging rivers and canals and popularizing the karez system — an underground irrigation system primarily in use in arid regions. By the late Guangxu era (1875-1908) of the Qing Dynasty, the total length of canals in Xinjiang had surpassed 35,000 kilometers, with a total irrigation capacity exceeding 10 million mu (approximately 667,000 hectares).

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Xinjiang has been a vital hub of the Silk Road since ancient times. Central authorities set up postal stations along key routes to ensure the safety of commercial routes for trade and exchanges. On the Silk Road, envoys and caravans traveled between countries and continents, their activities spanning over a thousand years.

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With the booming trade, a number of cities and towns, such as Yutian, Shule, Xizhou, Tingzhou, Huiyuan, and Dihua, were built one after another in Xinjiang, driving economic development and population growth. The continuous development and construction of Xinjiang laid a solid material foundation for effective governance and stability in the border areas.

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Advancing ethnic integration and religious coexistence. Central authorities throughout China's history regarded ethnic and religious affairs as a key priority in the governance of Xinjiang. In each historical period, people from diverse ethnic backgrounds migrated to or left the region in large groups. Ethnic groups had grown, developed and integrated with each other despite periods of isolation and conflict, forging a bond thicker than blood and sharing weal and woe together. All of them have made important contributions to exploring, developing, and protecting Xinjiang.

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The Liu Pingguo Stele of the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220) and the 883 Tang-Dynasty documents unearthed from the Keyakekuduke Watchtower site in Yuli County record vivid scenes of people of diverse ethnic groups jointly garrisoning the frontier. In the Qing Dynasty, the court moved military personnel and civilians of various ethnic groups, including the Manchu, Han, Hui, Mongolian (Chahar Tribe), Xibe, and Suolun (Daur), together with their families, to Xinjiang to garrison the border areas and engage in agricultural cultivation, strengthening northwestern border defense.

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The Xinjiang region has always been a place where multiple religions coexist, and central authorities all incorporated the management of religious affairs into the national governance system. In the Tang Dynasty, the position of Chief Buddhist Monk was established to supervise Buddhist affairs in the four garrison commands of Anxi: Qiuci, Yutian, Shule, and Suiye. The Qing Dynasty promulgated the Administrative Codex for Xinjiang, stipulating that the Motisebu Baeg should administer Islamic affairs without interfering in civil affairs.

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The fact that the Chinese civilization has been forged through the convergence of diverse cultures fundamentally determines the historical trajectory of ethnic interaction and integration, as well as the harmonious coexistence of religious beliefs in China.

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Uniting all ethnic groups with the best of traditional Chinese culture. Central authorities across China's historical periods regarded promoting mainstream values and the best of traditional Chinese culture as an indispensable part of governing Xinjiang. The formation and development of Chinese culture could not have been sustained without the Chinese written language. After the Western Han Dynasty unified the Western Regions, the Chinese language and writing system began to be promoted, and has been in continuous use in Xinjiang ever since.

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Confucianism has a profound impact on the Western Regions. By the Tang Dynasty, Confucian classics had been widely disseminated — numerous fragmented manuscripts of the Book of Songs, Book of History, Book of Rites, and The Analects of Confucius have been unearthed in archeological excavations in Turpan. Institutions and statutes originating from the Central Plains were implemented in Xinjiang, and Chinese institutions and cultural traditions, including the Rites of Zhou, took root in the region, exemplified by the widespread application of the Statutes and Regulations of the Qing Dynasty.

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For a century or so since the mid-19th century, confronted with an unprecedented crisis of national subjugation and extinction, the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang, together with their compatriots across the country, united to resist foreign aggression and fight for national survival. This shared struggle elevated the consciousness of national identity among all ethnic groups to a new height.

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Since their inception, the cultures of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang have borne the hallmark of unity in diversity of Chinese culture. Chinese culture has always been the harbor and cultural home of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang, as well as the driving force for the development of their respective cultures.

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Over 2,000 years, China's central authorities adopted distinct approaches in their governance of Xinjiang across different historical periods. And Xinjiang has always remained an indispensable and vital part of the unified, multiethnic Chinese nation. Objectively speaking, their concepts and measures for governing Xinjiang had some unavoidable shortcomings: Their governance over Xinjiang varied in intensity, and lacked precision and effectiveness. Especially after the mid-19th century, separatist activities instigated and backed by foreign forces occurred from time to time.

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History was calling for a true leader capable of leading the Chinese nation to independence, people's liberation, and national rejuvenation. This glorious mission rightfully fell on the Communist Party of China, which was duty bound to fulfill these goals.

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II. CPC's Governance of Xinjiang: Progress and Achievements

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Since its founding, the CPC has always held deep concern for Xinjiang, and the future and wellbeing of the people of all ethnic groups living on this vast land. Under the leadership of the Party, the people of Xinjiang have traversed a remarkable path: from achieving emancipation and becoming their own masters, to embarking on the socialist road; from embracing reform and opening up and achieving moderate prosperity in all respects, to setting out on the new journey towards Chinese modernization. Together with the rest of the nation, they have witnessed the great transformation from standing up and growing prosperous to becoming strong. Over the past century and more, generations of Chinese Communists have continued to explore and advance theoretical, practical, and institutional innovations, deepening their understanding and grasp of the dynamics of governance in Xinjiang.

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Active exploration during the New Democratic Revolution between 1919 and 1949. During this period, the CPC united the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang and led them in heroic and unrelenting struggle, bringing them emancipation and enabling them to be their own masters. The founding of the CPC in July 1921 was an epoch-making event in Chinese history. Ever since, the Party has remained a pillar on which the Chinese people, including those in Xinjiang, can rely. In its early years, the Party had given clear emphasis on Xinjiang, sending members to the region to spread Marxism, sow the seeds of revolution, enlighten the people, and raise their political awareness. During the whole nation's war of resistance against Japanese aggression (1931-1945), the CPC — holding high the banner of a national united front — led the people of Xinjiang in supporting the war effort: organizing donations, ensuring the safe transport of international aid to China, fortifying Xinjiang to support the war front from China's interior, and proactively engaging in movements to rescue the country from Japanese occupation. In August 1938, donations from the people of Xinjiang were used to purchase 10 fighter planes — named "Xinjiang" in their honor — to assist the front line.

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Thanks to the CPC's persistent effort, people in Xinjiang developed an unprecedented sense of the Chinese nation as one community, and a large number of progressives devoted themselves to the revolutionary cause. Having secured a decisive victory in the War of Liberation (1946-1950), the CPC central leadership decided to peacefully liberate Xinjiang. The People's Liberation Army (PLA) marched triumphantly into the region, shattering the wild ambition of imperialist and separatist forces to dismember China and safeguarding the fundamental interests of the Chinese nation. This marked a major victory in the cause of national unification and a historic turning point in advancing unity and progress among the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang.

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Comprehensive governance in the process of socialist revolution and construction between 1949 and 1978. During this period, the CPC united the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang and led them in bringing tremendous changes to a region with hard natural conditions, achieving a historic leap into socialist society. The founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC) on October 1, 1949 ushered in a new era: the Chinese people had stood up, and a new chapter for Xinjiang had begun. On December 17 the same year, the People's Government of Xinjiang Province was officially established. Under the Party's leadership, the people of Xinjiang consolidated the newly established people's democratic power, created a new, socialist form of ethnic relations, and abolished the feudal land system. Together, they prudently advanced comprehensive social reforms and completed the socialist transformation, establishing the socialist system in Xinjiang that enabled the region to stride forward with the rest of the country — marking the greatest and most profound change in Xinjiang's history.

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On October 7, 1954, the Production and Construction Corps of the Xinjiang Military District of the PLA was formed. A total of 100,000 garrison troops began to open up large swaths of wastelands while guarding the border areas. On October 1, 1955, the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was formally established, marking a milestone in the region's development and a new success of the CPC's policies on ethnic affairs. In order to end poverty and catch up, the people of Xinjiang pursued self-reliance and worked with determination under the leadership of the CPC to strengthen their home region, supported by selfless assistance from people across the nation. Consequently, Xinjiang has basically built up its industrial system, improved its agricultural production conditions significantly, and achieved marked progress in education, science and technology, health care, transportation, and water conservancy. It has witnessed a historic transformation from barrenness and poverty to flourishing prosperity, secured pivotal achievements in socialist revolution and construction, and created a miracle that changed its future with the people's undaunted spirit.

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Further progress in the process of reform, opening up, and socialist modernization. During this period, the CPC has united the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang and led them confidently onto the broad path of socialism with Chinese characteristics, aiming for greater heights. The convening of the Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in December 1978 was a pivotal juncture of far-reaching significance in the history of the Party and the country. Xinjiang's vast land of 1.66 million square kilometers was awash with the strong tides of reform and opening up. In December 1981, the central government decided to restore the production and construction corps system, giving it the name the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (XPCC). As reforms rolled out, the CPC Central Committee — noting Xinjiang's great potential — decided to accelerate its modernization and promote common prosperity among all ethnic groups in the region. The Central Committee lent vigorous support to the region in transforming its advantage in superior resources into growth, guiding it to achieve a strategic shift in its focus. Comprehensive reforms were implemented in both rural and urban areas, while opening up was expanded by attracting external resources and strengthening internal coordination, bringing about new prospects on either side of the Tianshan Mountains.

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After the Fourth Plenary Session of the 13th CPC Central Committee in 1989, the Party Central Committee emphasized that Xinjiang's development and stability was of overarching importance to the nation. For its development, prosperity, and lasting peace and security, the central leadership pooled resources nationwide in assistance to Xinjiang and saw that the socialist market economy was established and improved in the region. This enabled Xinjiang to seize the strategic opportunities presented by the large-scale development of China's west and pioneer a new phase of all-round reform and opening up.

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Following the 16th CPC National Congress in 2002, the Central Committee reaffirmed its commitment to unswervingly advancing reform and opening up and socialist modernization in Xinjiang, maintaining social stability, and promoting ethnic unity. Guided by the major strategic plan of stabilizing and revitalizing Xinjiang, enriching the people, and safeguarding the border areas, the region has achieved sound and rapid economic and social development. In advancing the great cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics, Xinjiang has experienced a historic transformation. Its economy has been markedly strengthened by improving its once relatively backward productive forces, and its society has shifted from a closed and semi-closed outlook to one defined by openness. The people's living standards have also borne witness to profound transformation, evolving from bare subsistence to a basic level of moderate prosperity, and then ultimately to moderate prosperity in all respects. Xinjiang has caught up with the rest of the country in making great strides towards the goals of our time.

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A new era for socialism with Chinese characteristics. The CPC has united the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang and led them in pressing forward with hard work, upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground, creating new miraculous achievements. The 18th CPC National Congress held in November 2012 ushered Chinese socialism into a new era. While pursuing national rejuvenation within a wider context of global change on a scale unseen in a century, the Party Central Committee with Xi Jinping at its core has put its work related to Xinjiang high on the agenda of the Party and the country and continued to further its understanding and grasp of the dynamics of governance in the region. The Central Committee convened its second and third meetings on the work related to Xinjiang in 2014 and 2020, and in 2014, 2022 and 2023, General Secretary Xi traveled three times to Xinjiang on inspection tours, establishing the overall goal of social stability and lasting peace and security in the region, laying down the Party's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era.

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With the guidelines in place, Xinjiang has focused on forging a strong sense of the Chinese nation as one community, adhered to its strategic positioning in the country, and ensured both development and security. Solid steps have been taken to govern Xinjiang in accordance with the law, maintain stability through ethnic unity, strengthen cultural identity and bonds, bring greater prosperity to the region and its people, and develop Xinjiang from a long-term perspective. This has contributed to unprecedented economic and social development and significant improvement of people's wellbeing, and brought a greater sense of gain, happiness and security to the people.

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Today's Xinjiang is experiencing the best period of development in its history. Over 26 million Xinjiang people of all ethnic groups are tightly knit like the roots of poplar trees and closely united like the seeds of a pomegranate. Confident and open-minded, they are marching forward on the new journey towards a modern socialist country in all respects and striving for the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through hard work and perseverance.

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III. CPC Guidelines for Governing Xinjiang in the New Era: Opening Up New Dimensions

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Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the Party Central Committee with Xi Jinping at its core has drawn experience and lessons from past central authorities in governing Xinjiang, and continued to apply and improve the Party's best practices in this regard. It has adopted a systematic and holistic approach to planning and advancing fundamental, essential and long-term undertakings for the region's lasting peace and security. These efforts have explored new dimensions in Xinjiang's governance, enabling the Party to scale new heights in maintaining stability and driving development in the region.

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The formulation and development of the CPC's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era. The rejuvenation of the Chinese nation is interwoven with — and interacts with — global change on a scale unseen in a century. Consequently, the strategic role of Xinjiang has become ever more pivotal to the nation's overall trajectory. Prioritizing Xinjiang in the governance of the country, the CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping at its core has systematically planned all work related to Xinjiang from an overall strategic perspective and provided answers to a series of questions on the future direction and strategy in governing the region.

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General Secretary Xi has always paid close attention to the work related to Xinjiang, from a place of care for the people of all of its ethnic groups. At each critical stage in work related to Xinjiang, he has provided strategic direction and guidance, personally steering the course of its development. In April 2014, during an inspection visit to Xinjiang, he highlighted, "The CPC Central Committee has continued to attach great importance to the work related to Xinjiang, emphasizing Xinjiang's special and important strategic role in the work of the Party and the country." He emphasized the major principles and policies of the central leadership to improve the work related to Xinjiang in the new era, and the need to "take a coordinated approach in all undertakings with a focus on social stability and lasting peace and security". In May 2014, the CPC Central Committee held its second meeting on the work related to Xinjiang, at which it reiterated its major principles and policies in this effort and established social stability and lasting peace and security as the overall goal.

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After the meeting, Xi presided over a number of important meetings of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and its standing committee, to make plans for the work related to Xinjiang. In September 2020, at the third central meeting on the work related to Xinjiang held by the CPC Central Committee, he raised the CPC's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era, explaining them in detail. He emphasized governing Xinjiang in accordance with the law, maintaining stability through ethnic unity, strengthening cultural identity and bonds, bringing greater prosperity to the region and its people, and developing Xinjiang from a long-term perspective, to build a socialist Xinjiang with Chinese characteristics in the new era.

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In July 2022, on another inspection visit to Xinjiang, Xi pointed out the need to promote the fundamental, essential and long-term undertakings for Xinjiang's lasting peace and security, with a focus on the overall goal. In August 2023, he visited Xinjiang again to hear reports about the work of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region government and the XPCC. He emphasized the full, accurate and faithful implementation of the Party's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era, and the strategic positioning of Xinjiang in the country. With the overall goal in mind, we will make thorough and meticulous efforts to deliver practical results in governing Xinjiang in accordance with the law, maintaining stability through ethnic unity, strengthening cultural identity and bonds, bringing greater prosperity to the region and its people, and developing Xinjiang from a long-term perspective. We will pursue progress while ensuring stability, devote continued and long-term sustained efforts in our work, and build Xinjiang into a beautiful home characterized by unity, harmony, prosperity, cultural progress, and a sound eco-environment in which people live and work in peace and contentment on the path to Chinese modernization. In addition, he has delivered speeches, made remarks, and provided instructions on many occasions, putting forward new ideas, perspectives and requirements on improving the work related to Xinjiang that have further enriched and developed the CPC's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era.

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The essence of the CPC's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era. The CPC's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era represent a thorough understanding of the situation in Xinjiang and embody a profound reflection on the work related to the region by the CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping at its core. They comprise a complete system of theories with a sound logic and rich content, and sit at the core of all work related to Xinjiang in the new era. Their main content is as follows:

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Viewing and planning the work related to Xinjiang from a strategic perspective. The work related to Xinjiang bears not only on national reunification, ethnic unity, and national security, but also on the initiative to build China into a great country and the goal of national rejuvenation. We must have a clear understanding of the prevailing trend of development in Xinjiang, of the impact of good work in Xinjiang on the overall situation of the Party and the country, and of the work's significance in addressing both domestic and international imperatives, thereby laying a solid foundation for its long-term development, peace and security.

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Upholding social stability and lasting peace and security as the overall goal of the work related to Xinjiang. This means that all undertakings must be planned and advanced to achieve this goal. We should both channel our resources to address the pressing problems in maintaining social stability and systematically tackle the deep-rooted issues that undermine Xinjiang's lasting peace and security.

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Rallying the people's support is fundamental. Without the people's support, all efforts are futile. We must put the people first, have faith in the people of all ethnic groups, rely on them, and be of service to them. We should provide them with guidance, and let them understand the importance of stability and peace, that a happy life stems from the Party's good policies and the hard work of all ethnic groups united as one, and that the development of Xinjiang cannot be achieved without the support from the whole Party and the whole country.

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Fostering a stronger sense of the Chinese nation as one community. This is fundamental to the work related to Xinjiang in the long run. We must focus on fostering a stronger sense of national identity, fully implement the Party's policies concerning ethnic affairs, and heighten public awareness of ethnic unity and progress. We must move faster to build an ethnically integrated society and neighborhoods and encourage more exchanges, interactions and integration among different ethnic groups, so that they remain as closely united as the seeds of a pomegranate.

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Ensuring that religions in China conform to China's realities. This concerns the overall work related to Xinjiang. We must fully implement the Party's basic policy on religious affairs, protect lawful practices, proscribe illegal activities, contain extremism, resist infiltration, and punish crime. We must guide religious believers to foster a keen sense of national identity, citizenship, and law-based governance, and provide active guidance to religions so that they can adapt to socialist society.

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Fostering and carrying forward the core socialist values. We must uphold the guiding role of advanced socialist culture and strengthen the cultural identity and bonds of people in Xinjiang. We must guide the people and inspire them to identify more closely with our motherland, the Chinese nation, the Chinese culture, the CPC, and socialism with Chinese characteristics.

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Promoting high-quality development centered on the people's wellbeing. Xinjiang's development should manifest in the people's wellbeing, betterment of local economy and society, and greater ethnic unity. We must uphold the people-centered development philosophy, and advance economic and social development while improving people's wellbeing so that the people of all ethnic groups live and work in peace and contentment, thereby enabling them to enjoy a stronger sense of gain, fulfillment and security.

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Strengthening the Party's leadership over the work related to Xinjiang. To improve the work related to Xinjiang, we must uphold and strengthen the Party's overall leadership, cultivate a contingent of officials with strong political commitment, professional competence, and exemplary conduct, and ensure the smooth execution of the Central Committee's policies and decisions. We must regard building solid foundations at the grassroots level as the fundamental measure to ensure stability and security in Xinjiang, and strengthen grassroots Party organizations to serve the people, maintain stability, and oppose division.

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The principles and requirements of the CPC's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era. The CPC's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era are the foundation for the work related to Xinjiang. We must have a thorough understanding of governing Xinjiang in accordance with the law, maintaining stability through ethnic unity, strengthening cultural identity and bonds, bringing greater prosperity to the region and its people, and developing Xinjiang from a long-term perspective, and advance these undertakings in a coordinated manner.

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To govern the region in accordance with the law, we should uphold Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law, advance law-based governance, promote its concept across society, adhere to its principles, and implement its requirements in all sectors of the work related to Xinjiang. We should employ law-based thinking and approaches to forestall risks, combat crimes, handle problems, and address disputes, and strengthen law-based and persistent efforts in combating terrorism and maintaining stability, thereby ensuring that all the work related to Xinjiang is carried out under the rule of law.

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To maintain stability through ethnic unity, the fundamental issue is to rally people's support. We should regard ethnic unity as the lifeline of the people of all ethnic groups, safeguard the unity of the Chinese nation, and continue to foster a stronger sense of the Chinese nation as one community. We should make systematic efforts to ensure that religions in China conform to China's realities, to unite the people of all ethnic groups closer around the Party, and to forge tremendous momentum to build a beautiful Xinjiang.

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To strengthen cultural identity and bonds, we should see that people in Xinjiang identify with the Chinese culture. Upholding the core socialist values, we should develop advanced socialist culture, promote revolutionary culture, carry forward the best of traditional Chinese culture, and build a spiritual home shared by all the Chinese people. We should provide education and guidance to the people of all ethnic groups to strengthen their sense of Chinese national identity, and reinforce their political commitment and win their support, thus consolidating the ideological foundations for social stability and lasting peace and security.

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To bring greater prosperity to Xinjiang and its people, we should fully and faithfully apply the new development philosophy on all fronts in line with the strategic positioning of Xinjiang in building a great modern socialist country. Giving full play to Xinjiang's advantages in geographic location, resources, and policies, we should actively support Xinjiang in serving and integrating with the new development dynamic and promoting high-quality opening up. We should advance high-quality development centered on the people's wellbeing, and ensure that the benefits of development improve the people's wellbeing and win their support.

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To develop Xinjiang from a long-term perspective, we should uphold and strengthen the Party's overall leadership and advance the great new project of strengthening the Party in the new era. We should foster highly competent officials based on the criteria for assessing the caliber of officials in the new era, maintain our strategic resolve, and make meticulous plans before taking any actions. We should pursue progress while ensuring stability, devote continued and long-term sustained efforts in our work, and address deep-rooted problems, to lay solid foundations for achieving the overall goal of the work related to Xinjiang.

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The CPC's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era represent both innovations and breakthroughs in theory, and concrete plans and requirements for their implementation. Embodying Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, they encapsulate and build on the past successes of the CPC who lead the Chinese people in governing, stabilizing and developing Xinjiang. They have opened a wide avenue leading to steady and sustained progress in the work related to Xinjiang, marking a new height of the CPC's understanding of the underlying principles in border governance. They are a milestone in the Party's work related to Xinjiang and in the development of the region.

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Under the strong leadership of the Party Central Committee and with the support of the whole country, over 26 million people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang are applying the Party's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era in full, to the letter, and in all fields. Keeping the requirements in mind, they are working hard with gratitude and forging ahead in the face of daunting challenges to translate into reality the grand blueprint for Xinjiang drawn up by the CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping at its core.

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IV. Stronger Foundations for Stability, Peace and Security

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Social stability and lasting peace and security in Xinjiang are of overarching importance to overall reform, development and stability in China. While balancing development and security, Xinjiang has maintained social stability as a top priority. It has continued to fight terrorism and maintain stability in a law-based and regular manner, preventing and defusing risks in various fields, as well as interference and sabotage by external forces. A historic transformation from chaos to stability and from stability to governance has been achieved in the region.

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Significant achievements in the fight against secession. Separatism endangers national unity and undermines ethnic unity, breeding terrorism and extremism in Xinjiang. In the past, ethnic separatists, religious extremists, and terrorists have engaged in rampant sabotaging activities in Xinjiang, disrupting local stability and bringing enormous suffering to the people of all ethnic groups in the region. The Chinese government stands firm against all forms of separatism, terrorism, and extremism, and takes robust action against any acts that aim to split the country, endanger public security, or infringe upon human rights in accordance with the law.

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Xinjiang is resolute in safeguarding national unity and takes robust action against illegal acts and crimes, including the incitement, organization, plotting, and execution of acts that divide the country or jeopardize national unity. It is resolute in guarding against the infiltration and spread of "Pan-Turkism" and "Pan-Islamism" and strives to root out the breeding grounds for terrorism and extremism to sprout and spread. The hard work over the years has reaped notable results in Xinjiang's fight against separatism. Violent and terrorist events have not happened for many years, and social stability and ethnic unity have been effectively safeguarded in the region.

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Enforcement of regular counterterrorism measures to ensure stability in accordance with the law. This is central to sustaining long-term social stability, peace, and security in Xinjiang. Upholding and promoting the socialist rule of law, Xinjiang has exercised law-based governance in full and across all areas. In accordance with the Criminal Law and Counterterrorism Law of the People's Republic of China, it has advanced the fight against terrorism and continued to maintain stability with standardized, regular and efficient operations within the legal framework.

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The autonomous region government has improved the long-term mechanism for rigorous crackdowns on violent and terrorist acts, employed law-based thinking and approaches to combat crimes and maintain stability, and ensured that these efforts were law-based, targeted, and timely. It has established a system for fighting terrorism and maintaining stability in a law-based and regular manner, and a comprehensive prevention and control system for social security, shifting the focus from the very end to the source and evolving from emergency response to a standardized, refined, and regular approach. Policies and measures have been improved to guard against the few terrorists without interrupting the normal order of work, study, and daily life of the majority of people, effecting a fundamental change more conducive to ensuring peace and stability. Since the start of the new era, counterterrorism and stability-maintaining efforts have achieved significant outcomes, bringing an end to the frequent violent and terrorist attacks seen in the past.

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Targeted countermeasures against foreign sanctions and interference. In recent years, a number of Western countries, led by the United States, have imposed sanctions on businesses and individuals related to Xinjiang on the account of "genocide" and "forced labor" — lies and absurd fallacies they have concocted to interfere in China's internal affairs. Their purpose is political manipulation and economic bullying under the guise of human rights protection. Countering sanctions and interference is essential for breaking the containment of China by the anti-China forces in the US and some Western countries, which use Xinjiang as a handle. It is a just response for safeguarding our national sovereignty, security, and development interests.

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China has promulgated relevant laws, regulations, and departmental rules, such as the Foreign Relations Law, the Anti-Foreign Sanctions Law, the Provisions on the Application of the Anti-Foreign Sanctions Law, and the Provisions on the Unreliable Entity List, taking countermeasures against the unjustified sanctions involving Xinjiang imposed by a mere handful of countries. The Standing Committee of the People's Congress of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has adopted a resolution opposing a series of US sanctions on Xinjiang and supporting the development of sanctioned enterprises and related industries, fighting back against unilateral sanctions by the US. In addition, the government has provided a range of services for sanctioned businesses, supported them in safeguarding their legitimate rights and interests in accordance with the law, given a boost to relevant industries, and created new employment opportunities for people affected by the sanctions.

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Notable improvements in social governance. Sound social governance is a prerequisite and guarantee for social harmony, stability, and people's wellbeing. Xinjiang has applied and further developed the Fengqiao model for community-level governance in the new era, and improved the urban and rural primary-level governance system that combines self-governance, the rule of law, and the rule of virtue under the leadership of Party organizations. The autonomous region has strengthened grassroots governance through Party development and improved the social governance system based on collaboration, participation, and common interests, consolidating the grassroots foundations. It has conducted regular risk assessment, combined with prevention, coordination, and resolution measures, to effectively forestall and defuse any potential risks or dangers.

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The autonomous region government monitors and takes resolute action against illegal acts of grave concern to the public, including severe violent crimes and recurrent offences such as pornography, gambling, drug abuse, food and drug safety violations, environmental crimes, theft, robbery, and conventional, telecom, and online fraud, carrying out regular campaigns targeting criminal gangs and organized crime. It has introduced diverse ways for the resolution of conflicts and disputes by promoting law-based handling of public complaints, advancing the standardized development of integrated management centers with a focus on the county level, and created new forms of dispute resolution such as "horseback mediation teams" and "tea-serving mediation rooms". These initiatives have helped to resolve issues at the community level as soon as they arise. In 2024, 98.52 percent of civil disputes in Xinjiang were solved through mediation. The autonomous region government is firmly committed to maintaining social stability and ensuring people's safety and wellbeing. Significant progress has been made in building a peaceful Xinjiang, providing the people of all ethnic groups with a greater sense of gain, fulfillment, and security.

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V. Uniting the Chinese Nation as One Community

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Forging a stronger sense of the Chinese nation as one community is the focus of the CPC's work on ethnic affairs in the new era and the focus of all work in ethnic minority areas. Taking solid steps to heighten the sense of national identity, Xinjiang endeavors to improve commonality among its people of all ethnic groups, and guides them to unite as one through both rough times and the smooth towards a shared future, encouraging them to contribute to building China into a great country and creating a better life together.

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Faster pace in building a cultural home shared by the Chinese nation. Xinjiang continues to promote mainstream opinions and increase the appeal of the Chinese culture and its power to unite people, consolidating the common ideological and political foundations for ethnic unity and progress. Under the guidance of the core socialist values, it has strengthened public education on the history of the CPC, the PRC, reform and opening up, the development of socialism, and the development of the Chinese nation, and carried out extensive educational campaigns, such as the one on "forging a stronger sense of the Chinese nation as one community to realize the Chinese Dream", to enhance cohesion and forge the nation's soul with shared ideals and convictions. Under an initiative for carrying forward revolutionary traditions and heritage, Xinjiang has built 471 education bases for patriotism at all levels, inspiring officials and the public to love the Party and dedicate themselves to the country by promoting the Desert Poplar Spirit and the XPCC Spirit.

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Studying and exploring the inherent values and contemporary relevance of traditional Chinese culture, Xinjiang has established demonstration sites, where shared Chinese cultural symbols and the collective images of the Chinese nation are showcased; and it has organized regular trips to learn and experience traditional Chinese culture, thus further developing the advanced socialist culture and fostering a stronger sense of identity with the Chinese culture among all ethnic groups. To promote modern civilization, it has advanced campaigns to introduce modern values and encourage modern lifestyles with the help of specialized education centers. It has carried out extensive programs to popularize science and raise awareness of the law, to guide the people in adapting to life of modern civilization. Standard spoken and written Chinese is promoted across the region, and used and taught at schools. As a result, the public has developed a stronger awareness and capability to use standard Chinese, which has united hearts and minds for a shared future through a common tongue.

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Increased interactions, exchanges and integration among all ethnic groups. Xinjiang coordinates urban and rural construction planning and the allocation of public service resources to advance all-round integration for the people of all ethnic groups physically, culturally, economically, socially, and psychologically, so that all are closely united like the seeds of a pomegranate. It has accelerated the development of people-centered new urbanization, introducing a more rational distribution of city clusters and small, medium and large cities, and building an ethnically integrated society and community. This approach makes full use of the mutually reinforcing effect between urban and industrial development, attracts populations with a flourishing industry, and makes it possible for all ethnic groups to live, study, work, and enjoy life side by side, as they contribute and share benefits together.

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Further efforts have been made to carry forward the Foundation Project for young people and expand the patriotic education program that brings Xinjiang youth to other parts of the country on study trips. In 2024, 86,000 elementary and secondary school students traveled to other provinces and cities on such trips. Extensive "hand-in-hand" student activities have been organized between Xinjiang and provinces providing assistance to it, between schools run by the XPCC and regular schools, and between southern and northern Xinjiang. They are intended to create mixed-classes and mixed-dormitories that give students from different ethnic groups the opportunity to study, live, and grow together. Upholding the cultural core of tourism and promoting integration through tourism, Xinjiang strives to heighten the sense of the Chinese nation as one community throughout its high-quality development of the tourist industry. Tourism has become an important facilitator of interactions, exchanges and integration between ethnic groups. The region has also held activities to promote unity, increase understanding, and forge a stronger bond among the people of all ethnic groups.

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Greater ethnic unity and progress. With a focus on unity, progress, and common prosperity and development among all ethnic groups, Xinjiang has implemented initiatives to safeguard and develop border areas and advance common prosperity among all ethnic groups. It has incorporated ethnic unity and progress into the regional legislative work and plans for economic and social development, and has promulgated and implemented the Regulations on the Establishment of Model Areas for Ethnic Unity and Progress, alongside the 14th Five-Year Plan for the Establishment of Model Areas for Ethnic Unity and Progress. Model units and individuals have been commended for contributing to ethnic unity and progress, with marked progress in strengthening and developing a new type of socialist ethnic relationship characterized by equality, unity, mutual assistance, and harmony. As of 2024, there were 101 national model areas and units, 14 national education bases, 1,555 model units and 2,690 exemplary individuals at the autonomous region level and above in Xinjiang, including the "People's Guardian" Bayika Kalidibek and the "People's Model" Burmahan Mawluda.

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Steady progress in ensuring that religions in China conform to China's realities. Xinjiang is a region where religions have coexisted since ancient times. Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Catholicism, and Christianity all flourish in the region. Xinjiang fully, accurately, and faithfully implements the Party's policy on freedom of religious belief by respecting people's religious beliefs, administering religious affairs in accordance with the law, allowing religious groups to manage their own affairs independently, and guiding religions to be compatible with socialist society. Following the principle that religions in China should conform to China's realities, the region has strengthened theoretical and political guidance for the religious circle, and has introduced the national flag, the Constitution, laws and regulations, the socialist core values, and fine traditional Chinese culture into venues for religious activities. Efforts have been made to inspire religious figures and believers to identify more closely with the motherland, the Chinese nation, the Chinese culture, the CPC, and socialism with Chinese characteristics.

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The autonomous region government supports the religious circle in the study of scripture, and encourages interpretations of religious doctrines and precepts that align with contemporary development and with traditional Chinese culture, thereby enhancing religious people's Chinese cultural identity. To ensure the healthy development of religion in Xinjiang, the region has issued plans on training for religious figures to cultivate talent who are completely versed in both classical religious doctrines and traditional Chinese culture. It has strengthened governance on religious affairs in accordance with the law, and supports the religious circle in countering radicalization and guarding against the infiltration of religious extremism. It guides and supports the religious community to exercise full and strict self-governance, improve self-education, self-management and self-discipline, and lead its believers to contribute to building a great nation and realizing the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

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VI. Further Progress in Democracy and the Rule of Law

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Whole-process people's democracy is the defining feature of socialist democracy; it is democracy in its most extensive, genuine and effective form. Acting on this key concept, Xinjiang is committed to the unity of CPC's leadership, the people's position as masters of the country, and law-based governance, and guarantees the implementation of the people's congress system, the system of CPC-led multiparty cooperation and political consultation, the system of regional ethnic autonomy, and the system of community-level self-governance. It has made new strides in advancing democracy and the rule of law.

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Remarkable achievements in developing whole-process people's democracy. By practicing democracy throughout the whole process of elections, consultations, decision-making, administration, and oversight, Xinjiang has continued to improve the institutional framework for whole-process people's democracy.

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The people's congress system serves as a fundamental institutional pillar of whole-process people's democracy. As of 2024, a total of 74,412 people were serving as deputies to people's congresses at all levels in Xinjiang. Among them, 78.69 percent were from the grassroots level, and 69.21 percent were from ethnic minority groups. This composition demonstrates that the people of Xinjiang enjoy an equal status in political affairs, irrespective of ethnic or social background.

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Consultative democracy is an important form of whole-process people's democracy in practice. As of 2024, Xinjiang had 16,121 members serving on its CPPCC committees at all levels, with 49.06 percent of non-CPC members and 46.13 percent of members from ethnic minority groups. These figures underscore the broad representation and political inclusiveness of the CPPCC system.

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Primary-level democracy is a key manifestation of whole-process people's democracy. The system of community-level self-governance has been established for all villages and communities across Xinjiang. Over 85 percent of the matters for decision-making at grassroots self-governance organizations come from public proposals, demonstrating the authenticity of primary-level democracy and its extensive coverage and effectiveness.

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The united front is a powerful force in advancing whole-process people's democracy. Xinjiang coordinates efforts to unite members of non-CPC political parties, prominent individuals without party affiliation, non-CPC intellectuals, and businesspeople working in the non-public sector, building extensive consensus.

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Democratic oversight is an integral component of whole-process people's democracy. People's congresses at all levels in Xinjiang and their standing committees are continuing to improve their scrutiny of the people's governments, supervision commissions, people's courts, and people's procuratorates at the same level in performing their statutory duties. CPPCC committees at all levels in Xinjiang exercise consultative supervision by expressing views, making criticisms, and giving advice to ensure the legitimate rights and interests of the people of all ethnic groups are protected and realized.

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Evident strengths of the system of regional ethnic autonomy. By upholding national unity while practicing regional autonomy, and by leveraging regional features while highlighting its multiethnic composition, Xinjiang fully protects the right of all ethnic groups to jointly administer state affairs as masters of the country.

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Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has autonomous areas at all three levels — regional, prefectural, and county level. It has five autonomous prefectures and six autonomous counties, all of which enjoy extensive autonomy as prescribed by law. On all standing committees of people's congresses of ethnic autonomous areas, there are citizens from the ethnic groups exercising autonomy holding the office of chair or vice chair. The chair of the autonomous region, the governors of autonomous prefectures, and the heads of autonomous counties are all citizens from the local ethnic groups exercising regional autonomy.

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The people of all ethnic groups have equal legal status, enjoying the right to vote and stand for election, as endowed by the Constitution and the law. They enjoy freedom of religious belief, and have the rights to participate in the administration of state affairs, to receive education, to use and develop their own spoken and written languages, and to preserve and protect the fine traditional culture of their own groups.

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Xinjiang respects and protects ethnic minorities' right to learn and use their own spoken and written languages, takes a sound approach to protecting the spoken and written languages of all ethnic groups, and encourages them to learn languages from each other.

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Important advancements in the rule of law. To fully implement the CPC Central Committee's decisions and plans on law-based governance, Xinjiang has actively promoted the rule of law within the government and across society. It respects human rights and ensures its protection throughout the process of legislation, law enforcement, judicature, and law observance, so that the people can see justice served in every law, every enforcement action, and every judicial ruling.

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Xinjiang exercises its local legislative powers in accordance with the law. By the end of 2024, the People's Congress of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and its Standing Committee had formulated, revised and approved 874 local regulations, resolutions and decisions with regulatory functions or on major issues, and special ordinances. Among them, currently in effect are 175 local regulations and 56 resolutions and decisions with regulatory functions or on major issues. They have laid a solid legal foundation for maintaining local social stability and lasting peace and security.

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Xinjiang actively promotes democratic legislation. It has established two grassroots legislative outreach offices at the national level, 23 at the autonomous region level, and 112 at the city level, to extensively solicit public opinions and suggestions on legislative work.

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Xinjiang strives to build a law-based government. Over 500,000 pieces of information on law enforcement were made known to the public by the administrative law enforcement departments at all levels, and law enforcement supervision and inspection were conducted on more than 2,100 occasions.

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Continuous efforts have been made to strengthen community-level legal systems. Judicial offices have been established for townships and urban sub-districts, and people's mediation committees have been set up for villages and communities, both of which serve as legal counsels for ordinary people. A public legal service system is now in place to cover both urban and rural populations.

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Law-based governance of foreign-related affairs has been elevated to a new level. The Standing Committee of the People's Congress of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has revised the regulations on border administration and released the Regulations on China (Xinjiang) Pilot Free Trade Zone, to build Xinjiang into a core area of the Silk Road Economic Belt.

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Greater protection of human rights. Respecting and protecting human rights is a constitutional principle in China. Comprehensive progress in human rights is an ongoing quest of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang and all Chinese people. The CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping at its core has integrated this principle into the Party's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era, and made vigorous and solid efforts to protect the basic rights of the people of all ethnic groups in the region.

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Adopting a people-centered view of human rights, Xinjiang has made the improvement of people's lives the ultimate goal of all its work. It has maintained social harmony and stability in accordance with the law, accelerated the pace of high-quality development, ensured and improved living standards, developed and consolidated ethnic unity, protected the freedom of religious belief by law, and attached importance to the protection and preservation of the fine traditional culture of all ethnic groups. The rights to subsistence and development of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang are effectively guaranteed, and their political, economic, social, cultural, environmental and other rights are fully realized.

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Unprecedented progress has been made in Xinjiang's human rights cause, owing to multiple factors. The Chinese socialist system offers a strong institutional guarantee, China's high-quality economic and social development lays a solid material foundation, and sustained social stability has created favorable conditions for its development.

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VII. High-Quality Development and High-Standard Opening Up

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In the pursuit of Chinese modernization and common prosperity, none of the nation's 56 ethnic groups should be left behind. Xinjiang has fully, accurately and faithfully applied the new development philosophy and actively contributed to and been integrated with the new development dynamic. The region continues to drive deeper all-round reform and wider high-standard opening up. The foundation for Xinjiang's stable economic and social development has been strengthened, the momentum for growth has been accelerated, and the new development quality and efficiency have been substantially enhanced. Overall, Xinjiang has made solid progress in advancing Chinese modernization.

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Sustainable, sound and rapid economic development. By focusing on its strategic positioning in the nation's overall development, and upholding the integrity of innovative, coordinated, green, open and shared development, Xinjiang has been fully committed to high-quality development, seeing significant improvement in its overall economic strength and historic leaps in multiple indicators. The region's GDP increased from about RMB749.95 billion in 2012 to more than RMB2.05 trillion in 2024, exceeding the threshold of RMB2 trillion for the first time with an annual growth rate of 7 percent at constant prices. Its per capita nominal GDP increased 2.3 times from RMB33,495 in 2012 to RMB78,660 in 2024. The revenue in the general public budget jumped from nearly RMB90.9 billion in 2012 to nearly RMB240.97 billion in 2024, representing an average annual growth of more than RMB10 billion.

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Continuous efforts have been made to optimize Xinjiang's industrial structure. In 2012, the shares of the primary, secondary and tertiary industries were 16.1 percent, 44.3 percent, and 39.6 percent respectively, and in 2024, the figures were 12.5 percent, 39.6 percent, and 47.9 percent. The interconnected and complementary development between the Urumqi-Karamay-Changji Area, northern Xinjiang, eastern Xinjiang, and southern Xinjiang is now fully coordinated. Measures to accelerate new urbanization and advance the regional economic planning and spatial planning for high-quality development have been put in place. The proportion of permanent urban residents in Xinjiang rose from 44.22 percent in 2012 to 60.36 percent in 2024, up by 16.14 percentage points.

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Improved infrastructure. To optimize infrastructure layout, structure, functions, and system integration, Xinjiang has made overall planning for the construction of 10 networks covering railways, highways, aviation, power, natural gas, logistics and computing. Transportation has been largely improved in the region. The operating mileage of railways totaled 9,202 km as of 2024 — up from 4,914 km in 2012. This network now reaches all prefectures, as well as over 80 percent of county-level administrative regions. The highway network has also grown, from 165,900 km in 2012 to 230,000 km in 2024. All prefectures in Xinjiang are now accessible by highway, as are more than 90 percent of administrative regions at county level. The number of civil air routes in Xinjiang now totals 595, of which 25 are international routes, connecting to 17 countries and regions. A network of air routes covering entire Xinjiang and radiating to the east and west has now basically formed. The first, second, and third channels consistently transmit locally generated electricity to other parts of the country, with 750 kV transmission lines extending more than 12,000 km and delivering in excess of 100 billion kWh of electricity to 22 provinces and equivalent administrative units for five consecutive years. Information highway is also taking shape, with optical cables now extending 1.78 million km. All of its counties are connected with 1000M fiber optic networks, towns with 5G networks, and villages with broadband networks.

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Cluster effect of the modern industrial system. Focusing on national strategic needs, and leveraging its natural resources and industrial capabilities, Xinjiang has accelerated efforts to develop a modern industrial system with its own unique advantages. The region is also rapidly emerging as a national base for high-quality agricultural and livestock products. In 2024, grain yield per unit area reached 7872.75 kg/ha, the highest in the country. The total food output surged from nearly 15.18 million tonnes in 2012 to 23.3 million tonnes in 2024, up 53.6 percent. Xinjiang's cotton output of about 5.69 million tonnes accounted for 92.3 percent of the national total in 2024, maintaining its position as the country's top producer for the 32nd consecutive year. The mechanization rate in plowing, planting, and harvesting has reached 97 percent. Xinjiang is accelerating efforts to build itself into a strategic base of the nation's energy resources. In 2024, the oil and gas production equivalent reached 66.64 million tonnes, and the raw coal output stood at 543 million tonnes. Installed capacity of electricity hit 192.7 million kW in 2024, of which capacity from new energy sources surpassed 100 million kW. The Urumqi-Changji-Shihezi photovoltaic cluster was put on the list of national advanced manufacturing clusters.

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Xinjiang fosters its new quality productive forces in light of local conditions. A talent development fund of RMB10 billion was set up to promote the integrated development and reform of education, talent, and science and technology. The Xinjiang Research Institute of Huairou Laboratory has been put into operation, and the National Innovation Center for Wind Power Generation has been officially launched. Exceeding 10,000 m, the Tarim Oilfield's ultra-deep drilling is now the deepest in Asia. The Xinjiang-to-Chongqing Computing Resource Transfer project was listed as the pilot project for coordinated development of computing and power, and the region's first intelligent computing center has been established and put into use. The Urumqi-Changji-Shihezi national innovation demonstration zone is continuing to improve its leading role, while other five new high-tech industrial development zones have made substantial progress. The region continues to improve its support for high-quality enterprises, developing 11 single-product champion enterprises in the manufacturing sector, 52 exemplary specialized enterprises that use advanced technologies to produce unique and innovative products, and 2,742 high-tech enterprises as of the end of 2024.

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Solid green and low-carbon development. Xinjiang upholds the principle that lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets, and takes a holistic and systematic approach to the conservation and improvement of mountains, rivers, forests, farmlands, lakes, grasslands and deserts, constantly strengthening its capabilities in safeguarding eco-environmental security. The region has made significant progress in improving air quality. In 2024, the proportion of days with good air quality was 78.1 percent in cities at or above the prefectural level. Water management has also improved, as the region moves towards a more efficient and rational use of its water resources. In 2024, the proportion of surface water at Grade III (good water quality) or above reached 95.9 percent. The water supply program in the Tarim River Basin has significantly raised the groundwater level of the lower reaches, thereby promoting the region's coordinated economic and social development with its population, resources, and the eco-environment. Large-scale greening programs have been rolled out in a well-planned manner, including developing shelterbelt networks in northwest, north and northeast China, which has seen the forest coverage rate increase from 4.24 percent in 2012 to 5.07 percent in 2024. Oases area has expanded by 56.6 percent over the past three decades. The battle against desertification on the fringes of the Taklimakan Desert has been stepped up, with the desert now entirely encircled with a sand-blocking green belt stretching 3,046 km — the longest in the world. Xinjiang's accelerated green transformation can also be seen in the region's active efforts to achieve peak carbon emissions and carbon neutrality, with carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP continuing to drop.

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A core area of the Silk Road Economic Belt. Xinjiang has consciously integrated its regional opening up strategy into the country's overall plan of opening up to the west. Focusing on the construction of "One Port, Two Zones, Five Centers, and One Port Economic Belt", it aims to build a golden channel across the Eurasian continent and a gateway for opening up to the west. Consequently, it has accelerated the development of broader channels for opening up. Xinjiang has established 19 ports, including the Kunjirap Port, which is open all year round. There are 119 bilateral transport routes and 10 multilateral road freight routes. A total of 16,400 freight trains traveled through Xinjiang on the China-Europe Railway Express in 2024, marking the fifth consecutive year that the number of trains on the line had exceeded 10,000. The number of Xinjiang's economic and trade partners also increased significantly from a small handful in the 1950s to 196 countries and regions in 2012, and to 211 in 2024. Trade volume has also expanded, with the total import and export value surging from RMB158.96 billion in 2012 to RMB434.16 billion in 2024, surpassing RMB200 billion, RMB300 billion, and RMB400 billion in 2022, 2023 and 2024 respectively. The platform for opening up has improved further. China (Xinjiang) Pilot Free Trade Zone was approved and set up in October, 2023. Over the following year, more than 9,000 enterprises moved into the Zone, whose total import and export value accounted for over 30 percent of the region's total. The region has also prioritized the construction of the Tacheng Pilot Zone for Development and Opening Up, the Horgos Economic Development Zone and the Kashi Economic Development Zone.

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VIII. Significant Progress in Cultural Development

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Culture nurtures the mind and cultivates lofty aspirations. In studying and carrying out Xi Jinping Thought on Culture, Xinjiang has bolstered stronger cultural confidence, strengthened cultural identity and bonds, and developed the Chinese culture, including its diverse ethnic cultures, with greater momentum and more robust measures. The region has continued its systematic protection of cultural heritage, boosted cultural creativity, and promoted the prosperous development of socialist culture, to better meet the new aspirations of the people of all ethnic groups for enriched intellectual and cultural lives.

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Cultural heritage under effective protection. Adhering to the principle of prioritizing protection, promoting sound utilization, and minimizing interference, Xinjiang has improved its comprehensive preservation of cultural heritage. It has formulated plans for the protection of regional cultural heritage, and released local regulations such as Regulations on the Protection of the Ancient City of Kashi and Regulations on the Protection of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Manas, as part of its continuing efforts to strengthen legal guarantees for preserving cultural heritage. By 2024, Xinjiang had housed 195 institutions of cultural heritage protection at all levels, 150 registered museums, and 9,545 verified and registered immovable cultural relics, among which 6 were world cultural heritage sites, 133 were key cultural relics sites under national-level protection, and 779 were cultural relics sites under the protection of the autonomous region. The region also boasts 3 intangible cultural heritage items on the list of the UNESCO, 141 items on the national representative list, and 567 items on the list of the autonomous region. Xinjiang has coordinated the protection of cultural heritage and the development of urban and rural areas, provided effective protection and sound management for historic and cultural cities, towns and villages, traditional villages, and streets and districts with historical and cultural significance, and ensured their rational utilization. The region has promoted the preservation and exhibition of key ruins and sites reflecting past central authorities' viable governance of Xinjiang. For instance, the ruins of the Western Regions Frontier Command, Ulanbay Ancient City, Beiting City, and the Ili Commandery have been well preserved and put into good use. Also, the construction of the National Archeological Park of the Site of Beiting City, Museum of the Western Regions Frontier Command, and Silk Road and Great Wall Culture Museum has been completed. The archeological research of Xinjiang falls under the broader "Archeological Finds in China" project. Xinjiang has implemented projects such as the protection and utilization of religious ruins on the rim of the Tarim Basin, built the Qiuci Museum and the Qiuci Wei and Jin Ancient Tomb Site Museum, and promoted the protection of the Kizil Grottoes, Subashi Buddhist Temple Ruins, Loulan Ancient City Ruins, and the Nestorian monastery site on the west side of Turpan City. Xinjiang's Tongtiandong Cave, Keyakekuduke Watchtower site, and Mo'er Temple ruins have all featured on China's "top 10 archeological discoveries of the year" list.

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Flourishing cultural and artistic creation. Focusing on producing excellent cultural and artistic works, Xinjiang has improved its mechanism for serving, guiding and organizing literary and artistic creation, resulting in a continuous emergence of excellent works. In terms of literary creations, it has launched the Tianshan Literature Award, and many Xinjiang-themed literary works have received nationwide acclaim, including Ben Ba, winner of the Mao Dun Literature Prize; Distant Sunflower Fields and The Western Great Wall, winners of the Lu Xun Literature Prize; and The Flowers Are Always This Red, winner of the national Steed Awards for Ethnic Literature. In the performing arts, songs such as The Shepherds of Koktokay and Apple Fragrance have familiarized the whole country with melodies from Xinjiang; dance dramas such as Five Stars Rise in the East and Zhang Qian have powerfully reflected the nation's history and spirit; dances such as Markit Under the Sunshine and Grandpa's Samawar have been honored with the Lotus Award, China's highest honor in dance; and the performer of the Shaanxi opera Burning Incense received the prestigious China Theater Plum Blossom Awards. In film and television, Xinjiang-themed films have won the Best Works Award for seven consecutive years, including the highly acclaimed Fade Away Pastoral; the children's film The Little Horsewhip was a winner at the China Movie Awards; the TV drama To the Wonder gained viral recognition and was broadcast in several other countries; and the documentary film Fabric of Lives received substantial praise from audiences. Additionally, the brilliant performance at the Kashi sub-venue of the Central Television Station's 2024 Spring Festival Gala captivated viewers around the world.

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Continuous improvement of the system of public cultural services. Xinjiang has promoted consistent and equal access to public cultural services and channeled quality cultural resources to the community level, protecting the people's cultural rights and interests and improving their quality of life. By the end of 2024, Xinjiang had established 111 public libraries, 118 cultural centers, 1,126 cultural facilities in towns, townships and sub-districts, and 11,783 village cultural centers, providing 695.86 sq m of public cultural facilities per 10,000 people. The autonomous region now boasts 88,800 sports venues, and has established a comprehensive, five-tier public cultural service network spanning the village, township, county, prefecture, and the autonomous region levels. Believing that culture should serve the interests of the people, Xinjiang has made great efforts to ensure every village and household has access to radio and television programs, with coverage rates now reaching 99.26 and 99.37 percent, respectively. The people of all ethnic groups now have easy access to rich cultural products in their neighborhoods. From 2012 to 2024, nearly 1.37 million movie screenings were held for free in nearly 9,000 venues in rural villages or communities and covered all administrative villages. The region has held the China Xinjiang Folk Art Season, Conference on Reading, and village Spring Festival galas that also reached all villages and communities. Additionally, the establishment of the pomegranate seed art troupes has expanded access to literature and the arts in rural areas through regular performances that benefit local residents.

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Accelerated development of cultural and tourist industries. Xinjiang encourages the positive interplay between culture and tourism, and continues to advance the deeper integration of the two sectors. This enables tourists to embrace not only Xinjiang's breathtaking landscapes, but also its profound culture. To advance this deeper integration, the region has worked out a development plan for cultural and tourist industry clusters, the worth of which could reach RMB1 trillion and more. In its efforts to promote the development of sports tourism, sports training and competition, Xinjiang has hosted the Taklimakan Rally, Tour of Salimu Lake Road Cycling Race, and Freeride World Tour. The industrial cluster effect is becoming increasingly apparent in the region. Resources are now being channeled into developing the winter sports tourism sector, with 72 skiing venues and five national ski resorts established across the region by the end of 2024. Xinjiang now stands among the top in the country's winter tourism. Road trips and special interest tours are immensely popular here, with the Xinjiang section of the G219 national highway, the S101 provincial highway, the Dushanzi-Kuqa highway, the Altay-Hemu highway, and the highway around the Bosten Lake all becoming viral travel destinations among tourists, giving rise to new forms of tourism products in the region. The number of tourists to Xinjiang has increased from 48.6 million in 2012 to 302 million in 2024, a 6.21-fold increase, and the total revenues from tourism in Xinjiang were RMB359.5 billion in 2024.

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IX. Continuous Improvement in People's Wellbeing

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Living a life of contentment is the ultimate human right, and a happy life for the people is the ultimate goal of development in Xinjiang. Committed to a people-centered approach, Xinjiang pursues development to improve its people's wellbeing, benefit local society, and strengthen unity. To this end, the regional government works tirelessly to solve the most pressing and immediate concerns of the people of all ethnic groups. Every year, more than 70 percent of Xinjiang's general public budget is allocated to safeguard and improve people's wellbeing, to ensure that development benefits the people of all ethnic groups in a fair way.

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A complete victory in the fight against poverty. Xinjiang was once one of the areas with the highest incidence and intensity of poverty in all of China. After the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012, the region prioritized the fight against poverty, pooling the best of its resources and adopting targeted measures to end poverty through hard work and perseverance.

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By the end of 2020, over 3.06 million of Xinjiang's impoverished rural population, its 3,666 impoverished villages, and 35 impoverished counties had all emerged from poverty. Once the specter of absolute poverty that had haunted Xinjiang for millennia was finally eradicated, the region was able to complete the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects, along with the rest of the country. The infrastructure in areas that have escaped poverty has been significantly improved. All towns and townships, as well as administrative villages where conditions permit, now have access to paved roads, bus services, and three-phase power. Dilapidated houses in rural areas have become a thing of the past and the days of drinking bitter and saline water are forever gone.

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In 2021, the first year after achieving complete victory against absolute poverty, the per capita disposable income of residents in once impoverished rural areas rose to RMB14,477, a 2.8-fold increase from RMB5,090 in 2012, with an average annual growth rate of 12.3 percent. The numbers of family cars, washing machines, refrigerators, and computers per 100 households had risen by 14.6, 51.6, 49.5 and 5.1 respectively, compared with figures in 2012, reflecting the broader improvements in people's quality of life.

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Xinjiang has embarked on a new journey after eradicating absolute poverty. It has consolidated and expanded its achievements in poverty elimination, promoted all-round rural revitalization, and enabled the people of all ethnic groups to live a more fulfilling and promising life.

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Steady growth in employment. Xinjiang implements the employment-first strategy and tries its best to achieve high-quality full employment. Employment rates are continuing to improve, with the region's employed population rising from 12.46 million in 2012 to 13.91 million in 2024, up 11.64 percent. The employment structure has also witnessed continued improvement. In 2024, the proportion of people working in the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors stood at 31.34 percent, 14.45 percent, and 54.21 percent respectively. The hiring capacity of urban areas has continued to increase, with the number of people working in cities reaching 8.18 million in 2024, accounting for 58.8 percent of the total employed population.

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People's income has increased. In 2024, the per capita disposable income of urban and rural residents reached RMB42,820 and RMB19,427, an increase of RMB23,801 and RMB12,551 respectively, compared with 2012 figures. Better employment has created a better life for all of the region's people. By improving the employment policy system and the mechanism for protecting labor rights and interests, Xinjiang has safeguarded workers' legitimate rights and interests, ensured employment for those with the ability to work, and enabled the people of all ethnic groups to look for the jobs that suit them best and work in decent conditions.

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Comprehensive development of education. Prioritizing the development of education, Xinjiang has moved faster to build a high-quality education system, and worked to ensure that educational development offers greater benefits to the people of all ethnic groups in a fair way.

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In 2024, the gross enrollment rate of preschool education in Xinjiang reached 102.72 percent, the completion rate of the nine-year compulsory education was over 99 percent, and the gross enrollment rate of senior high schools was 97.74 percent, all above the national average. Educational investment has continued to expand. Since 2012, fiscal expenditure from the central government on education in Xinjiang has reached RMB1.1 trillion, among which RMB47.9 billion have been used to improve conditions of elementary and secondary schools. These efforts have helped to promote the quality and balanced development of compulsory education.

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A student financial assistance system covering all stages of education for every student from disadvantaged families has been established, with the amount of assistance increasing from RMB2.039 billion in 2012 to RMB9.306 billion in 2024. Students in Aksu, Kashi, and Hotan prefectures and the Kizilsu Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture in southern Xinjiang receive free education for 15 years, from preschool to senior high school.

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Xinjiang has continued to optimize the configuration and structure of higher education. By 2024, the region had 63 institutions of higher learning, 24 more than 2012, and all five prefectures and autonomous prefectures in southern Xinjiang housed universities offering undergraduate programs, a historic breakthrough. The region has further expanded the scale of vocational education, with the number of students in vocational schools growing by 60.69 percent between 2012 and 2024 to reach 575,000. Through the establishment of a modern vocational education system, Xinjiang has cultivated a large number of highly skilled workers.

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Improved and optimized health service system. Xinjiang continues to improve its policies on promoting public health and has significantly increased its protection of people's health. By 2024, Xinjiang had over 19,000 medical institutions of various types at all levels and 314,600 staff in the healthcare system. The number of beds in medical institutions per thousand people in 2024 was 7.85, the number of licensed and assistant doctors was 3.19, and the number of registered nurses was 4.12.

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The service system has continued to improve. Xinjiang has established a total of 55 national-level key clinical specialties, 358 key clinical specialties and 54 specialty alliances at the autonomous region level, and 74 telemedicine coordination networks, all of which ensure that the people of all ethnic groups have access to affordable and effective medical services. It has worked to increase the availability of quality medical resources and ensure such resources are channeled towards the community level. The proportion of Xinjiang's closely integrated medical and health consortia at the county level has reached 86.05 percent, with all town and township health centers and village clinics in the region operating up to standards. Local patients can now obtain treatment for everyday health issues at the community level, for common illnesses in counties and prefectures, and for serious diseases within the autonomous region.

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Xinjiang has worked to build an international medical center and make it a signature and demonstration medical project in the core area of the Silk Road Economic Belt. It has sped up the development of three regional medical centers at the national level and four regional medical centers at the autonomous region level, and worked to fulfill their designated roles to ensure all people have access to medical services of higher quality.

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The region's ability to safeguard public health has seen significant improvement. Disease prevention and control centers and health monitoring institutions in 14 prefectures, autonomous prefectures and cities, and 96 counties, county-level cities, and districts in Xinjiang have been restructured to improve the system for disease prevention and control. The development of the health sector has helped improve people's health, with the average life expectancy in the region increasing from 30 years in 1949 to 77 years in 2024.

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An upgraded social security net. Xinjiang has continued to improve the multitiered social security system that covers the entire population in the urban and rural areas, see that it is fair, unified, reliable, well-regulated and sustainable, and speed up the formation of a strong safety net to ensure people's wellbeing.

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By the end of 2024, the number of people under the basic old-age pension scheme and the basic medical insurance system in Xinjiang stood at 16.91 million and 23.67 million respectively, each accounting for over 95 percent of Xinjiang's total population in their category. The number of people under the unemployment insurance and work-related injury insurance exceeded 4.19 million and 5.43 million, respectively, in the same period. While improving its social security system across the board, Xinjiang has worked to upgrade its services to ensure that the fruits of reform and development can benefit more people in a fair way.

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Xinjiang has established and improved the dynamic growth mechanism for social assistance standards and the price-linked adjustment mechanism for social assistance and social security standards. Since 2012, Xinjiang has increased the subsistence allowance 13 consecutive times to meet the people's basic living needs.

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X. Greater Synergy for Xinjiang's Development

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China's great achievements in the new era have been forged through the hard work of the Party and the people. The historic success in all undertakings in Xinjiang and all the epoch-making changes are fundamentally attributed to the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping at its core. It is the result of unconditional assistance from all parts of the country and the hard work of the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang.

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The Party and the country's solid support — the foundation for Xinjiang's development. The CPC's firm leadership is the greatest political strength for Xinjiang to overcome all challenges and press forward on the path of Chinese modernization. The CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping at its core has given utmost attention to Xinjiang's development by setting the Party's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era, delineating Xinjiang's five strategic roles in national development, and issuing policy measures for improving people's wellbeing, strengthening social cohesion, and promoting high-quality economic and social development in the region. The Party central leadership has ensured that fundamental principles are upheld in the work related to Xinjiang while breaking new ground.

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Under the unified leadership of the CPC Central Committee, the whole Party and the entire nation have adopted a unified approach to national development through overall planning and coordinated action. In the case of Xinjiang, the country has put in place mechanisms under which central departments provide policy support and guidance, provincial and municipal governments cooperate and provide assistance, and Xinjiang's government plays a principal role. These mechanisms have created great synergy for the autonomous region's development.

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The central government provides special support for Xinjiang in terms of funds, projects, preferential policies, industry support, and investments. Since 2012, it has allocated more than RMB4 trillion in transfer payments to Xinjiang, including nearly RMB543.48 billion in 2024 alone.

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The firm leadership of the Party Central Committee and its solid support provide fundamental guidance for Xinjiang-related work in the new era, giving it a strong impetus.

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Notable improvements in paired assistance to Xinjiang. Paired assistance is a strategic policy measure to maintain lasting stability, peace and security in Xinjiang. Central Party and government departments, state-owned enterprises directly administered by the central government, and designated provinces and municipalities provide paired assistance to Xinjiang on a comprehensive, targeted and long-term basis. These assistance efforts include dispatching officials and professionals, implementing projects in specific industries, advancing sci-tech and education development, providing medical and health services, and promoting culture and tourism.

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Since the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012, the central government has allocated over RMB200 billion in paired assistance funds for Xinjiang, secured RMB3 trillion in investments for economic cooperation projects, and introduced more than 15,000 enterprises into the region, helping Xinjiang onto a path of high-quality development.

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Paired assistance to Xinjiang prioritizes safeguarding and improving people's wellbeing. During the 14th Five-year Plan period (2021-2025), 89.2 percent of assistance funds for Xinjiang were earmarked for projects related to the people's wellbeing, and 91.3 percent of funds served grassroots needs, improving the welfare of the people from all ethnic groups.

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Under this mechanism, large groups of officials from other parts of the country have been selected and dispatched to work in Xinjiang, and Xinjiang's grassroots officials have received training in more developed places that provide assistance, thereby increasing communication and exchanges between them. Cultural exchanges have been organized to boost communication between people from various ethnic groups in and outside Xinjiang, at multiple levels and in diverse forms. Officials and professionals stationed in Xinjiang have provided effective assistance with selfless devotion, and strengthened the bond between people in Xinjiang and in other parts of the country, helping build a strong synergy for realizing the Chinese Dream of national rejuvenation.

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Civil-military integration — new impetus for Xinjiang's development. The Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps serves as a major strategic force for realizing Xinjiang's development goals. Upholding the policy of coordination between civilian and military sectors, the autonomous region and the Corps have aligned themselves in designing strategic plans, formulating overarching plans, dovetailing special plans, and coordinating local plans. This integrated approach aims to foster development by leveraging complementary strengths and building close-knit communities.

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Xinjiang has improved the mechanisms for civil-military integration through innovative practices. The civilian and military sectors have jointly implemented a group of key infrastructure projects, including three 10 million-kW new energy bases in Hami City, the Zhundong Economic-Technological Development Park, and around the Tarim Basin. They have worked together to promote high-quality development of platforms for opening up, such as pilot free trade zones, comprehensive bonded areas, pilot zones for development and opening up, and economic and technological development zones.

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The civilian and military sectors in Xinjiang have promoted resource sharing and service integration. Twenty higher education institutions, 40 secondary vocational schools, and 590 kindergartens, elementary schools and secondary schools have been respectively paired up for mutual assistance, while a total of 196 medical partnerships have been established.

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Civil-military integration in Xinjiang is going wider and deeper, contributing to common development through unity and mutual assistance and by leveraging complementary strengths.

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Building a beautiful home through hard work. Today's Xinjiang is characterized by social stability and harmony, ethnic unity and progress, and a strong development momentum. It is a region of cultural prosperity and religious harmony where the people enjoy peace and contentment in life and work. The vast lands on both sides of the Tianshan Mountains are enjoying peace and pulsating with vigor and energy.

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Under the firm leadership of the CPC Central Committee, and with the strong support of the entire nation, the more than 26 million people in Xinjiang are working hard to achieve greater progress, bearing in mind the Party's hopes in them. Following the Party's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era in full, to the letter, and in all fields, they uphold the overall goal of stability, peace and security, and focus their work on fostering a stronger sense of the Chinese nation as one community. They have fulfilled their principal role and contributed substantial efforts in advancing Xinjiang's development, an endeavor of fundamental, indispensable and long-term significance to China's overall development.

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With unprecedented initiative and a strong motivation to create history, they are adding Xinjiang's chapters to the annals of Chinese modernization with unparalleled confidence, striving to turn into reality the grand blueprint for Xinjiang drawn up by the Party Central Committee with Xi Jinping at its core.

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Conclusion

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In the mighty tides of history, we must temper our will and character to prepare for new journeys and surmount new obstacles that come before us.

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The great achievements in pursuing reform, development and stability in Xinjiang in the new era are, fundamentally, attributed to the leadership by General Secretary Xi Jinping as the core of both the CPC Central Committee and the entire Party, to the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, and to the full, accurate and faithful implementation of the Party's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era.

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Following the guidelines, we have made a historic leap in the system and capacity for governing border areas, and have found the right way of ensuring both development and security in these areas, driving forward the Xinjiang practice in China's modernization, and achieving the overall goal of social stability and lasting peace and security in the region.

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However distant as it may seem, a dream can be achieved as long as we pursue it; however lofty as it may appear, a goal is attainable as long as we work for it. This year marks the 70th anniversary of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Looking ahead, in the grand endeavors on either side of the Tianshan Mountains and on the great journey of China's modernization, the Party's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era will undoubtedly demonstrate its enduring effectiveness while continually developing and being enriched. Following their guidance, Xinjiang will embark on an increasingly broad development path and embrace an even brighter future.

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", - "content": "

Contents

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Preface

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I. Governance of Xinjiang by Past Central Authorities: Philosophies and Experience

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II. CPC's Governance of Xinjiang: Progress and Achievements

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III. CPC Guidelines for Governing Xinjiang in the New Era: Opening Up New Dimensions

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IV. Stronger Foundations for Stability, Peace and Security

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V. Uniting the Chinese Nation as One Community

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VI. Further Progress in Democracy and the Rule of Law

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VII. High-Quality Development and High-Standard Opening Up

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VIII. Significant Progress in Cultural Development

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IX. Continuous Improvement in People's Wellbeing

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X. Greater Synergy for Xinjiang's Development

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Conclusion

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Preface

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As the boundary of national governance is defined by where the people reside, the primary concern of a country should always be its border areas.

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Spanning five millennia, our great civilization has seen all the ethnic groups of the Chinese nation open up the motherland's vast territory through untold hardships and unparalleled perseverance and form a unified multiethnic nation. Together, they have written a glorious Chinese history, created a splendid Chinese culture, and fostered our great national spirit.

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Xinjiang, known as the Western Regions in ancient times, has long been an inseparable part of China and an important gateway of the Chinese civilization to the outside world. Throughout history, successive central governments have established administrative institutions for its governance and stationed garrison troops to reclaim wasteland and guard the border areas. Through millennia of exploration and practice, they have accumulated a wealth of experience in this crucial endeavor.

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Since its birth, the Communist Party of China (CPC) has pursued its mission of working for the wellbeing of the Chinese people and rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, including the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang. Throughout the years of revolution, construction and reform, the CPC has drawn from the experience and lessons in governing Xinjiang to continuously renew and develop its governance philosophy for the region. With new missions and tasks, it has responded to today's new imperatives in its work on Xinjiang, achieving major milestones in promoting reform and development, ethnic unity, social progress, people's wellbeing, and border security in the region.

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In the new era, the CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping at its core has considered, planned and arranged the work in relation to Xinjiang from the holistic and strategic perspective of building a strong China and pursuing national rejuvenation. It has continuously deepened its understanding of the dynamics of governing Xinjiang, set the overall goal of social stability and lasting peace and security, and established the Party's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era. In providing leadership for the work related to Xinjiang, it has upheld fundamental principles and broken new ground, and successfully driven its progress despite the complex circumstances, challenges, and risks. Historic achievements and transformative change have been witnessed in all undertakings of Xinjiang.

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I. Governance of Xinjiang by Past Central Authorities: Philosophies and Experience

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Central authorities throughout China's history have consistently upheld great unity in their governance, administering the Xinjiang region as an integral part of the country. They maintained social stability, advanced development, and facilitated ethnic interaction and cultural integration, forging a profound awareness and a firm common conviction that Chinese territory must remain intact, the nation must maintain order, all ethnic groups must remain united, and the civilization must be sustained. Their efforts have contributed to the philosophies and experience for governing the nation's border areas.

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Placing the administration of Xinjiang in the overall context of national governance. Xinjiang is China's sacred territory. In 60 BCE, the Han Dynasty (206 BCE-220 CE) established the Western Regions Frontier Command, pioneering the effective jurisdiction and administration over the Xinjiang region by central authorities.

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During the period (220-589) from the Three Kingdoms to the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Former Liang regime established the Gaochang Prefecture in the Turpan Basin, becoming the first to extend the system of prefectures and counties to the Western Regions.

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The Sui Dynasty (581-618) established three prefectures — Shanshan, Qiemo and Yiwu — further expanding the system in the region.

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The Tang Dynasty (618-907) successively set up the Grand Anxi Frontier Command and the Grand Beiting Frontier Command to administer the vast areas both north and south of the Tianshan Mountains.

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During the period of the Liao, Song, Xixia, and Kin dynasties (907-1234), the Liao regime established Prince of the State Office of Yutian Kingdom, Office of the Grand Prince of Gaochang Kingdom, and Arslan Uighur Office of the Grand Prince, thereby exercising effective administration over the Western Regions.

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The Yuan Dynasty (1206-1368) implemented the system of administrative provinces in the region, before setting up the Beiting Command and the Pacification Commissioner's Office to manage military and political affairs.

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In the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), the imperial court established the Hami Garrison Command to manage local affairs.

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The Qing Dynasty (1616-1911) established the post of Ili General and exercised more systematic administration over the Xinjiang region. In 1884, the Qing court established the region as a province, renaming it Xinjiang, meaning "land newly recovered".

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In 1912, following the Revolution of 1911, Xinjiang became a province of the Republic of China.

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Throughout China's history, depending on their strengths, imperial dynasties in the Central Plains maintained varying levels of relations with the Western Regions, and their administration of the Xinjiang region differed in intensity. Yet, all imperial dynasties regarded the Western Regions as an inalienable part of their territory, and all exercised jurisdiction over it. Safeguarding national unity has always been a sacred mission of China's central authorities.

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Upholding national unity. Since ancient times, the Chinese nation has embraced the ideas of "shared customs and practices and unified governance across the country" and "great harmony under Heaven", considering national unification "a universal tenet between Heaven and Earth, and a constant creed throughout the past and present".

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Through measures including establishing administrative systems, building up military defenses, guiding economic growth, and promoting the code of rites and law, central authorities throughout Chinese history continued to strengthen the concept of great unity. Local regimes in the Western Regions also held a strong sense of being an integral part of China, considering themselves either tributaries or vassals of the imperial dynasty in the Central Plains.

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During the Han Dynasty, King Yan of Shache, in the Western Regions, often told his son that they must serve the Han court from generation to generation and never betray it. During the Tang Dynasty, various tribes in the northwest honored Emperor Taizong of Tang as the "Heavenly Khan". During the Ming and Qing dynasties, local regimes in the Western Regions — such as the Yarkand Khanate — regularly traveled to the imperial capital to pay tribute on a "golden road".

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The enduring tradition of great unity of the Chinese civilization affirms that unification has always been at the core of China's core national interests, and that a strong and unified country is fundamental to the future of all ethnic groups.

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Strengthening governance over Xinjiang in line with local conditions. In China, past central authorities attached great importance to the governance of border areas. On the premise of political unity, they adapted to local conditions and administered the region in line with local customs.

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From Han Dynasty's Chamberlain for Dependencies, to Court of State Ceremonial in the Tang and Song dynasties, to Commission for Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs in the Yuan Dynasty, to Court of Colonial Affairs in the Qing Dynasty, successive central authorities set up specific agencies to oversee ethnic affairs in border areas.

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The Han court strengthened its administration over the Western Regions by conferring titles on and presenting official seals to the heads and officials of local vassal regimes, so as to maintain the ruling order and consolidate central authority.

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In the Tang Dynasty, the same system of prefectures and counties as in the Central Plains was applied in the regions of Yizhou, Xizhou and Tingzhou. In areas west of these three prefectures, local tribal leaders, who were granted titles such as prefect or commander-in-chief, would follow the imperial court's orders and carry out its missions by defending the country's territory and sending troops to battles.

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In the Qing Dynasty, governance in the region was made more systematic and comprehensive through a mechanism that integrated military and political administration and included the Eight Banners system, the system of prefectures and counties, the Baeg and the Jasak systems.

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After Xinjiang was established as a province, the system of prefectures and counties was adopted across the region like the rest of the country.

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All the imperial dynasties throughout Chinese history have integrated the maintaining of a unified political order with governing in line with local customs, ensuring efficient and effective administration of Xinjiang by the central authorities.

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Vigorously developing and building Xinjiang. Central authorities across all historical periods of China attached great importance to the development and building of Xinjiang. The Han Dynasty sent garrison troops to convert wasteland into arable land in the Western Regions, a practice that was continued and expanded to the whole region during the Tang Dynasty. By the Qing Dynasty, the areas of reclaimed farmlands had exceeded 10 million mu (approximately 667,000 hectares).

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Water conservancy projects have also flourished. The Milan Ruins in Ruoqiang County are a well-preserved and relatively intact example of Han Dynasty water conservancy facilities in the region. During the Tang Dynasty, Taotuo water management offices were established, with officials overseeing water conservancy work. The Qing Dynasty promoted extensive water conservancy construction in Xinjiang, dredging rivers and canals and popularizing the karez system — an underground irrigation system primarily in use in arid regions. By the late Guangxu era (1875-1908) of the Qing Dynasty, the total length of canals in Xinjiang had surpassed 35,000 kilometers, with a total irrigation capacity exceeding 10 million mu (approximately 667,000 hectares).

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Xinjiang has been a vital hub of the Silk Road since ancient times. Central authorities set up postal stations along key routes to ensure the safety of commercial routes for trade and exchanges. On the Silk Road, envoys and caravans traveled between countries and continents, their activities spanning over a thousand years.

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With the booming trade, a number of cities and towns, such as Yutian, Shule, Xizhou, Tingzhou, Huiyuan, and Dihua, were built one after another in Xinjiang, driving economic development and population growth. The continuous development and construction of Xinjiang laid a solid material foundation for effective governance and stability in the border areas.

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Advancing ethnic integration and religious coexistence. Central authorities throughout China's history regarded ethnic and religious affairs as a key priority in the governance of Xinjiang. In each historical period, people from diverse ethnic backgrounds migrated to or left the region in large groups. Ethnic groups had grown, developed and integrated with each other despite periods of isolation and conflict, forging a bond thicker than blood and sharing weal and woe together. All of them have made important contributions to exploring, developing, and protecting Xinjiang.

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The Liu Pingguo Stele of the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220) and the 883 Tang-Dynasty documents unearthed from the Keyakekuduke Watchtower site in Yuli County record vivid scenes of people of diverse ethnic groups jointly garrisoning the frontier. In the Qing Dynasty, the court moved military personnel and civilians of various ethnic groups, including the Manchu, Han, Hui, Mongolian (Chahar Tribe), Xibe, and Suolun (Daur), together with their families, to Xinjiang to garrison the border areas and engage in agricultural cultivation, strengthening northwestern border defense.

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The Xinjiang region has always been a place where multiple religions coexist, and central authorities all incorporated the management of religious affairs into the national governance system. In the Tang Dynasty, the position of Chief Buddhist Monk was established to supervise Buddhist affairs in the four garrison commands of Anxi: Qiuci, Yutian, Shule, and Suiye. The Qing Dynasty promulgated the Administrative Codex for Xinjiang, stipulating that the Motisebu Baeg should administer Islamic affairs without interfering in civil affairs.

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The fact that the Chinese civilization has been forged through the convergence of diverse cultures fundamentally determines the historical trajectory of ethnic interaction and integration, as well as the harmonious coexistence of religious beliefs in China.

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Uniting all ethnic groups with the best of traditional Chinese culture. Central authorities across China's historical periods regarded promoting mainstream values and the best of traditional Chinese culture as an indispensable part of governing Xinjiang. The formation and development of Chinese culture could not have been sustained without the Chinese written language. After the Western Han Dynasty unified the Western Regions, the Chinese language and writing system began to be promoted, and has been in continuous use in Xinjiang ever since.

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Confucianism has a profound impact on the Western Regions. By the Tang Dynasty, Confucian classics had been widely disseminated — numerous fragmented manuscripts of the Book of Songs, Book of History, Book of Rites, and The Analects of Confucius have been unearthed in archeological excavations in Turpan. Institutions and statutes originating from the Central Plains were implemented in Xinjiang, and Chinese institutions and cultural traditions, including the Rites of Zhou, took root in the region, exemplified by the widespread application of the Statutes and Regulations of the Qing Dynasty.

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For a century or so since the mid-19th century, confronted with an unprecedented crisis of national subjugation and extinction, the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang, together with their compatriots across the country, united to resist foreign aggression and fight for national survival. This shared struggle elevated the consciousness of national identity among all ethnic groups to a new height.

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Since their inception, the cultures of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang have borne the hallmark of unity in diversity of Chinese culture. Chinese culture has always been the harbor and cultural home of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang, as well as the driving force for the development of their respective cultures.

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Over 2,000 years, China's central authorities adopted distinct approaches in their governance of Xinjiang across different historical periods. And Xinjiang has always remained an indispensable and vital part of the unified, multiethnic Chinese nation. Objectively speaking, their concepts and measures for governing Xinjiang had some unavoidable shortcomings: Their governance over Xinjiang varied in intensity, and lacked precision and effectiveness. Especially after the mid-19th century, separatist activities instigated and backed by foreign forces occurred from time to time.

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History was calling for a true leader capable of leading the Chinese nation to independence, people's liberation, and national rejuvenation. This glorious mission rightfully fell on the Communist Party of China, which was duty bound to fulfill these goals.

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II. CPC's Governance of Xinjiang: Progress and Achievements

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Since its founding, the CPC has always held deep concern for Xinjiang, and the future and wellbeing of the people of all ethnic groups living on this vast land. Under the leadership of the Party, the people of Xinjiang have traversed a remarkable path: from achieving emancipation and becoming their own masters, to embarking on the socialist road; from embracing reform and opening up and achieving moderate prosperity in all respects, to setting out on the new journey towards Chinese modernization. Together with the rest of the nation, they have witnessed the great transformation from standing up and growing prosperous to becoming strong. Over the past century and more, generations of Chinese Communists have continued to explore and advance theoretical, practical, and institutional innovations, deepening their understanding and grasp of the dynamics of governance in Xinjiang.

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Active exploration during the New Democratic Revolution between 1919 and 1949. During this period, the CPC united the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang and led them in heroic and unrelenting struggle, bringing them emancipation and enabling them to be their own masters. The founding of the CPC in July 1921 was an epoch-making event in Chinese history. Ever since, the Party has remained a pillar on which the Chinese people, including those in Xinjiang, can rely. In its early years, the Party had given clear emphasis on Xinjiang, sending members to the region to spread Marxism, sow the seeds of revolution, enlighten the people, and raise their political awareness. During the whole nation's war of resistance against Japanese aggression (1931-1945), the CPC — holding high the banner of a national united front — led the people of Xinjiang in supporting the war effort: organizing donations, ensuring the safe transport of international aid to China, fortifying Xinjiang to support the war front from China's interior, and proactively engaging in movements to rescue the country from Japanese occupation. In August 1938, donations from the people of Xinjiang were used to purchase 10 fighter planes — named "Xinjiang" in their honor — to assist the front line.

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Thanks to the CPC's persistent effort, people in Xinjiang developed an unprecedented sense of the Chinese nation as one community, and a large number of progressives devoted themselves to the revolutionary cause. Having secured a decisive victory in the War of Liberation (1946-1950), the CPC central leadership decided to peacefully liberate Xinjiang. The People's Liberation Army (PLA) marched triumphantly into the region, shattering the wild ambition of imperialist and separatist forces to dismember China and safeguarding the fundamental interests of the Chinese nation. This marked a major victory in the cause of national unification and a historic turning point in advancing unity and progress among the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang.

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Comprehensive governance in the process of socialist revolution and construction between 1949 and 1978. During this period, the CPC united the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang and led them in bringing tremendous changes to a region with hard natural conditions, achieving a historic leap into socialist society. The founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC) on October 1, 1949 ushered in a new era: the Chinese people had stood up, and a new chapter for Xinjiang had begun. On December 17 the same year, the People's Government of Xinjiang Province was officially established. Under the Party's leadership, the people of Xinjiang consolidated the newly established people's democratic power, created a new, socialist form of ethnic relations, and abolished the feudal land system. Together, they prudently advanced comprehensive social reforms and completed the socialist transformation, establishing the socialist system in Xinjiang that enabled the region to stride forward with the rest of the country — marking the greatest and most profound change in Xinjiang's history.

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On October 7, 1954, the Production and Construction Corps of the Xinjiang Military District of the PLA was formed. A total of 100,000 garrison troops began to open up large swaths of wastelands while guarding the border areas. On October 1, 1955, the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was formally established, marking a milestone in the region's development and a new success of the CPC's policies on ethnic affairs. In order to end poverty and catch up, the people of Xinjiang pursued self-reliance and worked with determination under the leadership of the CPC to strengthen their home region, supported by selfless assistance from people across the nation. Consequently, Xinjiang has basically built up its industrial system, improved its agricultural production conditions significantly, and achieved marked progress in education, science and technology, health care, transportation, and water conservancy. It has witnessed a historic transformation from barrenness and poverty to flourishing prosperity, secured pivotal achievements in socialist revolution and construction, and created a miracle that changed its future with the people's undaunted spirit.

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Further progress in the process of reform, opening up, and socialist modernization. During this period, the CPC has united the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang and led them confidently onto the broad path of socialism with Chinese characteristics, aiming for greater heights. The convening of the Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in December 1978 was a pivotal juncture of far-reaching significance in the history of the Party and the country. Xinjiang's vast land of 1.66 million square kilometers was awash with the strong tides of reform and opening up. In December 1981, the central government decided to restore the production and construction corps system, giving it the name the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (XPCC). As reforms rolled out, the CPC Central Committee — noting Xinjiang's great potential — decided to accelerate its modernization and promote common prosperity among all ethnic groups in the region. The Central Committee lent vigorous support to the region in transforming its advantage in superior resources into growth, guiding it to achieve a strategic shift in its focus. Comprehensive reforms were implemented in both rural and urban areas, while opening up was expanded by attracting external resources and strengthening internal coordination, bringing about new prospects on either side of the Tianshan Mountains.

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After the Fourth Plenary Session of the 13th CPC Central Committee in 1989, the Party Central Committee emphasized that Xinjiang's development and stability was of overarching importance to the nation. For its development, prosperity, and lasting peace and security, the central leadership pooled resources nationwide in assistance to Xinjiang and saw that the socialist market economy was established and improved in the region. This enabled Xinjiang to seize the strategic opportunities presented by the large-scale development of China's west and pioneer a new phase of all-round reform and opening up.

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Following the 16th CPC National Congress in 2002, the Central Committee reaffirmed its commitment to unswervingly advancing reform and opening up and socialist modernization in Xinjiang, maintaining social stability, and promoting ethnic unity. Guided by the major strategic plan of stabilizing and revitalizing Xinjiang, enriching the people, and safeguarding the border areas, the region has achieved sound and rapid economic and social development. In advancing the great cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics, Xinjiang has experienced a historic transformation. Its economy has been markedly strengthened by improving its once relatively backward productive forces, and its society has shifted from a closed and semi-closed outlook to one defined by openness. The people's living standards have also borne witness to profound transformation, evolving from bare subsistence to a basic level of moderate prosperity, and then ultimately to moderate prosperity in all respects. Xinjiang has caught up with the rest of the country in making great strides towards the goals of our time.

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A new era for socialism with Chinese characteristics. The CPC has united the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang and led them in pressing forward with hard work, upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground, creating new miraculous achievements. The 18th CPC National Congress held in November 2012 ushered Chinese socialism into a new era. While pursuing national rejuvenation within a wider context of global change on a scale unseen in a century, the Party Central Committee with Xi Jinping at its core has put its work related to Xinjiang high on the agenda of the Party and the country and continued to further its understanding and grasp of the dynamics of governance in the region. The Central Committee convened its second and third meetings on the work related to Xinjiang in 2014 and 2020, and in 2014, 2022 and 2023, General Secretary Xi traveled three times to Xinjiang on inspection tours, establishing the overall goal of social stability and lasting peace and security in the region, laying down the Party's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era.

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With the guidelines in place, Xinjiang has focused on forging a strong sense of the Chinese nation as one community, adhered to its strategic positioning in the country, and ensured both development and security. Solid steps have been taken to govern Xinjiang in accordance with the law, maintain stability through ethnic unity, strengthen cultural identity and bonds, bring greater prosperity to the region and its people, and develop Xinjiang from a long-term perspective. This has contributed to unprecedented economic and social development and significant improvement of people's wellbeing, and brought a greater sense of gain, happiness and security to the people.

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Today's Xinjiang is experiencing the best period of development in its history. Over 26 million Xinjiang people of all ethnic groups are tightly knit like the roots of poplar trees and closely united like the seeds of a pomegranate. Confident and open-minded, they are marching forward on the new journey towards a modern socialist country in all respects and striving for the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through hard work and perseverance.

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III. CPC Guidelines for Governing Xinjiang in the New Era: Opening Up New Dimensions

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Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the Party Central Committee with Xi Jinping at its core has drawn experience and lessons from past central authorities in governing Xinjiang, and continued to apply and improve the Party's best practices in this regard. It has adopted a systematic and holistic approach to planning and advancing fundamental, essential and long-term undertakings for the region's lasting peace and security. These efforts have explored new dimensions in Xinjiang's governance, enabling the Party to scale new heights in maintaining stability and driving development in the region.

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The formulation and development of the CPC's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era. The rejuvenation of the Chinese nation is interwoven with — and interacts with — global change on a scale unseen in a century. Consequently, the strategic role of Xinjiang has become ever more pivotal to the nation's overall trajectory. Prioritizing Xinjiang in the governance of the country, the CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping at its core has systematically planned all work related to Xinjiang from an overall strategic perspective and provided answers to a series of questions on the future direction and strategy in governing the region.

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General Secretary Xi has always paid close attention to the work related to Xinjiang, from a place of care for the people of all of its ethnic groups. At each critical stage in work related to Xinjiang, he has provided strategic direction and guidance, personally steering the course of its development. In April 2014, during an inspection visit to Xinjiang, he highlighted, "The CPC Central Committee has continued to attach great importance to the work related to Xinjiang, emphasizing Xinjiang's special and important strategic role in the work of the Party and the country." He emphasized the major principles and policies of the central leadership to improve the work related to Xinjiang in the new era, and the need to "take a coordinated approach in all undertakings with a focus on social stability and lasting peace and security". In May 2014, the CPC Central Committee held its second meeting on the work related to Xinjiang, at which it reiterated its major principles and policies in this effort and established social stability and lasting peace and security as the overall goal.

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After the meeting, Xi presided over a number of important meetings of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and its standing committee, to make plans for the work related to Xinjiang. In September 2020, at the third central meeting on the work related to Xinjiang held by the CPC Central Committee, he raised the CPC's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era, explaining them in detail. He emphasized governing Xinjiang in accordance with the law, maintaining stability through ethnic unity, strengthening cultural identity and bonds, bringing greater prosperity to the region and its people, and developing Xinjiang from a long-term perspective, to build a socialist Xinjiang with Chinese characteristics in the new era.

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In July 2022, on another inspection visit to Xinjiang, Xi pointed out the need to promote the fundamental, essential and long-term undertakings for Xinjiang's lasting peace and security, with a focus on the overall goal. In August 2023, he visited Xinjiang again to hear reports about the work of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region government and the XPCC. He emphasized the full, accurate and faithful implementation of the Party's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era, and the strategic positioning of Xinjiang in the country. With the overall goal in mind, we will make thorough and meticulous efforts to deliver practical results in governing Xinjiang in accordance with the law, maintaining stability through ethnic unity, strengthening cultural identity and bonds, bringing greater prosperity to the region and its people, and developing Xinjiang from a long-term perspective. We will pursue progress while ensuring stability, devote continued and long-term sustained efforts in our work, and build Xinjiang into a beautiful home characterized by unity, harmony, prosperity, cultural progress, and a sound eco-environment in which people live and work in peace and contentment on the path to Chinese modernization. In addition, he has delivered speeches, made remarks, and provided instructions on many occasions, putting forward new ideas, perspectives and requirements on improving the work related to Xinjiang that have further enriched and developed the CPC's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era.

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The essence of the CPC's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era. The CPC's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era represent a thorough understanding of the situation in Xinjiang and embody a profound reflection on the work related to the region by the CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping at its core. They comprise a complete system of theories with a sound logic and rich content, and sit at the core of all work related to Xinjiang in the new era. Their main content is as follows:

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Viewing and planning the work related to Xinjiang from a strategic perspective. The work related to Xinjiang bears not only on national reunification, ethnic unity, and national security, but also on the initiative to build China into a great country and the goal of national rejuvenation. We must have a clear understanding of the prevailing trend of development in Xinjiang, of the impact of good work in Xinjiang on the overall situation of the Party and the country, and of the work's significance in addressing both domestic and international imperatives, thereby laying a solid foundation for its long-term development, peace and security.

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Upholding social stability and lasting peace and security as the overall goal of the work related to Xinjiang. This means that all undertakings must be planned and advanced to achieve this goal. We should both channel our resources to address the pressing problems in maintaining social stability and systematically tackle the deep-rooted issues that undermine Xinjiang's lasting peace and security.

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Rallying the people's support is fundamental. Without the people's support, all efforts are futile. We must put the people first, have faith in the people of all ethnic groups, rely on them, and be of service to them. We should provide them with guidance, and let them understand the importance of stability and peace, that a happy life stems from the Party's good policies and the hard work of all ethnic groups united as one, and that the development of Xinjiang cannot be achieved without the support from the whole Party and the whole country.

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Fostering a stronger sense of the Chinese nation as one community. This is fundamental to the work related to Xinjiang in the long run. We must focus on fostering a stronger sense of national identity, fully implement the Party's policies concerning ethnic affairs, and heighten public awareness of ethnic unity and progress. We must move faster to build an ethnically integrated society and neighborhoods and encourage more exchanges, interactions and integration among different ethnic groups, so that they remain as closely united as the seeds of a pomegranate.

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Ensuring that religions in China conform to China's realities. This concerns the overall work related to Xinjiang. We must fully implement the Party's basic policy on religious affairs, protect lawful practices, proscribe illegal activities, contain extremism, resist infiltration, and punish crime. We must guide religious believers to foster a keen sense of national identity, citizenship, and law-based governance, and provide active guidance to religions so that they can adapt to socialist society.

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Fostering and carrying forward the core socialist values. We must uphold the guiding role of advanced socialist culture and strengthen the cultural identity and bonds of people in Xinjiang. We must guide the people and inspire them to identify more closely with our motherland, the Chinese nation, the Chinese culture, the CPC, and socialism with Chinese characteristics.

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Promoting high-quality development centered on the people's wellbeing. Xinjiang's development should manifest in the people's wellbeing, betterment of local economy and society, and greater ethnic unity. We must uphold the people-centered development philosophy, and advance economic and social development while improving people's wellbeing so that the people of all ethnic groups live and work in peace and contentment, thereby enabling them to enjoy a stronger sense of gain, fulfillment and security.

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Strengthening the Party's leadership over the work related to Xinjiang. To improve the work related to Xinjiang, we must uphold and strengthen the Party's overall leadership, cultivate a contingent of officials with strong political commitment, professional competence, and exemplary conduct, and ensure the smooth execution of the Central Committee's policies and decisions. We must regard building solid foundations at the grassroots level as the fundamental measure to ensure stability and security in Xinjiang, and strengthen grassroots Party organizations to serve the people, maintain stability, and oppose division.

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The principles and requirements of the CPC's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era. The CPC's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era are the foundation for the work related to Xinjiang. We must have a thorough understanding of governing Xinjiang in accordance with the law, maintaining stability through ethnic unity, strengthening cultural identity and bonds, bringing greater prosperity to the region and its people, and developing Xinjiang from a long-term perspective, and advance these undertakings in a coordinated manner.

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To govern the region in accordance with the law, we should uphold Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law, advance law-based governance, promote its concept across society, adhere to its principles, and implement its requirements in all sectors of the work related to Xinjiang. We should employ law-based thinking and approaches to forestall risks, combat crimes, handle problems, and address disputes, and strengthen law-based and persistent efforts in combating terrorism and maintaining stability, thereby ensuring that all the work related to Xinjiang is carried out under the rule of law.

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To maintain stability through ethnic unity, the fundamental issue is to rally people's support. We should regard ethnic unity as the lifeline of the people of all ethnic groups, safeguard the unity of the Chinese nation, and continue to foster a stronger sense of the Chinese nation as one community. We should make systematic efforts to ensure that religions in China conform to China's realities, to unite the people of all ethnic groups closer around the Party, and to forge tremendous momentum to build a beautiful Xinjiang.

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To strengthen cultural identity and bonds, we should see that people in Xinjiang identify with the Chinese culture. Upholding the core socialist values, we should develop advanced socialist culture, promote revolutionary culture, carry forward the best of traditional Chinese culture, and build a spiritual home shared by all the Chinese people. We should provide education and guidance to the people of all ethnic groups to strengthen their sense of Chinese national identity, and reinforce their political commitment and win their support, thus consolidating the ideological foundations for social stability and lasting peace and security.

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To bring greater prosperity to Xinjiang and its people, we should fully and faithfully apply the new development philosophy on all fronts in line with the strategic positioning of Xinjiang in building a great modern socialist country. Giving full play to Xinjiang's advantages in geographic location, resources, and policies, we should actively support Xinjiang in serving and integrating with the new development dynamic and promoting high-quality opening up. We should advance high-quality development centered on the people's wellbeing, and ensure that the benefits of development improve the people's wellbeing and win their support.

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To develop Xinjiang from a long-term perspective, we should uphold and strengthen the Party's overall leadership and advance the great new project of strengthening the Party in the new era. We should foster highly competent officials based on the criteria for assessing the caliber of officials in the new era, maintain our strategic resolve, and make meticulous plans before taking any actions. We should pursue progress while ensuring stability, devote continued and long-term sustained efforts in our work, and address deep-rooted problems, to lay solid foundations for achieving the overall goal of the work related to Xinjiang.

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The CPC's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era represent both innovations and breakthroughs in theory, and concrete plans and requirements for their implementation. Embodying Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, they encapsulate and build on the past successes of the CPC who lead the Chinese people in governing, stabilizing and developing Xinjiang. They have opened a wide avenue leading to steady and sustained progress in the work related to Xinjiang, marking a new height of the CPC's understanding of the underlying principles in border governance. They are a milestone in the Party's work related to Xinjiang and in the development of the region.

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Under the strong leadership of the Party Central Committee and with the support of the whole country, over 26 million people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang are applying the Party's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era in full, to the letter, and in all fields. Keeping the requirements in mind, they are working hard with gratitude and forging ahead in the face of daunting challenges to translate into reality the grand blueprint for Xinjiang drawn up by the CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping at its core.

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IV. Stronger Foundations for Stability, Peace and Security

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Social stability and lasting peace and security in Xinjiang are of overarching importance to overall reform, development and stability in China. While balancing development and security, Xinjiang has maintained social stability as a top priority. It has continued to fight terrorism and maintain stability in a law-based and regular manner, preventing and defusing risks in various fields, as well as interference and sabotage by external forces. A historic transformation from chaos to stability and from stability to governance has been achieved in the region.

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Significant achievements in the fight against secession. Separatism endangers national unity and undermines ethnic unity, breeding terrorism and extremism in Xinjiang. In the past, ethnic separatists, religious extremists, and terrorists have engaged in rampant sabotaging activities in Xinjiang, disrupting local stability and bringing enormous suffering to the people of all ethnic groups in the region. The Chinese government stands firm against all forms of separatism, terrorism, and extremism, and takes robust action against any acts that aim to split the country, endanger public security, or infringe upon human rights in accordance with the law.

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Xinjiang is resolute in safeguarding national unity and takes robust action against illegal acts and crimes, including the incitement, organization, plotting, and execution of acts that divide the country or jeopardize national unity. It is resolute in guarding against the infiltration and spread of "Pan-Turkism" and "Pan-Islamism" and strives to root out the breeding grounds for terrorism and extremism to sprout and spread. The hard work over the years has reaped notable results in Xinjiang's fight against separatism. Violent and terrorist events have not happened for many years, and social stability and ethnic unity have been effectively safeguarded in the region.

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Enforcement of regular counterterrorism measures to ensure stability in accordance with the law. This is central to sustaining long-term social stability, peace, and security in Xinjiang. Upholding and promoting the socialist rule of law, Xinjiang has exercised law-based governance in full and across all areas. In accordance with the Criminal Law and Counterterrorism Law of the People's Republic of China, it has advanced the fight against terrorism and continued to maintain stability with standardized, regular and efficient operations within the legal framework.

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The autonomous region government has improved the long-term mechanism for rigorous crackdowns on violent and terrorist acts, employed law-based thinking and approaches to combat crimes and maintain stability, and ensured that these efforts were law-based, targeted, and timely. It has established a system for fighting terrorism and maintaining stability in a law-based and regular manner, and a comprehensive prevention and control system for social security, shifting the focus from the very end to the source and evolving from emergency response to a standardized, refined, and regular approach. Policies and measures have been improved to guard against the few terrorists without interrupting the normal order of work, study, and daily life of the majority of people, effecting a fundamental change more conducive to ensuring peace and stability. Since the start of the new era, counterterrorism and stability-maintaining efforts have achieved significant outcomes, bringing an end to the frequent violent and terrorist attacks seen in the past.

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Targeted countermeasures against foreign sanctions and interference. In recent years, a number of Western countries, led by the United States, have imposed sanctions on businesses and individuals related to Xinjiang on the account of "genocide" and "forced labor" — lies and absurd fallacies they have concocted to interfere in China's internal affairs. Their purpose is political manipulation and economic bullying under the guise of human rights protection. Countering sanctions and interference is essential for breaking the containment of China by the anti-China forces in the US and some Western countries, which use Xinjiang as a handle. It is a just response for safeguarding our national sovereignty, security, and development interests.

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China has promulgated relevant laws, regulations, and departmental rules, such as the Foreign Relations Law, the Anti-Foreign Sanctions Law, the Provisions on the Application of the Anti-Foreign Sanctions Law, and the Provisions on the Unreliable Entity List, taking countermeasures against the unjustified sanctions involving Xinjiang imposed by a mere handful of countries. The Standing Committee of the People's Congress of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has adopted a resolution opposing a series of US sanctions on Xinjiang and supporting the development of sanctioned enterprises and related industries, fighting back against unilateral sanctions by the US. In addition, the government has provided a range of services for sanctioned businesses, supported them in safeguarding their legitimate rights and interests in accordance with the law, given a boost to relevant industries, and created new employment opportunities for people affected by the sanctions.

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Notable improvements in social governance. Sound social governance is a prerequisite and guarantee for social harmony, stability, and people's wellbeing. Xinjiang has applied and further developed the Fengqiao model for community-level governance in the new era, and improved the urban and rural primary-level governance system that combines self-governance, the rule of law, and the rule of virtue under the leadership of Party organizations. The autonomous region has strengthened grassroots governance through Party development and improved the social governance system based on collaboration, participation, and common interests, consolidating the grassroots foundations. It has conducted regular risk assessment, combined with prevention, coordination, and resolution measures, to effectively forestall and defuse any potential risks or dangers.

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The autonomous region government monitors and takes resolute action against illegal acts of grave concern to the public, including severe violent crimes and recurrent offences such as pornography, gambling, drug abuse, food and drug safety violations, environmental crimes, theft, robbery, and conventional, telecom, and online fraud, carrying out regular campaigns targeting criminal gangs and organized crime. It has introduced diverse ways for the resolution of conflicts and disputes by promoting law-based handling of public complaints, advancing the standardized development of integrated management centers with a focus on the county level, and created new forms of dispute resolution such as "horseback mediation teams" and "tea-serving mediation rooms". These initiatives have helped to resolve issues at the community level as soon as they arise. In 2024, 98.52 percent of civil disputes in Xinjiang were solved through mediation. The autonomous region government is firmly committed to maintaining social stability and ensuring people's safety and wellbeing. Significant progress has been made in building a peaceful Xinjiang, providing the people of all ethnic groups with a greater sense of gain, fulfillment, and security.

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V. Uniting the Chinese Nation as One Community

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Forging a stronger sense of the Chinese nation as one community is the focus of the CPC's work on ethnic affairs in the new era and the focus of all work in ethnic minority areas. Taking solid steps to heighten the sense of national identity, Xinjiang endeavors to improve commonality among its people of all ethnic groups, and guides them to unite as one through both rough times and the smooth towards a shared future, encouraging them to contribute to building China into a great country and creating a better life together.

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Faster pace in building a cultural home shared by the Chinese nation. Xinjiang continues to promote mainstream opinions and increase the appeal of the Chinese culture and its power to unite people, consolidating the common ideological and political foundations for ethnic unity and progress. Under the guidance of the core socialist values, it has strengthened public education on the history of the CPC, the PRC, reform and opening up, the development of socialism, and the development of the Chinese nation, and carried out extensive educational campaigns, such as the one on "forging a stronger sense of the Chinese nation as one community to realize the Chinese Dream", to enhance cohesion and forge the nation's soul with shared ideals and convictions. Under an initiative for carrying forward revolutionary traditions and heritage, Xinjiang has built 471 education bases for patriotism at all levels, inspiring officials and the public to love the Party and dedicate themselves to the country by promoting the Desert Poplar Spirit and the XPCC Spirit.

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Studying and exploring the inherent values and contemporary relevance of traditional Chinese culture, Xinjiang has established demonstration sites, where shared Chinese cultural symbols and the collective images of the Chinese nation are showcased; and it has organized regular trips to learn and experience traditional Chinese culture, thus further developing the advanced socialist culture and fostering a stronger sense of identity with the Chinese culture among all ethnic groups. To promote modern civilization, it has advanced campaigns to introduce modern values and encourage modern lifestyles with the help of specialized education centers. It has carried out extensive programs to popularize science and raise awareness of the law, to guide the people in adapting to life of modern civilization. Standard spoken and written Chinese is promoted across the region, and used and taught at schools. As a result, the public has developed a stronger awareness and capability to use standard Chinese, which has united hearts and minds for a shared future through a common tongue.

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Increased interactions, exchanges and integration among all ethnic groups. Xinjiang coordinates urban and rural construction planning and the allocation of public service resources to advance all-round integration for the people of all ethnic groups physically, culturally, economically, socially, and psychologically, so that all are closely united like the seeds of a pomegranate. It has accelerated the development of people-centered new urbanization, introducing a more rational distribution of city clusters and small, medium and large cities, and building an ethnically integrated society and community. This approach makes full use of the mutually reinforcing effect between urban and industrial development, attracts populations with a flourishing industry, and makes it possible for all ethnic groups to live, study, work, and enjoy life side by side, as they contribute and share benefits together.

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Further efforts have been made to carry forward the Foundation Project for young people and expand the patriotic education program that brings Xinjiang youth to other parts of the country on study trips. In 2024, 86,000 elementary and secondary school students traveled to other provinces and cities on such trips. Extensive "hand-in-hand" student activities have been organized between Xinjiang and provinces providing assistance to it, between schools run by the XPCC and regular schools, and between southern and northern Xinjiang. They are intended to create mixed-classes and mixed-dormitories that give students from different ethnic groups the opportunity to study, live, and grow together. Upholding the cultural core of tourism and promoting integration through tourism, Xinjiang strives to heighten the sense of the Chinese nation as one community throughout its high-quality development of the tourist industry. Tourism has become an important facilitator of interactions, exchanges and integration between ethnic groups. The region has also held activities to promote unity, increase understanding, and forge a stronger bond among the people of all ethnic groups.

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Greater ethnic unity and progress. With a focus on unity, progress, and common prosperity and development among all ethnic groups, Xinjiang has implemented initiatives to safeguard and develop border areas and advance common prosperity among all ethnic groups. It has incorporated ethnic unity and progress into the regional legislative work and plans for economic and social development, and has promulgated and implemented the Regulations on the Establishment of Model Areas for Ethnic Unity and Progress, alongside the 14th Five-Year Plan for the Establishment of Model Areas for Ethnic Unity and Progress. Model units and individuals have been commended for contributing to ethnic unity and progress, with marked progress in strengthening and developing a new type of socialist ethnic relationship characterized by equality, unity, mutual assistance, and harmony. As of 2024, there were 101 national model areas and units, 14 national education bases, 1,555 model units and 2,690 exemplary individuals at the autonomous region level and above in Xinjiang, including the "People's Guardian" Bayika Kalidibek and the "People's Model" Burmahan Mawluda.

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Steady progress in ensuring that religions in China conform to China's realities. Xinjiang is a region where religions have coexisted since ancient times. Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Catholicism, and Christianity all flourish in the region. Xinjiang fully, accurately, and faithfully implements the Party's policy on freedom of religious belief by respecting people's religious beliefs, administering religious affairs in accordance with the law, allowing religious groups to manage their own affairs independently, and guiding religions to be compatible with socialist society. Following the principle that religions in China should conform to China's realities, the region has strengthened theoretical and political guidance for the religious circle, and has introduced the national flag, the Constitution, laws and regulations, the socialist core values, and fine traditional Chinese culture into venues for religious activities. Efforts have been made to inspire religious figures and believers to identify more closely with the motherland, the Chinese nation, the Chinese culture, the CPC, and socialism with Chinese characteristics.

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The autonomous region government supports the religious circle in the study of scripture, and encourages interpretations of religious doctrines and precepts that align with contemporary development and with traditional Chinese culture, thereby enhancing religious people's Chinese cultural identity. To ensure the healthy development of religion in Xinjiang, the region has issued plans on training for religious figures to cultivate talent who are completely versed in both classical religious doctrines and traditional Chinese culture. It has strengthened governance on religious affairs in accordance with the law, and supports the religious circle in countering radicalization and guarding against the infiltration of religious extremism. It guides and supports the religious community to exercise full and strict self-governance, improve self-education, self-management and self-discipline, and lead its believers to contribute to building a great nation and realizing the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

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VI. Further Progress in Democracy and the Rule of Law

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Whole-process people's democracy is the defining feature of socialist democracy; it is democracy in its most extensive, genuine and effective form. Acting on this key concept, Xinjiang is committed to the unity of CPC's leadership, the people's position as masters of the country, and law-based governance, and guarantees the implementation of the people's congress system, the system of CPC-led multiparty cooperation and political consultation, the system of regional ethnic autonomy, and the system of community-level self-governance. It has made new strides in advancing democracy and the rule of law.

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Remarkable achievements in developing whole-process people's democracy. By practicing democracy throughout the whole process of elections, consultations, decision-making, administration, and oversight, Xinjiang has continued to improve the institutional framework for whole-process people's democracy.

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The people's congress system serves as a fundamental institutional pillar of whole-process people's democracy. As of 2024, a total of 74,412 people were serving as deputies to people's congresses at all levels in Xinjiang. Among them, 78.69 percent were from the grassroots level, and 69.21 percent were from ethnic minority groups. This composition demonstrates that the people of Xinjiang enjoy an equal status in political affairs, irrespective of ethnic or social background.

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Consultative democracy is an important form of whole-process people's democracy in practice. As of 2024, Xinjiang had 16,121 members serving on its CPPCC committees at all levels, with 49.06 percent of non-CPC members and 46.13 percent of members from ethnic minority groups. These figures underscore the broad representation and political inclusiveness of the CPPCC system.

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Primary-level democracy is a key manifestation of whole-process people's democracy. The system of community-level self-governance has been established for all villages and communities across Xinjiang. Over 85 percent of the matters for decision-making at grassroots self-governance organizations come from public proposals, demonstrating the authenticity of primary-level democracy and its extensive coverage and effectiveness.

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The united front is a powerful force in advancing whole-process people's democracy. Xinjiang coordinates efforts to unite members of non-CPC political parties, prominent individuals without party affiliation, non-CPC intellectuals, and businesspeople working in the non-public sector, building extensive consensus.

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Democratic oversight is an integral component of whole-process people's democracy. People's congresses at all levels in Xinjiang and their standing committees are continuing to improve their scrutiny of the people's governments, supervision commissions, people's courts, and people's procuratorates at the same level in performing their statutory duties. CPPCC committees at all levels in Xinjiang exercise consultative supervision by expressing views, making criticisms, and giving advice to ensure the legitimate rights and interests of the people of all ethnic groups are protected and realized.

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Evident strengths of the system of regional ethnic autonomy. By upholding national unity while practicing regional autonomy, and by leveraging regional features while highlighting its multiethnic composition, Xinjiang fully protects the right of all ethnic groups to jointly administer state affairs as masters of the country.

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Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has autonomous areas at all three levels — regional, prefectural, and county level. It has five autonomous prefectures and six autonomous counties, all of which enjoy extensive autonomy as prescribed by law. On all standing committees of people's congresses of ethnic autonomous areas, there are citizens from the ethnic groups exercising autonomy holding the office of chair or vice chair. The chair of the autonomous region, the governors of autonomous prefectures, and the heads of autonomous counties are all citizens from the local ethnic groups exercising regional autonomy.

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The people of all ethnic groups have equal legal status, enjoying the right to vote and stand for election, as endowed by the Constitution and the law. They enjoy freedom of religious belief, and have the rights to participate in the administration of state affairs, to receive education, to use and develop their own spoken and written languages, and to preserve and protect the fine traditional culture of their own groups.

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Xinjiang respects and protects ethnic minorities' right to learn and use their own spoken and written languages, takes a sound approach to protecting the spoken and written languages of all ethnic groups, and encourages them to learn languages from each other.

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Important advancements in the rule of law. To fully implement the CPC Central Committee's decisions and plans on law-based governance, Xinjiang has actively promoted the rule of law within the government and across society. It respects human rights and ensures its protection throughout the process of legislation, law enforcement, judicature, and law observance, so that the people can see justice served in every law, every enforcement action, and every judicial ruling.

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Xinjiang exercises its local legislative powers in accordance with the law. By the end of 2024, the People's Congress of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and its Standing Committee had formulated, revised and approved 874 local regulations, resolutions and decisions with regulatory functions or on major issues, and special ordinances. Among them, currently in effect are 175 local regulations and 56 resolutions and decisions with regulatory functions or on major issues. They have laid a solid legal foundation for maintaining local social stability and lasting peace and security.

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Xinjiang actively promotes democratic legislation. It has established two grassroots legislative outreach offices at the national level, 23 at the autonomous region level, and 112 at the city level, to extensively solicit public opinions and suggestions on legislative work.

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Xinjiang strives to build a law-based government. Over 500,000 pieces of information on law enforcement were made known to the public by the administrative law enforcement departments at all levels, and law enforcement supervision and inspection were conducted on more than 2,100 occasions.

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Continuous efforts have been made to strengthen community-level legal systems. Judicial offices have been established for townships and urban sub-districts, and people's mediation committees have been set up for villages and communities, both of which serve as legal counsels for ordinary people. A public legal service system is now in place to cover both urban and rural populations.

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Law-based governance of foreign-related affairs has been elevated to a new level. The Standing Committee of the People's Congress of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has revised the regulations on border administration and released the Regulations on China (Xinjiang) Pilot Free Trade Zone, to build Xinjiang into a core area of the Silk Road Economic Belt.

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Greater protection of human rights. Respecting and protecting human rights is a constitutional principle in China. Comprehensive progress in human rights is an ongoing quest of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang and all Chinese people. The CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping at its core has integrated this principle into the Party's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era, and made vigorous and solid efforts to protect the basic rights of the people of all ethnic groups in the region.

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Adopting a people-centered view of human rights, Xinjiang has made the improvement of people's lives the ultimate goal of all its work. It has maintained social harmony and stability in accordance with the law, accelerated the pace of high-quality development, ensured and improved living standards, developed and consolidated ethnic unity, protected the freedom of religious belief by law, and attached importance to the protection and preservation of the fine traditional culture of all ethnic groups. The rights to subsistence and development of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang are effectively guaranteed, and their political, economic, social, cultural, environmental and other rights are fully realized.

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Unprecedented progress has been made in Xinjiang's human rights cause, owing to multiple factors. The Chinese socialist system offers a strong institutional guarantee, China's high-quality economic and social development lays a solid material foundation, and sustained social stability has created favorable conditions for its development.

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VII. High-Quality Development and High-Standard Opening Up

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In the pursuit of Chinese modernization and common prosperity, none of the nation's 56 ethnic groups should be left behind. Xinjiang has fully, accurately and faithfully applied the new development philosophy and actively contributed to and been integrated with the new development dynamic. The region continues to drive deeper all-round reform and wider high-standard opening up. The foundation for Xinjiang's stable economic and social development has been strengthened, the momentum for growth has been accelerated, and the new development quality and efficiency have been substantially enhanced. Overall, Xinjiang has made solid progress in advancing Chinese modernization.

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Sustainable, sound and rapid economic development. By focusing on its strategic positioning in the nation's overall development, and upholding the integrity of innovative, coordinated, green, open and shared development, Xinjiang has been fully committed to high-quality development, seeing significant improvement in its overall economic strength and historic leaps in multiple indicators. The region's GDP increased from about RMB749.95 billion in 2012 to more than RMB2.05 trillion in 2024, exceeding the threshold of RMB2 trillion for the first time with an annual growth rate of 7 percent at constant prices. Its per capita nominal GDP increased 2.3 times from RMB33,495 in 2012 to RMB78,660 in 2024. The revenue in the general public budget jumped from nearly RMB90.9 billion in 2012 to nearly RMB240.97 billion in 2024, representing an average annual growth of more than RMB10 billion.

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Continuous efforts have been made to optimize Xinjiang's industrial structure. In 2012, the shares of the primary, secondary and tertiary industries were 16.1 percent, 44.3 percent, and 39.6 percent respectively, and in 2024, the figures were 12.5 percent, 39.6 percent, and 47.9 percent. The interconnected and complementary development between the Urumqi-Karamay-Changji Area, northern Xinjiang, eastern Xinjiang, and southern Xinjiang is now fully coordinated. Measures to accelerate new urbanization and advance the regional economic planning and spatial planning for high-quality development have been put in place. The proportion of permanent urban residents in Xinjiang rose from 44.22 percent in 2012 to 60.36 percent in 2024, up by 16.14 percentage points.

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Improved infrastructure. To optimize infrastructure layout, structure, functions, and system integration, Xinjiang has made overall planning for the construction of 10 networks covering railways, highways, aviation, power, natural gas, logistics and computing. Transportation has been largely improved in the region. The operating mileage of railways totaled 9,202 km as of 2024 — up from 4,914 km in 2012. This network now reaches all prefectures, as well as over 80 percent of county-level administrative regions. The highway network has also grown, from 165,900 km in 2012 to 230,000 km in 2024. All prefectures in Xinjiang are now accessible by highway, as are more than 90 percent of administrative regions at county level. The number of civil air routes in Xinjiang now totals 595, of which 25 are international routes, connecting to 17 countries and regions. A network of air routes covering entire Xinjiang and radiating to the east and west has now basically formed. The first, second, and third channels consistently transmit locally generated electricity to other parts of the country, with 750 kV transmission lines extending more than 12,000 km and delivering in excess of 100 billion kWh of electricity to 22 provinces and equivalent administrative units for five consecutive years. Information highway is also taking shape, with optical cables now extending 1.78 million km. All of its counties are connected with 1000M fiber optic networks, towns with 5G networks, and villages with broadband networks.

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Cluster effect of the modern industrial system. Focusing on national strategic needs, and leveraging its natural resources and industrial capabilities, Xinjiang has accelerated efforts to develop a modern industrial system with its own unique advantages. The region is also rapidly emerging as a national base for high-quality agricultural and livestock products. In 2024, grain yield per unit area reached 7872.75 kg/ha, the highest in the country. The total food output surged from nearly 15.18 million tonnes in 2012 to 23.3 million tonnes in 2024, up 53.6 percent. Xinjiang's cotton output of about 5.69 million tonnes accounted for 92.3 percent of the national total in 2024, maintaining its position as the country's top producer for the 32nd consecutive year. The mechanization rate in plowing, planting, and harvesting has reached 97 percent. Xinjiang is accelerating efforts to build itself into a strategic base of the nation's energy resources. In 2024, the oil and gas production equivalent reached 66.64 million tonnes, and the raw coal output stood at 543 million tonnes. Installed capacity of electricity hit 192.7 million kW in 2024, of which capacity from new energy sources surpassed 100 million kW. The Urumqi-Changji-Shihezi photovoltaic cluster was put on the list of national advanced manufacturing clusters.

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Xinjiang fosters its new quality productive forces in light of local conditions. A talent development fund of RMB10 billion was set up to promote the integrated development and reform of education, talent, and science and technology. The Xinjiang Research Institute of Huairou Laboratory has been put into operation, and the National Innovation Center for Wind Power Generation has been officially launched. Exceeding 10,000 m, the Tarim Oilfield's ultra-deep drilling is now the deepest in Asia. The Xinjiang-to-Chongqing Computing Resource Transfer project was listed as the pilot project for coordinated development of computing and power, and the region's first intelligent computing center has been established and put into use. The Urumqi-Changji-Shihezi national innovation demonstration zone is continuing to improve its leading role, while other five new high-tech industrial development zones have made substantial progress. The region continues to improve its support for high-quality enterprises, developing 11 single-product champion enterprises in the manufacturing sector, 52 exemplary specialized enterprises that use advanced technologies to produce unique and innovative products, and 2,742 high-tech enterprises as of the end of 2024.

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Solid green and low-carbon development. Xinjiang upholds the principle that lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets, and takes a holistic and systematic approach to the conservation and improvement of mountains, rivers, forests, farmlands, lakes, grasslands and deserts, constantly strengthening its capabilities in safeguarding eco-environmental security. The region has made significant progress in improving air quality. In 2024, the proportion of days with good air quality was 78.1 percent in cities at or above the prefectural level. Water management has also improved, as the region moves towards a more efficient and rational use of its water resources. In 2024, the proportion of surface water at Grade III (good water quality) or above reached 95.9 percent. The water supply program in the Tarim River Basin has significantly raised the groundwater level of the lower reaches, thereby promoting the region's coordinated economic and social development with its population, resources, and the eco-environment. Large-scale greening programs have been rolled out in a well-planned manner, including developing shelterbelt networks in northwest, north and northeast China, which has seen the forest coverage rate increase from 4.24 percent in 2012 to 5.07 percent in 2024. Oases area has expanded by 56.6 percent over the past three decades. The battle against desertification on the fringes of the Taklimakan Desert has been stepped up, with the desert now entirely encircled with a sand-blocking green belt stretching 3,046 km — the longest in the world. Xinjiang's accelerated green transformation can also be seen in the region's active efforts to achieve peak carbon emissions and carbon neutrality, with carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP continuing to drop.

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A core area of the Silk Road Economic Belt. Xinjiang has consciously integrated its regional opening up strategy into the country's overall plan of opening up to the west. Focusing on the construction of "One Port, Two Zones, Five Centers, and One Port Economic Belt", it aims to build a golden channel across the Eurasian continent and a gateway for opening up to the west. Consequently, it has accelerated the development of broader channels for opening up. Xinjiang has established 19 ports, including the Kunjirap Port, which is open all year round. There are 119 bilateral transport routes and 10 multilateral road freight routes. A total of 16,400 freight trains traveled through Xinjiang on the China-Europe Railway Express in 2024, marking the fifth consecutive year that the number of trains on the line had exceeded 10,000. The number of Xinjiang's economic and trade partners also increased significantly from a small handful in the 1950s to 196 countries and regions in 2012, and to 211 in 2024. Trade volume has also expanded, with the total import and export value surging from RMB158.96 billion in 2012 to RMB434.16 billion in 2024, surpassing RMB200 billion, RMB300 billion, and RMB400 billion in 2022, 2023 and 2024 respectively. The platform for opening up has improved further. China (Xinjiang) Pilot Free Trade Zone was approved and set up in October, 2023. Over the following year, more than 9,000 enterprises moved into the Zone, whose total import and export value accounted for over 30 percent of the region's total. The region has also prioritized the construction of the Tacheng Pilot Zone for Development and Opening Up, the Horgos Economic Development Zone and the Kashi Economic Development Zone.

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VIII. Significant Progress in Cultural Development

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Culture nurtures the mind and cultivates lofty aspirations. In studying and carrying out Xi Jinping Thought on Culture, Xinjiang has bolstered stronger cultural confidence, strengthened cultural identity and bonds, and developed the Chinese culture, including its diverse ethnic cultures, with greater momentum and more robust measures. The region has continued its systematic protection of cultural heritage, boosted cultural creativity, and promoted the prosperous development of socialist culture, to better meet the new aspirations of the people of all ethnic groups for enriched intellectual and cultural lives.

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Cultural heritage under effective protection. Adhering to the principle of prioritizing protection, promoting sound utilization, and minimizing interference, Xinjiang has improved its comprehensive preservation of cultural heritage. It has formulated plans for the protection of regional cultural heritage, and released local regulations such as Regulations on the Protection of the Ancient City of Kashi and Regulations on the Protection of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Manas, as part of its continuing efforts to strengthen legal guarantees for preserving cultural heritage. By 2024, Xinjiang had housed 195 institutions of cultural heritage protection at all levels, 150 registered museums, and 9,545 verified and registered immovable cultural relics, among which 6 were world cultural heritage sites, 133 were key cultural relics sites under national-level protection, and 779 were cultural relics sites under the protection of the autonomous region. The region also boasts 3 intangible cultural heritage items on the list of the UNESCO, 141 items on the national representative list, and 567 items on the list of the autonomous region. Xinjiang has coordinated the protection of cultural heritage and the development of urban and rural areas, provided effective protection and sound management for historic and cultural cities, towns and villages, traditional villages, and streets and districts with historical and cultural significance, and ensured their rational utilization. The region has promoted the preservation and exhibition of key ruins and sites reflecting past central authorities' viable governance of Xinjiang. For instance, the ruins of the Western Regions Frontier Command, Ulanbay Ancient City, Beiting City, and the Ili Commandery have been well preserved and put into good use. Also, the construction of the National Archeological Park of the Site of Beiting City, Museum of the Western Regions Frontier Command, and Silk Road and Great Wall Culture Museum has been completed. The archeological research of Xinjiang falls under the broader "Archeological Finds in China" project. Xinjiang has implemented projects such as the protection and utilization of religious ruins on the rim of the Tarim Basin, built the Qiuci Museum and the Qiuci Wei and Jin Ancient Tomb Site Museum, and promoted the protection of the Kizil Grottoes, Subashi Buddhist Temple Ruins, Loulan Ancient City Ruins, and the Nestorian monastery site on the west side of Turpan City. Xinjiang's Tongtiandong Cave, Keyakekuduke Watchtower site, and Mo'er Temple ruins have all featured on China's "top 10 archeological discoveries of the year" list.

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Flourishing cultural and artistic creation. Focusing on producing excellent cultural and artistic works, Xinjiang has improved its mechanism for serving, guiding and organizing literary and artistic creation, resulting in a continuous emergence of excellent works. In terms of literary creations, it has launched the Tianshan Literature Award, and many Xinjiang-themed literary works have received nationwide acclaim, including Ben Ba, winner of the Mao Dun Literature Prize; Distant Sunflower Fields and The Western Great Wall, winners of the Lu Xun Literature Prize; and The Flowers Are Always This Red, winner of the national Steed Awards for Ethnic Literature. In the performing arts, songs such as The Shepherds of Koktokay and Apple Fragrance have familiarized the whole country with melodies from Xinjiang; dance dramas such as Five Stars Rise in the East and Zhang Qian have powerfully reflected the nation's history and spirit; dances such as Markit Under the Sunshine and Grandpa's Samawar have been honored with the Lotus Award, China's highest honor in dance; and the performer of the Shaanxi opera Burning Incense received the prestigious China Theater Plum Blossom Awards. In film and television, Xinjiang-themed films have won the Best Works Award for seven consecutive years, including the highly acclaimed Fade Away Pastoral; the children's film The Little Horsewhip was a winner at the China Movie Awards; the TV drama To the Wonder gained viral recognition and was broadcast in several other countries; and the documentary film Fabric of Lives received substantial praise from audiences. Additionally, the brilliant performance at the Kashi sub-venue of the Central Television Station's 2024 Spring Festival Gala captivated viewers around the world.

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Continuous improvement of the system of public cultural services. Xinjiang has promoted consistent and equal access to public cultural services and channeled quality cultural resources to the community level, protecting the people's cultural rights and interests and improving their quality of life. By the end of 2024, Xinjiang had established 111 public libraries, 118 cultural centers, 1,126 cultural facilities in towns, townships and sub-districts, and 11,783 village cultural centers, providing 695.86 sq m of public cultural facilities per 10,000 people. The autonomous region now boasts 88,800 sports venues, and has established a comprehensive, five-tier public cultural service network spanning the village, township, county, prefecture, and the autonomous region levels. Believing that culture should serve the interests of the people, Xinjiang has made great efforts to ensure every village and household has access to radio and television programs, with coverage rates now reaching 99.26 and 99.37 percent, respectively. The people of all ethnic groups now have easy access to rich cultural products in their neighborhoods. From 2012 to 2024, nearly 1.37 million movie screenings were held for free in nearly 9,000 venues in rural villages or communities and covered all administrative villages. The region has held the China Xinjiang Folk Art Season, Conference on Reading, and village Spring Festival galas that also reached all villages and communities. Additionally, the establishment of the pomegranate seed art troupes has expanded access to literature and the arts in rural areas through regular performances that benefit local residents.

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Accelerated development of cultural and tourist industries. Xinjiang encourages the positive interplay between culture and tourism, and continues to advance the deeper integration of the two sectors. This enables tourists to embrace not only Xinjiang's breathtaking landscapes, but also its profound culture. To advance this deeper integration, the region has worked out a development plan for cultural and tourist industry clusters, the worth of which could reach RMB1 trillion and more. In its efforts to promote the development of sports tourism, sports training and competition, Xinjiang has hosted the Taklimakan Rally, Tour of Salimu Lake Road Cycling Race, and Freeride World Tour. The industrial cluster effect is becoming increasingly apparent in the region. Resources are now being channeled into developing the winter sports tourism sector, with 72 skiing venues and five national ski resorts established across the region by the end of 2024. Xinjiang now stands among the top in the country's winter tourism. Road trips and special interest tours are immensely popular here, with the Xinjiang section of the G219 national highway, the S101 provincial highway, the Dushanzi-Kuqa highway, the Altay-Hemu highway, and the highway around the Bosten Lake all becoming viral travel destinations among tourists, giving rise to new forms of tourism products in the region. The number of tourists to Xinjiang has increased from 48.6 million in 2012 to 302 million in 2024, a 6.21-fold increase, and the total revenues from tourism in Xinjiang were RMB359.5 billion in 2024.

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IX. Continuous Improvement in People's Wellbeing

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Living a life of contentment is the ultimate human right, and a happy life for the people is the ultimate goal of development in Xinjiang. Committed to a people-centered approach, Xinjiang pursues development to improve its people's wellbeing, benefit local society, and strengthen unity. To this end, the regional government works tirelessly to solve the most pressing and immediate concerns of the people of all ethnic groups. Every year, more than 70 percent of Xinjiang's general public budget is allocated to safeguard and improve people's wellbeing, to ensure that development benefits the people of all ethnic groups in a fair way.

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A complete victory in the fight against poverty. Xinjiang was once one of the areas with the highest incidence and intensity of poverty in all of China. After the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012, the region prioritized the fight against poverty, pooling the best of its resources and adopting targeted measures to end poverty through hard work and perseverance.

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By the end of 2020, over 3.06 million of Xinjiang's impoverished rural population, its 3,666 impoverished villages, and 35 impoverished counties had all emerged from poverty. Once the specter of absolute poverty that had haunted Xinjiang for millennia was finally eradicated, the region was able to complete the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects, along with the rest of the country. The infrastructure in areas that have escaped poverty has been significantly improved. All towns and townships, as well as administrative villages where conditions permit, now have access to paved roads, bus services, and three-phase power. Dilapidated houses in rural areas have become a thing of the past and the days of drinking bitter and saline water are forever gone.

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In 2021, the first year after achieving complete victory against absolute poverty, the per capita disposable income of residents in once impoverished rural areas rose to RMB14,477, a 2.8-fold increase from RMB5,090 in 2012, with an average annual growth rate of 12.3 percent. The numbers of family cars, washing machines, refrigerators, and computers per 100 households had risen by 14.6, 51.6, 49.5 and 5.1 respectively, compared with figures in 2012, reflecting the broader improvements in people's quality of life.

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Xinjiang has embarked on a new journey after eradicating absolute poverty. It has consolidated and expanded its achievements in poverty elimination, promoted all-round rural revitalization, and enabled the people of all ethnic groups to live a more fulfilling and promising life.

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Steady growth in employment. Xinjiang implements the employment-first strategy and tries its best to achieve high-quality full employment. Employment rates are continuing to improve, with the region's employed population rising from 12.46 million in 2012 to 13.91 million in 2024, up 11.64 percent. The employment structure has also witnessed continued improvement. In 2024, the proportion of people working in the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors stood at 31.34 percent, 14.45 percent, and 54.21 percent respectively. The hiring capacity of urban areas has continued to increase, with the number of people working in cities reaching 8.18 million in 2024, accounting for 58.8 percent of the total employed population.

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People's income has increased. In 2024, the per capita disposable income of urban and rural residents reached RMB42,820 and RMB19,427, an increase of RMB23,801 and RMB12,551 respectively, compared with 2012 figures. Better employment has created a better life for all of the region's people. By improving the employment policy system and the mechanism for protecting labor rights and interests, Xinjiang has safeguarded workers' legitimate rights and interests, ensured employment for those with the ability to work, and enabled the people of all ethnic groups to look for the jobs that suit them best and work in decent conditions.

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Comprehensive development of education. Prioritizing the development of education, Xinjiang has moved faster to build a high-quality education system, and worked to ensure that educational development offers greater benefits to the people of all ethnic groups in a fair way.

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In 2024, the gross enrollment rate of preschool education in Xinjiang reached 102.72 percent, the completion rate of the nine-year compulsory education was over 99 percent, and the gross enrollment rate of senior high schools was 97.74 percent, all above the national average. Educational investment has continued to expand. Since 2012, fiscal expenditure from the central government on education in Xinjiang has reached RMB1.1 trillion, among which RMB47.9 billion have been used to improve conditions of elementary and secondary schools. These efforts have helped to promote the quality and balanced development of compulsory education.

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A student financial assistance system covering all stages of education for every student from disadvantaged families has been established, with the amount of assistance increasing from RMB2.039 billion in 2012 to RMB9.306 billion in 2024. Students in Aksu, Kashi, and Hotan prefectures and the Kizilsu Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture in southern Xinjiang receive free education for 15 years, from preschool to senior high school.

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Xinjiang has continued to optimize the configuration and structure of higher education. By 2024, the region had 63 institutions of higher learning, 24 more than 2012, and all five prefectures and autonomous prefectures in southern Xinjiang housed universities offering undergraduate programs, a historic breakthrough. The region has further expanded the scale of vocational education, with the number of students in vocational schools growing by 60.69 percent between 2012 and 2024 to reach 575,000. Through the establishment of a modern vocational education system, Xinjiang has cultivated a large number of highly skilled workers.

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Improved and optimized health service system. Xinjiang continues to improve its policies on promoting public health and has significantly increased its protection of people's health. By 2024, Xinjiang had over 19,000 medical institutions of various types at all levels and 314,600 staff in the healthcare system. The number of beds in medical institutions per thousand people in 2024 was 7.85, the number of licensed and assistant doctors was 3.19, and the number of registered nurses was 4.12.

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The service system has continued to improve. Xinjiang has established a total of 55 national-level key clinical specialties, 358 key clinical specialties and 54 specialty alliances at the autonomous region level, and 74 telemedicine coordination networks, all of which ensure that the people of all ethnic groups have access to affordable and effective medical services. It has worked to increase the availability of quality medical resources and ensure such resources are channeled towards the community level. The proportion of Xinjiang's closely integrated medical and health consortia at the county level has reached 86.05 percent, with all town and township health centers and village clinics in the region operating up to standards. Local patients can now obtain treatment for everyday health issues at the community level, for common illnesses in counties and prefectures, and for serious diseases within the autonomous region.

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Xinjiang has worked to build an international medical center and make it a signature and demonstration medical project in the core area of the Silk Road Economic Belt. It has sped up the development of three regional medical centers at the national level and four regional medical centers at the autonomous region level, and worked to fulfill their designated roles to ensure all people have access to medical services of higher quality.

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The region's ability to safeguard public health has seen significant improvement. Disease prevention and control centers and health monitoring institutions in 14 prefectures, autonomous prefectures and cities, and 96 counties, county-level cities, and districts in Xinjiang have been restructured to improve the system for disease prevention and control. The development of the health sector has helped improve people's health, with the average life expectancy in the region increasing from 30 years in 1949 to 77 years in 2024.

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An upgraded social security net. Xinjiang has continued to improve the multitiered social security system that covers the entire population in the urban and rural areas, see that it is fair, unified, reliable, well-regulated and sustainable, and speed up the formation of a strong safety net to ensure people's wellbeing.

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By the end of 2024, the number of people under the basic old-age pension scheme and the basic medical insurance system in Xinjiang stood at 16.91 million and 23.67 million respectively, each accounting for over 95 percent of Xinjiang's total population in their category. The number of people under the unemployment insurance and work-related injury insurance exceeded 4.19 million and 5.43 million, respectively, in the same period. While improving its social security system across the board, Xinjiang has worked to upgrade its services to ensure that the fruits of reform and development can benefit more people in a fair way.

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Xinjiang has established and improved the dynamic growth mechanism for social assistance standards and the price-linked adjustment mechanism for social assistance and social security standards. Since 2012, Xinjiang has increased the subsistence allowance 13 consecutive times to meet the people's basic living needs.

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X. Greater Synergy for Xinjiang's Development

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China's great achievements in the new era have been forged through the hard work of the Party and the people. The historic success in all undertakings in Xinjiang and all the epoch-making changes are fundamentally attributed to the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping at its core. It is the result of unconditional assistance from all parts of the country and the hard work of the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang.

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The Party and the country's solid support — the foundation for Xinjiang's development. The CPC's firm leadership is the greatest political strength for Xinjiang to overcome all challenges and press forward on the path of Chinese modernization. The CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping at its core has given utmost attention to Xinjiang's development by setting the Party's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era, delineating Xinjiang's five strategic roles in national development, and issuing policy measures for improving people's wellbeing, strengthening social cohesion, and promoting high-quality economic and social development in the region. The Party central leadership has ensured that fundamental principles are upheld in the work related to Xinjiang while breaking new ground.

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Under the unified leadership of the CPC Central Committee, the whole Party and the entire nation have adopted a unified approach to national development through overall planning and coordinated action. In the case of Xinjiang, the country has put in place mechanisms under which central departments provide policy support and guidance, provincial and municipal governments cooperate and provide assistance, and Xinjiang's government plays a principal role. These mechanisms have created great synergy for the autonomous region's development.

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The central government provides special support for Xinjiang in terms of funds, projects, preferential policies, industry support, and investments. Since 2012, it has allocated more than RMB4 trillion in transfer payments to Xinjiang, including nearly RMB543.48 billion in 2024 alone.

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The firm leadership of the Party Central Committee and its solid support provide fundamental guidance for Xinjiang-related work in the new era, giving it a strong impetus.

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Notable improvements in paired assistance to Xinjiang. Paired assistance is a strategic policy measure to maintain lasting stability, peace and security in Xinjiang. Central Party and government departments, state-owned enterprises directly administered by the central government, and designated provinces and municipalities provide paired assistance to Xinjiang on a comprehensive, targeted and long-term basis. These assistance efforts include dispatching officials and professionals, implementing projects in specific industries, advancing sci-tech and education development, providing medical and health services, and promoting culture and tourism.

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Since the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012, the central government has allocated over RMB200 billion in paired assistance funds for Xinjiang, secured RMB3 trillion in investments for economic cooperation projects, and introduced more than 15,000 enterprises into the region, helping Xinjiang onto a path of high-quality development.

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Paired assistance to Xinjiang prioritizes safeguarding and improving people's wellbeing. During the 14th Five-year Plan period (2021-2025), 89.2 percent of assistance funds for Xinjiang were earmarked for projects related to the people's wellbeing, and 91.3 percent of funds served grassroots needs, improving the welfare of the people from all ethnic groups.

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Under this mechanism, large groups of officials from other parts of the country have been selected and dispatched to work in Xinjiang, and Xinjiang's grassroots officials have received training in more developed places that provide assistance, thereby increasing communication and exchanges between them. Cultural exchanges have been organized to boost communication between people from various ethnic groups in and outside Xinjiang, at multiple levels and in diverse forms. Officials and professionals stationed in Xinjiang have provided effective assistance with selfless devotion, and strengthened the bond between people in Xinjiang and in other parts of the country, helping build a strong synergy for realizing the Chinese Dream of national rejuvenation.

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Civil-military integration — new impetus for Xinjiang's development. The Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps serves as a major strategic force for realizing Xinjiang's development goals. Upholding the policy of coordination between civilian and military sectors, the autonomous region and the Corps have aligned themselves in designing strategic plans, formulating overarching plans, dovetailing special plans, and coordinating local plans. This integrated approach aims to foster development by leveraging complementary strengths and building close-knit communities.

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Xinjiang has improved the mechanisms for civil-military integration through innovative practices. The civilian and military sectors have jointly implemented a group of key infrastructure projects, including three 10 million-kW new energy bases in Hami City, the Zhundong Economic-Technological Development Park, and around the Tarim Basin. They have worked together to promote high-quality development of platforms for opening up, such as pilot free trade zones, comprehensive bonded areas, pilot zones for development and opening up, and economic and technological development zones.

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The civilian and military sectors in Xinjiang have promoted resource sharing and service integration. Twenty higher education institutions, 40 secondary vocational schools, and 590 kindergartens, elementary schools and secondary schools have been respectively paired up for mutual assistance, while a total of 196 medical partnerships have been established.

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Civil-military integration in Xinjiang is going wider and deeper, contributing to common development through unity and mutual assistance and by leveraging complementary strengths.

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Building a beautiful home through hard work. Today's Xinjiang is characterized by social stability and harmony, ethnic unity and progress, and a strong development momentum. It is a region of cultural prosperity and religious harmony where the people enjoy peace and contentment in life and work. The vast lands on both sides of the Tianshan Mountains are enjoying peace and pulsating with vigor and energy.

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Under the firm leadership of the CPC Central Committee, and with the strong support of the entire nation, the more than 26 million people in Xinjiang are working hard to achieve greater progress, bearing in mind the Party's hopes in them. Following the Party's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era in full, to the letter, and in all fields, they uphold the overall goal of stability, peace and security, and focus their work on fostering a stronger sense of the Chinese nation as one community. They have fulfilled their principal role and contributed substantial efforts in advancing Xinjiang's development, an endeavor of fundamental, indispensable and long-term significance to China's overall development.

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With unprecedented initiative and a strong motivation to create history, they are adding Xinjiang's chapters to the annals of Chinese modernization with unparalleled confidence, striving to turn into reality the grand blueprint for Xinjiang drawn up by the Party Central Committee with Xi Jinping at its core.

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Conclusion

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In the mighty tides of history, we must temper our will and character to prepare for new journeys and surmount new obstacles that come before us.

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The great achievements in pursuing reform, development and stability in Xinjiang in the new era are, fundamentally, attributed to the leadership by General Secretary Xi Jinping as the core of both the CPC Central Committee and the entire Party, to the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, and to the full, accurate and faithful implementation of the Party's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era.

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Following the guidelines, we have made a historic leap in the system and capacity for governing border areas, and have found the right way of ensuring both development and security in these areas, driving forward the Xinjiang practice in China's modernization, and achieving the overall goal of social stability and lasting peace and security in the region.

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However distant as it may seem, a dream can be achieved as long as we pursue it; however lofty as it may appear, a goal is attainable as long as we work for it. This year marks the 70th anniversary of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Looking ahead, in the grand endeavors on either side of the Tianshan Mountains and on the great journey of China's modernization, the Party's guidelines for governing Xinjiang in the new era will undoubtedly demonstrate its enduring effectiveness while continually developing and being enriched. Following their guidance, Xinjiang will embark on an increasingly broad development path and embrace an even brighter future.

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A fireworks show, co-organized by a company and an artist, that was staged in Gyalze, Shigatse, in the Xizang autonomous region on Saturday, has rightly provoked a wave of public criticism. Marketed by the outdoor brand as an "artistic tribute to nature", the spectacle instead raised deep concerns about the ecological integrity of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Far from being an act of reverence, the event revealed a troubling trend: the misuse of art as a cloak for commercial hype — a textbook case of greenwashing.

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The plateau, often called the "roof of the world", is a vital ecological barrier and a sanctuary for a variety of species. It is also among the most fragile ecosystems on Earth. To set off explosives for a fleeting display of light and smoke was more than reckless; it was disrespectful to the very environment the show claimed to honor. The residue of chemicals, the bursts of noise, and the disruption to wildlife cannot be dismissed as trivial. Once ecological damage occurs in such vulnerable areas, restoration is extremely difficult, if not impossible.

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That is why the key questions must be asked: why was this performance approved in the first place? Was any scientific assessment carried out? If not, the incident reflects not only poor judgment by the company and artist but also systemic loopholes in environmental oversight. The public deserves a reply. And if harm is proved to have been done, those responsible should not merely apologize, but also be held to account via penalties, compensation and concrete restoration measures. Only then can the incident serve as a real deterrent to others.

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What stands out in this controversy is the distortion of artistic expression. True art reveres nature, elevates the human spirit and embodies truth, goodness and beauty. What happened in Gyalze was not art in this sense, but the commodification of nature — turning the vulnerability of the natural world into a marketing gimmick. Cloaking a publicity stunt in lofty rhetoric about "paying tribute to nature" insults both art and ecology.

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Corporate actors must recognize that commercial logic has boundaries, especially in an ecological civilization. Marketing cannot come at the expense of environmental ethics. The Gyalze fireworks show is a vivid example of how attention-seeking under the guise of creativity can quickly backfire, eroding public trust and damaging brand credibility. Companies should learn that real value today lies not in pyrotechnic spectacles but in sustainable practices that genuinely respect the environment.

\n

The local authority of Shigatse released a statement on early Sunday morning, saying that they had set up an investigation team that rushed to the scene, and will handle the matter in accordance with laws and regulations based on the results of its on-site investigation, according to an official statement.

\n

Going forward, the lesson is clear: The authorities must strengthen governance by tightening approval procedures for artistic or commercial events in ecologically sensitive regions. No activity should proceed without rigorous scientific evaluation, and violations must carry serious consequences. At the same time, society should foster a healthier view of art — one that understands that the truest tribute to mountains, rivers and skies is not noisy fireworks but quiet protection.

\n

The Gyalze incident is more than a local controversy; it is a wake-up call. Ecological ethics cannot be sacrificed for spectacle, and greenwashing disguised as art is neither acceptable nor sustainable. The fireworks have faded, but the accountability must not. What should remain is not only regret but resolve: to protect the fragile beauty of the plateau, to punish those who cross ecological red lines, and to ensure that art, commerce and nature coexist in harmony — not conflict.

\n

", @@ -11665,28 +10873,6 @@ "hash": "72fc56383be4524964476679f41867cc", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "011VIEWS - Japan won't succeed in its dirty ploy to disown its war crimes", - "description": "

The author is a professor at the Institute of Japanese Studies, Nankai University.

\n

This year marks the 80th anniversary of the victory in the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression (1931-45) and the World Anti-Fascist War, an occasion that Japan should use to sincerely reflect on its history of aggression, acknowledge its war crimes, and take corrective measures to improve its relations with China.

\n

But instead of doing that, Japan, especially right-wing forces in Japan, has been trying to reshape the narrative of World War II by, among other things, rewriting its wartime history to project Japan as a victim of the war instead of a perpetrator. The right-wing forces aim to disown Japan's wartime past, including the atrocities it committed in neighboring countries including China.

\n

Rather than holding commemorations to reflect on Japan's heinous crimes before and during World War II, the right-wing forces are mourning the Japanese people who died or suffered during the war.

\n

A key element of Japan's narrative is to show that it was a victim of nuclear attacks. The bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki are used as powerful symbols to portray Japan as the "only nation to have suffered atomic bombings", which obscures its role as an initiator of the war.

\n

The G7 Summit held in Hiroshima in 2023 and the subsequent issuance of the "Hiroshima Vision" were products of Japan's efforts to reshape its identity — as a victim of World War II. Similarly, during an event to mark the 80th anniversary of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima on Aug 6, 2025, then Japanese prime minister Shigeru Ishiba emphasized Japan's unique status as the only victim of nuclear attack while avoiding any discussion on the reasons behind the bombings, thereby framing the event as a senseless tragedy.

\n

Japan has systematically expanded the definition of who qualifies as a victim. The definition, according to Japan, now includes civilians who died in the Battle of Okinawa, victims of the Tokyo air raids, postwar orphans, detained laborers, family members of deceased soldiers and even fallen soldiers.

\n

By asserting that all the Japanese people were victims of war, Japan's narrative sidesteps any acknowledgment of its military's atrocities on the people of neighboring countries. The designation of Aug 15 as "Japan's Day to Commemorate the War Dead and Pray for Peace" blurs the lines between perpetrator and victim.

\n

Through its state-funded and secular memorial sites such as the Chidorigafuchi National Cemetery, Japan conflates the commemoration of fallen soldiers, including those who invaded other countries and committed atrocities, with civilian victims, blending their memories into a narrative of public mourning.

\n

Japan's expansion of its victimhood narrative operates across three key dimensions: geographically, stretching beyond its mainland to former colonies by highlighting the suffering of overseas Japanese, such as prisoners of war detained in Siberia; temporally, extending into the postwar period to incorporate hardships like food shortages and social unrest under US occupation; and identity-wise, rebranding soldiers and colonizers as ordinary civilians, exemplified by the enshrinement of war criminals alongside other war dead at Yasukuni Shrine.

\n

The ultimate goal of Japan's narrative restructuring is to transfer its responsibility for launching the war from the state to abstract concepts like militarism, and then disperse it across the entire population. This is Japan's ploy to decriminalize its history of aggression.

\n

Another significant strategy of Japan's narrative involves playing the "Taiwan card". On Aug 6, Japan invited for the first time the Taiwan province to attend the atomic bombing anniversary ceremony in Hiroshima. While ostensibly framed as a humanitarian gesture, the move was in essence a calculated geopolitical strategy that exploited historical grievances to erode the political foundation of Sino-Japanese relations.

\n

Japan attributes the responsibility for its wartime past to "militarist cliques" in the country, asserting that ordinary Japanese people at the time and the subsequent generations bear no accountability. By merging worshipping at Yasukuni Shrine — where class-A war criminals are enshrined alongside the regular war dead — with official peace memorials, Japan hopes to build an atmosphere of undifferentiated collective mourning, thereby blurring its militarist past.

\n

Through anime, films and other media, popular Japanese cultural products frequently highlight civilian suffering during the war. While eliciting empathy, these narratives often strip away historical facts, diluting the accountability of those who launched the war.

\n

In addition, certain textbooks in Japan have reduced references to issues such as "comfort women" and the "Nanjing Massacre", replacing them with vague statements like "all countries suffered casualties during the war", further obscuring historical specifics.

\n

The implications of Japan's victimhood narrative will be profound. It will dilute the moral authority of countries that forged the anti-fascist front during World War II, including China, by trying to garner global sympathy.

\n

By promoting itself as a peace advocate through events held to promote nuclear disarmament and diplomatic outreach, Japan is trying to disown responsibility for its war crimes.

\n

But reconstructed history cannot whitewash Japan's colonial and war crimes. Instead, it will severely impede historical reconciliation across East Asia. As the world marks the 80th anniversary of the victory over fascism, Japan's distorted wartime narrative is hindering regional historical reconciliation.

\n

The views don't necessarily represent those of China Daily.

\n

", - "content": "

The author is a professor at the Institute of Japanese Studies, Nankai University.

\n

This year marks the 80th anniversary of the victory in the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression (1931-45) and the World Anti-Fascist War, an occasion that Japan should use to sincerely reflect on its history of aggression, acknowledge its war crimes, and take corrective measures to improve its relations with China.

\n

But instead of doing that, Japan, especially right-wing forces in Japan, has been trying to reshape the narrative of World War II by, among other things, rewriting its wartime history to project Japan as a victim of the war instead of a perpetrator. The right-wing forces aim to disown Japan's wartime past, including the atrocities it committed in neighboring countries including China.

\n

Rather than holding commemorations to reflect on Japan's heinous crimes before and during World War II, the right-wing forces are mourning the Japanese people who died or suffered during the war.

\n

A key element of Japan's narrative is to show that it was a victim of nuclear attacks. The bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki are used as powerful symbols to portray Japan as the "only nation to have suffered atomic bombings", which obscures its role as an initiator of the war.

\n

The G7 Summit held in Hiroshima in 2023 and the subsequent issuance of the "Hiroshima Vision" were products of Japan's efforts to reshape its identity — as a victim of World War II. Similarly, during an event to mark the 80th anniversary of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima on Aug 6, 2025, then Japanese prime minister Shigeru Ishiba emphasized Japan's unique status as the only victim of nuclear attack while avoiding any discussion on the reasons behind the bombings, thereby framing the event as a senseless tragedy.

\n

Japan has systematically expanded the definition of who qualifies as a victim. The definition, according to Japan, now includes civilians who died in the Battle of Okinawa, victims of the Tokyo air raids, postwar orphans, detained laborers, family members of deceased soldiers and even fallen soldiers.

\n

By asserting that all the Japanese people were victims of war, Japan's narrative sidesteps any acknowledgment of its military's atrocities on the people of neighboring countries. The designation of Aug 15 as "Japan's Day to Commemorate the War Dead and Pray for Peace" blurs the lines between perpetrator and victim.

\n

Through its state-funded and secular memorial sites such as the Chidorigafuchi National Cemetery, Japan conflates the commemoration of fallen soldiers, including those who invaded other countries and committed atrocities, with civilian victims, blending their memories into a narrative of public mourning.

\n

Japan's expansion of its victimhood narrative operates across three key dimensions: geographically, stretching beyond its mainland to former colonies by highlighting the suffering of overseas Japanese, such as prisoners of war detained in Siberia; temporally, extending into the postwar period to incorporate hardships like food shortages and social unrest under US occupation; and identity-wise, rebranding soldiers and colonizers as ordinary civilians, exemplified by the enshrinement of war criminals alongside other war dead at Yasukuni Shrine.

\n

The ultimate goal of Japan's narrative restructuring is to transfer its responsibility for launching the war from the state to abstract concepts like militarism, and then disperse it across the entire population. This is Japan's ploy to decriminalize its history of aggression.

\n

Another significant strategy of Japan's narrative involves playing the "Taiwan card". On Aug 6, Japan invited for the first time the Taiwan province to attend the atomic bombing anniversary ceremony in Hiroshima. While ostensibly framed as a humanitarian gesture, the move was in essence a calculated geopolitical strategy that exploited historical grievances to erode the political foundation of Sino-Japanese relations.

\n

Japan attributes the responsibility for its wartime past to "militarist cliques" in the country, asserting that ordinary Japanese people at the time and the subsequent generations bear no accountability. By merging worshipping at Yasukuni Shrine — where class-A war criminals are enshrined alongside the regular war dead — with official peace memorials, Japan hopes to build an atmosphere of undifferentiated collective mourning, thereby blurring its militarist past.

\n

Through anime, films and other media, popular Japanese cultural products frequently highlight civilian suffering during the war. While eliciting empathy, these narratives often strip away historical facts, diluting the accountability of those who launched the war.

\n

In addition, certain textbooks in Japan have reduced references to issues such as "comfort women" and the "Nanjing Massacre", replacing them with vague statements like "all countries suffered casualties during the war", further obscuring historical specifics.

\n

The implications of Japan's victimhood narrative will be profound. It will dilute the moral authority of countries that forged the anti-fascist front during World War II, including China, by trying to garner global sympathy.

\n

By promoting itself as a peace advocate through events held to promote nuclear disarmament and diplomatic outreach, Japan is trying to disown responsibility for its war crimes.

\n

But reconstructed history cannot whitewash Japan's colonial and war crimes. Instead, it will severely impede historical reconciliation across East Asia. As the world marks the 80th anniversary of the victory over fascism, Japan's distorted wartime narrative is hindering regional historical reconciliation.

\n

The views don't necessarily represent those of China Daily.

\n

", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-09/22/content_011_68d06e53ed50ccabe1519ee4.htm#011VIEWS", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Mon, 22 Sep 2025 00:21:05 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "48ced752e3fef2812714827edd1b1bd0", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "Python电子书推荐 | 16本python书籍（附PDF版），看完少走一多半弯路!", "description": "【文末有获取方式】【文末有获取方式】获取方式：点赞+在看公众号内回复：“学习” 免费领取~", @@ -11709,28 +10895,6 @@ "hash": "55fe346b242700db5364c87179b5c541", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "自学python必看的书籍《Python编程：从入门到实践》PDF版拿走不谢", - "description": "自学python必看的书籍《Python编程：从入门到实践》内容简介本书是一本针对所有层次的Python 读者", - "content": "
\n

\n \n \n 自学python必看的书籍《Python编程：从入门到实践》\n \n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n \"图片\"\n \n

\n

\n \n \n 内容简介\n \n \n

\n

\n \n 本书是一本针对所有层次的Python 读者而作的Python 入门书。全书分两部分：\n \n

\n

\n \n 第一部分介绍用Python 编程所必须了解的基本概念，包括matplotlib、NumPy 和Pygal 等强大的Python 库和工具介绍，以及列表、字典、if 语句、类、文件与异常、代码测试等内容；\n \n

\n

\n \n 第二部分将理论付诸实践，讲解如何开发三个项目，包括简单的Python 2D 游戏开发如何利用数据生成交互式的信息图，以及创建和定制简单的Web 应用，并帮读者解决常见编程问题和困惑。\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n \n 目录\n \n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n
\n \n \"图片\"\n \n
\n
\n \n \"图片\"\n \n
\n
\n \n \"图片\"\n \n
\n
\n \n \"图片\"\n \n
\n
\n \n \"图片\"\n \n
\n
\n \n \"图片\"\n \n
\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n \n 书籍的分享格式为PDF电子版，小伙伴们手机也可以阅读学习哦！\n \n \n

\n

\n \n \n 书籍终归只是辅助，想要真的深入学习python，当然还要有系统的学习方法和学习教程才可以让你在学习的路上一帆风顺哦！\n \n \n

\n

\n \n \n 本套视频一共400集，本套视频共分3季：\n \n \n

\n

\n \n 第一季 【基础篇】Python基础 （115集）\n \n

\n

\n \n 第二季 【提高篇】Python深入和扩展（100集）\n \n

\n

\n \n 第三季 【扩展篇】网络编程、多线程、扩展库（85集）\n \n

\n

\n \n 第四季 【高手篇】算法、Python源码、函数式编程、手工实现神经网络（100集）\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n
\n \n \"图片\"\n \n
\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n \n 以上这些教程我已经为大家打包准备好了，希望对正在学习的你有所帮助！\n \n \n

\n
    \n
  1. \n

    \n \n \n \n 获取方式：公众号私信回复“学习”即可\n \n \n \n

    \n
    2. \n
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    \n \n \n \n 需要的小伙伴可以多多点赞转发 让更多的人看到\n \n \n \n

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\n
\n", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/F6IIlA5Egg_Q3FfMviVBSg", - "creator": "python开发工程师", - "pubDate": "Sat, 09 Aug 2025 07:45:00 ", - "enclosure": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/Nc53lZXDjZxVicDpvyBoAac1BHibe0kYqSYWiahfpLxhacASJZx57hj5tQYkaZ4r4ibbItibgZXBJVZaQwFHLCNunbg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "enclosureType": "image/jpeg", - "image": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/Nc53lZXDjZxVicDpvyBoAac1BHibe0kYqSYWiahfpLxhacASJZx57hj5tQYkaZ4r4ibbItibgZXBJVZaQwFHLCNunbg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "id": "2247511510_2", - "language": "", - "folder": "IT技术", - "feed": "python开发工程师", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "3f63c245f02ccafb6fdb15b12ce12504", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "浙江大学教授终于把Python讲成故事教程，学习起来通俗易懂", "description": "浙江大学教授终于把Python讲成故事教程，学习起来通俗易懂为什么选择Python？", @@ -11753,28 +10917,6 @@ "hash": "d97f9096cec06ac3664110e325c3d313", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "说Python基础差的同学，请疯狂啃-247个Python实战案例", - "description": "众所周知，我们在学习Pyhont过程中，大都看书枯燥、看视频进度慢，网上查找的学习案例又比较凌乱不成体系。。", - "content": "
\n

\n \n 众所周知，我们在学习Pyhont过程中，大都看书枯燥、看视频进度慢，网上查找的学习案例又比较凌乱不成体系。。。\n \n

\n

\n \n \n 百看不如一练，今天为大家搜集了一份\n \n \n \n Python从入门到进阶的实战案例合集\n \n \n \n ，共计247个案例，185页内容。\n \n \n

\n

\n \n \n 内容涵盖：\n \n \n

\n
\n \"图片\"\n
\n

\n \n \n 高清PDF版，所有代码均可复制。是python学习路上练习的最佳参考资料。快快收藏起来吧。\n \n \n

\n

\n \n \n \n 内容预览：\n \n \n \n

\n
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\n \"图片\"\n
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\n \n \n 由于篇幅过长，只能为大家部分展示，这本书完整版的PDF已经为大家准备好了。\n \n \n

\n \n

\n \n
\n \n

\n
\n \n
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\n

\n \n \n

\n
\n", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/Q3LxHU9ak6O0lsV7fhd7Og", - "creator": "python开发工程师", - "pubDate": "Mon, 28 Jul 2025 08:00:00 ", - "enclosure": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/Nc53lZXDjZwh724zKm8HvjLVfvm085TQp1JXXib8X7PgGcdkYDvI7TlJNyt486cZtzNTgqrmGRiaGuzic0Lrm4H2A/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "enclosureType": "image/jpeg", - "image": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/Nc53lZXDjZwh724zKm8HvjLVfvm085TQp1JXXib8X7PgGcdkYDvI7TlJNyt486cZtzNTgqrmGRiaGuzic0Lrm4H2A/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "id": "2247511437_2", - "language": "", - "folder": "IT技术", - "feed": "python开发工程师", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "bef4c21bd27ae5b52bc5a6bf7e2978ea", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "自学python必看的书籍《Python编程：从入门到实践》", "description": "内容简介本书是一本针对所有层次的Python 读者而作的Python 入门书。", @@ -11797,28 +10939,6 @@ "hash": "7dcfc8e3ce8ac73a506470cf4f75b40b", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "自学python必看的书籍《Python编程：从入门到实践》PDF版拿走不谢", - "description": "内容简介本书是一本针对所有层次的Python 读者而作的Python 入门书。", - "content": "
\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n \"图片\"\n \n

\n

\n \n \n 内容简介\n \n \n

\n

\n \n 本书是一本针对所有层次的Python 读者而作的Python 入门书。全书分两部分：\n \n

\n

\n \n 第一部分介绍用Python 编程所必须了解的基本概念，包括matplotlib、NumPy 和Pygal 等强大的Python 库和工具介绍，以及列表、字典、if 语句、类、文件与异常、代码测试等内容；\n \n

\n

\n \n 第二部分将理论付诸实践，讲解如何开发三个项目，包括简单的Python 2D 游戏开发如何利用数据生成交互式的信息图，以及创建和定制简单的Web 应用，并帮读者解决常见编程问题和困惑。\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n \n 目录\n \n \n

\n
\n \n \"图片\"\n \n
\n
\n \n \"图片\"\n \n
\n
\n \n \"图片\"\n \n
\n
\n \n \"图片\"\n \n
\n
\n \n
\n \n
\n
\n \n \"图片\"\n \n
\n
\n \n \"图片\"\n \n
\n

\n \n \n 书籍的分享格式为PDF电子版，小伙伴们手机也可以阅读学习哦！\n \n \n

\n

\n \n \n 书籍终归只是辅助，想要真的深入学习python，当然还要有系统的学习方法和学习教程才可以让你在学习的路上一帆风顺哦！\n \n \n

\n

\n \n \n 本套视频一共400集，本套视频共分3季：\n \n \n

\n

\n \n 第一季 【基础篇】Python基础 （115集）\n \n

\n

\n \n 第二季 【提高篇】Python深入和扩展（100集）\n \n

\n

\n \n 第三季 【扩展篇】网络编程、多线程、扩展库（85集）\n \n

\n

\n \n 第四季 【高手篇】算法、Python源码、函数式编程、手工实现神经网络（100集）\n \n

\n
\n \n \"图片\"\n \n
\n

\n \n \n 以上这些教程我已经为大家打包准备好了，希望对正在学习的你有所帮助！\n \n \n

\n
    \n
  1. \n

    \n \n \n \n 获取方式：公众号私信回复“学习”即可\n \n \n \n

    \n
    2. \n
  2. \n

    \n \n \n \n 需要的小伙伴可以多多点赞转发 让更多的人看到\n \n \n \n

    \n
    3. \n
\n
\n \n
\n \n
\n

\n \n \n

\n
\n", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/OBYA9CqtM2SJz3V0OsMNMw", - "creator": "python开发工程师", - "pubDate": "Fri, 27 Jun 2025 09:00:00 ", - "enclosure": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/Nc53lZXDjZy6NhzQnQnn6fj5giafbrz2bENYGODukDQ8iaKoSXOKkIEz9iaAdM2HiaTL77jqDuHqbple8NGD0NlMFQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "enclosureType": "image/jpeg", - "image": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/Nc53lZXDjZy6NhzQnQnn6fj5giafbrz2bENYGODukDQ8iaKoSXOKkIEz9iaAdM2HiaTL77jqDuHqbple8NGD0NlMFQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "id": "2247511245_2", - "language": "", - "folder": "IT技术", - "feed": "python开发工程师", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "761a8deb7a6670d138fbe73449a68ef1", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "006ADVERTORIAL - AVIATION PIONEER LIFTS LIAONING", "description": "
\n

\n

During the Liaoning Science and Technology Conference held in the provincial capital Shenyang in 2024, the aircraft general design expert Yang Fengtian was honored with the Liaoning top sci-tech award. Born in Yixian county in 1941, Yang has dedicated over 60 years to China's aviation sector and still works six hours every day to develop new energy aircraft and promote the general aviation industry.

\n

"I am very willing to keep working as long as my health allows," he said.

\n

In the 1960s, Yang joined the AVIC Shenyang Aircraft Design and Research Institute after graduating from college and worked on the design of Chinese fighter jet Shenyang J-8, which was granted the special prize of the State Scientific and Technological Progress Award.

\n

Yang once stated in an interview that the most memorable moment in his career was J-8's first successful flight on July 5, 1969. "That was the first time I saw an aircraft I had helped design take to the skies," he said.

\n

In the late 1980s, Yang was responsible for developing aerial refueling technology for the J-8II. Facing significant risks and challenges, Yang and his team demonstrated resolute determination and unyielding spirit, achieving success within two years. This breakthrough was of strategic significance for enhancing the operational capabilities of the country's air force and navy.

\n

In 2007, Yang was elected as an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, China's highest academic title in science and technology. Nevertheless, his commitment to the aviation industry continued. In 2010, he became the president of Shenyang Aerospace University. Under his leadership, the Liaoning General Aviation Academy was founded in 2021.

\n

Despite his age, Yang worked with young researchers at the academy to achieve technological breakthroughs in new energy aircraft, advancing China's expertise in aviation lithium battery technology, electric propulsion systems, and composite material structural design.

\n

In September, China's first two-seat electric helicopter, the RX1H, made its maiden flight at the Shenyang Faku Caihu Airport. The helicopter research program, led by Yang's team at the LGAA, achieved advancements in over 10 technological areas, including high-energy-density battery integration, high-efficiency electric drive systems, and lightweight structural design.

\n

"Working hours are the happiest time, and the laughter after solving problems is the most joyful sound for me," Yang said. "Watching our fighters take off and land brings me immense satisfaction. I truly cannot stay away from aircraft."

\n

Yang has spent most of his life in Liaoning, contributing to the province's aviation industry and sci-tech development. The region has, in turn, shaped his personality and bolstered his career, becoming an inseparable part of his legacy.

\n

Alongside Yang, Liaoning is now home to 57 academicians of the CAE and the Chinese Academy of Sciences, including Guo Xu from Dalian University of Technology, Li Dianzhong from the Institute of Metal Research at CAS, Pan Yishan from Liaoning University, Yu Haibin from the Shenyang Institute of Automation at CAS, Zhu Jiaojun from the Institute of Applied Ecology at CAS and Liu Yongquan from the AECC Shenyang Engine Research Institute.

\n

Solid foundation

\n

As one of China's major industrial bases, Liaoning has abundant scientific and educational resources and a solid innovation foundation, which injects momentum into its sustained growth.

\n

The province is leveraging sci-tech innovation as the main driver to cultivate new quality productive forces, and stepping up efforts to build a regional sci-tech innovation center with national influence to provide great support for its full revitalization, according to a senior official from the Liaoning Department of Science and Technology.

\n

Liaoning has established an array of high-level sci-tech platforms including the "two cities and one park" — Shenyang Hunnan Sci-tech City, the Dalian Yinggeshi Scientific City and the Shenfu Scientific Innovation Park.

\n

The core startup area of Hunnan Sci-Tech City opened last year, attracting 50 sci-tech projects such as the Innovation Center for Special Metals and High-end Components Technology and the Liaoning Liaohe Laboratory.

\n

Liaoning Liaohe Laboratory is one of four new provincial research institutes established in 2022, alongside the Liaoning Academy of Materials, Liaoning Binhai Laboratory, and Liaoning Huanghai Laboratory. These institutes focus on intelligent manufacturing, new materials, clean energy, and high-end equipment manufacturing, respectively, with the goal of enhancing Liaoning's sci-tech platforms through institutional innovation and breakthroughs in key technologies, said government officials.

\n

In the first quarter of 2025, the added value of industrial enterprises above a designated size in Liaoning rose by 3.6 percent year-on-year. Notably, the added value of high-tech manufacturing surged by 10.9 percent, marking the best performance in the past decade.

\n

Cities across the province have cultivated their advantageous industries, showcasing great vitality in the sci-tech sector. The coastal city of Dalian stands out as a regional leader in the marine economy, with traditional industries such as fisheries and sea transportation accelerating transition. Anshan, one of China's largest producers of magnesite raw materials, has proposed to build a world-class magnesite production base and aims to achieve an output value of 50 billion yuan ($7.03 billion) this year.

\n

Liaoning is home to more than 40,000 sci-tech small and medium-sized businesses, as well as 14,000 national high-tech companies, and three unicorn enterprises — startups valued at over $1 billion.

\n

Favorable environment

\n

To accelerate the transformation and utilization of research results, the province has established a working mechanism connecting research institutes and companies. A list of technological demands from tech companies is released regularly, enabling researchers to carry out more targeted research programs and address specific technology challenges.

\n

Meanwhile, enterprises can stay informed about the latest technological advancements based on sci-tech achievement lists from research institutes and universities, offering tailored support such as capital and application scenarios.

\n

Focusing on the innovation needs of companies, the "sci-tech commissioner" program was launched. In 2024, more than 1,000 people from universities, research institutes, enterprises, and public institutions were selected and dispatched to different companies across the province to assist with technology research, talent cultivation, finance, and research result transformation.

\n

Among them, Sun Xi, a teacher from Yingkou Institute of Technology, was assigned to Liaoning Rontec Advanced Material Technology to assist in aluminum foam production.

\n

"We achieved breakthroughs in core technologies thanks to Sun's assistance. Our production capacity has tripled with new equipment," said Zhu Delin, general manager of the company.

\n

Senior engineer Dai Fengyou from the patent center of DLUT helped Dalian Jingtuo Machinery Manufacturing use two intellectual property assets as collateral to secure a loan of 5 million yuan.

\n

These sci-tech commissioners serve as a bridge between companies, universities and research institutes, ensuring cooperation and fostering the deeper integration of sci-tech research and industrial innovation, according to officials from the department.

\n

This year, the first batch of 813 "sci-tech commissioners" was dispatched in February, with the total number expected to hit 3,000.

\n

In addition, the province has built an online comprehensive service platform to gather innovation resources, improve services, and advance the transformation of scientific research results.

\n

The platform, now in trial operation, integrates technological demands, research results, sci-tech talents, instrument sharing, startup incubation, and technology services.

\n

According to the plan, it will further add and enhance services such as online demand-supply matching, virtual road shows, evaluation and technology transaction, while connecting with municipal platforms as well as key companies, universities, and research institutes to form a collaborative innovation system.

\n

Official data showed that Liaoning's transaction value of technology contracts reached 154.08 billion yuan in 2024, marking a year-on-year increase of 17.8 percent — 6.6 percentage points higher than the national average.

\n

Key projects

\n

Over the past few years, Liaoning has made great strides in scientific and technological research, developing cutting-edge technologies and major equipment across sectors such as aviation, marine, rail transport and energy.

\n

�6�1 Fendouzhe

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The Fendouzhe, or Striver in English, a deep-sea manned submersible developed by Chinese scientists, was launched in 2016.

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Zhao Yang from the Shenyang Institute of Automation at CAS served as its deputy chief designer.

\n

In November 2020, the submersible, crewed by Zhao and two other researchers, completed its diving mission in the Mariana Trench, setting a new national depth record of 10,909 meters. This marked a milestone in China's deep-sea exploration, demonstrating its comprehensive strength in marine high technology.

\n

�6�1 ±1,100-kilovolt direct current converter transformer

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The ±1,100 kV direct current converter transformer, developed by TBEA Shenyang Transformer Group, is a key component of the Changji converter station in Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, which is also the starting point of the Changji-Guquan ±1,100 kV UHV direct current transmission project.

\n

Stretching approximately 3,293 kilometers, the project holds the world record for the longest transmission distance, highest voltage level, and largest transmission capacity.

\n

By the end of 2024, the transmission line had delivered about 312.09 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity to Guquan township in East China's Anhui province, since it began operations in September 2019.

\n

�6�1 Photon-counting CT

\n

Shenyang-based company Neusoft Medical Systems received market approval in August for its NeuViz P10 photon-counting CT scanner. This marks the first photon-counting CT approved in China, and the world's first wide-body system equipped with an 8-centimeter detector. The photon-counting CT is considered a breakthrough in the next-generation imaging sector. Unlike conventional CT scanners, which first convert X-rays into light before generating digital images, the NeuViz P10 utilizes a cadmium zinc telluride detector to capture and convert X-ray photons directly into a digital signal.

\n

zhanglinwan@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", @@ -14441,28 +13561,6 @@ "image": "http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/La6QLcCe4Doibae1STGe3I39aibzAzIZNBjGRFdk85bqNbz87WVTczd2ek4ibyAcX0hbRpic4XFUdLchgqwSspnQIg/0?wx_fmt=png", "description": "", "items": [ - { - "title": "跑酷、无人机竞速、潜水、轮滑……原来世运会这么好玩！", - "description": "跑酷、无人机竞速、潜水、轮滑……原来世运会这么好玩！", - "content": "
\n

\n \n 第12届世界运动会\n \n

\n

\n \n 7日在四川成都正式开幕\n \n

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\n \n 这是中国大陆首次举办世运会！\n \n

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\n \n \n
\n

\n \n \n Against the backdrop of Qinhuang Lake and the city skyline, the Chengdu World Games officially opened on Thursday night, themed \"Boundless Sports, Countless Wonders\".\n \n \n

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\n \n 从昨晚到今晨，\n \n

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\n \n \n #被世运会吉祥物狠狠迷住#\n \n \n

\n

\n \n \n #世运会七彩祥云烟花#等\n \n \n \n 多条开幕式\n \n

\n

\n \n 相关话题登上热搜，\n \n

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\n \n 你注意到这些“圈粉”瞬间了吗？\n \n

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\n \n
\n \n

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\n \n \n \n 以公园城市的方式打开世运会\n \n \n \n

\n

\n \n 不同以往，这场开幕式走出体育场，来到碧波湖畔的大型户外空间“天府之檐”。映着晚霞与夜色，城市景观、人民生活与体育氛围巧妙融为一体，露营椅上的观众也成了风景。\n \n

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\n \n \n 现场观众拍摄开幕式焰火。新华社记者 陈斌 摄\n \n \n
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\n \n \n \n 超500名演员共跳街舞\n \n \n \n

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\n \n 开场节目《缤纷之约》亮相，数百名演员以街舞的方式拉开序幕，带来一场极具冲击力的视觉盛宴。表演中，古蜀图腾融入动感舞步，在智能芯片和发光道具的加持下，活力四射、动感十足。\n \n

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\n \n \n 小演员在开幕式上表演。新华社记者 陈振海 摄\n \n \n
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\n \n \n \n \n 千年巴蜀文\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 明长卷\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 徐徐展开\n \n \n \n \n

\n

\n \n 金沙太阳神鸟、说唱俑、二十四伎乐……当焰火在“天府之檐”上空绽放出古老的篆书“成都”二字，巴蜀大地的文化符号在文艺表演中逐一亮相。\n \n

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\n \n 开幕式上的川剧1分钟中，来自四川省川剧院的青年花旦立于舞台中央，大多是“00后”的他们以川剧花旦艺术为根基，拥抱现代街舞的活力脉搏，更将川剧“变脸”融于其中。\n \n

\n

\n \n
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\n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n 这是开幕式上的表演。 新华社记者 赖向东 摄\n \n \n
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\n \n \n \n 滑水点燃火炬\n \n \n \n

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\n \n 开幕式接近尾声，中国滑水运动员以滑水的方式疾驰于湖上，共同点燃主火炬，水火交相辉映，现场再次沸腾。\n \n

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\n \n \n 这是在开幕式现场拍摄的主火炬。新华社记者 陈斌 摄\n \n \n
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\n \n \n The opening ceremony reached its climax when the final two torchbearers - Chinese waterskiers Xu Lu and Alu Xiaobo — glided across the water behind powerboats, carrying torches passed to them by snooker player Ding Junhui and Olympic and TWG trampoline champion Dong Dong. Xu and Alu then lit the main cauldron, designed as a water-shaped spout rising from the lake, as fireworks lit up the sky in a dazzling display.\n \n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 看完精彩的开幕式，\n \n

\n

\n \n 问题来了~\n \n

\n

\n \n 世运会都有哪些比赛项目\n \n

\n

\n \n 和奥运会有什么区别？\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n \n \n 无人机竞速、跑酷、武术……\n \n \n \n

\n

\n \n \n \n 原来世运会这么好玩!\n \n \n \n

\n

\n \n 世界运动会\n \n

\n

\n \n 由国际世界运动会协会主办\n \n

\n

\n \n 和奥运会一样无特殊情况四年一届\n \n

\n

\n \n 竞赛项目以非奥运会项目为主\n \n

\n

\n \n 本届世运会历时11天\n \n

\n

\n \n 将于17日闭幕\n \n

\n

\n \n 共设置34个大项\n \n

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\n \n 60个分项、256个小项\n \n

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\n \n
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\n

\n \n 除了腰旗橄榄球（Flag Football）、棒垒球（Baseball - Softball）、棍网球（Lacrosse）、壁球（Squash）这些2028年洛杉矶奥运会正式比赛项目，还有无人机竞速（Drone Racing）、跑酷（Parkour）等充满青春活力的新潮项目。\n \n

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\n \n
\n \n

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\n \n 自由潜水（Freediving）、残疾人自由潜水（Freediving for athletes with impairment）、龙舟（Dragon Boat）、武术（Wushu）等则在本届世运会首次成为正式比赛项目。\n \n

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\n \n \n 图源：第12届世界运动会官方网站截图\n \n \n

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\n \n 本届世运会共有来自110余个国家和地区的6679名运动员、随队官员、技术官员参赛，其中运动员3942人，\n \n 是世运会历史上规模最大、人数最多的一届。\n \n \n

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\n \n
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\n \n \n As the largest-ever edition, the Chengdu World Games has attracted a record 6,679 total participants, including athletes and officials, from 116 countries and regions. The 3,942 athletes will compete in 256 events across 34 sports.\n \n \n

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\n \n
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\n \n 中国体育代表团321名运动员将参加28个大项、152个小项的比赛，\n \n 是中国1981年参加世运会以来参赛项目最多、规模最大的一次。\n \n \n

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\n \n \n China has sent its largest-ever delegation: 489 members, including 321 athletes. The Chinese athletes, which has also included para-athletes for the first time, are competing in 152 events across 28 sports and making its debut in 12, including cheerleading, flying disc and powerboating.\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 视频来源：央视新闻\n \n \n

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\n \n 321位健儿中，年龄最大的运动员50岁，最小的13岁，其中包括10名残疾人运动员，\n \n 也是中国首次选派残疾人运动员参赛。\n \n \n

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\n \n 据央视新闻报道，此次中国体育代表团的重点夺金项目包括武术、蹼泳、攀岩、技巧、健美操、轮滑、台球、龙舟等。同时，在地掷球、体育舞蹈、蹦床、跑酷、啦啦操、空手道、残疾人自由潜水、残疾人柔术等项目上也有望获得奖牌或金牌。\n \n

\n

\n \n \n 为运动健儿加油喝彩！\n \n \n

\n

\n \n \n 你最期待哪些项目？\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 综合来源：央视新闻、新华社、第12届世界运动会官方网站、CHINADAILY、中国青年报、成都发布、天府新视界、大象新闻等\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 编辑：张语迎\n \n \n

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\n", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/hArQengK84nqfZUFj5SAOA", - "creator": "21世纪英文报", - "pubDate": "Fri, 08 Aug 2025 15:01:48 ", - "enclosure": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/KZZ7pejfWpmrnFbMEJowNBsqnS93DCnAUhMJssFQmhA1HTUvz5qPc0Pv60DO79OIv6ic3hsBoENYT3ymtzWcw2w/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "enclosureType": "image/jpeg", - "image": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/KZZ7pejfWpmrnFbMEJowNBsqnS93DCnAUhMJssFQmhA1HTUvz5qPc0Pv60DO79OIv6ic3hsBoENYT3ymtzWcw2w/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "id": "2247848392_1", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "21世纪双语", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "e36cd831fabf77309a446e5796c097ca", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "95后硕士摆摊卖“酷炫烧饼”火了？网友：当学历遇上创意", "description": "95后硕士摆摊卖“酷炫烧饼”火了？网友：当学历遇上创意", @@ -14485,28 +13583,6 @@ "hash": "a0f9b7537f5151dd3f503129171dc2f2", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "用AI写作业却总被坑惨？第一批“整顿AI”的孩子出现了……", - "description": "用AI写作业却总被坑惨？第一批“整顿AI”的孩子出现了……", - "content": "
\n

\n \n 正逢暑假，又到了孩子们与暑假作业斗智斗勇的时候了。但这一次，DeepSeek等生成式人工智能应用已经成了不少“技术流”中小学生的作业救星，还能写征文作品、做PPT、写检讨书……\n \n

\n

\n \n
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\n \n 当下，AI的触手已经延伸至教育的多个领域，但随之而来的，或许并不是一劳永逸。有网友发现，除了能快速整合海量信息之外，AI也挺能\n \n “一本正经地胡说八道”\n \n ↓↓↓\n \n

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\n \n \n AI hallucination occurs when an AI model generates false or illogical information that is not based on real data or events, but is presented as fact. Hallucinations can lead to significant consequences when people use AI for tasks with the potential for high-stakes consequences.\n \n \n

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\n \n
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\n \n “我前两天在用AI帮助我做作业的时候，AI就给我挖了一个‘大坑’，搞得我的作业错了一大堆……”受到这些学习经历的启发，\n \n \n 来自\n \n \n \n 北京中学科技分校的李子超\n \n \n \n “脑洞大开”\n \n \n ，决定和几位同学一起“整顿AI”。\n \n

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\n \n \n 来自北京中学科技分校的\n \n \n \n \n 李子超、胡棂凡、赵桐卉在讨论方案\n \n \n \n \n 图源：受访者供图\n \n \n

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\n \n 没想到，孩子们的这个想法后续不光斩获全国大奖，还即将让他们走上国际舞台！\n \n

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\n \n \n 同学们获得全国特等奖 图源：受访者供图\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 戳视频，来围观这群孩子们\n \n \n

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\n \n \n “整顿AI”的更多幕后故事！↓↓↓\n \n \n

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\n \n \n “我们要做AI的主人”\n \n \n \n
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\n \n 关注到“AI写作业”在中小学生群体的流行趋势，李子超和同学胡棂凡、赵桐卉三人思考起了在日常学习中如何正确看待和使用AI的问题。\n \n

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\n \n \n 同学们的参赛方案资料 图源：受访者供图\n \n \n

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\n \n
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\n

\n \n 于是，他们提出了基于生成式AI的\n \n “智能学习社区”\n \n 这一想法。与市面上常见的AI解题工具不同的是，学习社区中这种引导与共学的模式能培养同学的独立思考能力，而不是让AI沦为青少年的“损友”和“枪手”。\n \n

\n
\n \n
\n

\n \n \n 同学们的参赛方案资料 图源：受访者供图\n \n \n

\n

\n \n
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\n

\n \n 在学校《国际理解教育》课程社团指导教师、对外经济贸易大学副教授邱昌情的指导下，三位同学带着这个不断细化完善的方案，近期参加了以\n \n “全球人工智能治理：责任、挑战与合作的新世纪”\n \n 为主题的“2025中学生全球治理创新方案设计大赛”。\n \n

\n
\n \n
\n

\n \n 该赛事是全球首个专注于中学生全球治理创新方案设计的大赛，在继承复旦大学与联合国开发计划署（UNDP）2007年共同发起的青年全球治理创新设计大赛（YICGG）成功经验的基础上，进一步拓展创新，\n \n 旨在为全球治理贡献青少年的智慧与力量。\n \n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 十多年来，YICGG持续推动全球治理人才的培养，促进国际文化交流，提升全球青年在多边治理体系中的参与能力，已获得广泛的国际影响力。\n \n

\n
\n \n
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\n \n
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\n

\n \n \n Launched by Fudan University and sponsored by United Nations Development Program (UNDP) in China, the Youth Innovation Competition on Global Governance (YICGG) is an international competition that encourages youths from around the world to develop innovative global governance solutions.\n \n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 而让师生们都感到惊喜的是，他们首次接触并参加此类赛事，便从全国600多所中学参赛队伍中脱颖而出，一举获得\n \n 全国特等奖\n \n ，还即将\n \n 代表中国初中生参加今年的YICGG全球总决赛\n \n 。\n \n

\n
\n \n
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\n \n \n 同学们在比赛现场对活动方案进行阐释 图源：受访者供图\n \n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 这次的经历也让孩子们不断突破自我，有所成长。“我认识到了团队协作的重要性。我们一起讨论了不同的方法，协调了分歧，最后得出了一个非常有创新性且实用的方法。” 赵桐卉说道。\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 而李子超和胡棂凡也在比赛活动环节，大方展示了自己说相声、跳拉丁舞的才艺，交到了新朋友~\n \n

\n
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\n \n \n \n 李子超和胡棂凡\n \n \n \n \n \n 在比赛活动上分别表演相声和拉丁舞的才艺 图源：受访者供图\n \n \n

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\n \n \n “科技”含量超高的学习日常\n \n \n \n
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\n

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\n \n 同学们对AI伦理、算法正义、数据主权等议题的敏锐思考，其实也正是他们在校学习的日常。\n \n

\n
\n \n
\n

\n \n “因为我们学校是和五所大学一起办的，所以会有很多大学教授和老师来教我们一些比较创新、比较前沿的东西，这就极大地丰富了我们的课余生活。”李子超表示。\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 据悉，北京中学科技分校是朝阳区人民政府和\n \n 北京化工大学、对外经济贸易大学、北京中医药大学、北京服装学院、中华女子学院五所大学\n \n 联合举办，致力于培养\n \n 文理相通，科技见长的科技创新型人才\n \n 。该校积极探索\n \n “1+3”贯通培养\n \n 的有效途径与方法，从育人理念、教学内容和方式上打破初中、高中与大学三个学段间的割裂。\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 胡棂凡表示，学生们除了可以前往共建的五所高校实验室参观学习之外，在校园内也可以体验到独具特色的科技活动。\n \n

\n

\n \n \n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 比如，赵桐卉就参加了天文社团：“这是我们学校一位同学亲自创办的，也是拓宽了我的视野。我在这学期也收获到了很多有关天文的知识，比如说夏季星空、春季星空、天文传说等等。”\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n \n Apart from having the required curriculum, Science and Technology Branch of\n \n \n \n \n Beijing Academy\n \n \n \n \n focus more on teaching science and technology. The school is guided jointly by the\n \n \n \n \n Beijing Academy\n \n \n \n \n Educational Group and five nearby universities.\n \n \n

\n

\n \n
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\n

\n \n \n With the five universities giving students access to their labs and arranging for lectures by their professors, the school aims to rear talents interested in science and technology.\n \n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 此外，借助五所高校的师资资源，学校逐步推进实施大学-中学双导师制。除了以中学教师为主体、大学教师协同的方式，进行融合课程的开发与实施，还结合学生学业发展情况及专业发展背景，协助学生进行生涯规划。\n \n

\n

\n \n
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\n
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\n \n \n 成为真正平视世界的中国青年\n \n \n \n
\n \n

\n

\n
\n
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\n \n 来自对外经济贸易大学的邱昌情教授，便担任了学校《国际理解教育》课程的社团指导教师。\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 据邱昌情介绍，国际理解教育这一理念最早由联合国教科文组织提出，其目的主要是促进不同国家、不同地区、不同族群个体之间的认知和互动。\n \n

\n
\n \n
\n

\n \n 2010年，中共中央、国务院发布规划纲要，强调应提升学生对不同国家和文化的认知，同时呼吁培养符合国际化需求的人才，将“国际理解教育”这一理念列入我国官方文件。2016年，教育部委托有关专业组织研制发布了中国学生发展核心素养体系（阶段性研究成果），对国际理解教育要求做了细化。\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n \n Faced with the challenges of the economic globalization, where cross-cultural dialogue has an important place, education is booming increasingly globalized.\n \n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n \n Ever since the concept of Education for International Understanding was proposed by UNESCO, this dialogue has been highlighted by the government.\n \n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n \n The Ministry of Education of China has repeatedly pointed out that the development of core competencies for Chinese students is required to be in line with the world education reform, and strengthens the international competitiveness of China's education.\n \n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 在邱昌情的课堂上，他以\n \n “中国情怀，国际视野”\n \n 的授课理念，拓宽了学生的全球视野，让学生从更高的维度和视角，认识中国参与全球治理过程中的重要作用和地位。\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 和面向大学生上课，重点教授学理知识不同的是，他更加注重中学生动手能力和批判性思维的培养，让这些参与“1+3”培养实验项目的孩子们从只会解题走向解决问题，在解决实际问题的过程中培养学生综合能力。\n \n

\n
\n \n
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\n \n
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\n

\n \n “同学们的思维非常地活跃，而且他们都能够根据人工智能对他们日常生活的影响，提出他们自己的看法和见解。”\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 在授课之余，他还给同学们提供了参与对外经济贸易大学校园活动的机会，比如，参加高校文化节、和联合国教科文组织东亚地区办事处主任兼代表夏泽翰当面交流等。在这些学习交流过程中，有同学也开始\n \n 对“全球治理”萌生了浓厚兴趣，开始思考自己的未来发展方向\n \n 。\n \n

\n
\n \n
\n

\n \n \n 联合国教科文组织驻华代表处代表夏泽翰和同学们当面交流 图源：受访者供图\n \n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 接下来，邱昌情作为带队老师，即将和三位同学前往国际比赛的现场。他希望，伴随着中国日益走近世界中央，当这些孩子们未来走向国际舞台时，\n \n 能够成为真正平视世界的一代人\n \n 。\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n “我们要站在全球的视野，但是同时也要有我们中国的立场，要坚持我们的文化自信。”他说。\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n \n 记者：王杏薇\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 推荐视频\n \n \n

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\n
\n", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/kBJiceu2jla9IPScd-eBkQ", - "creator": "21世纪英文报", - "pubDate": "Sun, 20 Jul 2025 12:00:00 ", - "enclosure": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/KZZ7pejfWpmQC71WWUkdOchKb52zPdbVGwvmJK6QPruf2wCVbz7MpQuibqbbV4a6ES0LLpROE8d66heSl3uN5Lw/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "enclosureType": "image/jpeg", - "image": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/KZZ7pejfWpmQC71WWUkdOchKb52zPdbVGwvmJK6QPruf2wCVbz7MpQuibqbbV4a6ES0LLpROE8d66heSl3uN5Lw/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "id": "2247847761_1", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "21世纪双语", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "1374bbfa5804339f6361db489f580caf", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "中国式现代化的探索历程及实现路径", "description": "近代以来，实现中华民族伟大复兴是中国人民的共同梦想，无数仁人志士为此苦苦求索，并进行各种探索，开启了中国现代", @@ -16170,28 +15246,6 @@ "image": "http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/71SHwPo8iax7oWOjRkcNvbFKGEic0vazunSj6ia7vglUFiajMmACsNgEQty4Hbib5vKtlzw95T8icp5icibicgfWoEsHrIw/0?wx_fmt=png", "description": "", "items": [ - { - "title": "名局赏析：被打穿了的无将", - "description": "定约的安全无疑最重要，但千万不要以为低阶的定约就足够安全，不信你自己看。牌例：叫牌过程：对于南家的1NT定约，西家首攻出草花4。", - "content": "
\n

\n \n 定约的安全无疑最重要，但千万不要以为低阶的定约就足够安全，不信你自己看。\n \n

\n
\n \n \n
\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 牌例：\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n
\n \n
\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 叫牌过程：\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n
\n \n
\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 对于南家的1NT定约，西家首攻出草花4。\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 东家以草花K赢得后续打草花A，击落庄家的草花Q。\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 在此许多坐在西家的牌手大概要跟出草花3以表明自己持有五张草花，但东家却一鸣惊人地跟出草花J，故意使这门花色形成阻塞！\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 东家认为：\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 在击落庄家的草花Q后，同伴大概已判断出草花的实际分布，不过对防守方来说，即使拿到五墩草花和黑桃A也仍不足以击败定约，这里的关键在于东家必须马上换攻黑桃；\n \n

\n
\n \n \n
\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 此外，南家开叫1NT已表明持有16-18点大牌，明手有7点大牌，自己有8点大牌，因而可以推算出东家的牌力为7-9点，\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 这就说，在兑现草花A-K后同伴至多还有一个Q，绝不可能在草花10-8之外还有其它进手张！\n \n

\n

\n \n \n

\n

\n \n 对于西家跟出的草花J，东家毫不费力的地辩认出这是一个\"花色选择信号\"(Suit  Perference  Signal)，他于是回出黑桃3，庄家跟出黑桃7，西家以黑桃J赢得；\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 西家回出草花3给东家的草花10进手，东家先兑现草花8再出黑桃5。\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 就这样，防守方共得到四墩黑桃和五墩草花，结果竟将定约方持有24点大牌的1NT定约击败三墩！\n \n

\n

\n \n \n

\n
\n", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/iKZSfxp4Pca_87uwWiwJUw", - "creator": "小风子桥牌", - "pubDate": "Thu, 28 Aug 2025 06:18:00 ", - "enclosure": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/La6QLcCe4DrTefSeGibzuxoONxXeImiaPdPYiaxDq5icXOg4qGHgvhRib3eBSUyx5OUWjLEN2md0YKYD1pKJp8sV8mA/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "enclosureType": "image/jpeg", - "image": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/La6QLcCe4DrTefSeGibzuxoONxXeImiaPdPYiaxDq5icXOg4qGHgvhRib3eBSUyx5OUWjLEN2md0YKYD1pKJp8sV8mA/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "id": "2655133800_1", - "language": "", - "folder": "桥牌", - "feed": "小风子桥牌", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "5200759662763ec399aaf2295eb08bf2", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "名局赏析：逃离危险", "description": "人都是趋利避害的动物。这是从人性深处来的选择性倾向，有了利，大家都会一窝蜂的上，有了害，大家唯恐沾上自己。", @@ -16214,28 +15268,6 @@ "hash": "bf8fa08a8081ef20c36d30f21ea03709", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "名局赏析：一张之争", - "description": "牌局之中的胜负手往往就在一两张之间。出对了，不仅完成定约，甚至可以超墩得高分，出错了，原本可成的定约就岌岌可危，转胜为败。", - "content": "
\n

\n \n 牌局之中的胜负手往往就在一两张之间。\n \n \n
\n \n

\n
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\n \n 出对了，不仅完成定约，甚至可以超墩得高分，出错了，原本可成的定约就岌岌可危，转胜为败。\n \n

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\n \n
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\n \n 牌例：\n \n

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\n \n 叫牌过程：\n \n

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\n \n 西家首攻SK，同伴摊牌后庄家便清楚地判断出：\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 西家曾争叫1S，应持有五张黑桃，而东家则为黑桃单张。\n \n

\n

\n \n
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\n \n 为此，庄家以明手的SA吃住。\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 明手续出H2，东家跟出H4。\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 这里的关键是：庄家在此应出HJ还是HK？\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 不可否认，西家的争叫已表明防守方的牌力大多集中在他的手中，也就是说，HA更可能在西家；\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 然而在实战中，庄家却果断地打出HK并赢得这墩！\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 庄家续出HJ，结果使防守方的HA和HQ同时落下。\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 东家进手后，由于已无黑桃可出，无奈只好回出低花，实战中他回出D2。\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 事实上，不论东家回出方块还是草花，庄家随后的做庄路线都不会有什么区别：\n \n

\n
\n \n \n
\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 兑现掉手中的DA-K和CA-K，再出H3给明手的H8赢得，明手兑现CQ-J垫掉手中的两个黑桃输张。\n \n

\n

\n \n \n

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\n \n 这样，防守方仅拿到一墩黑桃和一墩红心，庄家超额一墩完成定约。\n \n

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\n \n
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\n \n 庄家这样解释道：\n \n

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\n \n 在有些情况下，定约的成败是由某此关键牌张的位置决定的。\n \n

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\n \n

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\n \n 对此，首先假设某一关键牌张的位置往往会有助于定约的完成。\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 倘若除此之外，你还有其它完成定约的机会，那么你当然可以允许这种假设是错的；\n \n

\n

\n \n
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\n \n 但如果是非对不可，那你就只能在此假设的基础上去制订你的打牌路线。\n \n

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\n \n 就这副牌来说，我认为只有HA在东家手中定约才可能完成，尽管西家曾进行过争叫。\n \n

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\n \n
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\n \n 为了更好地理解庄家的做庄思路，这里我们不妨就防守方可能的将牌分布与庄家所应采取的打法进行分析：\n \n

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\n \n 如果HA-Q均在西家手中，显然西家就肯定可以拿到两墩红心和两墩黑桃，庄家对此将无计可施；\n \n

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\n \n 不仅如此，即使HQ在东家，只要西家持有HA，定约也同样要失败，因为不论庄家在第一轮吊将时从手中打出HK还是HJ，西家都将用HA吃住，并且还会在赢得两墩黑桃后再续出第四轮黑桃，这样东家的HQ就可对明手的将吃进行盖吃，防守方依旧可以拿到四墩牌。\n \n \n
\n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n 只要HA在东家手中，那么即使他持有HA-Q-*三张将牌，无论庄家打出HK还是HJ结果都将一样，定约均可完成。\n \n

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\n \n
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\n \n 其原因是：在肃清将牌前明手已没有再次进手的机会，所以即使庄家在第一轮吊将时用HJ赢得，但随后却不得不从手中打出将牌，定约方将无法避免地输两墩将牌给东家；\n \n

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\n \n 不过由于东家仅有单张黑桃，因此不论东家在得到两墩将牌后回出哪一门低花，庄家都可以先拿掉DA-K和CA-K后再出H3给明手的H8进手，从而用明手的CQ-J垫掉手中的两个黑桃输张，结果防守方所能获得的只能是一墩黑桃和两墩将牌。\n \n

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\n \n \n

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\n \n 如果东家持有HA-Q-7-4全部四张将牌，那么东家就可通过忍让使明手失去进手机会，并且还将肯定要拿到两墩将牌，因此在第一轮吊将时无论在庄家打出HK还是HJ效果都是一样；\n \n

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\n \n
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\n \n 至于定约能否完成，则要取决于东家手中方块的张数。在此情况下，庄家在HK进手后，先兑现CA-K再打掉DA-K，然后再用将牌投入东家之手，假如东家原本仅有两张方块，定约即可完成；否则就会失败。\n \n

\n

\n \n \n

\n

\n \n 如果东家持有HA-*-*或HA-*，那么，在第一轮吊将东家跟出H*的情况下，庄家从手中打出HK就是至关重要的！\n \n

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\n \n
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\n \n 因为这一打法将使西家的HQ失去进手的机会，从而保证了定约的安全，并且还将超额一墩完成定约。\n \n

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\n \n
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\n \n 反之，若庄家在此打出的是HJ，则定约就要以失败而告终。\n \n

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\n
\n", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/_OgzyCfaZOrQwgyq94YeMA", - "creator": "小风子桥牌", - "pubDate": "Thu, 07 Aug 2025 06:18:00 ", - "enclosure": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/La6QLcCe4Do1LiasLsJvUicaMtb4olR44TRwTHoIibvglUrU4E7SlQ7hoZGeerYn35icumRgj4j5TsRicTK86zy0Jug/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "enclosureType": "image/jpeg", - "image": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/La6QLcCe4Do1LiasLsJvUicaMtb4olR44TRwTHoIibvglUrU4E7SlQ7hoZGeerYn35icumRgj4j5TsRicTK86zy0Jug/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "id": "2655133727_1", - "language": "", - "folder": "桥牌", - "feed": "小风子桥牌", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "ee26e62e9815592095598bf83a13c3b5", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "宋徽宗痴迷的一窑万彩！星河落入盏，百元入手", "description": "若非亲眼所见，恐怕连宋徽宗都不敢相信，一向素雅著称的中国瓷盏中，竟还有如此惊妙之物：“入窑一色，出窑万彩...", @@ -16258,28 +15290,6 @@ "hash": "76c30e67e1c143b753bc9c99bfcb484d", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "20250725，耐心与平常心！", - "description": "不在高峰时慕名而来，不在低谷时转身走开！2025年7月25日，周五。周三，娃妈说要晚归，不吃饭。带娃出门吃饭", - "content": "
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\n \n \n \n \n 不在高峰时慕名而来，不在低谷时转身走开！\n \n \n \n \n \n
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\n \n \n 2025年7月25日，周五\n \n \n \n \n 。\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 周三，娃妈说要晚归，不吃饭。\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 带娃出门吃饭，这一年来已经非常懒的去做饭了。\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 下大雨，一开始雨小，娃还很开心，说什么就喜欢下雨天。。\n \n \n \n
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\n \n \n 。\n \n \n \n
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\n \n 不多时，雨大，娃说把伞给他，然后自己撑起来。\n \n
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\n \n 吃饭，之前一大碗米饭，娃是吃的完的，今天没吃完，菜也剩了不少，然后带回去。\n \n
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\n \n 雨停，遛弯。\n \n
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\n \n 娃是不爱走的，走走停停，等等走走，最终喊了小区里的小伙伴去玩了，留下自己一个人走。\n \n
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\n \n 回家，例行工作做完。\n \n
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\n \n 梦里，做了一个非常清晰的梦，是去苏州的一个荷花园之类的景区，要踩木棍子过湖，好奇怪。\n \n
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\n \n 这个奇怪在于，竟然觉得这个梦里的场景真实里真的去过。\n \n
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\n \n 还有在一个小店里吃鱿鱼煎和鳝鱼面，掌柜的找钱是一张17的和一张19的，还有两个5。\n \n
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\n \n 以前做梦都记不得，这个梦真真记住了。\n \n
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\n \n 吃饭时候与娃聊天，说自己同学出国的，去美国的，不知道成绩如何。\n \n
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\n \n 自己随口回了一句，中国的孩子到国外，成绩应该都还不错。\n \n
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\n \n 然后娃来了一句，那为啥外国的数学家更多，知名的。\n \n
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\n \n 嗯，有道理啊，就开始问一下原因。\n \n
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\n \n 娃说了一些，大意就是应试教育那种，国内主要是背，应付考试，国外是兴趣。\n \n
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\n \n 没反驳，说查一下日本的诺贝尔奖，娃知道日本与国内类似，应试的也很多，发现日本有28个，挺多的。\n \n
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\n \n
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\n \n 那是不是不能说应试是主要原因呢？\n \n
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\n \n
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\n
\n \n 最后，用时、空、人的理念跟娃说了自己的看法。时，是时代的问题，不同的国家位于不同的时间阶段和发展层级，自己着重点不同。空，是地理位置的原因，农耕和海洋文明自然不同。人，是话语体系的问题。\n \n
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\n \n 投资，需要耐心和平常心，关键点是接受慢慢变富。\n \n
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\n
\n", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/p-Spy_1ni43_F31WYtou6w", - "creator": "小风子桥牌", - "pubDate": "Tue, 29 Jul 2025 06:18:00 ", - "enclosure": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/bUA2FuHr1jq0ld4QiaEROJBalVdrQs3SFKTk9ibTfXGFR5cBGpUMOVl8YP1bHyxZT9Jlp2ut1jO3H0Olib9iaTcaog/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "enclosureType": "image/jpeg", - "image": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/bUA2FuHr1jq0ld4QiaEROJBalVdrQs3SFKTk9ibTfXGFR5cBGpUMOVl8YP1bHyxZT9Jlp2ut1jO3H0Olib9iaTcaog/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "id": "2655133679_2", - "language": "", - "folder": "桥牌", - "feed": "小风子桥牌", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "386f48964b8dc74dd447a0a85539c749", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "名局赏析：小平对牌桌现象的细致观察！", "description": "继续名局赏析系列。文章有偿阅读，付费自愿，包年24.24，还可按使用手册及下图方式支持小风子。", @@ -19021,28 +18031,6 @@ "image": "http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/iauJ3TcMNYDQ33jO8a2zUczSSicibichw0bpGfYAkiaIRTKsGIKPOPFdBVOCiaug6swiaLbg17pPyNPp1xL2Hw2EE84AA/0?wx_fmt=png", "description": "", "items": [ - { - "title": "“奔跑吧·少年”小牌手风采——胡熙悦", - "description": "智慧奔跑，赴成长之约！", - "content": "
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\n \n \n 由国家体育总局棋牌运动管理中心、中国桥牌协会主办的“奔跑吧·少年”桥牌系列赛事活动自启动以来，得到了广泛关注与积极参与。通过全国桥牌少年智慧接力赛、全国桥牌青少年夏令营以及桥牌“进校园”等赛事活动开展，为青少年桥牌爱好者搭建友谊之“桥”、快乐之“桥”。\n \n \n

\n

\n \n 望小牌手们以梦为马，不负韶华，智慧奔跑，赴成长之约！\n \n \n
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\n", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/_s2eKwUhi-9x-jpxIk1VSw", - "creator": "中国桥牌协会", - "pubDate": "Sat, 30 Aug 2025 15:00:37 ", - "enclosure": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/71SHwPo8iax4cDjSkftG6Dz2icNJcgALDZ9Emt8UWH9Ta04q3w4VmBmR2lFRRKQs4aMdYc63ZoezpXvHdpicQZKRQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "enclosureType": "image/jpeg", - "image": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/71SHwPo8iax4cDjSkftG6Dz2icNJcgALDZ9Emt8UWH9Ta04q3w4VmBmR2lFRRKQs4aMdYc63ZoezpXvHdpicQZKRQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "id": "2651312000_2", - "language": "", - "folder": "桥牌", - "feed": "中国桥牌协会", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "dcfa433804bd1b0bbd19be889838cc80", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "世锦赛中国女队和混合队双双进入半决赛", "description": "世锦赛中国女队和混合队双双进入半决赛", @@ -19065,28 +18053,6 @@ "hash": "42b176593b3d0e848d163e6df7c4a32a", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "“奔跑吧·少年”小牌手风采——吕佳宸", - "description": "智慧奔跑，赴成长之约！", - "content": "
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\n \n \n 由国家体育总局棋牌运动管理中心、中国桥牌协会主办的“奔跑吧·少年”桥牌系列赛事活动自启动以来，得到了广泛关注与积极参与。通过全国桥牌少年智慧接力赛、全国桥牌青少年夏令营以及桥牌“进校园”等赛事活动开展，为青少年桥牌爱好者搭建友谊之“桥”、快乐之“桥”。\n \n \n

\n

\n \n 望小牌手们以梦为马，不负韶华，智慧奔跑，赴成长之约！\n \n \n
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\n \n \n 2025年全国桥牌综合锦标赛正在上海汽车会展中心火热进行中，连日来，设在赛场外的\n \n 《桥牌》杂志服务处\n \n 成了小选手的好去处，他们每轮比赛结束后纷纷飞奔到杂志展示栏，拿起一本急切地翻找自己感兴趣的内容，认真阅读。那如饥似渴的表情令人动容。\n \n \n

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\n \n 考虑到本届全国桥牌综合锦标赛参赛人数多，为了服务广大桥牌爱好者，《桥牌》杂志编辑部在赛场外的服务区设立了杂志展示栏，将今年已经出版的第1至8期杂志全部展出，组委会专门制作了“桥牌杂志服务处”的易拉宝竖在一旁，格外醒目。\n \n

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\n \n 小选手们边看边与小伙伴分享：\n \n

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\n \n “你看这副牌叫了7无将！”\n \n

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\n \n “我喜欢看大师分排名！啊，我知道鞠传成！”\n \n

\n

\n \n “我知道福中！他是世界冠军！”\n \n

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\n \n “我喜欢看桥牌AI，AI打不过人呢。”\n \n

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\n \n 不少小选手觉得临时阅读不过瘾，问能不能拿走，被告知拿走后别人就看不了时，脸上露出遗憾和失落的表情。陪着孩子参赛的家长看到孩子是真心喜欢，纷纷现场订阅。\n \n

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\n \n \n 得知外公给自己买了杂志，小选手陈虓翎开心地笑了\n \n \n

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\n \n 陪着10岁的外孙陈虓翎参赛的俞文虎说，自己就是《桥牌》杂志的忠实读者，当年自己与桥友打桥牌的图片曾经被当作封面，现在的杂志更新了很多内容，而且增加青少年园地栏目，适合青少年牌手阅读，对孩子学习桥牌很有帮助。小外孙听外公说给他买了一套《桥牌》杂志，特别高兴。\n \n

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\n \n \n 张宁（左）与桥牌学生\n \n \n

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\n \n 看到孩子们喜欢看《桥牌》杂志，带队参赛的北京臻禾桥牌俱乐部主教练张宁现场与教练和家长们商量给孩子们集中购买10套，让他们通过阅读这本专业而权威的桥牌刊物进一步激发桥牌热情和进步的动力。\n \n

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\n \n 一对陪伴孩子参赛的年轻夫妇第一次见到《桥牌》杂志，其中妈妈问：“这是正规出版物吗？是新出版的吗？”\n \n

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\n \n 得知《桥牌》杂志创刊于1985年，已经有40年的出版历史，是国家体育总局主管、中国桥牌协会与中国体育报业总社有限公司联合主办的国家级刊物，他们现场订购了一套。\n \n

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\n \n 来自温州的家长李群则预订了2026年的全年期，他说今年给孩子订了，孩子很喜欢看，反正明年也要订，直接从编辑部订阅更便捷。\n \n

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\n \n 不少家长、带队教练和老师还纷纷表示，希望《桥牌》杂志再增加一些适合孩子们学习和阅读的内容，期待《桥牌》杂志越办越好。\n \n

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\n \n \n 附《桥牌》杂志简介\n \n \n
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\n \n \n 《桥牌》杂志是由国家体育总局主管、中国桥牌协会与中国体育报业总社有限公司联合主办的行业媒体，担负着讲好中国桥牌故事、唱响中国桥牌主旋律、为体育强国和健康中国建设贡献桥牌力量的使命和责任。\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 《桥牌》杂志创刊于1985年，刊名是已故中国桥牌协会名誉主席万里所题写。\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 40年来，《桥牌》杂志一直是我国桥牌事业发展的重要推动力量。大力宣传报道中国桥牌事业发展一直是《桥牌》杂志的重要责任和义务。多年来，在国家体育总局党组的坚强领导下，在联合主办方的通力合作和积极努力下，《桥牌》杂志在桥牌宣传报道中发挥了重要作用。\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 《桥牌》杂志是国内唯一全国发行的国家级桥牌刊物，具有不可替代的品牌影响力，行业特点突出，拥有广泛的读者群体。\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 目前《桥牌》杂志在做好桥牌宣传工作的同时，正在深耕细作内容、拓展传播渠道，力争成为国内一流品牌专业刊物，为中国桥牌事业高质量发展贡献力量。\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 《桥牌》杂志为月刊，每年出版12期，16开，内文64页，全年订购价格276元（含每期3元挂号费）。\n \n \n

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\n", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/Wo1K9sru7flhhclQXXBsqw", - "creator": "中国桥牌协会", - "pubDate": "Sun, 10 Aug 2025 21:09:48 ", - "enclosure": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/71SHwPo8iax7PERcWH4iaPeOOosZiajGOZb46cVToMNnCC7IaTCKcMxQPzNe0kc30rQibvoHNPG1bsPTiay4Sq3sWAw/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "enclosureType": "image/jpeg", - "image": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/71SHwPo8iax7PERcWH4iaPeOOosZiajGOZb46cVToMNnCC7IaTCKcMxQPzNe0kc30rQibvoHNPG1bsPTiay4Sq3sWAw/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "id": "2651311103_3", - "language": "", - "folder": "桥牌", - "feed": "中国桥牌协会", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "4442f096811cb32ea55b482e44ccd6d5", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "当桥牌遇上全民健身日", "description": "全民健身，桥牌同行", @@ -20068,28 +19012,6 @@ "image": "http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/IiauGwUia8SMNdBUQVEjV7jic5U7T2S0fibAfqhorcxjYTTqURN4q3dG9SlFiaTdyjpAJkyLJic61RzH4Hf3cEfqd6oA/0?wx_fmt=png", "description": "", "items": [ - { - "title": "日德兰大战——第46届世界桥牌团体锦标赛回顾（四）", - "description": "本次世界桥牌团体锦标赛是新任世界桥联主席、瑞典人卡姆拉斯的第一届世锦赛，本次世锦赛秉承了他勤俭办比赛的理念，同时也暴露出世界桥联目前存在的一些问题。", - "content": "
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\n \n \n 新朋友\n \n \n \n \n \n
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\n \n \n 点击\n \n \n \n 标兵桥牌\n \n \n \n

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\n \n \n 关注微信\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 老朋友\n \n \n
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\n \n \n 点击\n \n \n \n 右上角\n \n \n \n

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\n \n \n 分享本文\n \n \n

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\n \n 世界桥联面临的问题\n \n

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\n \n 本次世界桥牌团体锦标赛是新任世界桥联主席、瑞典人卡姆拉斯的第一届世锦赛，本次世锦赛秉承了他勤俭办比赛的理念，同时也暴露出世界桥联目前存在的一些问题。\n \n

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\n \n 勤俭办赛首先体现在开幕式的花絮中，由于航班的原因，卡姆拉斯的托运行李没有随同到达马拉喀什，卡姆拉斯只好身着便装出席开幕式。他在讲话中提到这一点，所以请大家原谅他的着装，同时卡姆拉斯表示这也是好事，因为他不用在开幕式上朗读他事先准备好的6页纸的开幕式致辞，既节约了时间、又节省了纸张。\n \n

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\n \n 卡姆拉斯便装主持开幕式\n \n
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\n \n 勤俭办赛不仅仅从卡姆拉斯的6页纸开始，世界桥联早已取消了纸质公报的印制和发送，在其他环节也已经开始。公报的排版师已经改为远程操作，同时几位公报编辑的工作也改为在家中进行。而发给每位运动员的秩序册，也删掉了世锦赛历史成绩的内容，使得印张数大大减少。\n \n

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\n \n 租用的比赛场地，特别是转播室改为较小的房间，转播也仅安排4桌。同时世界桥联缺乏有经验的转播员，他们不得不现场招募，并且承认，如果招不到合适的转播员，之后将削减转播的桌数。这不得不说是一件非常遗憾的事情，记得在十几年前，世界桥联还有能力自己携带专业的转播员到世锦赛的赛场，那时的转播也更加专业，现在科技和互联网更加发达，但转播的投入却更少了。\n \n

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\n \n 在开闭幕式上，原定的当地风情的演出也都取消，最后，索性连与下一届世锦赛承办方的会旗交接仪式都免了，每次世锦赛闭幕式上世界桥联会歌“今夜无人入睡”，也被卡姆拉斯一句“本次世锦赛闭幕”的结束语所代替。\n \n

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\n \n 大大压缩了开支的世锦赛，依然精彩依旧。不过，本次比赛也出现了一些不和谐的声音。\n \n

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\n \n 本次比赛令人遗憾的一个事件是武汉杯循环赛第15轮中突尼斯队在面对以色列队时，拒绝与以色列进行比赛，突尼斯该场比分记为0分，以色列记为13.23VP。循环赛最终的结果是突尼斯队第22名，以色列队第15名，两个队均未能出线，也未对最终出线队造成很大的影响。这一事件再次成为“政治波及体育”的一个案例，作为国际奥委会的单项体育组织，世界桥联应该对此事件予以表态，根据本次比赛的规程，任何参赛队如果拒绝与对手进行比赛，将被立刻取消比赛资格，并且其所在会员单位可能面临未来一段时间的全球禁赛。但罢赛发生后，突尼斯队仍然被允许参加比赛，世界桥联也没有发表任何关于此次事件的官方声明，甚至在比赛公报中都没有体现出，该场次的对阵与比分被消除了记录。\n \n

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\n \n 武汉杯预赛第15轮，突尼斯对以色列的比赛没有进行\n \n
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\n \n 另外还有比较引人关注的事件是裁判和一些判罚问题。影响最大的应该是混合团体赛1/4淘汰赛罗马尼亚与意大利的结果被更改的事件。\n \n

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\n \n 在这场比赛结束后，意大利以189:188IMP战胜罗马尼亚，可他们的兴奋劲还没等到吃完晚饭，结果就得到了更改。原因是在第四节比赛时，意大利队曾经因为队员违规被判罚3IMP，但此事由于意大利当场的辩解，将判罚取消。因为最终结果是罗马尼亚输1分，所以罗马尼亚在赛后就此判罚向锦标赛委员会提出申诉，经过委员会的研究，最终又把免除意大利3IMP的处罚加在了罗马尼亚身上，因此比分变成了191:189，罗马尼亚获胜，最终罗马尼亚拿到季军。\n \n

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\n \n 这件事情听起来就觉得好像很随意，比赛结果因为罚分而决定，同时先罚、再取消、又罚，总感觉缺乏权威性。\n \n

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\n \n 其实有问题的事情还不止这一出。\n \n

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\n \n 百慕大预赛第21轮，此时关乎于进入淘汰赛的争夺异常激烈。这是第7日比赛的最后一轮，但比赛结束后，迟迟未能更新比分，到了晚上才发现，原来美国1队与新加坡队正在进行重赛。重赛的原因是美国1队与新加坡队的第21轮比赛，双方坐错了位置，比赛无法构成复式，因此组委会决定重赛。但这一决定值得商榷，对这种虽不常见，但确实可能发生的错误，应该有可供查询的相关规定来处理，而重赛则不是最佳方案。首先，重赛用牌由于与正常比赛用牌不一样，就构成了同轮比赛不同牌，也就构成了不公平；其次，由于这是循环赛接近结束的比赛，且双方有一个是竞争出线权的队，另一个是没有任何机会的队，在已知本轮其他场次比分的情况下，这场比赛也会有不公平的因素存在；第三，假如这不是当日最后一场比赛，而是前面两轮中的一轮，没有时间重赛的话，如何处理这一事件？如果坐错位置是双方队员的原因，那么应该按照规定对双方进行扣分处理。当然如果是裁判原因（比如将牌桌位置卡摆错），就另当别论了。\n \n

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\n \n 实际的结果是美国1队大胜新加坡，虽然双方均被扣除2VP（就此来看坐错位置的原因不言而喻），但美国1队仍然重燃杀进淘汰赛的希望，并且在最后两轮的比赛中把握住机会进入了淘汰赛。\n \n

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\n \n 百慕大杯决赛中，瑞士队的卡利塔在一副3♠加倍罚放的牌的叫牌解释上，很有意见，在随后的判罚中，这副牌曾经被改判，挪威队不服提出上诉，结果又改为维持原结果成立，同时扣罚瑞士队3IMP。当裁判长向卡利塔宣布这一结果时，卡利塔非常不满意，认为这与事实严重不符。\n \n

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\n \n 好在这副牌的结果，并未对百慕大杯冠军的归属产生影响，否则不知道会不会有更多的故事发生。\n \n

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\n \n 以上这些事件，只是这次世锦赛的一小部分，裁判和判罚影响比赛结果的事情频频发生，对比赛正常进行非常不利，世界桥联近几年来在比赛中的控制能力有所下降，从2016年世锦赛公开双人赛冠军的错误，到如今频繁地改判，均反映了世界桥联制度设计和执行标准方面的缺失。\n \n

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\n \n 历时14天的世界桥牌团体锦标赛顺利结束了，闭幕式上世界桥联主席卡姆拉斯宣布，2024年的世界桥牌锦标赛，即世界桥牌运动会，将于10月底在阿根廷布宜诺斯艾利斯举办，这将是15年来南美洲第一次举办世锦赛。\n \n

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\n \n 行文至此，传来了摩洛哥发生大地震的消息，震源中心距离世锦赛主办城市马拉喀什仅仅几十公里，马拉喀什震感明显，老城区损失惨重，库图比亚清真寺的宣礼塔也有摇晃和损伤。作为桥牌人，我们为这座举办过世锦赛的城市默默祈祷，祝愿城市和人民平安度过这一段艰难的时光。\n \n

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\n \n \n \n 全文完\n \n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 日德兰大战——第47届世界桥牌团体锦标赛\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 第46届世界桥牌团体锦标赛回顾（三）\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 第46届世界桥牌团体锦标赛回顾（二）\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 第46届世界桥牌团体锦标赛回顾\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 标兵带你看世锦赛——瑞士大鳄的百慕大杯卫冕之路\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 标兵播报世锦赛——百慕大杯决赛上半场瑞士领先\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 标兵播报世锦赛——挪威瑞士进入百慕大杯决赛，中国女队威尼斯杯半决赛失利\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 标兵播报世锦赛——中国女队威尼斯杯半决赛暂时落后\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 标兵播报世锦赛——中国女队进入威尼斯杯半决赛\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 标兵播报世锦赛——世锦赛淘汰赛第一天中国男女队领先\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 标兵播报世锦赛——世锦赛预赛结束，中国男、女、混合队晋级淘汰赛\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 标兵播报世锦赛——世锦赛第七天，中国男队浮出水面\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 标兵播报世锦赛——世锦赛第六天，预赛争夺进入白热化\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 标兵播报世锦赛——世锦赛第五天，中国老年队三连胜\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 标兵播报世锦赛——世锦赛第四天，中国混团排名第二\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 标兵播报世锦赛——世锦赛第三天，中国女队冲进前八\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 标兵播报世锦赛——世锦赛第二天比赛，中国混团三连胜\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 标兵播报世锦赛——第46届世界桥牌团体锦标赛开幕，首日战况\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 2023年第46届世界桥牌团体锦标赛开幕\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 第46届世界桥牌团体锦标赛每日一牌——世锦赛前热身牌局\n \n \n \n
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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 2022年世界桥牌团体锦标赛回顾\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 第46届世界桥牌团体锦标赛即将开赛——准备就绪、世锦赛即将开锣\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 第46届世界桥牌团体锦标赛即将开赛——第45届世界桥牌团体锦标赛回顾\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 第46届世界桥牌团体锦标赛即将开赛——第46届世界桥牌团体锦标赛前瞻\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 第46届世界桥牌团体锦标赛即将开赛——世界桥牌团体锦标赛简介\n \n \n

\n

\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 世界桥牌团体锦标赛落幕、齐老板圆梦百慕大杯\n \n \n

\n

\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 激战亚平宁——第45届世界桥牌团体锦标赛（一）\n \n \n \n
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\n", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/4UxoHDvGgZfaUqyx6Xsngg", - "creator": "标兵桥牌", - "pubDate": "Thu, 14 Aug 2025 00:00:00 ", - "enclosure": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/iauJ3TcMNYDRbFju8jH25uCDMoyiajSWOYbPQNJJYlb3oBBpTIbnBNLu5Ke9jib1ejLpwAqVbhQxcoVDSwo0EpiaicQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "enclosureType": "image/jpeg", - "image": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/iauJ3TcMNYDRbFju8jH25uCDMoyiajSWOYbPQNJJYlb3oBBpTIbnBNLu5Ke9jib1ejLpwAqVbhQxcoVDSwo0EpiaicQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "id": "2247512801_1", - "language": "", - "folder": "桥牌", - "feed": "标兵桥牌", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "ba4d57f0ae592978b579a394f81506a3", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "四进费城——2025年北美夏季桥牌大赛（二）", "description": "7月27日，正在费城举办的北美夏季大赛结束了第一阶段的比赛，产生了GNT各个级别的冠军、冯·蔡德维茨终身大师双人赛的冠军、NABC+公开双人赛的冠军。同时，斯平果尔德杯报名截止，共有88队参加周一开始的斯平果尔德杯。", @@ -20112,28 +19034,6 @@ "hash": "919e197ebb510669ec44067179f4d87b", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "芬奇压哨淘汰罗森塔尔", - "description": "2025年欧洲桥牌公开锦标赛公团32进16的比赛异常激烈，来自意大利的芬奇队在最后一副牌逆转淘汰赛会2号种子罗森塔尔队。", - "content": "
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\n \n \n 新朋友\n \n \n \n \n \n
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\n \n \n 点击\n \n \n \n 标兵桥牌\n \n \n \n

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\n \n \n 关注微信\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 老朋友\n \n \n
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\n \n \n 点击\n \n \n \n 右上角\n \n \n \n

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\n \n \n 分享本文\n \n \n

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\n \n 2025年欧洲桥牌公开锦标赛公团32进16的比赛异常激烈，来自意大利的芬奇队在最后一副牌逆转淘汰赛会2号种子罗森塔尔队。\n \n

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\n \n 芬奇队的主力队员有4名意大利国手，韦尔萨切/塞门塔、多纳蒂/佩卡里奥。这是一支实力强劲的团队，不过在预赛中他们成绩并不好，最终是得益于欧洲桥联新的赛制才得以复活。\n \n

\n

\n \n 根据本届欧公赛的赛制规定，如果公开团体赛报名少于110个队，则按原计划，即预赛3天，前32进入淘汰赛；如果公开团体赛报名超过110个队，则使用一种新的办法，预赛前两天结束后，前60名的队直接进入淘汰赛，61名以后的队则继续进行第三天的预赛，第三天同时进行前60名的淘汰赛和61名以后的预赛，第三天的预赛前2名进入淘汰赛，与第一场淘汰赛的30个胜者构成32队进行完整的淘汰赛。\n \n

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\n \n 拥有4名意大利国手的芬奇队预赛表现实在不怎么样，他们最低名次是第102名，几经挣扎，最高曾到过第33名，但马上被打倒60名开外，2天结束后第62名，只能继续第三天的预赛。第三天的预赛还有63个队，打到前两名谈何容易，芬奇队在最后一轮的倒数第三副牌才成功上岸，这副牌就是我昨天发出的第26副，他们也得益于叫牌的精准，请看韦尔萨切和塞门塔的叫牌：\n \n

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\n \n
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\n \n 东西方只有10点，但4♠却是铁牌\n \n
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\n \n 西家是韦尔萨切，同伴Pass后，他5个点既不阻击也不Pass，而是在有局方开叫1♠，北家加倍，东家塞门塔2♠是弱加叫，南家应叫性加倍，韦尔萨切4♠，南北方加倍正常，但却无法击败联手只有10个点的4♠定约。\n \n

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\n \n 另外一桌多纳蒂和佩卡里奥叫到并完成5♣加倍定约，两牌相加，芬奇队赢17IMP，他们马上跳到了第一名的位置，最终艰难出线进入32强。\n \n

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\n \n 佩服韦尔萨切的勇气和胆识，这副牌的处理在淘汰赛60桌中，大部分都是开叫3♠或者4♠，只有两桌西家开叫1♠，其中一桌叫牌过程和结果，与意大利人这里完全一样。\n \n

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\n \n 芬奇队进入淘汰赛后，如梦初醒，立刻变成一头雄狮，遇到他们的2号种子罗森塔尔可谓不幸，两队大战4节，打完55副不分上下，罗森塔尔领先1分，下面是最后一副：\n \n

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\n \n 东西方2♥正常\n \n
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\n \n 西家佩卡里奥开叫1♥再叫2♥，最终做成定约，怎么看也不像有输赢的，2号种子似乎过关成功。\n \n

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\n \n 但另一室则出现了变数：\n \n

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\n \n 东家叫3♣\n \n
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\n \n 东西方是临时搭档的丹麦人舒尔茨和美国牌手韦兰肯，他们使用法兰纳雷约定叫，即开叫2♦表示5张以上♥+4张♠，开叫实力，所以韦兰肯6-4高花开叫2♥，舒尔茨的3♣不逼叫，但他忽视了同伴6-4的可能，3♣定约根本无法完成，最终以宕三收场，芬奇队依靠此牌死里逃生再过一关。\n \n

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\n \n 看来舒尔茨要好好学习连氏自然，把法兰纳雷约定叫运用得更流畅。\n \n

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\n \n 芬奇队下一轮的对手是由一位中国台北女牌手、三位新加坡牌手组成的阿曼达队，他们能够延续神奇之旅，还是亚太牌手更进一步，本文发出之际即将见分晓。\n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 进攻性叫牌与防守性叫牌——波兹南的牌局\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 技惊四座的Deep Finesse打法\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 欧洲公开桥牌锦标赛第一阶段结束、弗姆队获得欧洲混团冠军\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 欧洲混团赛场上一副牌的两次安全打法\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 第11届欧洲公开桥牌锦标赛混团预赛结束\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 第11届欧洲桥牌公开锦标赛\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 2023年欧洲公开桥牌锦标赛每日一牌——韦尔萨切的失误，还是对手的高明？\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 第10届欧洲桥牌公开锦标赛\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 欧洲公开桥牌锦标赛结束\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 欧洲公开赛结束、土耳其人获得公开双人赛冠军\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 欧洲冬季运动会结束，奥卡队获得冠军\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 欧洲冬季桥牌运动会开赛在即\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 劳伦特当选欧洲桥联主席、期待开启新时代\n \n \n \n
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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 欧洲桥牌新纪元——欧洲桥牌团体锦标赛回顾\n \n \n

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\n \n 往期推荐\n \n

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\n \n \n 2022年欧洲桥牌团体锦标赛即将开赛\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 荷兰加冕欧洲之王\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 别忘了点个在看哦！转发那就太好了！\n \n \n

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\n", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/HEupnXfrM99UVCW4V0pGWg", - "creator": "标兵桥牌", - "pubDate": "Thu, 03 Jul 2025 00:00:00 ", - "enclosure": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/iauJ3TcMNYDQoJpic0ibsIxaF7GAQVwVTT6eGyFJ2u6u8uRPPuRgRemxz9bYpyyQ9DDobFOOPU8ndsqr7ibKoF7EOQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "enclosureType": "image/jpeg", - "image": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/iauJ3TcMNYDQoJpic0ibsIxaF7GAQVwVTT6eGyFJ2u6u8uRPPuRgRemxz9bYpyyQ9DDobFOOPU8ndsqr7ibKoF7EOQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "id": "2247512665_1", - "language": "", - "folder": "桥牌", - "feed": "标兵桥牌", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "d025249010f2c3c97cb73f1c5df5a217", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "2025年北欧桥牌锦标赛结束", "description": "6月5-8日，2025年北欧桥牌锦标赛（The Nordic Championship）在冰岛小镇Laugravatn举行。瑞典、芬兰、挪威、法罗群岛、丹麦、冰岛这6家北欧桥联的成员参加了比赛。丹麦获得公开团体冠军，挪威获得女子团体冠军。", @@ -20156,28 +19056,6 @@ "hash": "6e60cc8d1cf3de1b74a9ea47f0bffcc4", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "亚太赛每日一牌回顾：精彩的四红心", - "description": "亚太锦标赛结束了，中国男队夺得冠军，在比赛期间所写的“每日一牌”，比赛期间并没有发出，从今天开始，给桥友们提供迟到的每日一牌。", - "content": "
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\n \n \n 点击\n \n \n \n 标兵桥牌\n \n \n \n

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\n \n \n 关注微信\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 老朋友\n \n \n
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\n \n \n 点击\n \n \n \n 右上角\n \n \n \n

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\n \n \n 亚太锦标赛结束了，中国男队夺得冠军，在比赛期间所写的“每日一牌”，比赛期间并没有发出，从今天开始，给桥友们提供迟到的每日一牌。\n \n \n

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\n \n 5月18日每日一牌：精彩的4♥\n \n

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\n \n 我们常说，桥牌比的就是判断力和执行力，特别是攻防环节，先判断牌型和牌点位置，再执行完成目标。\n \n

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\n \n 本届亚太赛上，中国男队的连勇，在第一循环迎战澳大利亚时，打出了下面这副精彩的做庄。\n \n

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\n \n 东家主打4♥\n \n
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\n \n 东家连勇开叫1♥，西家连若旸的3♦是限制性加叫或更好，北家争叫4♣，西家4♥结束叫牌。\n \n

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\n \n 首攻是♣，北家兑现两墩♣后，出♦脱手，现在如何考虑？\n \n

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\n \n 如何把♠和♦的输张控制在一个\n \n
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\n \n ♦的飞牌如果成功，什么时候都可以进行，连勇♦A拿住，两轮将牌停在明手，北家都跟出，如果♦Q在南家，就需要做好♠垫掉♦，而联手的♠，有可能输1-2墩，在限制只输1墩♠的情况下，能否获得3墩就是焦点。\n \n

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\n \n 北家在4阶上争叫，他很可能有♠K，但也不是绝对的，如果北家是3张♠且有K，庄家几乎无法避免输掉两墩♠，如果是两张♠且有K，则可以先拔♠A，北家不解封，就再拔掉♦K，打♠投入北家。\n \n

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\n \n 但北家如果没有♠K呢？可以飞中♠K且送3-3，用第4张♠垫♦，也可以打南家4张以上♠和♦Q，挤住南家。\n \n

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\n \n 所以，现在首先需要进行的，就是♠K的判断。\n \n

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\n \n 连勇找到一个好办法，他从明手出小♠，此时北家有♠K很难不上，至少是给北家增加了一定的压力，如果北家出小牌，可以假设南家有♠K，然后根据北家的牌型对南家实施不同的操作：\n \n

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\n \n 兑现♦K，北家如果跟出♦，则♠不超过2张，可以兑现将牌挤住南家；如果北家跟不出♦，则♠是3-3，下一圈飞♠K就可以做好第四张♠。\n \n

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\n \n 从明手出♠做试探打法\n \n
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\n \n 实战中，当连勇打小♠到10，南家打出K，意图迷惑连勇，但连勇仍然采取挤牌路线做成了定约。\n \n

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\n \n 全手牌如下：\n \n

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\n \n 南家被挤住\n \n
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\n \n 这副牌在锦标赛公团中，只有连勇一桌做成了4♥。与中国台北队对阵的新西兰的庄家，因为北家争叫♣，判断北家有♠K，他决定打北家双张K，但没有成功，亚洲桥王黄光辉建议，如果打♠K在北家，可以先从明手出小♠，这正是连勇实战的打法。\n \n

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\n \n 澳大利亚的庄家则飞♠K，虽然成功，但他却追求3-3，定约宕掉。\n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 亚太赛每日一牌回顾：有趣的四红心\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 风雨十四载、再夺亚太冠\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 荏苒十四载、再战亚太赛\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 十四年归来仍是追风少年\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 曼谷重启亚太大赛\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 第53届亚太桥牌锦标赛落幕，欧公赛决赛法国内战\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 中国桥牌队亚太锦标赛大四喜，欧公赛女子团体冠军产生\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 欧公赛公团齐老板被淘汰、亚太赛迎来最后高潮\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 欧公赛公团结束首轮淘汰赛、亚太赛接近尾声\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 欧洲公开桥牌锦标赛公团预赛结束、亚太赛完成上半程比赛\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 亚太桥牌锦标赛结束女团、混团第一循环比赛\n \n \n \n
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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 欧洲公开桥牌锦标赛公团女团开赛，亚太赛中国占据三项第一\n \n \n

\n

\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 亚太赛第一天中国女队占优，欧洲公开桥牌锦标赛混团冠军产生\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 亚太桥牌锦标赛开幕，欧洲公开桥牌锦标赛产生老年团体冠军\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 第53届亚太桥牌锦标赛即将开赛\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 第四届亚洲杯结束、中国香港捧起“宁波杯”\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 2022年亚洲杯开赛\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 第三届亚洲杯桥牌赛开幕\n \n \n

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\n
\n", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/YsbU0ZqyoOzWP_V3IZXtzA", - "creator": "标兵桥牌", - "pubDate": "Fri, 30 May 2025 00:00:00 ", - "enclosure": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/iauJ3TcMNYDTH0sTiajz6mMGDUjHnftbibdib7FEvMaiahjxG8C2mKODhpuRaUtBEnLTyDUl3T8iciaqCAYSUSymeB1ZA/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "enclosureType": "image/jpeg", - "image": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/iauJ3TcMNYDTH0sTiajz6mMGDUjHnftbibdib7FEvMaiahjxG8C2mKODhpuRaUtBEnLTyDUl3T8iciaqCAYSUSymeB1ZA/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "id": "2247512572_1", - "language": "", - "folder": "桥牌", - "feed": "标兵桥牌", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "e8464543f510223436e2028719dd5ce0", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "优教芙蓉 “育”见未来⑤｜从田野课堂到非遗“智”造：芙蓉区中学让劳动教育“潮”起来", "description": "劳动教育无处不在，“以劳树德”“以劳增智”“以劳强体”“以劳育美”，培养创新型人才，是教育的真谛，也是每一位长郡芙蓉教育人的初心。", @@ -21115,28 +19993,6 @@ "image": "http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/UaCkGFG7ibFjGiaNsjaTQRQVCDu4ac0jmrEibMMPG8yksxnTHa8zlXAJGibclXwKEu6BsIIVp6cws9koySI0PUh3zA/0?wx_fmt=png", "description": "", "items": [ - { - "title": "聚智赋能明方向丨 长郡芙蓉中学2025年秋季新学期教职工大会", - "description": "全体教职工齐聚一堂，在经验共享中汲取智慧，在责任传递中凝聚共识，为新学期教育教学工作高质量开展奠定坚实基础。", - "content": "
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\n \n \n 聚智赋能明方向\n \n \n

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\n \n ——长郡芙蓉中学2025年秋季新学期教职工大会\n \n

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\n \n 为进一步夯实教学质量、筑牢安全防线、涵养师德师风，我校于 8月30日在多功能厅召开全体教职工大会。全体教职工齐聚一堂，在经验共享中汲取智慧，在责任传递中凝聚共识，为新学期教育教学工作高质量开展奠定坚实基础。\n \n

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\n \n \n 01\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 师德师风培训\n \n \n

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\n \n 大会伊始，区教育局党委副书记、副局长夏琴莅临现场指导，为学校教育教学工作精准把脉、指明方向。\n \n

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\n \n 随后党委书记孔妹平聚焦 “师德师风建设”，为全体教职工带来专题培训，集中学习《党政机关厉行节约反对浪费条例》《2025年省级层面中小学校社会事务进校园事项白名单》及《芙蓉区关于进一步优化教育系统干部队伍建设的十条措施》。培训中，孔书记以 “学高为师，身正为范” 为核心，通过优秀教师事迹、师德警示案例对比，深入浅出地阐释了新时代教师的责任与担当，要求大家始终坚守教育初心，尊重学生、关爱学生，以高尚的人格魅力影响学生，以精湛的教学水平培育学生。\n \n

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\n \n \n 02\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 安全工作布置\n \n \n

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\n \n 纪委书记黎学科组织学习教育惩戒与校园安全案例，筑牢校园育人安全防线。\n \n

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\n \n \n 03\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 德育工作总结\n \n \n

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\n \n 德育副校长刘红星围绕学校德育工作开展情况，系统梳理工作成效，全面回顾了学校在德育活动开展、德育队伍建设、特色德育品牌打造等方面取得的成果。\n \n

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\n \n \n 04\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 人事工作安排\n \n \n

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\n \n 教学副校长熊妍宣布人事安排，三个年级精心布局，老中青搭配，确保教学团队的稳定与传承，更为学校的未来发展注入了无限可能。\n \n

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\n \n \n 05\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 学科经验分享\n \n \n

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\n \n 本环节聚焦 “毕业学科经验传承”，邀请2025届七个优秀备课组和年级组长登台分享。\n \n

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\n \n 语文备课组长杨倩瑶分享了三大核心备考举措：一是从教学实施层面入手，推行适配不同学生需求的教学模式；二是精准拆解文言文、写作等 7 大专题，通过专项训练强化学生解题能力；三是发挥备课组集体力量，开展集体研课并共享优质资源，凝聚团队智慧提升教学成效。\n \n

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\n \n 数学备课组代表张梦竹介绍了团队的备考策略：明确详实的备考计划，细化每位教师的职责安排；深化集体备课机制，汇聚团队智慧打磨教学内容；实施分层教学，遵循因材施教原则满足不同学生发展需求；聚焦学生能力培养，深入钻研教材与真题；强化联系测试，及时了解学生学习状况。\n \n

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\n \n 物理备课组长杨萍围绕提高学生学习效率展开分享：精心编制复习资料，确保每一份资料都有明确的目标；编辑 “学生作业错题重做”，帮助学生加深对知识的理解、改进学习策略、提高学习警惕性；要求学生在下发的错题重做上标注每道题目在作业本上的页码和题号，方便学生翻查作业进行对照复习。\n \n

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\n \n 政治备课组代表刘妍以 “守正出新，精耕笃行” 为主题，详细介绍了团队的教学实践：实施分层施策，确保教学精准发力；自编教学资料，直击考试考点；规划四阶段备考流程，保证复习循序渐进；提供全时段陪伴辅导，及时为学生答疑解惑；注重团队协作，凝聚育人合力。\n \n

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\n \n 生物备课组代表周艳总结了备考经验：备考工作分阶段推进，将新课学习与复习巩固有机融合，利用寒假和课后服务时间强化学生基础；遇到闭卷考试改开卷考试的情况，及时调整备考策略。同时建议下一届备考工作要进行多层面整体规划，力争再创佳绩。\n \n

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\n \n 地理备课组代表李璐汇报了备考情况：针对试题情境新颖、注重考查学生思维能力，而学生存在实践和经验不足的问题，备考中借助智学网精准分析学情，统整模拟卷、微课等教学资源；组内教师克服人员变动带来的困难，协同作战提升教学质量。\n \n

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\n \n 年级组长陈想向从多个方面进行了分享：强调备考工作要早谋划、早行动；通过精准施策，确保学生学业成绩稳中有升；洞悉教育政策，准确把握升学关键要点；实施精细管理，激发师生的内在驱动潜能；强化协同联动，凝聚各方育人力量，形成育人合力。\n \n

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\n \n \n 06\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 守牢校园安全底线\n \n \n

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\n \n 下午，湖南君消消防安全服务中心张建教官以 “守牢校园安全底线，护航师生平安成长” 为主题开展安全教育。他结合近期校园安全典型案例，从消防安全、食品安全、课间活动安全、校园周边安全等方面进行细致讲解，尤其强调 “教职工是校园安全第一责任人”，要求大家在日常工作中多留心、多提醒，定期参与安全隐患排查，主动向学生普及安全知识，共同构建 “人人讲安全、事事为安全、时时想安全、处处要安全” 的校园安全格局。\n \n

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\n \n \n 07\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 各部门开学前的工作筹备\n \n \n

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\n \n 教研组长会\n \n

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\n \n 行政会\n \n

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\n \n 初二年级组会\n \n

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\n \n 初三年级组会\n \n

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\n \n 此次教职工大会既是 “充电赋能” 的学习会，也是 “凝心聚力” 的动员会。未来，大家将以赤诚与热爱、奉献与闯劲，为学生照亮前路、为学校续写华章，在教书育人中交出让家长放心、社会满意的答卷。\n \n

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\n \n 来源：新闻中心\n \n

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\n \n 通讯员：周露 胡昕玥\n \n

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\n \n 编辑：胡昕玥\n \n

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\n \n 初审： 贺丽娜 周露\n \n

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\n \n 二审：黎学科\n \n

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\n \n 三审：孔妹平\n \n

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\n", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/26Azt-QYrXBS-EahusooHA", - "creator": "长沙市长郡芙蓉中学", - "pubDate": "Sat, 30 Aug 2025 21:00:05 ", - "enclosure": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/IiauGwUia8SMNpZv5AEzcYN2JNFqW8U3QibGeG0aJNPcWtiayiaxwH4FeENQ9DcUMRbegCzusUt0geJrdBaEkMdReKQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "enclosureType": "image/jpeg", - "image": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/IiauGwUia8SMNpZv5AEzcYN2JNFqW8U3QibGeG0aJNPcWtiayiaxwH4FeENQ9DcUMRbegCzusUt0geJrdBaEkMdReKQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "id": "2247605063_1", - "language": "", - "folder": "资讯", - "feed": "长郡芙蓉中学", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "80e3dbbed4e9eb0222dac4faf5c448e7", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "新初一学生暑假学习指导", "description": "愿你充分利用暑期，在具体处落实，在细微处坚持，度过一个充实、有意义的假期！", @@ -21159,28 +20015,6 @@ "hash": "588cbdd8360c03888f0d3642e92241e1", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "六月，长郡芙蓉微月刊来啦！", - "description": "生机盎然的六月，长郡芙蓉校园里发生了哪些大事小事呢？六月微月刊来为你揭晓！", - "content": "
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\n \n \n 夏夜追凉 杨万里\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 夜热依然午热同，开门小立月明中。\n \n \n
\n \n \n 竹深树密虫鸣处，时有微凉不是风。\n \n \n

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\n \n 生机盎然的六月，\n \n

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\n \n 长郡芙蓉校园里发生了哪些大事小事呢？\n \n

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\n \n 六月微月刊来为你揭晓！\n \n

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\n \n \n 月刊提要\n \n \n

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\n \n \n \n 校园动态\n \n \n \n

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\n \n ●长郡芙蓉中学2025年中考楹联出炉！\n \n

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\n \n ●2025年中考\n \n

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\n \n \n \n 教学教研\n \n \n \n

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\n \n ●“寻数学名家，讲数学趣题”讲题比赛\n \n

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\n \n ●2025年春教研组长述职总结会\n \n

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\n \n \n 校园动态\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 事件\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 长郡芙蓉中学2025年中考楹联出炉！\n \n \n

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\n \n 长锋出鞘，笔走龙蛇凝志气。芙园蓄势，诗成锦绣灿青云。2025年中考楹联以“长郡芙蓉”藏头，既彰显学校特色，又饱含对初三学子的殷切期许。\n \n

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\n \n \n 2025年中考\n \n \n

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\n \n 6月18日至20日，长沙市举行2025年初中学业水平考试。长芙学子自信迎考，长郡芙蓉中学中考考点各项工作组织有序，考风考纪优良，顺利完成2025年中考组考工作。\n \n

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\n \n \n 教学教研\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 事件\n \n \n

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\n \n \n “寻数学名家，讲数学趣题”讲题比赛\n \n \n

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\n \n 为进一步激发学生学习数学的热情，七年级近日开展了\"寻数学名家，讲数学趣题\"的主题学科活动。15个班级以小组为单位，将笛卡尔、阿基米德、高斯等数学巨匠的数学成就与思想精髓转化为生动的课堂表达，在历史与现实的思维对话中展现数学魅力。\n \n

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\n \n \n 事件\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 2025年春教研组长述职总结会\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 为总结学期教研成果、凝聚团队智慧、规划发展路径，长郡芙蓉中学近日召开2025年春季学期教研组长述职总结会。各学科教研组长立足学科特色，以创新实践为锚点，展现教研新风貌。\n \n \n

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\n \n 素材：新闻中心\n \n

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\n \n 编辑：胡昕玥\n \n \n
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\n \n 初审：贺丽娜 周露\n \n

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\n \n \n 二审：黎学科\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 三审：孔妹平 夏琴\n \n \n

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\n
\n", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/u7hhvqmBpPoBZjXsO4ZnKA", - "creator": "长沙市长郡芙蓉中学", - "pubDate": "Tue, 01 Jul 2025 18:08:51 ", - "enclosure": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/IiauGwUia8SMOscrDgMt0wtvqNPchmuMCN3iafRZksR2vF1zXz6lLgoxEPw7dBBMiavwID6icRqnn1L2hpR8pVKcDCg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "enclosureType": "image/jpeg", - "image": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/IiauGwUia8SMOscrDgMt0wtvqNPchmuMCN3iafRZksR2vF1zXz6lLgoxEPw7dBBMiavwID6icRqnn1L2hpR8pVKcDCg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "id": "2247603225_2", - "language": "", - "folder": "资讯", - "feed": "长郡芙蓉中学", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "66147c52573bd42c41c9b8d6ab06c46e", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "最后一掌击出高分能量！直击我校送考名场面", "description": "这些镜头比满分更珍贵", @@ -21203,28 +20037,6 @@ "hash": "7484e670a736e9b5e1ebafb5f9e7e133", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "追寻名家之光 共探数学之趣 ｜ “寻数学名家,讲数学趣题” 讲题比赛", - "description": "本次活动为长芙学子播种了热爱数学的种子。", - "content": "
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\n \n \n 追寻名家之光 共探数学之趣\n \n \n

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\n \n \n ——“寻数学名家，讲数学趣题”讲题比赛\n \n \n

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\n \n 为进一步激发学生学习\n \n \n 数学的热情\n \n \n ，七年级近日开展了\"寻数学名家，讲数学趣题\"的主题学科活动。15个班级以小组为单位，将笛卡尔、阿基米德、高斯等数学巨匠的数学成就与思想精髓转化为生动的课堂表达，在历史与现实的思维对话中展现数学魅力。\n \n

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\n \n \n \n 名家故事走上讲台 在历史中解码思维基因\n \n \n \n

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\n \n 各小组围绕数学名家生平展开深度挖掘，将数学名家的生平轶事与核心成就巧妙结合。有的用时间轴课件梳理阿基米德从王冠实验到浮力原理的发现历程，将古希腊的科学探索可视化；有的通过动画还原笛卡尔发现和建立解析几何的过程。课件设计巧妙融合史料插画与现代图解，让同学们在\"数学家如何思考\"的情境中，理解抽象理论的诞生逻辑。\n \n

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\n \n \n 数学遇见多元表达 跨学科创意美学\n \n \n

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\n \n 在小组讲题环节中，同学们展现出了惊人的跨学科创造力。有的小组以\"笛卡尔与坐标系\"主题设计了动态时间轴：当课件播放到1619年的夜晚，屏幕左侧浮现笛卡尔卧床观察蜘蛛结网的历史插画，右侧则同步生成由蜘蛛位置抽象出的(x,y)坐标点。这种将几何图形与物理运动结合的设计，让坐标系的诞生过程如电影般具象。擅长艺术设计的小组以分形几何为灵感，让科赫雪花的迭代动画与埃舍尔矛盾空间画作相映成趣；还有小组将数学家故事改编成互动情景剧，实现动态演示，使数学方法兼具视觉美感与逻辑张力。\n \n

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\n \n \n \n 讲题现场的思维碰撞 从知识传递到能力生长\n \n \n \n

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\n \n 讲题比赛中，\"小讲师\"们展现出独特的表达风格：有的用角色扮演还原鸡兔同笼的解题场景，有的通过LED灯效模拟七桥问题的路径探索，还有的设计\"误差分析\"互动环节，引导观众对比古今算法的精度差异。评委老师提到：\"孩子们将抽象问题转化为可感知的讲解形式，既锻炼了逻辑表达，又深化了对数学本质的理解。\"\n \n

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\n \n \"这不仅是讲题比赛，更是数学思维的传播现场。\"\n \n \n \n 担任评委的何志红老师在总结中提到。各组凭借清晰的解题思路、创意的课件设计角逐奖项。周华丽老师表示：“活动既锻炼了学生的表达与协作能力，又让数学从课本走向生活，展现了学科的趣味性与实用性。”\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 此次活动不仅加深了学生对数学知识的理解，更在探究名家思维的过程中，播下了热爱数学的种子。\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 获奖留影\n \n \n

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\n \n 来源：初一数学组\n \n

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\n \n 通讯员：段俊宇\n \n

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\n \n 编辑：彭孝文\n \n

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\n \n 初审：张海峰 贺丽娜 周露\n \n

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\n \n \n 二审：黎学科\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 三审：孔妹平 夏琴\n \n \n

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\n", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/lQ7ECaa6I6lmcdy6YQ7nUA", - "creator": "长沙市长郡芙蓉中学", - "pubDate": "Fri, 06 Jun 2025 15:06:33 ", - "enclosure": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/IiauGwUia8SMM6u9aIC0AniauUTbtYzpBpzum9KSStxlEn2K7pnrLF8hm3Gkpc7CEAG0LlZRTw1UzmeBh0Wvs2PAw/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "enclosureType": "image/jpeg", - "image": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/IiauGwUia8SMM6u9aIC0AniauUTbtYzpBpzum9KSStxlEn2K7pnrLF8hm3Gkpc7CEAG0LlZRTw1UzmeBh0Wvs2PAw/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "id": "2247601570_1", - "language": "", - "folder": "资讯", - "feed": "长郡芙蓉中学", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "c635218c86d0fe6863be057aaa2f0220", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "职业牌手网络精英赛(第六期)", "description": "本期比赛7月11-16日, 每天3场. 每天开赛时间: 9:30, 15:00, 20:00.比赛结果及数据", diff --git a/.obsidian/plugins/update-time-on-edit/data.json b/.obsidian/plugins/update-time-on-edit/data.json index 5bb846b5..b398aa44 100644 --- a/.obsidian/plugins/update-time-on-edit/data.json +++ b/.obsidian/plugins/update-time-on-edit/data.json @@ -3167,6 +3167,6 @@ "README.md": "3363a19f504e150f8fb8aed1d23db3e78f3839482195d87e9ff98262268dc66a", "01-工作日记/2025-09-22.md": "d4f7c111bc8109feecdc4e2bd62a86f77aaaab1d4e00869749c57bf3315383af", "10-WebClipper/2024最近，14款免费NAS操作系统及引导！黑群、黑威、Unraid开心版、TrueNAS、国产开源等，先码后看！_网络存储_什么值得买.md": "a02db2f17339a806eae95d18feaf25ef9c157a1c57133707d2edebcf4433650e", - "01-工作日记/2025-09-23.md": "fa4672ff295ad4615942c71fe32bf1fac16f8f53d66dbe2c9c29a5ddb10cd93f" + "01-工作日记/2025-09-23.md": "06bc596c2f84550c7fc2e4eedb3c3fd5e57a062068720c9e3259b6c377f05457" } } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/.obsidian/plugins/wucai-highlights-official/data.json b/.obsidian/plugins/wucai-highlights-official/data.json index d08d935c..9bce9839 100644 --- a/.obsidian/plugins/wucai-highlights-official/data.json +++ b/.obsidian/plugins/wucai-highlights-official/data.json @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ "wuCaiDir": "60-Imports/63-WuCai", "frequency": "180", "triggerOnLoad": true, - "lastSyncFailed": true, + "lastSyncFailed": false, "refreshNotes": false, "notesToRefresh": [], "reimportShowConfirmation": true, diff --git a/01-工作日记/2025-09-23.md b/01-工作日记/2025-09-23.md index 87fc0031..3465b9b6 100644 --- a/01-工作日记/2025-09-23.md +++ b/01-工作日记/2025-09-23.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ tags: rating: ⭐️ excerpt: created: 2025-08-30T11:45 -updated: 2025-09-23T10:25 +updated: 2025-09-23T14:55 --- ## 1TODO - [ ] 多喝水，避免久坐不动 @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ PC机内存 3R 4G 3+1 有一条坏了 2G 2条 - +- 使用花生壳域名太不稳定了，如果作为稳定之计，选择阿里或者腾讯域名吧，然后逐步进行更换！ ## 3 Tips ## 4 Questions