diff --git a/.obsidian/plugins/cubox-sync/data.json b/.obsidian/plugins/cubox-sync/data.json index 5cbcb94d..c3065b99 100644 --- a/.obsidian/plugins/cubox-sync/data.json +++ b/.obsidian/plugins/cubox-sync/data.json @@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ "contentTemplate": "# {{{title}}}\n\n{{{description}}}\n\n{{{article_title}}} //文章内容标题\n{{{content}}} //文章正文\n\n\n[Read in Cubox]({{{cubox_url}}}) \n[Read Original]({{{url}}}) \n\n---\n\n{{#highlights.length}}\n## Annotations \n\n{{#highlights}}\n> {{{text}}} \n\n{{#note}}\n{{{note}}}\n{{/note}}\n[Link️]({{{cubox_url}}}) \n\n{{/highlights}}\n{{/highlights.length}}", "highlightInContent": true, "dateFormat": "yyyy-MM-dd", - "lastSyncTime": 1755992168100, + "lastSyncTime": 1755994316285, "lastSyncCardId": "7358083230366436785", "lastCardUpdateTime": "2025-08-21T13:52:28.950+0800", "syncing": false diff --git a/.obsidian/plugins/rss-reader/data.json b/.obsidian/plugins/rss-reader/data.json index 695bfa0f..48c8ebca 100644 --- a/.obsidian/plugins/rss-reader/data.json +++ b/.obsidian/plugins/rss-reader/data.json @@ -5206,6 +5206,94 @@ "image": "http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/Nc53lZXDjZwDTSISGR4xlicLicHSZQ2Az6yzuTwWm4iboHMSnJhn5s6HodjpicYZW8YxeqiaPoMJ1rJdCW8a0Ywllug/0?wx_fmt=png", "description": "", "items": [ + { + "title": "蚊子停在天花板上是否比停在墙壁上能耗更大?", + "description": "
\"头图\"/
\n

这得先解答第一个问题:

\n

蚊子到底是怎么牢牢粘在各种表面上的?

\n
\"\"
\n

把蚊子的脚放大成千上万倍,科学家们发现上面布满了像刷子一样、超级细微的毛发,我们叫它“刚毛” [1]。

\n
\"\"
\n

于是科学家提出了一个猜想:对于我们人来说,一个表面越光滑可能感觉越“粘”,但对于拥有这身“装备”的蚊子来说,情况可能正好相反。他们认为,

\n

一个粗糙的表面,反而能让蚊子脚上的无数根小“刷毛”找到更多的接触点,像无数个微型的小钩子一样抓住表面,从而产生更大的附着力 。

\n
\"\"
左边光滑表面接触点少,附着力低;右边粗糙表面接触点多,附着力高
\n

为了验证这个猜想,科学家们设计了一个非常精妙的实验。他们找来一台能测量极微小力量的“神器”——原子力显微镜(AFM) 。但这次,他们没有用标准的探针,而是做了一个大胆的改造:他们小心翼翼地剪下一条蚊子的腿,用胶把它粘在了显微镜的探针上。

\n

这样一来,他们就可以精确地控制这条“自动化”的蚊子腿,去触碰不同的表面,并测量把它拉开需要多大的力,这个力就是附着力 。

\n
\"\"
\n

他们准备了两种主要测试品:

\n
    \n
  1. 光滑的塑料片 (HDPE)
  2. \n
  3. 被特殊处理过的、粗糙的塑料片
  4. \n
\n
\"\"
四种不同粗糙度塑料表面的显微镜照片
\n

然后,让蚊子腿一次又一次地“踩”向不同的表面。

\n

实验结果完全证实了科学家的猜想。在光滑的塑料表面上,一个样本测得的平均附着力大约是 12.0 nN(纳牛顿,一个非常小的力单位) 。

\n

然而,当同一条蚊子腿踩在粗糙的表面上时,随着表面从光滑(I)变得更粗糙(II、III),附着力也随之增加 ,平均附着力飙升到了 76.2 nN 。附着力整整增强了 6 倍多。这证明了,对于蚊子来说,粗糙的表面确实能提供更强的“抓力” 。

\n
\"\"
随着表面从光滑(I)变得更粗糙(II、III),附着力也随之增加 。
\n

科学家们又有了新的问题:这种附着力是纯粹的物理接触力(范德华力),还是空气中的水汽也像胶水一样起到了作用(毛细作用力)?

\n

范德华力是一种弱的分子间吸引力,当两个物体表面距离小于 10 nm 时,就会产生。它不需要任何化学物质或液体中介,而是源于电子云的瞬时极化。

\n

他们设计了第二个实验来回答这个问题。这次他们引入了两种性质完全不同的表面,并在一个可以控制湿度的密闭空间里进行测试 :

\n
    \n
  1. 疏水表面:就是我们之前用的塑料(HDPE),它不怎么吸水 。
  2. \n
  3. 亲水表面:一种被酸清洗过的硅片,非常容易吸附水汽 。
  4. \n
\n
\"\"
图(b)和(c)展示了水滴在这两种表面上的形态,直观地显示了它们的疏水性(不吸水)和亲水性(吸水) 。
\n

结果,在不吸水的塑料表面,无论空气湿度怎么变(从 10%到 90%),附着力始终稳定在 20 nN 左右,几乎不变 。这说明在这里,水汽基本没起作用,附着力主要就是范德华力。

\n
\"\"
在不吸水的塑料表面上,附着力基本不受湿度影响,说明蚊子自身的附着力主要来自范德华力 。但在吸水的硅片表面,附着力随湿度增加而显著增强,这表明空气中的水汽在表面形成水膜,产生了额外的毛细作用力,帮助蚊子粘得更牢 。
\n

而在吸水的硅片表面,当环境干燥时,附着力约为 40 nN。但当湿度增加到 60%时,附着力竟飙升到了 150 nN 以上。

\n

这很好说明了,蚊子的附着在墙上就是范德华力,但在潮湿且亲水的表面,水汽会变成一个强大的“助攻”,大大增强其附着力。

\n

在实验中,科学家为了不损坏蚊子腿和精密的仪器,只施加了一个非常微小的预加载力(Preload),仅为 50 nN 。

\n

研究论文中明确提到,一只活的蚊子为了站稳,它会用力压住腿部。这个力有多大呢?论文估算,每条腿典型的预加载力约为 4 mN(毫牛顿),也就是 4000000 nN 。

\n
\"\"
\n

什么是预加载力?

\n

预加载力可以通俗地理解为蚊子在让脚垫“粘”到表面上时,主动用肌肉向下“按”或“压”的那一下初始力量。

\n

一旦蚊子通过预加载力让自己的脚垫牢牢地附着在了墙面或天花板上,接下来的事情就变得非常“节能”了。

\n

因为产生附着力的范德华力是一种物理力,就像磁铁吸在冰箱上一样。一旦分子间的距离足够近,这种吸引力就持续存在,不需要消耗蚊子的生物能量(ATP)来维持,就进入了一种低能耗的待机模式。

\n
\"\"
\n

而方向差异不改变被动性质(对抗墙壁的滑动阻力和垂直拉扯力),也就说不管墙壁还是天花板都不费力[2]。

\n
\"\"
不止蚊子,大部分的昆虫和壁虎这些,脚上有刚毛的都是靠范德华力
\n

科学家没直接抓蚊子测,用了也用范德华力粘附的杖虫做实验,因为脚结构差不多[3]。他们让杖虫在墙壁和天花板上爬,用传感器测力气。发现虫子在两种地方的“粘力”差不多,安全系数(粘力除以体重)都在 20-100 倍。意思是,虫子超稳,不会掉,也不用多费力气。

\n

维持不需要能量,只有分离时需微量机械功。这种机制进化出来就是为了省能量。

\n
\"\"
\n
\n
\n\n\n
查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n\n\n\n", + "content": "
\"头图\"/
\n

这得先解答第一个问题:

\n

蚊子到底是怎么牢牢粘在各种表面上的?

\n
\"\"
\n

把蚊子的脚放大成千上万倍,科学家们发现上面布满了像刷子一样、超级细微的毛发,我们叫它“刚毛” [1]。

\n
\"\"
\n

于是科学家提出了一个猜想:对于我们人来说,一个表面越光滑可能感觉越“粘”,但对于拥有这身“装备”的蚊子来说,情况可能正好相反。他们认为,

\n

一个粗糙的表面,反而能让蚊子脚上的无数根小“刷毛”找到更多的接触点,像无数个微型的小钩子一样抓住表面,从而产生更大的附着力 。

\n
\"\"
左边光滑表面接触点少,附着力低;右边粗糙表面接触点多,附着力高
\n

为了验证这个猜想,科学家们设计了一个非常精妙的实验。他们找来一台能测量极微小力量的“神器”——原子力显微镜(AFM) 。但这次,他们没有用标准的探针,而是做了一个大胆的改造:他们小心翼翼地剪下一条蚊子的腿,用胶把它粘在了显微镜的探针上。

\n

这样一来,他们就可以精确地控制这条“自动化”的蚊子腿,去触碰不同的表面,并测量把它拉开需要多大的力,这个力就是附着力 。

\n
\"\"
\n

他们准备了两种主要测试品:

\n
    \n
  1. 光滑的塑料片 (HDPE)
  2. \n
  3. 被特殊处理过的、粗糙的塑料片
  4. \n
\n
\"\"
四种不同粗糙度塑料表面的显微镜照片
\n

然后,让蚊子腿一次又一次地“踩”向不同的表面。

\n

实验结果完全证实了科学家的猜想。在光滑的塑料表面上,一个样本测得的平均附着力大约是 12.0 nN(纳牛顿,一个非常小的力单位) 。

\n

然而,当同一条蚊子腿踩在粗糙的表面上时,随着表面从光滑(I)变得更粗糙(II、III),附着力也随之增加 ,平均附着力飙升到了 76.2 nN 。附着力整整增强了 6 倍多。这证明了,对于蚊子来说,粗糙的表面确实能提供更强的“抓力” 。

\n
\"\"
随着表面从光滑(I)变得更粗糙(II、III),附着力也随之增加 。
\n

科学家们又有了新的问题:这种附着力是纯粹的物理接触力(范德华力),还是空气中的水汽也像胶水一样起到了作用(毛细作用力)?

\n

范德华力是一种弱的分子间吸引力,当两个物体表面距离小于 10 nm 时,就会产生。它不需要任何化学物质或液体中介,而是源于电子云的瞬时极化。

\n

他们设计了第二个实验来回答这个问题。这次他们引入了两种性质完全不同的表面,并在一个可以控制湿度的密闭空间里进行测试 :

\n
    \n
  1. 疏水表面:就是我们之前用的塑料(HDPE),它不怎么吸水 。
  2. \n
  3. 亲水表面:一种被酸清洗过的硅片,非常容易吸附水汽 。
  4. \n
\n
\"\"
图(b)和(c)展示了水滴在这两种表面上的形态,直观地显示了它们的疏水性(不吸水)和亲水性(吸水) 。
\n

结果,在不吸水的塑料表面,无论空气湿度怎么变(从 10%到 90%),附着力始终稳定在 20 nN 左右,几乎不变 。这说明在这里,水汽基本没起作用,附着力主要就是范德华力。

\n
\"\"
在不吸水的塑料表面上,附着力基本不受湿度影响,说明蚊子自身的附着力主要来自范德华力 。但在吸水的硅片表面,附着力随湿度增加而显著增强,这表明空气中的水汽在表面形成水膜,产生了额外的毛细作用力,帮助蚊子粘得更牢 。
\n

而在吸水的硅片表面,当环境干燥时,附着力约为 40 nN。但当湿度增加到 60%时,附着力竟飙升到了 150 nN 以上。

\n

这很好说明了,蚊子的附着在墙上就是范德华力,但在潮湿且亲水的表面,水汽会变成一个强大的“助攻”,大大增强其附着力。

\n

在实验中,科学家为了不损坏蚊子腿和精密的仪器,只施加了一个非常微小的预加载力(Preload),仅为 50 nN 。

\n

研究论文中明确提到,一只活的蚊子为了站稳,它会用力压住腿部。这个力有多大呢?论文估算,每条腿典型的预加载力约为 4 mN(毫牛顿),也就是 4000000 nN 。

\n
\"\"
\n

什么是预加载力?

\n

预加载力可以通俗地理解为蚊子在让脚垫“粘”到表面上时,主动用肌肉向下“按”或“压”的那一下初始力量。

\n

一旦蚊子通过预加载力让自己的脚垫牢牢地附着在了墙面或天花板上,接下来的事情就变得非常“节能”了。

\n

因为产生附着力的范德华力是一种物理力,就像磁铁吸在冰箱上一样。一旦分子间的距离足够近,这种吸引力就持续存在,不需要消耗蚊子的生物能量(ATP)来维持,就进入了一种低能耗的待机模式。

\n
\"\"
\n

而方向差异不改变被动性质(对抗墙壁的滑动阻力和垂直拉扯力),也就说不管墙壁还是天花板都不费力[2]。

\n
\"\"
不止蚊子,大部分的昆虫和壁虎这些,脚上有刚毛的都是靠范德华力
\n

科学家没直接抓蚊子测,用了也用范德华力粘附的杖虫做实验,因为脚结构差不多[3]。他们让杖虫在墙壁和天花板上爬,用传感器测力气。发现虫子在两种地方的“粘力”差不多,安全系数(粘力除以体重)都在 20-100 倍。意思是,虫子超稳,不会掉,也不用多费力气。

\n

维持不需要能量,只有分离时需微量机械功。这种机制进化出来就是为了省能量。

\n
\"\"
\n
\n
\n\n\n
查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n\n\n\n", + "category": "", + "link": "https://daily.zhihu.com/story/9783453", + "creator": "", + "pubDate": "Sun, 24 Aug 2025 00:27:03 +0000", + "enclosure": "", + "enclosureType": "", + "image": "", + "id": "", + "language": "", + "folder": "资讯", + "feed": "知乎", + "read": false, + "favorite": false, + "created": false, + "tags": [], + "hash": "185ea4f7e1c1eed97c1cf7c41e61ec9b", + "highlights": [] + }, + { + "title": "地球上强震是不是比过去发生的更频繁了?如何科学应对?", + "description": "
\"头图\"/
\n

地球上强震是否变多,得看统计数据。我从 USGS 上搜集了 1990 年 -2025 年全球地震数据[1],从中统计了大于 7.0 级和大于 8.0 级的地震的数量,如下图。

\n

全球过去 36 年,7.0 级及以上地震一共 520 次,平均每年 14.4 次;8.0 级及以上地震一共 34 次,每年平均 0.94 次。

\n

从下面两张图看,每年大地震(>=7.0)的数量没有持续上升或者减小的趋势,基本都是围绕着均值上下波动。

\n
\"\"
全球 1990-2025 年每年大于 7.0 级地震统计
\n
\"\"
全球 1990-2025 年每年大于 8.0 级地震统计
\n

大家之所以感觉更频繁,我理解可能原因是一次大地震以后,主震会触发余震级联。较多的余震,加上现在媒体曝光度也在提高,让很多余震小震也都被更多的曝光出来,这样给大家造成了大地震变多的错觉。

\n

聊下余震级联,余震的发生率随时间近似遵循下面这个公式,即 Omori 定律,

\n

\"\"

\n

其中,n(t) 表示时间 t 内的余震数量,k 和 c 都是常数,这个是根据某一地区的历史地震数据拟合后得到的参数,p 是一个调节参数,典型的 p 值为 0.7-1.5。总之,随着时间的增加,余震的数量 N(t)会按照一种幂律的方式衰减,即初期余震的数量逐渐下降,随着时间的推移,衰减速度逐渐减慢。而余震也会进一步再次触发余震,形成级联过程[2],从而会让大家感觉某段时间内地震明显更多的感受。

\n

另外,如果把历史上的不同震级的地震再做一下统计,可以发现下面这个规律。横轴是震级,纵轴是每年的地震发生次数的对数(Log N/year),蓝色是观测,红色是模型,两者几乎重合并呈一条向下的直线,即 Gutenberg–Richter 定律[3]:

\n

\"\"

\n

,这里 N 是给定时间内震级>=M 的地震次数,a 和 b 是拟合的常数。

\n
\"\"
古登堡—里希特定(Gutenberg–Richter)定律
\n

基本上震级每增加 1,频次约降 10 倍,从第一张和第二张图也能看出来。所以,这样一个大量地震的统计和拟合结果也说明,大地震具有比较好的统计规律。所以,不存在地球上强震比过去发生的更频繁。

\n

至于题目里的“科学应对”,我想既然强震没比以往多,那以前怎么过未来就还怎么过。

\n
\n
\n\n\n
查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n\n\n\n", + "content": "
\"头图\"/
\n

地球上强震是否变多,得看统计数据。我从 USGS 上搜集了 1990 年 -2025 年全球地震数据[1],从中统计了大于 7.0 级和大于 8.0 级的地震的数量,如下图。

\n

全球过去 36 年,7.0 级及以上地震一共 520 次,平均每年 14.4 次;8.0 级及以上地震一共 34 次,每年平均 0.94 次。

\n

从下面两张图看,每年大地震(>=7.0)的数量没有持续上升或者减小的趋势,基本都是围绕着均值上下波动。

\n
\"\"
全球 1990-2025 年每年大于 7.0 级地震统计
\n
\"\"
全球 1990-2025 年每年大于 8.0 级地震统计
\n

大家之所以感觉更频繁,我理解可能原因是一次大地震以后,主震会触发余震级联。较多的余震,加上现在媒体曝光度也在提高,让很多余震小震也都被更多的曝光出来,这样给大家造成了大地震变多的错觉。

\n

聊下余震级联,余震的发生率随时间近似遵循下面这个公式,即 Omori 定律,

\n

\"\"

\n

其中,n(t) 表示时间 t 内的余震数量,k 和 c 都是常数,这个是根据某一地区的历史地震数据拟合后得到的参数,p 是一个调节参数,典型的 p 值为 0.7-1.5。总之,随着时间的增加,余震的数量 N(t)会按照一种幂律的方式衰减,即初期余震的数量逐渐下降,随着时间的推移,衰减速度逐渐减慢。而余震也会进一步再次触发余震,形成级联过程[2],从而会让大家感觉某段时间内地震明显更多的感受。

\n

另外,如果把历史上的不同震级的地震再做一下统计,可以发现下面这个规律。横轴是震级,纵轴是每年的地震发生次数的对数(Log N/year),蓝色是观测,红色是模型,两者几乎重合并呈一条向下的直线,即 Gutenberg–Richter 定律[3]:

\n

\"\"

\n

,这里 N 是给定时间内震级>=M 的地震次数,a 和 b 是拟合的常数。

\n
\"\"
古登堡—里希特定(Gutenberg–Richter)定律
\n

基本上震级每增加 1,频次约降 10 倍,从第一张和第二张图也能看出来。所以,这样一个大量地震的统计和拟合结果也说明,大地震具有比较好的统计规律。所以,不存在地球上强震比过去发生的更频繁。

\n

至于题目里的“科学应对”,我想既然强震没比以往多,那以前怎么过未来就还怎么过。

\n
\n
\n\n\n
查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n\n\n\n", + "category": "", + "link": "https://daily.zhihu.com/story/9783456", + "creator": "", + "pubDate": "Sun, 24 Aug 2025 00:27:03 +0000", + "enclosure": "", + "enclosureType": "", + "image": "", + "id": "", + "language": "", + "folder": "资讯", + "feed": "知乎", + "read": false, + "favorite": false, + "created": false, + "tags": [], + "hash": "b9961f13bed9611edbd177173a221f4f", + "highlights": [] + }, + { + "title": "有哪些地理上的事实,没有一定地理知识的人不会相信?", + "description": "
\"头图\"/
\n

南美洲有个国家叫玻利维亚:

\n
\"\"
\n

玻利维亚的行政区划图是这样的:

\n
\"\"
\n

从地图可以看到,首都拉巴斯所在的拉巴斯省和东北角的贝尼省是接壤的,如果要从拉巴斯去贝尼省,直线距离非常近:

\n
\"\"
\n

但是在 19 世纪末的时候,玻利维亚中央政府如果要任命官员去相邻的贝尼省赴任,是不能按照箭头这样直接走的,因为两省之间有安第斯山脉阻隔,安第斯山脉平均海拔 3600 米,从哥伦比亚一直延绵到南美洲最南端的火地岛,将近 2 万里。而当时的也没有可以开凿山脉的修路技术,因此官员是不可能翻山越岭或沿着公路直接到达目的地的。

\n

那么该如何上任呢?

\n

首先,官员需要在首都拉巴斯坐火车去隔壁的智利,再从智利坐船出海到达中美洲的巴拿马,随后从巴拿马坐上船前往英国伦敦;到达伦敦后,再坐上前往巴西马卡帕市的航线。马卡帕市位于亚马孙河入海口,官员再从马卡帕市坐船沿着亚马孙河逆流而上,最终达到本国的贝尼省。

\n
\"\"
\n

如此一番折腾下来,历经 5 个国家,出海 3 次,横渡大西洋 2 次,在亚马孙河中与食人鱼搏斗 1 次,方能够平安上任。

\n

由于贝尼省地形与巴西高原联为一体,历史上巴西就对这块地方图谋已久。直到现在,贝尼省由于地理阻隔,与首都拉巴斯的经济、文化联系依然很弱,仍然是玻利维亚独立意识相当浓厚的省份。

\n
\n
\n\n\n
查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n\n\n\n", + "content": "
\"头图\"/
\n

南美洲有个国家叫玻利维亚:

\n
\"\"
\n

玻利维亚的行政区划图是这样的:

\n
\"\"
\n

从地图可以看到,首都拉巴斯所在的拉巴斯省和东北角的贝尼省是接壤的,如果要从拉巴斯去贝尼省,直线距离非常近:

\n
\"\"
\n

但是在 19 世纪末的时候,玻利维亚中央政府如果要任命官员去相邻的贝尼省赴任,是不能按照箭头这样直接走的,因为两省之间有安第斯山脉阻隔,安第斯山脉平均海拔 3600 米,从哥伦比亚一直延绵到南美洲最南端的火地岛,将近 2 万里。而当时的也没有可以开凿山脉的修路技术,因此官员是不可能翻山越岭或沿着公路直接到达目的地的。

\n

那么该如何上任呢?

\n

首先,官员需要在首都拉巴斯坐火车去隔壁的智利,再从智利坐船出海到达中美洲的巴拿马,随后从巴拿马坐上船前往英国伦敦;到达伦敦后,再坐上前往巴西马卡帕市的航线。马卡帕市位于亚马孙河入海口,官员再从马卡帕市坐船沿着亚马孙河逆流而上,最终达到本国的贝尼省。

\n
\"\"
\n

如此一番折腾下来,历经 5 个国家,出海 3 次,横渡大西洋 2 次,在亚马孙河中与食人鱼搏斗 1 次,方能够平安上任。

\n

由于贝尼省地形与巴西高原联为一体,历史上巴西就对这块地方图谋已久。直到现在,贝尼省由于地理阻隔,与首都拉巴斯的经济、文化联系依然很弱,仍然是玻利维亚独立意识相当浓厚的省份。

\n
\n
\n\n\n
查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n\n\n\n", + "category": "", + "link": "https://daily.zhihu.com/story/9783464", + "creator": "", + "pubDate": "Sun, 24 Aug 2025 00:27:03 +0000", + "enclosure": "", + "enclosureType": "", + "image": "", + "id": "", + "language": "", + "folder": "资讯", + "feed": "知乎", + "read": false, + "favorite": false, + "created": false, + "tags": [], + "hash": "22097ce6a707073433b7c42a6e4de968", + "highlights": [] + }, + { + "title": "母鸡孵蛋的时候不会感到无聊吗?", + "description": "
\"头图\"/
\n

母鸡孵蛋可不是趴到蛋上 21 天就行了。在母鸡进入孵蛋模式前,其体内就已经发生了很大的变化,这种变化是由脑垂体分泌的催乳素引起的。

\n

当母鸡进入孵化模式以后,母鸡的基础代谢率会下降,体温会下降 1~2℃,对外界的“应激度”也会降低。

\n

因此,孵化期的母鸡会对周围产生的任何干扰者不再应激,只要达不到威胁母鸡生命的程度,母鸡不会轻易放弃孵蛋,即使离开也会尽快返巢继续孵蛋,也就是老百姓常说的“落稳窝”。

\n

母鸡在孵蛋过程中,需要做的事包括:

\n

一、翻蛋。

\n

翻蛋包含两个方面的内容:

\n

1.把鸡蛋旋转 90°~180°,也就是把蛋“翻个面”,一来可以让蛋整体受热均匀,二来能够改变胚胎位置,防止发育中的胚胎与蛋壳内膜“粘连”。

\n

2.调整巢中鸡蛋的位置,如将外围鸡蛋调到巢中央,或把巢中央的鸡蛋调到外围。因为巢中央的温度比外围高,此举也是为了保证所有鸡蛋受热均匀,避免外围鸡蛋长期低温,影响胚胎发育。

\n

这两项工作经常是同时进行的,翻蛋时,母鸡会用喙轻轻地勾住鸡蛋,然后配合翅膀,把鸡蛋调整一个角度,完成翻蛋。母鸡通常每 2 小时就翻一次蛋,勤快的母鸡甚至 1 个小时就会翻一次蛋。

\n
\"\"
农村母鸡的自然巢穴。尤其是春天,当鸡蛋长期没有被捡走,聚集较多,就很容易“激发”农村土鸡的孵化本能
\n
\"\"
一只正在孵蛋的母鸡
\n

二、维持巢温。

\n

母鸡在孵蛋时,会随时注意窝里的温度,如温度过低,母鸡会将鸡蛋搂得紧凑一些;反之,若温度过高,母鸡会将鸡蛋搂得松散一些。

\n

另外,孵化过程也是个不断变化的过程,在孵化的不同阶段、不同的天气、气温条件下,母鸡也会采取相应的策略。

\n

如在孵化前期,需要的孵化温度高,母鸡翻蛋的频率也高;而在孵化后期,由于蛋中胚胎已经成型,也具有一定的主动产热能力,母鸡会适当降低孵化温度,甚至每天可以离开鸡窝半小时,让鸡蛋自然冷却一段时间,称为“晾蛋”,帮助胚胎散发热量,这也是提高孵化率的关键。

\n
\"\"
小鸡已经出壳(2023 年 3 月,摄于我岳母家的核桃园)
\n
\"\"
第二天,还是那只母鸡,已经在带着小鸡仔外出觅食了,正好本人在收拾蜂箱,割了一大块雄蜂蛹给这些小鸡吃
\n

三、觅食。

\n

“身体是革命的本钱”,虽然大部分时间都在孵化,但它们仍需要进食和饮水以维持体力。通常来说,母鸡在孵化期间,每天会花大约 20 分钟时间吃喝,同时完成排泄。

\n

当然,鸡蛋的孵化期长达 21 天,母鸡在孵化前期可以利用自身的脂肪储备,但在孵化后期,母鸡也会充分利用“晾蛋”的机会,顺便出去快速觅食。鸡主人也会将食物和水尽量放在离孵蛋母鸡近的地方,方便母鸡取食,减少母鸡外出觅食的时间。

\n

因此,且不说母鸡会不会产生人类“感到无聊”这样的情感,在整个孵化器,母鸡每天甚至每个小时都有事情要做,还要时刻保持同一个动作,实际上是很辛苦的。

\n

只是,由于母鸡自然孵蛋效率太低(每次仅能孵蛋约 15 枚),且母鸡在孵蛋和育雏期间会停止产蛋,对农户来说也是一种损失。因此,即便是农村,使用母鸡自然孵蛋也已经变得越来越少了。

\n
\"\"
2023 年 4 月,本人利用孵化期孵化家禽蛋,鸡蛋已经出壳,7 个大蛋是鹅蛋,由于鹅蛋孵化期为 31 天,此时还需要再孵 10 天。
\n
\"\"
10 天后,孵出的 7 只小鹅
\n

延伸阅读:

\n

为什么家养的鸡会孵蛋而家养的鸭子不孵蛋?

\n
\n
\n\n\n
查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n\n\n\n", + "content": "
\"头图\"/
\n

母鸡孵蛋可不是趴到蛋上 21 天就行了。在母鸡进入孵蛋模式前,其体内就已经发生了很大的变化,这种变化是由脑垂体分泌的催乳素引起的。

\n

当母鸡进入孵化模式以后,母鸡的基础代谢率会下降,体温会下降 1~2℃,对外界的“应激度”也会降低。

\n

因此,孵化期的母鸡会对周围产生的任何干扰者不再应激,只要达不到威胁母鸡生命的程度,母鸡不会轻易放弃孵蛋,即使离开也会尽快返巢继续孵蛋,也就是老百姓常说的“落稳窝”。

\n

母鸡在孵蛋过程中,需要做的事包括:

\n

一、翻蛋。

\n

翻蛋包含两个方面的内容:

\n

1.把鸡蛋旋转 90°~180°,也就是把蛋“翻个面”,一来可以让蛋整体受热均匀,二来能够改变胚胎位置,防止发育中的胚胎与蛋壳内膜“粘连”。

\n

2.调整巢中鸡蛋的位置,如将外围鸡蛋调到巢中央,或把巢中央的鸡蛋调到外围。因为巢中央的温度比外围高,此举也是为了保证所有鸡蛋受热均匀,避免外围鸡蛋长期低温,影响胚胎发育。

\n

这两项工作经常是同时进行的,翻蛋时,母鸡会用喙轻轻地勾住鸡蛋,然后配合翅膀,把鸡蛋调整一个角度,完成翻蛋。母鸡通常每 2 小时就翻一次蛋,勤快的母鸡甚至 1 个小时就会翻一次蛋。

\n
\"\"
农村母鸡的自然巢穴。尤其是春天,当鸡蛋长期没有被捡走,聚集较多,就很容易“激发”农村土鸡的孵化本能
\n
\"\"
一只正在孵蛋的母鸡
\n

二、维持巢温。

\n

母鸡在孵蛋时,会随时注意窝里的温度,如温度过低,母鸡会将鸡蛋搂得紧凑一些;反之,若温度过高,母鸡会将鸡蛋搂得松散一些。

\n

另外,孵化过程也是个不断变化的过程,在孵化的不同阶段、不同的天气、气温条件下,母鸡也会采取相应的策略。

\n

如在孵化前期,需要的孵化温度高,母鸡翻蛋的频率也高;而在孵化后期,由于蛋中胚胎已经成型,也具有一定的主动产热能力,母鸡会适当降低孵化温度,甚至每天可以离开鸡窝半小时,让鸡蛋自然冷却一段时间,称为“晾蛋”,帮助胚胎散发热量,这也是提高孵化率的关键。

\n
\"\"
小鸡已经出壳(2023 年 3 月,摄于我岳母家的核桃园)
\n
\"\"
第二天,还是那只母鸡,已经在带着小鸡仔外出觅食了,正好本人在收拾蜂箱,割了一大块雄蜂蛹给这些小鸡吃
\n

三、觅食。

\n

“身体是革命的本钱”,虽然大部分时间都在孵化,但它们仍需要进食和饮水以维持体力。通常来说,母鸡在孵化期间,每天会花大约 20 分钟时间吃喝,同时完成排泄。

\n

当然,鸡蛋的孵化期长达 21 天,母鸡在孵化前期可以利用自身的脂肪储备,但在孵化后期,母鸡也会充分利用“晾蛋”的机会,顺便出去快速觅食。鸡主人也会将食物和水尽量放在离孵蛋母鸡近的地方,方便母鸡取食,减少母鸡外出觅食的时间。

\n

因此,且不说母鸡会不会产生人类“感到无聊”这样的情感,在整个孵化器,母鸡每天甚至每个小时都有事情要做,还要时刻保持同一个动作,实际上是很辛苦的。

\n

只是,由于母鸡自然孵蛋效率太低(每次仅能孵蛋约 15 枚),且母鸡在孵蛋和育雏期间会停止产蛋,对农户来说也是一种损失。因此,即便是农村,使用母鸡自然孵蛋也已经变得越来越少了。

\n
\"\"
2023 年 4 月,本人利用孵化期孵化家禽蛋,鸡蛋已经出壳,7 个大蛋是鹅蛋,由于鹅蛋孵化期为 31 天,此时还需要再孵 10 天。
\n
\"\"
10 天后,孵出的 7 只小鹅
\n

延伸阅读:

\n

为什么家养的鸡会孵蛋而家养的鸭子不孵蛋?

\n
\n
\n\n\n
查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n\n\n\n", + "category": "", + "link": "https://daily.zhihu.com/story/9783443", + "creator": "", + "pubDate": "Sun, 24 Aug 2025 00:27:03 +0000", + "enclosure": "", + "enclosureType": "", + "image": "", + "id": "", + "language": "", + "folder": "资讯", + "feed": "知乎", + "read": false, + "favorite": false, + "created": false, + "tags": [], + "hash": "86366507ef5efa0e259251dacdd1e58d", + "highlights": [] + }, { "title": "为什么地球上能够找找宇宙中几乎所有稳定元素,且这些元素均能够在地表易于开采的地方,这是巧合吗?", "description": "
\"头图\"/
\n

不是巧合。

\n

不光地球这样,宇宙中绝大多数与地球类似的岩石星球都这样。

\n

原因要从元素的演化开始讲起。

\n

金属元素的起源

\n

在宇宙形成之初,只有氢,氦以及非常少量的锂。其他所有元素,都是来自于恒星的演化过程。

\n

与我们熟知的概念不同,天文上管氢和氦以外的元素都叫金属元素。后文提到“金属元素”,都以这个定义为准。

\n

我们都知道,恒星是个巨大的等离子气体球,内部在不停的进行核聚变反应,将轻元素聚变成重元素。聚变产生的向外的辐射压与恒星本身向内的引力维持平衡,恒星就可以稳定存在。

\n
\"\"
恒星燃烧氢的两种方式,质子 - 质子链反应(小质量恒星)和碳氮氧循环(中等质量,大质量恒星)
\n

新生的恒星几乎全部由氢元素构成,它们会在年轻时将氢聚变成氦,到了晚年,内核温度升高,则会进一步将氦聚变,这样一点点生成了后面的金属元素。

\n

由于核反应有一定的路线,在路线上的元素,比如碳,氧,氖,镁等,丰度就会高于其他元素。

\n

小质量恒星由于内核温度不足,一般只能将核反应进行到碳,氧的程度。不过,在它们的星生晚年,内部会通过慢中子俘获(s- 过程)产生一些比铁重的元素。

\n

大质量恒星内部的核聚变则可以一直进行下去,直到铁和镍(镍是镍的同位素镍 56,性质不稳定,会很快衰变成铁)。

\n

同样的,在核反应路线上的元素,丰度要高于其他元素。

\n
\"\"
大质量恒星连续聚变的过程
\n

铁是非常稳定的元素,无论聚变还是裂变都只会吸收热量。恒星无法通过聚变铁产生热量,就再也无法支撑自身,从而产生超新星爆发,走向生命终点。(当然,大质量恒星的生命终结有很多原因和方式,由铁核引起的只是其中一种)。在这个过程中,恒星会通过快中子俘获(r- 过程)产生大量铁之后的元素。

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此外,中子星合并等宇宙高能现象,也能产生大量的比铁重的元素。

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宇宙中的金属元素,几乎都是这么来的。

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想详细了解元素的形成过程,可以看下面这个回答:

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宇宙形成之初,元素种类极为有限,铁之后的重元素都是由哪些途径产生的?

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最终,经过恒星 100 多亿年孜孜不倦的转化,宇宙中元素的丰度如下图所示:

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其中,纵坐标是对数坐标。可以看到,在铁之前的元素中,核反应路线上的元素(碳,氧,氖,镁,硅等),丰度要比非核反应路线上的元素高出两三个数量级(也就是百倍到千倍)。

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先辈的礼物

\n

我们的母恒星太阳是颗小质量恒星,目前尚在星生中年,正在稳定的将氢聚变成氦。

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那么,太阳系中的其他元素是怎么来的呢?

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这些其实都是来自于先辈的馈赠。

\n

几乎所有的恒星都来自于星云的凝聚。而当恒星死亡后,绝大多数物质会通过喷发的形式回归星云。许多年岁后,这里又会形成新的恒星。这些新恒星们,自然就包括了上一代恒星产生的各种各样的元素了。

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恒星的演化过程
\n

我们的太阳也是在这样的星云中凝聚的。作为一颗比较年轻的第三代恒星,它的母星云中金属元素的丰度很高。因此,太阳本身的金属丰度也不低。

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包括地球在内,太阳系的其他天体都是太阳凝聚后剩下的边角料形成的。因此,地球上能找到各种各样的元素就不足为奇了。

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宇宙已经 138 亿岁了,最初形成的第一代恒星(只包括氢和氦,又叫无金属星)早已湮没在岁月的长河之中。之后形成的第二代恒星(包含少量的金属元素,又叫贫金属星)数量稀少,都已经是垂垂老矣的老星星了。像太阳这样的第三代恒星(包含大量金属元素,又叫富金属星)正是宇宙中的新生力量。

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因此,宇宙中像地球这样富含各种元素的天体才是大多数。

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具体到每颗星球上,由于凝聚前的星云本身元素含量有差异,加上形成过程中各种意外事件(比如小行星撞击,宇宙射线辐射等)会改变元素的丰度。各个星球上的元素丰度差别是很大的。

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在地球上,地壳中的元素丰度如下图所示:

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需要注意的是,这是地壳的元素丰度,而非地球整体的元素丰度。

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对比上面宇宙中的元素丰度图可知,一部分元素的丰度比例是接近的,但有些元素有很大的不同。比如由于气体的逃逸现象,氢和氦含量非常低。而由于地壳主要由岩石构成,组成岩石的元素(图中绿色的部分)丰度非常高。

\n

详细看这张图的话,可以发现有一些元素是缺失的。比如不稳定的元素锝(Tc)和钷(Pm),只能在持续的核合成过程中产生,因此无法在地球上稳定存在。六种惰性气体氦(He)、氖(Ne)、氩(Ar)、氪(Kr)、氙(Xe)、氡(Rn)则由于多种原因(气体容易逃逸,很难形成化合物等等)几乎不存在于地壳之中。

\n

元素的开采和利用

\n

这部分我了解的不多,就简单介绍一下。

\n

题主的问题提到了“且这些元素均能够在地表易于开采的地方”。其实这是一种错觉。

\n

地球虽然是个岩石星球,但同样来自于星云的凝聚。在形成之初,越重的元素,越会向中心沉积,因此,大部分比较重的元素都沉积在地核地幔之中了。

\n
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\n

比如,地球其实“含金量”不低,但 99%的金元素在地球形成时就沉积到地幔和地核之中了。目前,地表可开采的金只有 13 万吨左右,它们几乎都是地球形成之初小行星撞击带来的星际礼物。

\n

其他许多比较重的元素也是如此。它们在地核中的含量远超地表,只有很少一部分通过早期的火山喷发等地质活动,才得以来到地表。

\n

在地壳之中,绝大多数元素都是以化合物的形式存在,它们以矿物的形式富集,得以被人类开采和利用。但以人类目前的开采技术,能够大规模利用的元素相当有限。

\n

许多含量极低的元素,比如钌、铑、钯、锇、铱、铂等,只能作为贵金属,成为装饰品或在金融领域流通,很少用于工业生产当中。而一些稀土元素,由于开采困难,在全世界也只有屈指可数的供应源。

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\n

综上所述,地球只是个很普通的星球,其上的各种元素,在宇宙中也遍地都有。而人类其实只利用了其中很小很小的部分。

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当然,换个角度来说,这也意味着人类发展的空间还很大很大。

\n

想了解更多关于宇宙和星星的小故事,欢迎订阅我的专栏。会一直更新的~

\n

星星小传:

\n

满天星斗呼唤我

\n

天文知识小科普:

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且放远目观玄黄

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查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n\n\n\n", @@ -5252,8 +5340,8 @@ }, { "title": "海带竟然不是植物?!那是个啥?", - "description": "
\"头图\"/
\n

海带(Saccharina japonica)是一种植物吗?毕竟它既能进行光合作用,外形又是一副“绿叶飘飘”的样子。要回答这个问题,我们得先来看几个生物分类学中“王国”(Kingdom)的兴衰史。

\n

 

经常吃海带的朋友都知道,“界门纲目科属种”这个生物分类阶元中,“界”的英文是“Kingdom”,正如这个英文单词最直观的翻译,一类生物可以看作一个王国。但是分类阶元并不是一成不变的,我们对生命演化的认知本就是一个动态调整的过程[1]。从这个角度上来看,海带(及其祖先)就像是一个反复游走在各个王国之间的“流浪者”。

\n

 

在早期分类系统中,海带属于植物

\n

 

“植物界”和“动物界”是最早确立的两个界级分类单元,缔造它们的人是瑞典生物学家林奈,他也正是前述生物分类阶元的开创者。林奈将固着不动和自养型(即能利用无机物合成有机)生物归为植物界(Plantae kingdom),自由行动且异养型(自身无法合成有机物,只能“吃”别人合成的有机物)的生物归为动物界(Animalia kingdom)。在当时的这一标准下,海带和其他一众藻类伙伴因为能通过光合作用制造有机物归属于植物界理所应当。

\n
\"\"
\n

 

按照林奈分类系统,海带归属于植物界 图片来源:作者绘制

\n

 

随着人们认识逐渐加深,“植物界”和“动物界”中的一些成员突然发现了彼此间巨大的“共同点”,它们都是单细胞生物。前者比如裸藻,后者如草履虫,于是,它们一合计,在德国生物学家海克尔(E.H.Haeckel)的支持下于 1866 年成立了一个新的王国——原生生物界(Praotista kingdom),与其他结构复杂的生物划清了界限。那些与海带一同归属于植物界的单细胞藻类纷纷改弦更张,成为了崛起的新家族——原生生物的成员。

\n
\"\"
\n

 

按照海克尔的分类系统,海带在原生生物界虚晃一枪,又回到了植物界 图片来源:作者绘制

\n

 

然而,海带审视了一下自己,表示:“我虽然结构简单,没有根茎叶的分化,但我是多细胞生物呀!”于是果断决定留在植物界中[3]。

\n

 

几类生物“自立门户”,海带被禁止入内

\n

 

后来,真菌“觉醒”,它猛然发现自己和其他植物和动物都有着显著的区别——细胞壁是几丁质而非纤维素,虽然和动物一样异养但却营腐生或寄生生活。于是,真菌界的“创始人”惠特克(R.H.Whittaker)在 1995 年提出了另立一个真菌界((Fungi kingdom)。至此,包含原生生物界、真菌界、植物界和动物界“四界”的分类系统形成。

\n

 

不过,这场变革对海带没有直接影响。只是,眼瞅着一同“寄人篱下”的小伙伴纷纷自立门户,海带开始找寻那条腹含“大楚兴,陈胜王”的鲤鱼。

\n

 

时间来到 1969 年,界级分类系统中一个新的国度——原核生物界(Monera kingdom)揭竿而起,喊一声“王侯将相宁有种乎”的时候似乎来了,海带要崛起了吗?然而并没有。海带只能看着藻类中的蓝藻等成为“新贵”。

\n

 

原核生物界的诞生主要归因于显微技术的进步——人们根据细胞有无核膜包被等特征,将生物分为原核细胞和真核细胞。这种基于微观层面的划分对“蠢蠢欲动”的海带来说,只能是鞭长莫及。尽管它的“鞭”真的很长,你吃下的海带结活着的时候长度可超过 3 米[2]。

\n
\"\"
\n

 

海带依然在植物界岿然不动 图片来源:作者绘制

\n

 

与原核生物和原生生物界中大部分单细胞生物相比,它完全坐实了多细胞生物的身份,可相比其他多细胞生物,它又只是一个“简单的多细胞”,只有长长的叶状体在海水中摇摆。是了!“摇摆”就是它对自己定位的真实写照。

\n
\"\"
\n

 

收获中的海带 图片来源:参考文献[4]

\n

 

海带作为“不等鞭毛类”的“前世今生”

\n

 

秉持着“坚持就是胜利”的信念,海带养精蓄锐,等待着“天时地利人和”时局的到来。这一次,海带终于要成功了吗?它能改变自己身为“植物”的宿命了吗?

\n

 

这一时期,人们对生物的认知深入到更微观的尺度,通过分子系统学构建系统发育树来确定生物类群的演化关系。终于,曾经被归为褐藻门(Phaeophyta)的海带,在大多数现代分类方法中被重新划归为“不等鞭毛类”这一更精确的分类单元[5]。

\n

 

不等鞭毛类生物的祖先,早在还是一个小小的细胞时就把弱肉强食的生存法则一遍遍演绎。当早期的真核生物界形成后,这些不等鞭毛类的祖先细胞为了生存,开始对自己的“亲戚们”下手,演化出一种名为“胞吞”的手段——通过细胞膜的凹陷来吞噬其他细胞。但有一天,一个被吞噬的蓝细菌(旧称蓝藻),不知为何没有被消化,这次意外的“共生事件”让真核生物获得了光合作用的能力。而这个幸存蓝细菌,它的后代则演化成了细胞中的“能量工厂”——叶绿体。

\n
\"\"
\n

 

两次内共生图示 图片来源:参考文献[5]

\n

 

吞噬只有零次和无数次,尝到甜头的海带祖先又经过了两次吞噬,形成了四层膜的叶绿体,至此,海带诞生了。疯狂“叠甲”让它和只有两层叶绿体膜的植物直接区分开来,它被归入原生生物界。尽管大业未竟,但海带终于摆脱了植物界的头衔,在原生生物界中赢得了自己的一席之地[5]。

\n
\"\"
\n

 

海带终于来到了原生生物界 图片来源:作者绘制

\n

 

重新认识一下海带吧!

\n

 

那么,让我们来重新认识一下有了“新身份”的海带吧!

\n

 

海带隶属于色藻界 - 褐藻门 - 褐藻纲 - 海带目 - 糖海带属,全名 Saccharina japonica (Aresch.) C.E.Lane, C.Mayes, Druehl & G.W.Saunders, 2006。曾经被当做植物的它,实际上与它的第二个王国——原生生物的关系更近。至于植物,它们曾拥有过共同的祖先,但早已经分道扬镳[6]。但是,在生物界庞大的谱系中,这点亲缘关系实在不足为奇。

\n

 

海带也许背离了植物界和动物界的传统分类,但值得庆幸的是,它并没有“背刺”素食者们——对于鲜嫩的海带制品,依然可以心安理得地尽情享用!

\n

 

参考文献

[1]毛盛贤. 生物界级分类系统的演变过程[J]. 生物学通报, 1999(05): 10-11.

[2]王珊珊, 张瑞标, 常丽荣, 等. 威海桑沟湾海域不同海带品种 / 系的生长状况研究[J/OL]. 大连海洋大学学报, 2020, 35(01): 96-102. DOI:10.16535/j.cnki.dlhyxb.2019-022.

[3]CHI S, QIAN H, LI T, 等. Phylogeny of genera Laminaria and Saccharina (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae) based on three molecular markers[J/OL]. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 2014, 33(9): 139-151. DOI:10.1007/s13131-014-0525-3.

[4]BARTSCH I, WIENCKE C, BISCHOF K, 等. The genus Laminaria sensu lato  : recent insights and developments[J/OL]. European Journal of Phycology, 2008, 43(1): 1-86. DOI:10.1080/09670260701711376.

[5]BRIGGS G M. Inanimate Life[M]. Milne Open Textbooks, 2024.

[6]NOZAKI H, MARUYAMA S, MATSUZAKI M, 等. Phylogenetic positions of Glaucophyta, green plants (Archaeplastida) and Haptophyta (Chromalveolata) as deduced from slowly evolving nuclear genes[J/OL]. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2009, 53(3): 872-880. DOI:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.08.015.

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策划制作

出品丨科普中国

作者丨张应超 生态学硕士

监制丨中国科普博览

责编丨一诺

审校丨徐来、林林

\n\n
查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n
\n
\n\n\n\n", - "content": "
\"头图\"/
\n

海带(Saccharina japonica)是一种植物吗?毕竟它既能进行光合作用,外形又是一副“绿叶飘飘”的样子。要回答这个问题,我们得先来看几个生物分类学中“王国”(Kingdom)的兴衰史。

\n

 

经常吃海带的朋友都知道,“界门纲目科属种”这个生物分类阶元中,“界”的英文是“Kingdom”,正如这个英文单词最直观的翻译,一类生物可以看作一个王国。但是分类阶元并不是一成不变的,我们对生命演化的认知本就是一个动态调整的过程[1]。从这个角度上来看,海带(及其祖先)就像是一个反复游走在各个王国之间的“流浪者”。

\n

 

在早期分类系统中,海带属于植物

\n

 

“植物界”和“动物界”是最早确立的两个界级分类单元,缔造它们的人是瑞典生物学家林奈,他也正是前述生物分类阶元的开创者。林奈将固着不动和自养型(即能利用无机物合成有机)生物归为植物界(Plantae kingdom),自由行动且异养型(自身无法合成有机物,只能“吃”别人合成的有机物)的生物归为动物界(Animalia kingdom)。在当时的这一标准下,海带和其他一众藻类伙伴因为能通过光合作用制造有机物归属于植物界理所应当。

\n
\"\"
\n

 

按照林奈分类系统,海带归属于植物界 图片来源:作者绘制

\n

 

随着人们认识逐渐加深,“植物界”和“动物界”中的一些成员突然发现了彼此间巨大的“共同点”,它们都是单细胞生物。前者比如裸藻,后者如草履虫,于是,它们一合计,在德国生物学家海克尔(E.H.Haeckel)的支持下于 1866 年成立了一个新的王国——原生生物界(Praotista kingdom),与其他结构复杂的生物划清了界限。那些与海带一同归属于植物界的单细胞藻类纷纷改弦更张,成为了崛起的新家族——原生生物的成员。

\n
\"\"
\n

 

按照海克尔的分类系统,海带在原生生物界虚晃一枪,又回到了植物界 图片来源:作者绘制

\n

 

然而,海带审视了一下自己,表示:“我虽然结构简单,没有根茎叶的分化,但我是多细胞生物呀!”于是果断决定留在植物界中[3]。

\n

 

几类生物“自立门户”,海带被禁止入内

\n

 

后来,真菌“觉醒”,它猛然发现自己和其他植物和动物都有着显著的区别——细胞壁是几丁质而非纤维素,虽然和动物一样异养但却营腐生或寄生生活。于是,真菌界的“创始人”惠特克(R.H.Whittaker)在 1995 年提出了另立一个真菌界((Fungi kingdom)。至此,包含原生生物界、真菌界、植物界和动物界“四界”的分类系统形成。

\n

 

不过,这场变革对海带没有直接影响。只是,眼瞅着一同“寄人篱下”的小伙伴纷纷自立门户,海带开始找寻那条腹含“大楚兴,陈胜王”的鲤鱼。

\n

 

时间来到 1969 年,界级分类系统中一个新的国度——原核生物界(Monera kingdom)揭竿而起,喊一声“王侯将相宁有种乎”的时候似乎来了,海带要崛起了吗?然而并没有。海带只能看着藻类中的蓝藻等成为“新贵”。

\n

 

原核生物界的诞生主要归因于显微技术的进步——人们根据细胞有无核膜包被等特征,将生物分为原核细胞和真核细胞。这种基于微观层面的划分对“蠢蠢欲动”的海带来说,只能是鞭长莫及。尽管它的“鞭”真的很长,你吃下的海带结活着的时候长度可超过 3 米[2]。

\n
\"\"
\n

 

海带依然在植物界岿然不动 图片来源:作者绘制

\n

 

与原核生物和原生生物界中大部分单细胞生物相比,它完全坐实了多细胞生物的身份,可相比其他多细胞生物,它又只是一个“简单的多细胞”,只有长长的叶状体在海水中摇摆。是了!“摇摆”就是它对自己定位的真实写照。

\n
\"\"
\n

 

收获中的海带 图片来源:参考文献[4]

\n

 

海带作为“不等鞭毛类”的“前世今生”

\n

 

秉持着“坚持就是胜利”的信念,海带养精蓄锐,等待着“天时地利人和”时局的到来。这一次,海带终于要成功了吗?它能改变自己身为“植物”的宿命了吗?

\n

 

这一时期,人们对生物的认知深入到更微观的尺度,通过分子系统学构建系统发育树来确定生物类群的演化关系。终于,曾经被归为褐藻门(Phaeophyta)的海带,在大多数现代分类方法中被重新划归为“不等鞭毛类”这一更精确的分类单元[5]。

\n

 

不等鞭毛类生物的祖先,早在还是一个小小的细胞时就把弱肉强食的生存法则一遍遍演绎。当早期的真核生物界形成后,这些不等鞭毛类的祖先细胞为了生存,开始对自己的“亲戚们”下手,演化出一种名为“胞吞”的手段——通过细胞膜的凹陷来吞噬其他细胞。但有一天,一个被吞噬的蓝细菌(旧称蓝藻),不知为何没有被消化,这次意外的“共生事件”让真核生物获得了光合作用的能力。而这个幸存蓝细菌,它的后代则演化成了细胞中的“能量工厂”——叶绿体。

\n
\"\"
\n

 

两次内共生图示 图片来源:参考文献[5]

\n

 

吞噬只有零次和无数次,尝到甜头的海带祖先又经过了两次吞噬,形成了四层膜的叶绿体,至此,海带诞生了。疯狂“叠甲”让它和只有两层叶绿体膜的植物直接区分开来,它被归入原生生物界。尽管大业未竟,但海带终于摆脱了植物界的头衔,在原生生物界中赢得了自己的一席之地[5]。

\n
\"\"
\n

 

海带终于来到了原生生物界 图片来源:作者绘制

\n

 

重新认识一下海带吧!

\n

 

那么,让我们来重新认识一下有了“新身份”的海带吧!

\n

 

海带隶属于色藻界 - 褐藻门 - 褐藻纲 - 海带目 - 糖海带属,全名 Saccharina japonica (Aresch.) C.E.Lane, C.Mayes, Druehl & G.W.Saunders, 2006。曾经被当做植物的它,实际上与它的第二个王国——原生生物的关系更近。至于植物,它们曾拥有过共同的祖先,但早已经分道扬镳[6]。但是,在生物界庞大的谱系中,这点亲缘关系实在不足为奇。

\n

 

海带也许背离了植物界和动物界的传统分类,但值得庆幸的是,它并没有“背刺”素食者们——对于鲜嫩的海带制品,依然可以心安理得地尽情享用!

\n

 

参考文献

[1]毛盛贤. 生物界级分类系统的演变过程[J]. 生物学通报, 1999(05): 10-11.

[2]王珊珊, 张瑞标, 常丽荣, 等. 威海桑沟湾海域不同海带品种 / 系的生长状况研究[J/OL]. 大连海洋大学学报, 2020, 35(01): 96-102. DOI:10.16535/j.cnki.dlhyxb.2019-022.

[3]CHI S, QIAN H, LI T, 等. Phylogeny of genera Laminaria and Saccharina (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae) based on three molecular markers[J/OL]. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 2014, 33(9): 139-151. DOI:10.1007/s13131-014-0525-3.

[4]BARTSCH I, WIENCKE C, BISCHOF K, 等. The genus Laminaria sensu lato  : recent insights and developments[J/OL]. European Journal of Phycology, 2008, 43(1): 1-86. DOI:10.1080/09670260701711376.

[5]BRIGGS G M. Inanimate Life[M]. Milne Open Textbooks, 2024.

[6]NOZAKI H, MARUYAMA S, MATSUZAKI M, 等. Phylogenetic positions of Glaucophyta, green plants (Archaeplastida) and Haptophyta (Chromalveolata) as deduced from slowly evolving nuclear genes[J/OL]. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2009, 53(3): 872-880. DOI:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.08.015.

\n

 

策划制作

出品丨科普中国

作者丨张应超 生态学硕士

监制丨中国科普博览

责编丨一诺

审校丨徐来、林林

\n\n
查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n
\n
\n\n\n\n", + "description": "
\"头图\"/
\n

海带(Saccharina japonica)是一种植物吗?毕竟它既能进行光合作用,外形又是一副“绿叶飘飘”的样子。要回答这个问题,我们得先来看几个生物分类学中“王国”(Kingdom)的兴衰史。

\n

 

经常吃海带的朋友都知道,“界门纲目科属种”这个生物分类阶元中,“界”的英文是“Kingdom”,正如这个英文单词最直观的翻译,一类生物可以看作一个王国。但是分类阶元并不是一成不变的,我们对生命演化的认知本就是一个动态调整的过程[1]。从这个角度上来看,海带(及其祖先)就像是一个反复游走在各个王国之间的“流浪者”。

\n

 

在早期分类系统中,海带属于植物

\n

 

“植物界”和“动物界”是最早确立的两个界级分类单元,缔造它们的人是瑞典生物学家林奈,他也正是前述生物分类阶元的开创者。林奈将固着不动和自养型(即能利用无机物合成有机)生物归为植物界(Plantae kingdom),自由行动且异养型(自身无法合成有机物,只能“吃”别人合成的有机物)的生物归为动物界(Animalia kingdom)。在当时的这一标准下,海带和其他一众藻类伙伴因为能通过光合作用制造有机物归属于植物界理所应当。

\n
\"\"
\n

 

按照林奈分类系统,海带归属于植物界 图片来源:作者绘制

\n

 

随着人们认识逐渐加深,“植物界”和“动物界”中的一些成员突然发现了彼此间巨大的“共同点”,它们都是单细胞生物。前者比如裸藻,后者如草履虫,于是,它们一合计,在德国生物学家海克尔(E.H.Haeckel)的支持下于 1866 年成立了一个新的王国——原生生物界(Praotista kingdom),与其他结构复杂的生物划清了界限。那些与海带一同归属于植物界的单细胞藻类纷纷改弦更张,成为了崛起的新家族——原生生物的成员。

\n
\"\"
\n

 

按照海克尔的分类系统,海带在原生生物界虚晃一枪,又回到了植物界 图片来源:作者绘制

\n

 

然而,海带审视了一下自己,表示:“我虽然结构简单,没有根茎叶的分化,但我是多细胞生物呀!”于是果断决定留在植物界中[3]。

\n

 

几类生物“自立门户”,海带被禁止入内

\n

 

后来,真菌“觉醒”,它猛然发现自己和其他植物和动物都有着显著的区别——细胞壁是几丁质而非纤维素,虽然和动物一样异养但却营腐生或寄生生活。于是,真菌界的“创始人”惠特克(R.H.Whittaker)在 1995 年提出了另立一个真菌界((Fungi kingdom)。至此,包含原生生物界、真菌界、植物界和动物界“四界”的分类系统形成。

\n

 

不过,这场变革对海带没有直接影响。只是,眼瞅着一同“寄人篱下”的小伙伴纷纷自立门户,海带开始找寻那条腹含“大楚兴,陈胜王”的鲤鱼。

\n

 

时间来到 1969 年,界级分类系统中一个新的国度——原核生物界(Monera kingdom)揭竿而起,喊一声“王侯将相宁有种乎”的时候似乎来了,海带要崛起了吗?然而并没有。海带只能看着藻类中的蓝藻等成为“新贵”。

\n

 

原核生物界的诞生主要归因于显微技术的进步——人们根据细胞有无核膜包被等特征,将生物分为原核细胞和真核细胞。这种基于微观层面的划分对“蠢蠢欲动”的海带来说,只能是鞭长莫及。尽管它的“鞭”真的很长,你吃下的海带结活着的时候长度可超过 3 米[2]。

\n
\"\"
\n

 

海带依然在植物界岿然不动 图片来源:作者绘制

\n

 

与原核生物和原生生物界中大部分单细胞生物相比,它完全坐实了多细胞生物的身份,可相比其他多细胞生物,它又只是一个“简单的多细胞”,只有长长的叶状体在海水中摇摆。是了!“摇摆”就是它对自己定位的真实写照。

\n
\"\"
\n

 

收获中的海带 图片来源:参考文献[4]

\n

 

海带作为“不等鞭毛类”的“前世今生”

\n

 

秉持着“坚持就是胜利”的信念,海带养精蓄锐,等待着“天时地利人和”时局的到来。这一次,海带终于要成功了吗?它能改变自己身为“植物”的宿命了吗?

\n

 

这一时期,人们对生物的认知深入到更微观的尺度,通过分子系统学构建系统发育树来确定生物类群的演化关系。终于,曾经被归为褐藻门(Phaeophyta)的海带,在大多数现代分类方法中被重新划归为“不等鞭毛类”这一更精确的分类单元[5]。

\n

 

不等鞭毛类生物的祖先,早在还是一个小小的细胞时就把弱肉强食的生存法则一遍遍演绎。当早期的真核生物界形成后,这些不等鞭毛类的祖先细胞为了生存,开始对自己的“亲戚们”下手,演化出一种名为“胞吞”的手段——通过细胞膜的凹陷来吞噬其他细胞。但有一天,一个被吞噬的蓝细菌(旧称蓝藻),不知为何没有被消化,这次意外的“共生事件”让真核生物获得了光合作用的能力。而这个幸存蓝细菌,它的后代则演化成了细胞中的“能量工厂”——叶绿体。

\n
\"\"
\n

 

两次内共生图示 图片来源:参考文献[5]

\n

 

吞噬只有零次和无数次,尝到甜头的海带祖先又经过了两次吞噬,形成了四层膜的叶绿体,至此,海带诞生了。疯狂“叠甲”让它和只有两层叶绿体膜的植物直接区分开来,它被归入原生生物界。尽管大业未竟,但海带终于摆脱了植物界的头衔,在原生生物界中赢得了自己的一席之地[5]。

\n
\"\"
\n

 

海带终于来到了原生生物界 图片来源:作者绘制

\n

 

重新认识一下海带吧!

\n

 

那么,让我们来重新认识一下有了“新身份”的海带吧!

\n

 

海带隶属于色藻界 - 褐藻门 - 褐藻纲 - 海带目 - 糖海带属,全名 Saccharina japonica (Aresch.) C.E.Lane, C.Mayes, Druehl & G.W.Saunders, 2006。曾经被当做植物的它,实际上与它的第二个王国——原生生物的关系更近。至于植物,它们曾拥有过共同的祖先,但早已经分道扬镳[6]。但是,在生物界庞大的谱系中,这点亲缘关系实在不足为奇。

\n

 

海带也许背离了植物界和动物界的传统分类,但值得庆幸的是,它并没有“背刺”素食者们——对于鲜嫩的海带制品,依然可以心安理得地尽情享用!

\n

 

参考文献

[1]毛盛贤. 生物界级分类系统的演变过程[J]. 生物学通报, 1999(05): 10-11.

[2]王珊珊, 张瑞标, 常丽荣, 等. 威海桑沟湾海域不同海带品种 / 系的生长状况研究[J/OL]. 大连海洋大学学报, 2020, 35(01): 96-102. DOI:10.16535/j.cnki.dlhyxb.2019-022.

[3]CHI S, QIAN H, LI T, 等. Phylogeny of genera Laminaria and Saccharina (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae) based on three molecular markers[J/OL]. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 2014, 33(9): 139-151. DOI:10.1007/s13131-014-0525-3.

[4]BARTSCH I, WIENCKE C, BISCHOF K, 等. The genus Laminaria sensu lato  : recent insights and developments[J/OL]. European Journal of Phycology, 2008, 43(1): 1-86. DOI:10.1080/09670260701711376.

[5]BRIGGS G M. Inanimate Life[M]. Milne Open Textbooks, 2024.

[6]NOZAKI H, MARUYAMA S, MATSUZAKI M, 等. Phylogenetic positions of Glaucophyta, green plants (Archaeplastida) and Haptophyta (Chromalveolata) as deduced from slowly evolving nuclear genes[J/OL]. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2009, 53(3): 872-880. DOI:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.08.015.

\n

 

策划制作

出品丨科普中国

作者丨张应超 生态学硕士

监制丨中国科普博览

责编丨一诺

审校丨徐来、林林

\n\n
查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n
\n
\n\n\n\n

获取更多RSS:
https://feedx.net
https://feedx.site
", + "content": "
\"头图\"/
\n

海带(Saccharina japonica)是一种植物吗?毕竟它既能进行光合作用,外形又是一副“绿叶飘飘”的样子。要回答这个问题,我们得先来看几个生物分类学中“王国”(Kingdom)的兴衰史。

\n

 

经常吃海带的朋友都知道,“界门纲目科属种”这个生物分类阶元中,“界”的英文是“Kingdom”,正如这个英文单词最直观的翻译,一类生物可以看作一个王国。但是分类阶元并不是一成不变的,我们对生命演化的认知本就是一个动态调整的过程[1]。从这个角度上来看,海带(及其祖先)就像是一个反复游走在各个王国之间的“流浪者”。

\n

 

在早期分类系统中,海带属于植物

\n

 

“植物界”和“动物界”是最早确立的两个界级分类单元,缔造它们的人是瑞典生物学家林奈,他也正是前述生物分类阶元的开创者。林奈将固着不动和自养型(即能利用无机物合成有机)生物归为植物界(Plantae kingdom),自由行动且异养型(自身无法合成有机物,只能“吃”别人合成的有机物)的生物归为动物界(Animalia kingdom)。在当时的这一标准下,海带和其他一众藻类伙伴因为能通过光合作用制造有机物归属于植物界理所应当。

\n
\"\"
\n

 

按照林奈分类系统,海带归属于植物界 图片来源:作者绘制

\n

 

随着人们认识逐渐加深,“植物界”和“动物界”中的一些成员突然发现了彼此间巨大的“共同点”,它们都是单细胞生物。前者比如裸藻,后者如草履虫,于是,它们一合计,在德国生物学家海克尔(E.H.Haeckel)的支持下于 1866 年成立了一个新的王国——原生生物界(Praotista kingdom),与其他结构复杂的生物划清了界限。那些与海带一同归属于植物界的单细胞藻类纷纷改弦更张,成为了崛起的新家族——原生生物的成员。

\n
\"\"
\n

 

按照海克尔的分类系统,海带在原生生物界虚晃一枪,又回到了植物界 图片来源:作者绘制

\n

 

然而,海带审视了一下自己,表示:“我虽然结构简单,没有根茎叶的分化,但我是多细胞生物呀!”于是果断决定留在植物界中[3]。

\n

 

几类生物“自立门户”,海带被禁止入内

\n

 

后来,真菌“觉醒”,它猛然发现自己和其他植物和动物都有着显著的区别——细胞壁是几丁质而非纤维素,虽然和动物一样异养但却营腐生或寄生生活。于是,真菌界的“创始人”惠特克(R.H.Whittaker)在 1995 年提出了另立一个真菌界((Fungi kingdom)。至此,包含原生生物界、真菌界、植物界和动物界“四界”的分类系统形成。

\n

 

不过,这场变革对海带没有直接影响。只是,眼瞅着一同“寄人篱下”的小伙伴纷纷自立门户,海带开始找寻那条腹含“大楚兴,陈胜王”的鲤鱼。

\n

 

时间来到 1969 年,界级分类系统中一个新的国度——原核生物界(Monera kingdom)揭竿而起,喊一声“王侯将相宁有种乎”的时候似乎来了,海带要崛起了吗?然而并没有。海带只能看着藻类中的蓝藻等成为“新贵”。

\n

 

原核生物界的诞生主要归因于显微技术的进步——人们根据细胞有无核膜包被等特征,将生物分为原核细胞和真核细胞。这种基于微观层面的划分对“蠢蠢欲动”的海带来说,只能是鞭长莫及。尽管它的“鞭”真的很长,你吃下的海带结活着的时候长度可超过 3 米[2]。

\n
\"\"
\n

 

海带依然在植物界岿然不动 图片来源:作者绘制

\n

 

与原核生物和原生生物界中大部分单细胞生物相比,它完全坐实了多细胞生物的身份,可相比其他多细胞生物,它又只是一个“简单的多细胞”,只有长长的叶状体在海水中摇摆。是了!“摇摆”就是它对自己定位的真实写照。

\n
\"\"
\n

 

收获中的海带 图片来源:参考文献[4]

\n

 

海带作为“不等鞭毛类”的“前世今生”

\n

 

秉持着“坚持就是胜利”的信念,海带养精蓄锐,等待着“天时地利人和”时局的到来。这一次,海带终于要成功了吗?它能改变自己身为“植物”的宿命了吗?

\n

 

这一时期,人们对生物的认知深入到更微观的尺度,通过分子系统学构建系统发育树来确定生物类群的演化关系。终于,曾经被归为褐藻门(Phaeophyta)的海带,在大多数现代分类方法中被重新划归为“不等鞭毛类”这一更精确的分类单元[5]。

\n

 

不等鞭毛类生物的祖先,早在还是一个小小的细胞时就把弱肉强食的生存法则一遍遍演绎。当早期的真核生物界形成后,这些不等鞭毛类的祖先细胞为了生存,开始对自己的“亲戚们”下手,演化出一种名为“胞吞”的手段——通过细胞膜的凹陷来吞噬其他细胞。但有一天,一个被吞噬的蓝细菌(旧称蓝藻),不知为何没有被消化,这次意外的“共生事件”让真核生物获得了光合作用的能力。而这个幸存蓝细菌,它的后代则演化成了细胞中的“能量工厂”——叶绿体。

\n
\"\"
\n

 

两次内共生图示 图片来源:参考文献[5]

\n

 

吞噬只有零次和无数次,尝到甜头的海带祖先又经过了两次吞噬,形成了四层膜的叶绿体,至此,海带诞生了。疯狂“叠甲”让它和只有两层叶绿体膜的植物直接区分开来,它被归入原生生物界。尽管大业未竟,但海带终于摆脱了植物界的头衔,在原生生物界中赢得了自己的一席之地[5]。

\n
\"\"
\n

 

海带终于来到了原生生物界 图片来源:作者绘制

\n

 

重新认识一下海带吧!

\n

 

那么,让我们来重新认识一下有了“新身份”的海带吧!

\n

 

海带隶属于色藻界 - 褐藻门 - 褐藻纲 - 海带目 - 糖海带属,全名 Saccharina japonica (Aresch.) C.E.Lane, C.Mayes, Druehl & G.W.Saunders, 2006。曾经被当做植物的它,实际上与它的第二个王国——原生生物的关系更近。至于植物,它们曾拥有过共同的祖先,但早已经分道扬镳[6]。但是,在生物界庞大的谱系中,这点亲缘关系实在不足为奇。

\n

 

海带也许背离了植物界和动物界的传统分类,但值得庆幸的是,它并没有“背刺”素食者们——对于鲜嫩的海带制品,依然可以心安理得地尽情享用!

\n

 

参考文献

[1]毛盛贤. 生物界级分类系统的演变过程[J]. 生物学通报, 1999(05): 10-11.

[2]王珊珊, 张瑞标, 常丽荣, 等. 威海桑沟湾海域不同海带品种 / 系的生长状况研究[J/OL]. 大连海洋大学学报, 2020, 35(01): 96-102. DOI:10.16535/j.cnki.dlhyxb.2019-022.

[3]CHI S, QIAN H, LI T, 等. Phylogeny of genera Laminaria and Saccharina (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae) based on three molecular markers[J/OL]. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 2014, 33(9): 139-151. DOI:10.1007/s13131-014-0525-3.

[4]BARTSCH I, WIENCKE C, BISCHOF K, 等. The genus Laminaria sensu lato  : recent insights and developments[J/OL]. European Journal of Phycology, 2008, 43(1): 1-86. DOI:10.1080/09670260701711376.

[5]BRIGGS G M. Inanimate Life[M]. Milne Open Textbooks, 2024.

[6]NOZAKI H, MARUYAMA S, MATSUZAKI M, 等. Phylogenetic positions of Glaucophyta, green plants (Archaeplastida) and Haptophyta (Chromalveolata) as deduced from slowly evolving nuclear genes[J/OL]. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2009, 53(3): 872-880. DOI:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.08.015.

\n

 

策划制作

出品丨科普中国

作者丨张应超 生态学硕士

监制丨中国科普博览

责编丨一诺

审校丨徐来、林林

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", "category": "", "link": "https://daily.zhihu.com/story/9783436", "creator": "", @@ -5340,8 +5428,8 @@ }, { "title": "我撸猫撸得她舒舒服服的为啥突然咬我?", - "description": "
\"头图\"/
\n

谢邀,这属于猫的「抚摸型攻击」。

\n

这种动物行为确实很违反人类世界的常理,

\n

但也许并不违背动物世界的常理。

\n
\"\"
(该图片由 Chris Abney 在 Unsplash 上发布)
\n

(一)这只猫属于「抚摸型攻击」

\n

问题中说:猫被摸了明明很享受,我们假定题主是正确的,猫确实「很享受」,那么在人类看来这就特别地反常理:

\n

如果被摸坏了、摸疼了,有反抗行为尚可理解其因果;那怎么被摸好了还会发动攻击?

\n

但也许在动物的世界中,这其实并不矛盾。

\n
\"\"
(该图片由 Lena Koval 在 Unsplash 上发布)
\n

抚摸型攻击(petting-ralated aggression)[1],

\n

或称「抚摸诱发型攻击」(petting-induced aggression)[2][3][4],意指:猫在被人抚摸的过程中,对人所发动的攻击[1]。

\n

上面这个「定义」虽然看起来有点废话文学的味道,但其实蕴含着一个矛盾的地方,那就是:

\n

既然猫已经接受了被人抚摸

\n

(往往还表现出乐于被抚摸[3],例如问题中的猫就被认为「明明很享受」),

\n

那又为什么还会突然「翻脸」呢?

\n

〔反之,如果猫在一开始就拒绝接触、完全不给摸,则通常归类为其他的攻击类型,如:恐惧 / 防卫型攻击(fear/defensive aggression)[1][3]〕

\n
\"\"
(该图片由 Alex Uslkov 在 Unsplash 上发布)
\n

这个问题,目前我们了解得还不够深入,所以只能够提出一些假设,来解释「抚摸型攻击」的成因。

\n

(二)哪些原因可能导致抚摸型攻击?(1)是不是有猫病?——感觉过敏综合征

\n

疾病和疼痛会诱发猫的攻击行为[1][5],因此,当猫表现出反常的攻击性时,我们首先要排除病理因素,病理问题若得不到解决,再高明的行为训练手段,往往也无济于事。

\n

例如,猫的甲状腺功能亢进(hyperthyroidism)和退行性关节病(degenerative joint disease,DJD;或称变性关节病)都可能导致猫不愿被抚摸、攻击性增强[6][7][8]。

\n
\"\"
(该图片购自图虫创意|图文无关)
\n

还有感觉过敏综合征

\n

(hyperesthesia syndrome)[1]。

\n

所谓「感觉过敏」,可以大致理解为「感觉过度敏感」;对健康个体而言,只能产生轻微感觉(或不适感)的微弱刺激,在感觉过敏者身上,却能引起难以忍受的疼痛,类似这样的现象,就称之为「感觉过敏」(hyperesthesia)[9][10]。

\n

猫的感觉过敏综合征包括一系列复杂的行为表现[1];例如,抓咬自身躯干和四肢的自我伤害行为[1][11][12],以及对人的触碰十分敏感、显示出攻击性等。

\n

发作轻微或偶发,可能并不需要治疗[1]。

\n

但猫的感觉过敏综合征可能与癫痫有关[13],因此依然值得重视。

\n

此外,猫的被毛及室内环境比较干燥时,抚摸可能产生静电[14],这也是一个与疼痛相关的因素。

\n

(2)摸的时间太长了?——谢谢,够了,请停下

\n

猫乐于被人抚摸的天性,很可能源自猫的异体理毛(allogrooming)行为[15][16][17]。

\n

猫总体上偏独居,但仍具有一定社会性,互相蹭头、用梳子般的舌头给对方理毛,这些都是猫咪之间友好社会行为的体现。

\n
\"\"
(该图片由 Ayelt van Veen 在 Unsplash 上发布)
\n

猫会享受人的抚摸,这很可能就是猫与猫之间互相舔梳、理毛行为的延伸。

\n

当猫咪互相舔梳时,通常是由舔的一方来终止这个过程[4],但我们经常也可以观察到,被舔的一方突然发动攻击来终止这一过程,就算是猫妈妈,都有可能把幼猫给舔「烦」了,甚至幼猫可能还会攻击猫妈妈(当然这时小不点幼猫的攻击,对猫妈妈来说无关痛痒)。

\n

而我们人类在抚摸猫时,往往可能持续过长的时间,于是,上文所述的、发生在猫与猫之间的这一幕,就会发生在猫与人之间,被抚摸的猫通过攻击行为,来终止过长时间的抚摸。

\n

(3)瞌睡与震惊——我是谁?我在哪?

\n

另有一种假说认为,当人类的抚摸令猫感到舒适和愉快时,猫可能就会进入浅睡状态,渐渐失去了对身边环境的感知[4],当猫突然惊醒,就可能会感到自己被一只手给「按住了」,猫为了摆脱控制,于是就发动了攻击。

\n
\"\"
(该图片由 Sbringser 在 Pixabay 上发布)
\n

如果你也被猫咪「喜怒无常」的行为困扰着,希望这篇回答可以帮你解惑~

\n
\"\"
(该图片由 Paul Hanaoka 在 Unsplash 上发布)
\n
\n
\n\n\n
查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n\n\n\n", - "content": "
\"头图\"/
\n

谢邀,这属于猫的「抚摸型攻击」。

\n

这种动物行为确实很违反人类世界的常理,

\n

但也许并不违背动物世界的常理。

\n
\"\"
(该图片由 Chris Abney 在 Unsplash 上发布)
\n

(一)这只猫属于「抚摸型攻击」

\n

问题中说:猫被摸了明明很享受,我们假定题主是正确的,猫确实「很享受」,那么在人类看来这就特别地反常理:

\n

如果被摸坏了、摸疼了,有反抗行为尚可理解其因果;那怎么被摸好了还会发动攻击?

\n

但也许在动物的世界中,这其实并不矛盾。

\n
\"\"
(该图片由 Lena Koval 在 Unsplash 上发布)
\n

抚摸型攻击(petting-ralated aggression)[1],

\n

或称「抚摸诱发型攻击」(petting-induced aggression)[2][3][4],意指:猫在被人抚摸的过程中,对人所发动的攻击[1]。

\n

上面这个「定义」虽然看起来有点废话文学的味道,但其实蕴含着一个矛盾的地方,那就是:

\n

既然猫已经接受了被人抚摸

\n

(往往还表现出乐于被抚摸[3],例如问题中的猫就被认为「明明很享受」),

\n

那又为什么还会突然「翻脸」呢?

\n

〔反之,如果猫在一开始就拒绝接触、完全不给摸,则通常归类为其他的攻击类型,如:恐惧 / 防卫型攻击(fear/defensive aggression)[1][3]〕

\n
\"\"
(该图片由 Alex Uslkov 在 Unsplash 上发布)
\n

这个问题,目前我们了解得还不够深入,所以只能够提出一些假设,来解释「抚摸型攻击」的成因。

\n

(二)哪些原因可能导致抚摸型攻击?(1)是不是有猫病?——感觉过敏综合征

\n

疾病和疼痛会诱发猫的攻击行为[1][5],因此,当猫表现出反常的攻击性时,我们首先要排除病理因素,病理问题若得不到解决,再高明的行为训练手段,往往也无济于事。

\n

例如,猫的甲状腺功能亢进(hyperthyroidism)和退行性关节病(degenerative joint disease,DJD;或称变性关节病)都可能导致猫不愿被抚摸、攻击性增强[6][7][8]。

\n
\"\"
(该图片购自图虫创意|图文无关)
\n

还有感觉过敏综合征

\n

(hyperesthesia syndrome)[1]。

\n

所谓「感觉过敏」,可以大致理解为「感觉过度敏感」;对健康个体而言,只能产生轻微感觉(或不适感)的微弱刺激,在感觉过敏者身上,却能引起难以忍受的疼痛,类似这样的现象,就称之为「感觉过敏」(hyperesthesia)[9][10]。

\n

猫的感觉过敏综合征包括一系列复杂的行为表现[1];例如,抓咬自身躯干和四肢的自我伤害行为[1][11][12],以及对人的触碰十分敏感、显示出攻击性等。

\n

发作轻微或偶发,可能并不需要治疗[1]。

\n

但猫的感觉过敏综合征可能与癫痫有关[13],因此依然值得重视。

\n

此外,猫的被毛及室内环境比较干燥时,抚摸可能产生静电[14],这也是一个与疼痛相关的因素。

\n

(2)摸的时间太长了?——谢谢,够了,请停下

\n

猫乐于被人抚摸的天性,很可能源自猫的异体理毛(allogrooming)行为[15][16][17]。

\n

猫总体上偏独居,但仍具有一定社会性,互相蹭头、用梳子般的舌头给对方理毛,这些都是猫咪之间友好社会行为的体现。

\n
\"\"
(该图片由 Ayelt van Veen 在 Unsplash 上发布)
\n

猫会享受人的抚摸,这很可能就是猫与猫之间互相舔梳、理毛行为的延伸。

\n

当猫咪互相舔梳时,通常是由舔的一方来终止这个过程[4],但我们经常也可以观察到,被舔的一方突然发动攻击来终止这一过程,就算是猫妈妈,都有可能把幼猫给舔「烦」了,甚至幼猫可能还会攻击猫妈妈(当然这时小不点幼猫的攻击,对猫妈妈来说无关痛痒)。

\n

而我们人类在抚摸猫时,往往可能持续过长的时间,于是,上文所述的、发生在猫与猫之间的这一幕,就会发生在猫与人之间,被抚摸的猫通过攻击行为,来终止过长时间的抚摸。

\n

(3)瞌睡与震惊——我是谁?我在哪?

\n

另有一种假说认为,当人类的抚摸令猫感到舒适和愉快时,猫可能就会进入浅睡状态,渐渐失去了对身边环境的感知[4],当猫突然惊醒,就可能会感到自己被一只手给「按住了」,猫为了摆脱控制,于是就发动了攻击。

\n
\"\"
(该图片由 Sbringser 在 Pixabay 上发布)
\n

如果你也被猫咪「喜怒无常」的行为困扰着,希望这篇回答可以帮你解惑~

\n
\"\"
(该图片由 Paul Hanaoka 在 Unsplash 上发布)
\n
\n
\n\n\n
查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n\n\n\n", + "description": "
\"头图\"/
\n

谢邀,这属于猫的「抚摸型攻击」。

\n

这种动物行为确实很违反人类世界的常理,

\n

但也许并不违背动物世界的常理。

\n
\"\"
(该图片由 Chris Abney 在 Unsplash 上发布)
\n

(一)这只猫属于「抚摸型攻击」

\n

问题中说:猫被摸了明明很享受,我们假定题主是正确的,猫确实「很享受」,那么在人类看来这就特别地反常理:

\n

如果被摸坏了、摸疼了,有反抗行为尚可理解其因果;那怎么被摸好了还会发动攻击?

\n

但也许在动物的世界中,这其实并不矛盾。

\n
\"\"
(该图片由 Lena Koval 在 Unsplash 上发布)
\n

抚摸型攻击(petting-ralated aggression)[1],

\n

或称「抚摸诱发型攻击」(petting-induced aggression)[2][3][4],意指:猫在被人抚摸的过程中,对人所发动的攻击[1]。

\n

上面这个「定义」虽然看起来有点废话文学的味道,但其实蕴含着一个矛盾的地方,那就是:

\n

既然猫已经接受了被人抚摸

\n

(往往还表现出乐于被抚摸[3],例如问题中的猫就被认为「明明很享受」),

\n

那又为什么还会突然「翻脸」呢?

\n

〔反之,如果猫在一开始就拒绝接触、完全不给摸,则通常归类为其他的攻击类型,如:恐惧 / 防卫型攻击(fear/defensive aggression)[1][3]〕

\n
\"\"
(该图片由 Alex Uslkov 在 Unsplash 上发布)
\n

这个问题,目前我们了解得还不够深入,所以只能够提出一些假设,来解释「抚摸型攻击」的成因。

\n

(二)哪些原因可能导致抚摸型攻击?(1)是不是有猫病?——感觉过敏综合征

\n

疾病和疼痛会诱发猫的攻击行为[1][5],因此,当猫表现出反常的攻击性时,我们首先要排除病理因素,病理问题若得不到解决,再高明的行为训练手段,往往也无济于事。

\n

例如,猫的甲状腺功能亢进(hyperthyroidism)和退行性关节病(degenerative joint disease,DJD;或称变性关节病)都可能导致猫不愿被抚摸、攻击性增强[6][7][8]。

\n
\"\"
(该图片购自图虫创意|图文无关)
\n

还有感觉过敏综合征

\n

(hyperesthesia syndrome)[1]。

\n

所谓「感觉过敏」,可以大致理解为「感觉过度敏感」;对健康个体而言,只能产生轻微感觉(或不适感)的微弱刺激,在感觉过敏者身上,却能引起难以忍受的疼痛,类似这样的现象,就称之为「感觉过敏」(hyperesthesia)[9][10]。

\n

猫的感觉过敏综合征包括一系列复杂的行为表现[1];例如,抓咬自身躯干和四肢的自我伤害行为[1][11][12],以及对人的触碰十分敏感、显示出攻击性等。

\n

发作轻微或偶发,可能并不需要治疗[1]。

\n

但猫的感觉过敏综合征可能与癫痫有关[13],因此依然值得重视。

\n

此外,猫的被毛及室内环境比较干燥时,抚摸可能产生静电[14],这也是一个与疼痛相关的因素。

\n

(2)摸的时间太长了?——谢谢,够了,请停下

\n

猫乐于被人抚摸的天性,很可能源自猫的异体理毛(allogrooming)行为[15][16][17]。

\n

猫总体上偏独居,但仍具有一定社会性,互相蹭头、用梳子般的舌头给对方理毛,这些都是猫咪之间友好社会行为的体现。

\n
\"\"
(该图片由 Ayelt van Veen 在 Unsplash 上发布)
\n

猫会享受人的抚摸,这很可能就是猫与猫之间互相舔梳、理毛行为的延伸。

\n

当猫咪互相舔梳时,通常是由舔的一方来终止这个过程[4],但我们经常也可以观察到,被舔的一方突然发动攻击来终止这一过程,就算是猫妈妈,都有可能把幼猫给舔「烦」了,甚至幼猫可能还会攻击猫妈妈(当然这时小不点幼猫的攻击,对猫妈妈来说无关痛痒)。

\n

而我们人类在抚摸猫时,往往可能持续过长的时间,于是,上文所述的、发生在猫与猫之间的这一幕,就会发生在猫与人之间,被抚摸的猫通过攻击行为,来终止过长时间的抚摸。

\n

(3)瞌睡与震惊——我是谁?我在哪?

\n

另有一种假说认为,当人类的抚摸令猫感到舒适和愉快时,猫可能就会进入浅睡状态,渐渐失去了对身边环境的感知[4],当猫突然惊醒,就可能会感到自己被一只手给「按住了」,猫为了摆脱控制,于是就发动了攻击。

\n
\"\"
(该图片由 Sbringser 在 Pixabay 上发布)
\n

如果你也被猫咪「喜怒无常」的行为困扰着,希望这篇回答可以帮你解惑~

\n
\"\"
(该图片由 Paul Hanaoka 在 Unsplash 上发布)
\n
\n
\n\n\n
查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n\n\n\n

获取更多RSS:
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", + "content": "
\"头图\"/
\n

谢邀,这属于猫的「抚摸型攻击」。

\n

这种动物行为确实很违反人类世界的常理,

\n

但也许并不违背动物世界的常理。

\n
\"\"
(该图片由 Chris Abney 在 Unsplash 上发布)
\n

(一)这只猫属于「抚摸型攻击」

\n

问题中说:猫被摸了明明很享受,我们假定题主是正确的,猫确实「很享受」,那么在人类看来这就特别地反常理:

\n

如果被摸坏了、摸疼了,有反抗行为尚可理解其因果;那怎么被摸好了还会发动攻击?

\n

但也许在动物的世界中,这其实并不矛盾。

\n
\"\"
(该图片由 Lena Koval 在 Unsplash 上发布)
\n

抚摸型攻击(petting-ralated aggression)[1],

\n

或称「抚摸诱发型攻击」(petting-induced aggression)[2][3][4],意指:猫在被人抚摸的过程中,对人所发动的攻击[1]。

\n

上面这个「定义」虽然看起来有点废话文学的味道,但其实蕴含着一个矛盾的地方,那就是:

\n

既然猫已经接受了被人抚摸

\n

(往往还表现出乐于被抚摸[3],例如问题中的猫就被认为「明明很享受」),

\n

那又为什么还会突然「翻脸」呢?

\n

〔反之,如果猫在一开始就拒绝接触、完全不给摸,则通常归类为其他的攻击类型,如:恐惧 / 防卫型攻击(fear/defensive aggression)[1][3]〕

\n
\"\"
(该图片由 Alex Uslkov 在 Unsplash 上发布)
\n

这个问题,目前我们了解得还不够深入,所以只能够提出一些假设,来解释「抚摸型攻击」的成因。

\n

(二)哪些原因可能导致抚摸型攻击?(1)是不是有猫病?——感觉过敏综合征

\n

疾病和疼痛会诱发猫的攻击行为[1][5],因此,当猫表现出反常的攻击性时,我们首先要排除病理因素,病理问题若得不到解决,再高明的行为训练手段,往往也无济于事。

\n

例如,猫的甲状腺功能亢进(hyperthyroidism)和退行性关节病(degenerative joint disease,DJD;或称变性关节病)都可能导致猫不愿被抚摸、攻击性增强[6][7][8]。

\n
\"\"
(该图片购自图虫创意|图文无关)
\n

还有感觉过敏综合征

\n

(hyperesthesia syndrome)[1]。

\n

所谓「感觉过敏」,可以大致理解为「感觉过度敏感」;对健康个体而言,只能产生轻微感觉(或不适感)的微弱刺激,在感觉过敏者身上,却能引起难以忍受的疼痛,类似这样的现象,就称之为「感觉过敏」(hyperesthesia)[9][10]。

\n

猫的感觉过敏综合征包括一系列复杂的行为表现[1];例如,抓咬自身躯干和四肢的自我伤害行为[1][11][12],以及对人的触碰十分敏感、显示出攻击性等。

\n

发作轻微或偶发,可能并不需要治疗[1]。

\n

但猫的感觉过敏综合征可能与癫痫有关[13],因此依然值得重视。

\n

此外,猫的被毛及室内环境比较干燥时,抚摸可能产生静电[14],这也是一个与疼痛相关的因素。

\n

(2)摸的时间太长了?——谢谢,够了,请停下

\n

猫乐于被人抚摸的天性,很可能源自猫的异体理毛(allogrooming)行为[15][16][17]。

\n

猫总体上偏独居,但仍具有一定社会性,互相蹭头、用梳子般的舌头给对方理毛,这些都是猫咪之间友好社会行为的体现。

\n
\"\"
(该图片由 Ayelt van Veen 在 Unsplash 上发布)
\n

猫会享受人的抚摸,这很可能就是猫与猫之间互相舔梳、理毛行为的延伸。

\n

当猫咪互相舔梳时,通常是由舔的一方来终止这个过程[4],但我们经常也可以观察到,被舔的一方突然发动攻击来终止这一过程,就算是猫妈妈,都有可能把幼猫给舔「烦」了,甚至幼猫可能还会攻击猫妈妈(当然这时小不点幼猫的攻击,对猫妈妈来说无关痛痒)。

\n

而我们人类在抚摸猫时,往往可能持续过长的时间,于是,上文所述的、发生在猫与猫之间的这一幕,就会发生在猫与人之间,被抚摸的猫通过攻击行为,来终止过长时间的抚摸。

\n

(3)瞌睡与震惊——我是谁?我在哪?

\n

另有一种假说认为,当人类的抚摸令猫感到舒适和愉快时,猫可能就会进入浅睡状态,渐渐失去了对身边环境的感知[4],当猫突然惊醒,就可能会感到自己被一只手给「按住了」,猫为了摆脱控制,于是就发动了攻击。

\n
\"\"
(该图片由 Sbringser 在 Pixabay 上发布)
\n

如果你也被猫咪「喜怒无常」的行为困扰着,希望这篇回答可以帮你解惑~

\n
\"\"
(该图片由 Paul Hanaoka 在 Unsplash 上发布)
\n
\n
\n\n\n
查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n\n\n\n

获取更多RSS:
https://feedx.net
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", "category": "", "link": "https://daily.zhihu.com/story/9783418", "creator": "", @@ -5472,8 +5560,8 @@ }, { "title": "瞎扯 · 如何正确地吐槽", - "description": "
\"头图\"/
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Q:为什么高铁 F 座最受欢迎?
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@黑白配 : A 座锻炼膀胱、 B 座磨砺社恐, C 座培养耐心, D座缓解尿频, F 座训练颈椎。
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Q: 可以分享一张你相册中的照片吗?
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@胡闹 :打雪仗,手机从手中滑落,捡起来后发现自动拍下了这一瞬间。
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@白鼬 :枯藤老树昏鸦 小桥流水人家 古道西风细狗 夕阳西下
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断肠人在天涯 ——狗致远
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Q: 哪一句话让你沉默了很久?
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@应七 :快三十年了,林皓这个家伙还是让你们津津乐道……
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Q:为什么高铁 F 座最受欢迎?
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\n
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@黑白配 : A 座锻炼膀胱、 B 座磨砺社恐, C 座培养耐心, D座缓解尿频, F 座训练颈椎。
\n
\n
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Q: 可以分享一张你相册中的照片吗?
\n
\n
\n
@胡闹 :打雪仗,手机从手中滑落,捡起来后发现自动拍下了这一瞬间。
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Q: 如果把诗词中的马都换成狗那将会是怎样一个意境?
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@白鼬 :枯藤老树昏鸦 小桥流水人家 古道西风细狗 夕阳西下
\n
\n
\n
断肠人在天涯 ——狗致远
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\n
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Q: 哪一句话让你沉默了很久?
\n
\n
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@巩一 :我爹,时常不联系我,一联系我就能让我沉默许久。
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Q: 有哪些很搞笑的logo或者标志?
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@应七 :快三十年了,林皓这个家伙还是让你们津津乐道……
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Q:为什么高铁 F 座最受欢迎?
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\n
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@黑白配 : A 座锻炼膀胱、 B 座磨砺社恐, C 座培养耐心, D座缓解尿频, F 座训练颈椎。
\n
\n
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Q: 可以分享一张你相册中的照片吗?
\n
\n
\n
@胡闹 :打雪仗,手机从手中滑落,捡起来后发现自动拍下了这一瞬间。
\n
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Q: 如果把诗词中的马都换成狗那将会是怎样一个意境?
\n
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@白鼬 :枯藤老树昏鸦 小桥流水人家 古道西风细狗 夕阳西下
\n
\n
\n
断肠人在天涯 ——狗致远
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\n
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Q: 哪一句话让你沉默了很久?
\n
\n
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@巩一 :我爹,时常不联系我,一联系我就能让我沉默许久。
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Q: 有哪些很搞笑的logo或者标志?
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@应七 :快三十年了,林皓这个家伙还是让你们津津乐道……
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\n\n\n\n

获取更多RSS:
https://feedx.net
https://feedx.site
", + "content": "
\"头图\"/
\n
\n
Q:为什么高铁 F 座最受欢迎?
\n
\n
\n
@黑白配 : A 座锻炼膀胱、 B 座磨砺社恐, C 座培养耐心, D座缓解尿频, F 座训练颈椎。
\n
\n
\n
Q: 可以分享一张你相册中的照片吗?
\n
\n
\n
@胡闹 :打雪仗,手机从手中滑落,捡起来后发现自动拍下了这一瞬间。
\n
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Q: 如果把诗词中的马都换成狗那将会是怎样一个意境?
\n
\n
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@白鼬 :枯藤老树昏鸦 小桥流水人家 古道西风细狗 夕阳西下
\n
\n
\n
断肠人在天涯 ——狗致远
\n
\n
\n
Q: 哪一句话让你沉默了很久?
\n
\n
\n
@巩一 :我爹,时常不联系我,一联系我就能让我沉默许久。
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Q: 有哪些很搞笑的logo或者标志?
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@应七 :快三十年了,林皓这个家伙还是让你们津津乐道……
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获取更多RSS:
https://feedx.net
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", "category": "", "link": "https://daily.zhihu.com/story/9783374", "creator": "", @@ -5516,8 +5604,8 @@ }, { "title": "为什么生物要分公母?可以直接无性繁殖不是更方便吗?", - "description": "
\"头图\"/
\n

不为什么,“分公母”是一小撮生物的祖征。

\n

任何可遗传性状,只要不导致携带者的可育后代数量明显减少,就可以作为中性性状持续存在。

\n

对于脊椎动物的典型形体构型,靠再生能力较低且有循环系统的身体进行出芽、分裂、断裂之类无性生殖并不方便,但是用生殖细胞搞孤雌生殖就方便起来了,当前地球上个体数量最多的爬行动物物种可能是搞了四千多万年孤雌生殖的钩盲蛇,该物种无雄性个体。

\n

自地球生物诞生以来,以物种数量、个体数量计,无性生殖远比有性生殖更普遍。当前存在的有性生殖物种很可能在距今十几亿年前有个共同祖先[1][2],该祖先的一些后代还放弃了有性生殖。

\n
    \n
  • 对于细胞生物,当前绝大多数物种、绝大多数个体是无性生殖的原核生物——细菌、古菌。
  • \n
  • 非细胞生物(病毒)不进行有性生殖。现存非细胞生物的物种数量可能多于现存细胞生物。
  • \n
  • 亚病毒因子尚未被普遍接受为非细胞生物。亚病毒因子不进行有性生殖。
  • \n
\n

以生物量计,维管植物会让有性生殖在地球生物中的占比大幅上升。不过,许多维管植物在野外亦能进行无性生殖。

\n
    \n
  • 在没有人为干预的情况下,提供最多生物量的维管植物物种们大多是能够进行有性生殖而不怎么擅长进行无性生殖的。
  • \n
  • 在人为干预下,所有维管植物都能进行无性生殖。
  • \n
\n

动物的同卵双胞胎也可以视为一种无性生殖、克隆。人现有的身体可以通过同卵双胞胎进行有限的无性生殖。在人为干预下,许多动物可以进行克隆。

\n

此外,对于有性生殖的物种,同配生殖的物种、细胞融合再分裂的物种是有性而无性别的,许多物种的正常个体是全都雌雄同体的,许多物种有超过两个交配型。许多线虫、许多扁形动物、许多植物是自交的。“分公母”是非主流现象。

\n

对于“为什么一部分物种有两个性别”,可以看看我回答过的:性别是如何演化出来的?

\n
    \n
  • 原始多细胞生物的细胞同时具有体细胞与生殖细胞的功能,种群中可以随机出现“一部分细胞变得比其他细胞更擅长维护修理基因组,从而比其他细胞更适合用于自我复制”的个体,这些个体有概率延续下来产生同配生殖种群、物种;配子体积的随机变动可以互相筛选出体积差异很大的配子(小型配子在制造和移动时更节约资源、可以大量释放,大型配子比更小的配子更擅长与小型配子结合产生后代),这些个体有概率延续下来产生异配生殖种群、物种。
  • \n
  • 在这种模式下,有性生殖无需有任何优势,在过去十几亿年里还没糟糕到携带者全部灭亡就行了。
  • \n
  • 顺便说,“一部分细胞变得更擅长”的实现方式包括“其他细胞变得更不擅长”。在生物体内,“做减法”比“做加法”要容易发生:只要随机搞错了一个碱基,就有可能废掉一系列能力或改变大量的调节因素。
  • \n
\n

一些人尝试给有性生殖找“好处”,这经常导致纯粹的谬误。另一方面,有性生殖也没有重要的缺点,人们日常找的“缺点”要么不存在要么无所谓。可以看看我回答过的:有性生殖有哪些缺陷?

\n

在这问题下,读者可以看到很多回答在幻想多样性。

\n

基因组中的大部分遗传多样性是中性的,既不会提高也不会降低个体生存或产生后代的能力。

\n

与生物的环境耐性(包括疾病抗性)相关的基因,影响个体生存或产生后代的能力的遗传多样性,存在于基因组内非常特定的区域,与全基因组的遗传多样性完全无关[3]。快速传代、大量繁殖的无性生殖物种或孤雌生殖物种完全可以拥有压倒有性生殖物种的环境耐性。

\n

不限于无性生殖或孤雌生殖,许多入侵物种抵达新地区时只有数个个体,基因多样性暴跌,但迅速发展为庞大的新种群,并在特定的基因上显示出迅速适应。2021 年,科学家在入侵物种“绿蟹”身上再次确认了这件事[4]。人自己也是很好的证据。

\n
\n
\n\n\n
查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n\n\n\n

获取更多RSS:
https://feedx.net
https://feedx.site
", - "content": "
\"头图\"/
\n

不为什么,“分公母”是一小撮生物的祖征。

\n

任何可遗传性状,只要不导致携带者的可育后代数量明显减少,就可以作为中性性状持续存在。

\n

对于脊椎动物的典型形体构型,靠再生能力较低且有循环系统的身体进行出芽、分裂、断裂之类无性生殖并不方便,但是用生殖细胞搞孤雌生殖就方便起来了,当前地球上个体数量最多的爬行动物物种可能是搞了四千多万年孤雌生殖的钩盲蛇,该物种无雄性个体。

\n

自地球生物诞生以来,以物种数量、个体数量计,无性生殖远比有性生殖更普遍。当前存在的有性生殖物种很可能在距今十几亿年前有个共同祖先[1][2],该祖先的一些后代还放弃了有性生殖。

\n
    \n
  • 对于细胞生物,当前绝大多数物种、绝大多数个体是无性生殖的原核生物——细菌、古菌。
  • \n
  • 非细胞生物(病毒)不进行有性生殖。现存非细胞生物的物种数量可能多于现存细胞生物。
  • \n
  • 亚病毒因子尚未被普遍接受为非细胞生物。亚病毒因子不进行有性生殖。
  • \n
\n

以生物量计,维管植物会让有性生殖在地球生物中的占比大幅上升。不过,许多维管植物在野外亦能进行无性生殖。

\n
    \n
  • 在没有人为干预的情况下,提供最多生物量的维管植物物种们大多是能够进行有性生殖而不怎么擅长进行无性生殖的。
  • \n
  • 在人为干预下,所有维管植物都能进行无性生殖。
  • \n
\n

动物的同卵双胞胎也可以视为一种无性生殖、克隆。人现有的身体可以通过同卵双胞胎进行有限的无性生殖。在人为干预下,许多动物可以进行克隆。

\n

此外,对于有性生殖的物种,同配生殖的物种、细胞融合再分裂的物种是有性而无性别的,许多物种的正常个体是全都雌雄同体的,许多物种有超过两个交配型。许多线虫、许多扁形动物、许多植物是自交的。“分公母”是非主流现象。

\n

对于“为什么一部分物种有两个性别”,可以看看我回答过的:性别是如何演化出来的?

\n
    \n
  • 原始多细胞生物的细胞同时具有体细胞与生殖细胞的功能,种群中可以随机出现“一部分细胞变得比其他细胞更擅长维护修理基因组,从而比其他细胞更适合用于自我复制”的个体,这些个体有概率延续下来产生同配生殖种群、物种;配子体积的随机变动可以互相筛选出体积差异很大的配子(小型配子在制造和移动时更节约资源、可以大量释放,大型配子比更小的配子更擅长与小型配子结合产生后代),这些个体有概率延续下来产生异配生殖种群、物种。
  • \n
  • 在这种模式下,有性生殖无需有任何优势,在过去十几亿年里还没糟糕到携带者全部灭亡就行了。
  • \n
  • 顺便说,“一部分细胞变得更擅长”的实现方式包括“其他细胞变得更不擅长”。在生物体内,“做减法”比“做加法”要容易发生:只要随机搞错了一个碱基,就有可能废掉一系列能力或改变大量的调节因素。
  • \n
\n

一些人尝试给有性生殖找“好处”,这经常导致纯粹的谬误。另一方面,有性生殖也没有重要的缺点,人们日常找的“缺点”要么不存在要么无所谓。可以看看我回答过的:有性生殖有哪些缺陷?

\n

在这问题下,读者可以看到很多回答在幻想多样性。

\n

基因组中的大部分遗传多样性是中性的,既不会提高也不会降低个体生存或产生后代的能力。

\n

与生物的环境耐性(包括疾病抗性)相关的基因,影响个体生存或产生后代的能力的遗传多样性,存在于基因组内非常特定的区域,与全基因组的遗传多样性完全无关[3]。快速传代、大量繁殖的无性生殖物种或孤雌生殖物种完全可以拥有压倒有性生殖物种的环境耐性。

\n

不限于无性生殖或孤雌生殖,许多入侵物种抵达新地区时只有数个个体,基因多样性暴跌,但迅速发展为庞大的新种群,并在特定的基因上显示出迅速适应。2021 年,科学家在入侵物种“绿蟹”身上再次确认了这件事[4]。人自己也是很好的证据。

\n
\n
\n\n\n
查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n\n\n\n

获取更多RSS:
https://feedx.net
https://feedx.site
", + "description": "
\"头图\"/
\n

不为什么,“分公母”是一小撮生物的祖征。

\n

任何可遗传性状,只要不导致携带者的可育后代数量明显减少,就可以作为中性性状持续存在。

\n

对于脊椎动物的典型形体构型,靠再生能力较低且有循环系统的身体进行出芽、分裂、断裂之类无性生殖并不方便,但是用生殖细胞搞孤雌生殖就方便起来了,当前地球上个体数量最多的爬行动物物种可能是搞了四千多万年孤雌生殖的钩盲蛇,该物种无雄性个体。

\n

自地球生物诞生以来,以物种数量、个体数量计,无性生殖远比有性生殖更普遍。当前存在的有性生殖物种很可能在距今十几亿年前有个共同祖先[1][2],该祖先的一些后代还放弃了有性生殖。

\n
    \n
  • 对于细胞生物,当前绝大多数物种、绝大多数个体是无性生殖的原核生物——细菌、古菌。
  • \n
  • 非细胞生物(病毒)不进行有性生殖。现存非细胞生物的物种数量可能多于现存细胞生物。
  • \n
  • 亚病毒因子尚未被普遍接受为非细胞生物。亚病毒因子不进行有性生殖。
  • \n
\n

以生物量计,维管植物会让有性生殖在地球生物中的占比大幅上升。不过,许多维管植物在野外亦能进行无性生殖。

\n
    \n
  • 在没有人为干预的情况下,提供最多生物量的维管植物物种们大多是能够进行有性生殖而不怎么擅长进行无性生殖的。
  • \n
  • 在人为干预下,所有维管植物都能进行无性生殖。
  • \n
\n

动物的同卵双胞胎也可以视为一种无性生殖、克隆。人现有的身体可以通过同卵双胞胎进行有限的无性生殖。在人为干预下,许多动物可以进行克隆。

\n

此外,对于有性生殖的物种,同配生殖的物种、细胞融合再分裂的物种是有性而无性别的,许多物种的正常个体是全都雌雄同体的,许多物种有超过两个交配型。许多线虫、许多扁形动物、许多植物是自交的。“分公母”是非主流现象。

\n

对于“为什么一部分物种有两个性别”,可以看看我回答过的:性别是如何演化出来的?

\n
    \n
  • 原始多细胞生物的细胞同时具有体细胞与生殖细胞的功能,种群中可以随机出现“一部分细胞变得比其他细胞更擅长维护修理基因组,从而比其他细胞更适合用于自我复制”的个体,这些个体有概率延续下来产生同配生殖种群、物种;配子体积的随机变动可以互相筛选出体积差异很大的配子(小型配子在制造和移动时更节约资源、可以大量释放,大型配子比更小的配子更擅长与小型配子结合产生后代),这些个体有概率延续下来产生异配生殖种群、物种。
  • \n
  • 在这种模式下,有性生殖无需有任何优势,在过去十几亿年里还没糟糕到携带者全部灭亡就行了。
  • \n
  • 顺便说,“一部分细胞变得更擅长”的实现方式包括“其他细胞变得更不擅长”。在生物体内,“做减法”比“做加法”要容易发生:只要随机搞错了一个碱基,就有可能废掉一系列能力或改变大量的调节因素。
  • \n
\n

一些人尝试给有性生殖找“好处”,这经常导致纯粹的谬误。另一方面,有性生殖也没有重要的缺点,人们日常找的“缺点”要么不存在要么无所谓。可以看看我回答过的:有性生殖有哪些缺陷?

\n

在这问题下,读者可以看到很多回答在幻想多样性。

\n

基因组中的大部分遗传多样性是中性的,既不会提高也不会降低个体生存或产生后代的能力。

\n

与生物的环境耐性(包括疾病抗性)相关的基因,影响个体生存或产生后代的能力的遗传多样性,存在于基因组内非常特定的区域,与全基因组的遗传多样性完全无关[3]。快速传代、大量繁殖的无性生殖物种或孤雌生殖物种完全可以拥有压倒有性生殖物种的环境耐性。

\n

不限于无性生殖或孤雌生殖,许多入侵物种抵达新地区时只有数个个体,基因多样性暴跌,但迅速发展为庞大的新种群,并在特定的基因上显示出迅速适应。2021 年,科学家在入侵物种“绿蟹”身上再次确认了这件事[4]。人自己也是很好的证据。

\n
\n
\n\n\n
查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n\n\n\n", + "content": "
\"头图\"/
\n

不为什么,“分公母”是一小撮生物的祖征。

\n

任何可遗传性状,只要不导致携带者的可育后代数量明显减少,就可以作为中性性状持续存在。

\n

对于脊椎动物的典型形体构型,靠再生能力较低且有循环系统的身体进行出芽、分裂、断裂之类无性生殖并不方便,但是用生殖细胞搞孤雌生殖就方便起来了,当前地球上个体数量最多的爬行动物物种可能是搞了四千多万年孤雌生殖的钩盲蛇,该物种无雄性个体。

\n

自地球生物诞生以来,以物种数量、个体数量计,无性生殖远比有性生殖更普遍。当前存在的有性生殖物种很可能在距今十几亿年前有个共同祖先[1][2],该祖先的一些后代还放弃了有性生殖。

\n
    \n
  • 对于细胞生物,当前绝大多数物种、绝大多数个体是无性生殖的原核生物——细菌、古菌。
  • \n
  • 非细胞生物(病毒)不进行有性生殖。现存非细胞生物的物种数量可能多于现存细胞生物。
  • \n
  • 亚病毒因子尚未被普遍接受为非细胞生物。亚病毒因子不进行有性生殖。
  • \n
\n

以生物量计,维管植物会让有性生殖在地球生物中的占比大幅上升。不过,许多维管植物在野外亦能进行无性生殖。

\n
    \n
  • 在没有人为干预的情况下,提供最多生物量的维管植物物种们大多是能够进行有性生殖而不怎么擅长进行无性生殖的。
  • \n
  • 在人为干预下,所有维管植物都能进行无性生殖。
  • \n
\n

动物的同卵双胞胎也可以视为一种无性生殖、克隆。人现有的身体可以通过同卵双胞胎进行有限的无性生殖。在人为干预下,许多动物可以进行克隆。

\n

此外,对于有性生殖的物种,同配生殖的物种、细胞融合再分裂的物种是有性而无性别的,许多物种的正常个体是全都雌雄同体的,许多物种有超过两个交配型。许多线虫、许多扁形动物、许多植物是自交的。“分公母”是非主流现象。

\n

对于“为什么一部分物种有两个性别”,可以看看我回答过的:性别是如何演化出来的?

\n
    \n
  • 原始多细胞生物的细胞同时具有体细胞与生殖细胞的功能,种群中可以随机出现“一部分细胞变得比其他细胞更擅长维护修理基因组,从而比其他细胞更适合用于自我复制”的个体,这些个体有概率延续下来产生同配生殖种群、物种;配子体积的随机变动可以互相筛选出体积差异很大的配子(小型配子在制造和移动时更节约资源、可以大量释放,大型配子比更小的配子更擅长与小型配子结合产生后代),这些个体有概率延续下来产生异配生殖种群、物种。
  • \n
  • 在这种模式下,有性生殖无需有任何优势,在过去十几亿年里还没糟糕到携带者全部灭亡就行了。
  • \n
  • 顺便说,“一部分细胞变得更擅长”的实现方式包括“其他细胞变得更不擅长”。在生物体内,“做减法”比“做加法”要容易发生:只要随机搞错了一个碱基,就有可能废掉一系列能力或改变大量的调节因素。
  • \n
\n

一些人尝试给有性生殖找“好处”,这经常导致纯粹的谬误。另一方面,有性生殖也没有重要的缺点,人们日常找的“缺点”要么不存在要么无所谓。可以看看我回答过的:有性生殖有哪些缺陷?

\n

在这问题下,读者可以看到很多回答在幻想多样性。

\n

基因组中的大部分遗传多样性是中性的,既不会提高也不会降低个体生存或产生后代的能力。

\n

与生物的环境耐性(包括疾病抗性)相关的基因,影响个体生存或产生后代的能力的遗传多样性,存在于基因组内非常特定的区域,与全基因组的遗传多样性完全无关[3]。快速传代、大量繁殖的无性生殖物种或孤雌生殖物种完全可以拥有压倒有性生殖物种的环境耐性。

\n

不限于无性生殖或孤雌生殖,许多入侵物种抵达新地区时只有数个个体,基因多样性暴跌,但迅速发展为庞大的新种群,并在特定的基因上显示出迅速适应。2021 年,科学家在入侵物种“绿蟹”身上再次确认了这件事[4]。人自己也是很好的证据。

\n
\n
\n\n\n
查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n\n\n\n", "category": "", "link": "https://daily.zhihu.com/story/9783370", "creator": "", @@ -5558,28 +5646,6 @@ "hash": "7d68fe4f8bbcde2f80076e4f53d8ebe6", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "瞎扯 · 如何正确地吐槽", - "description": "
\"头图\"/
\n
\n
Q: 人类历史上最伟大的十个人是谁?
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\n
1 、南方古猿露西
\n
\n
\n
2 、能人 1470 号
\n
\n
\n
3 、匠人图尔卡纳少年
\n
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\n
4 、直立人奥杜威 9 号
\n
\n
\n
5 、巫山人 cv.939
\n
\n
\n
6 、海德堡人 Mauer.1
\n
\n
\n
7 、长者智人 Homo sapiens idaltu
\n
\n
\n
8 、尼安德特人阿木德
\n
\n
\n
9 、克罗马农人克罗马农 1 号
\n
\n
\n
10 、山顶洞人 pa.101 号
\n
\n
\n
Q: 有一道数学题的答案是1,我写sin²x+cos²x有错吗?
\n
\n
\n
@佐佐木一人 :野史传闻,当年拉马努金参加中学数学考试的时候,面对同样的情况,人家写的是:
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\"\"\n
 
\n
 
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
 
\n
\n
\n
添加图片注释,不超过 140 字(可选)
\n
\n
Q: 想看一看你们拍的有趣的照片?
\n
\n
\n
@嗷嗷叫唤 :看起来还挺可爱对吧? 其实它们仨在看杀猪。
\n
\n
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\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\"\"\n
 
\n
 
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
 
\n
\n
\n
\n
Q: 小孩子能口无遮拦到什么程度?
\n
\n
\n
@WZJJ :多年前,带着二年级的大儿子开车经过一片墓园,孩子有感而发:「爸爸,幸好我还有个弟弟,你这么胖,将来死了,我一个人真搬不动。」
\n
\n
\n
Q:为什么现在的年轻人活的都很通透?
\n
\n
\n
@AI桐木 :马聪明但是不听话,驴听话但是笨,所以生出了骡子,又聪明又任劳任怨,但是骡子有个不好的点,它不喜欢生孩子。
\n
\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n", - "content": "
\"头图\"/
\n
\n
Q: 人类历史上最伟大的十个人是谁?
\n
\n
\n
1 、南方古猿露西
\n
\n
\n
2 、能人 1470 号
\n
\n
\n
3 、匠人图尔卡纳少年
\n
\n
\n
4 、直立人奥杜威 9 号
\n
\n
\n
5 、巫山人 cv.939
\n
\n
\n
6 、海德堡人 Mauer.1
\n
\n
\n
7 、长者智人 Homo sapiens idaltu
\n
\n
\n
8 、尼安德特人阿木德
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9 、克罗马农人克罗马农 1 号
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10 、山顶洞人 pa.101 号
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Q: 有一道数学题的答案是1,我写sin²x+cos²x有错吗?
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@佐佐木一人 :野史传闻,当年拉马努金参加中学数学考试的时候,面对同样的情况,人家写的是:
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添加图片注释,不超过 140 字(可选)
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Q: 想看一看你们拍的有趣的照片?
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@嗷嗷叫唤 :看起来还挺可爱对吧? 其实它们仨在看杀猪。
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Q: 小孩子能口无遮拦到什么程度?
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@WZJJ :多年前,带着二年级的大儿子开车经过一片墓园,孩子有感而发:「爸爸,幸好我还有个弟弟,你这么胖,将来死了,我一个人真搬不动。」
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Q:为什么现在的年轻人活的都很通透?
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@AI桐木 :马聪明但是不听话,驴听话但是笨,所以生出了骡子,又聪明又任劳任怨,但是骡子有个不好的点,它不喜欢生孩子。
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\n\n\n\n", - "category": "", - "link": "https://daily.zhihu.com/story/9783354", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Tue, 19 Aug 2025 00:27:03 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "资讯", - "feed": "知乎", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "5f79239618bc19996b5274aa76e49383", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "植物都有哪些自保奇招?", "description": "
\"头图\"/
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《三体》大家都有看么?

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为了应对 3 个太阳带来的混乱且恶劣的生存环境,三体人进化出了一项特殊技能:当乱纪元来临,人们高喊着脱水,变成「人干」;等到恒纪元来临,再去浸泡恢复生机。

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这种出现在科幻作品中的神奇复苏技能,还真不是凭空捏造。

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现实中就生存着不少会脱水、遇水又复活的三体植物(啊不,复苏植物)。这也是植物们应对极端干旱环境的保命奇招。

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会脱水的复苏植物

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会脱水的植物典型就是卷柏科的卷柏属 Selaginella sp.部分植物,号称现实中的“九死还魂草”。

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比如卷柏(Selaginella tamariscina)、垫状卷柏(Selaginella pulvinata),主要分布于我国的干旱地区,常生长于裸露的石灰岩表面或者石缝中,具有很强的耐旱性。俄罗斯西伯利亚、朝鲜半岛、日本、印度、菲律宾、越南、泰国等各地都有分布。

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正常状态,垫状卷柏长这样:

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但干旱季节时,它就变成了这样:

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等再次遇到湿润的合适环境,卷柏又会重新恢复生机。

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这不就是三体人的地球植物版么~~(除了不能被打包带走)

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之所以能这么扛得住干旱,是因为卷柏体内有一种叫 LEA 蛋白的物质,在受到干旱的胁迫时,这种蛋白会在 12 小时内快速表达达到峰值,它可以在卷柏脱水的过程中,大量填充在细胞之间,起到固定和缓冲的作用。同时因为这种蛋白有很高的亲水性,可以锁住一部分保持最低限度生命活动的水分,让卷柏「虽枯犹活」。环境适宜的时候,LEA 蛋白再次大量吸水,帮助卷柏的细胞恢复正常运转,卷柏就此「还魂」死而复生。

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据说,有位日本学者曾把卷柏晒干后,等了 11 年再放到水里浸泡,卷柏居然又复活了。但我没找到具体的出处,不知道是否确有其事。

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此外传言含生草(学名Anastatica hierochuntica,又称杰⾥科玫瑰 rose of Jericho)也能复苏。这是十字花科含生草属里唯一的一种植物。生长在以色列内盖夫和撒哈拉沙漠中。含生草的高度不超过 15 厘米,开白颜色的小花。

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每年的雨季过后,含生草枯死,茎叶都卷曲起来成为一个紧密的球形,把种子包裹在里面,随风迁徙。

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但实际上,真正复苏的不是它的枝叶,而是被包裹着的种子。真相是,含生草属于「风滚草」,干旱时节它的枝叶会卷曲起来,将种子包裹在其中,形成风滚草的形态,随风迁徙。当雨季再次来临的时候,干燥的枯枝遇水后舒展开来,把里面的种子暴露出来。种子会趁着雨季迅速扎根、发芽。

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海洋中的红树植物

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大家见过在大海的潮水涨落之间,依然郁郁葱葱的真·海上森林么?

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涨潮时,大片的树林被海水淹没。潮水退去,又露出一片绿色。

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这个红树林湿地公园就在我家不远处,潮水涨上来,大片红树林被淹没,只留下特意种的比较高的「我爱中国」造型
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这就是陆地向海洋过渡的一种特殊生态系统,红树林。里面生长的,大多是红树植物。

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红树植物并不红,叶子也都是绿色的。之所以叫「红」树,是因为它们树皮中含有一种叫做单宁的物质,与空气接触后会被氧化为红色。

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海水大家都知道,是咸的,盐度很高,假如手在盐水里泡着,身体里的水分是往外跑的。再加上潮水涨落,连石头都能给你冲刷出一个大洞。这生存环境实在说不上好。

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涨潮时分的红树林|拍摄于下潭尾湿地公园
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滩涂上的红树林小苗,看上去弱小、可怜又无助|拍摄于下潭尾湿地公园
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那这些生长在滩涂上、每天被两轮涨潮退潮冲刷的红树植物,是怎么保命的呢?

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为了适应潮涨潮落的半水生环境 + 高盐的水分,红树植物进化出了很多独特的保命技能,包括:

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❤️各种奇特的根系,以对抗沿海地区的台风和潮水的冲刷

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木榄(Bruguiera gymnorhiza)的膝状根

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银叶树(Heritiera littoralis)的板状根,板状根向上拱起,用于支撑和呼吸,以适应台风和潮湿多雨的气候

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无瓣海桑(Sonneratia apetala)的笋状呼吸根:

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❤️让种子在树上先发芽、再掉落的独特「胎生芽」;

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代表植物比如秋茄Kandelia obovata:

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我在下潭尾湿地公园拍到的秋茄
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秋茄的胎轴长这样:

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出处见水印
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会「胎生」的红树植物还有木榄、桐花树等等。

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这是木榄的胚轴:

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这是桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum)的胚轴:

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种子萌发需要大量的养分和相对稳定的环境,红树植物为了提高后代的存活率,直接让种子在树上先发芽,之后再掉落,随着潮水漂到各处的滩涂上扎根。

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❤️根系拒绝吸收盐分 / 用叶片析出多余盐分的能力,以应对海水的高盐分

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盐分拒绝者,比如前面提到的秋茄、木榄,它们的根系吸收水分时可以把大部分的盐分过滤掉,过滤效率高达 99%。

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「盐分排泄者」比如白骨壤。

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白骨壤,又叫海榄雌(学名:Avicennia marina(Forsk.) Vierh.),它除了有细棒状的出水呼吸根,帮助其进行气体交换,也具备胎生能力(种子在果实内萌发,形成具有幼苗雏形的胚体),还有一个特殊技能,就是利用叶肉的泌盐细胞,把叶子内的多余盐分排出叶子表面。

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白骨壤(A. marina)叶片背面盐腺泌盐现象
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桐花树也会泌盐:

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还有一类植物也很神奇,因为生存环境过于恶劣,每年仅有短短一两个月甚至十来天的适宜环境,所以它们进化出了一种能力,在极短时间内完成萌发、成熟、开花、结果的整个生命周期。

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沙漠中的短命植物

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它们的生命周期有多短呢?

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2~3 个月都算长的,很多只有 1~2 个月。

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植株也通常比较矮小,可能只有 5~6cm 高,甚至只有 2~5cm 就会开花结果。它们的种子也具有极长的寿命,哪怕好几年都没有下雨也可以存活,直到下一次降水来临。

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而且不是说短命植物只有这么短的寿命,当它们处于降水和温度比较合适的环境时,也会像普通的一年生小草一样寿命延长到整个适宜生长的季节。只是在沙漠的特殊环境,它们学会了用快速成长(真·揠苗助长)来繁衍后代。

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在我们国家,这类短命植物主要出现在新疆北部的沙漠地区。比如这些

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还有一些植物能耐极寒,也是妙招频出,比如今年开花、明年结果;利用渗透压调节和抗冻蛋白来抵御寒冷,通过抱团取暖改变局部微环境的气温,靠半透明苞片给自己造一个「温室」等等,晚点再补充~

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@知乎科学

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查看知乎讨论
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\n\n\n\n", @@ -5602,28 +5668,6 @@ "hash": "22619f520a29fea5b5d6aa37356ec9dc", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "蚂蚁为什么不吃同类的尸体?", - "description": "
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你从废墟里醒来,废墟是200 万同类死体的堆叠。

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你的口粮就是这堆废墟。

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你最好祈祷今天去“通风口”的路比较顺畅,要不然掉下来的你,也会成为“废墟”的一部分。

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这不是什么廉价小说开头,这是真实发生过的故事。

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故事的主角就是蚂蚁。

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一、前苏联地堡里的扩散性百万食尸蚁

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那是上个世纪 60 年代,世界还笼罩在美苏冷战的阴影之下,苏联为了应对可能出现的核战,做了大量准备,包括各种军备库和核掩体。

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美国夏延山末日掩体(Cheyenne Mountain Complex,深 600 米)和 俄罗斯“42 号地堡”(Bunker 42,深 65 米)都算是冷战遗产。

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而我们今天故事的主场:3003 号特别设施(下文简称地堡)也是冷战遗产之一。

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当时的波兰是华沙条约组织(Warsaw Pact)的成员国,是苏联在东欧的重要战略盟友和前沿阵地。

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苏联 60 年代在这里建设 3003 号设施作为核弹头存储库,为了防止被轰炸,建在地下的核掩体里。

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当冷战结束,苏联解体以后,这里自然就被废弃了。

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1992 年后这里的主人就是苔藓和蝙蝠了。自然也没人光顾。

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但是 2013 年,波兰的科学家意外发现了非常骇人的事情。

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波兰科学院的沃伊切赫·切霍夫斯基教授(Professor Wojciech Czechowski)带领的研究团队,在靠近坦普莱沃(Templewo)村的这处废弃地堡群中,例行进行冬眠蝙蝠的数量调查。

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然而在其中一座结构中,科学家们意外发现了令人震惊的一幕。

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在一个 2.3 米高的小型地堡室内,一群密密麻麻的木蚁(Formica polyctena)铺满了地板。

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地面上木蚁的窝大概是这样
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这里的温度恒定在 10°C 左右,几近完全黑暗,且没有可见的食物来源。

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这些蚂蚁是哪里来的?

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原来在地面之上,森林中的一座大型木蚁巢穴恰好建在生锈通风管道的上方。蚂蚁在觅食和维护巢穴的过程中,不时有工蚁踩到锈蚀掉的盖板跌入垂直的通风井,直接坠入地堡深处的黑暗之中。

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光滑的混凝土墙面让它们无从逃脱。它们被困住了。

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图中黑色的部分就是厚达几厘米的大约 200 万的尸体蚁毯。

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但是令人惊奇的是,地堡里还存活着大约十几万只木蚁,它们不是同一天掉下来的,而是成年累月生活在这里,甚至在地下都建立了一个小型蚁巢。

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那么问题来了,这些活着的木蚁吃什么?

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吃的就是同类蚂蚁的尸体。

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科学家对“地堡蚁群”展开研究时,他们证实了最初的可怕猜测:超过93%的蚁尸上都带有明显的咬痕和孔洞,主要集中在腹部和胸部。

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这些被困蚂蚁正是靠着系统性地啃食死去同伴来维持生计。

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虽然通常来说,蚂蚁并不吃同类尸体,但是毕竟当时那个环境属于紧急避险,蚂蚁纯粹出于求生的本能。

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因为唯一的食物来源就是地面同类不断如“降雨”般坠落,提供着维持生命所需的能量。

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当然地上的木蚁也不断尝试重新爬回地面的母巢,但是墙面的光滑让它们又不断掉下来,那些力竭的蚂蚁最终都会成为同类的食物。

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二、失序的蚁群

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这个蚁群最让科学家惊讶的还不是同类相食,而是没有蚁后的情况下维持了长达多年的时间。

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因为蚂蚁是高度社会化的昆虫,单个的蚂蚁其实并没有维持生命的生理学基础。

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整个蚁群组合在一起才更像是一个生命体,生物学上叫做“超个体”(Superorganism),即整个蚁群像一个独立的生物一样行动和反应。

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蚁群通常分为蚁后、工蚁和雄蚁三种:

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蚁后(Queen): 通常是蚁群中体型最大、寿命最长的成员(可活几年到十几年)。她的核心职责是繁殖,是整个蚁群的母亲。一些高等蚂蚁物种中,蚁后也通过释放信息素来调控蚁群的行为。

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雄蚁(Drone): 体型通常比工蚁大,长有翅膀。它们存在的唯一目的就是与未交配的蚁后进行“婚飞”交配。交配后,雄蚁会很快死去,从不参与巢穴建设、觅食等任何日常工作。

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工蚁(Worker): 蚁群中数量最多、我们最常见到的蚂蚁。它们是生理上无法正常繁殖的雌性蚂蚁,承担了蚁群中除繁殖外的一切工作。

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地堡里的这群木蚁在没有蚁后释放信息素调控的情况下,自发完成了巢穴的建设工作。

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它们用有限的土壤和碎屑搭建起粗糙的土丘结构,内部甚至有通道和小室,模仿着阳光下的正常蚁巢结构。它们还保留了一个“蚂蚁墓穴”,既安放尸体,也当作食物储藏室。

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说到这里就提一下为什么通常情况下蚂蚁并不同类相食。

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这是蚂蚁的腺体分布(另外,蚂蚁是一种蜂,蜂类是膜翅目昆虫的统称,蚂蚁跟蜜蜂的亲缘关系比跟白蚁更近)。

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蚂蚁虽然不会说话,但是它们能通过信息素进行交流,告诉同穴的其他工蚁关于食物和敌人的一些信息,有食物的时候就释放招募信息素,号召大家过来,有敌人的时候就释放告警信息素,叫大家快跑。

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而死亡或者被真菌感染的蚂蚁会释放一些“坏菜”了的信息素,让同群的蚂蚁产生警觉,一旦工蚁检测到这些信息素,就会把这些坏菜了的蚂蚁扔到垃圾场或者说是蚂蚁墓穴那边去,避免这些死亡或者濒死的蚂蚁身上的传染性疾病感染整个蚁群。

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这在生物学上有专门的名词叫做:运尸行为(Necrophoresis)。

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通常来说,蚂蚁尸体会释放油酸等脂肪酸,触发活着的工蚁出现搬运行为。

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实验显示,涂油酸的活蚁会被同伴当作尸体移走。

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另外,蜜蜂也有这种搬运尸体扔出蜂巢的行为,毕竟蚂蚁也是一种蜂……

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当然,通常公墓只是用来扔尸体的,但是这群地堡木蚁因为没有食物来源,所以公墓也就是食物间……

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三、出埃及记

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在收集够发论文的观察记录后,科学家决定帮这群蚂蚁逃出生天:

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2016 年,科学家对这群蚂蚁进行了一次人为干预。

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他们的目标不仅是研究,更是要看这些蚂蚁是否愿意、并有能力逃出囚笼。

\n

方法非常简单:他们放置了一块 3 米长的木板,从地板斜搭到通风井的顶部出口,建起了一条“返乡的栈道”。

\n

结果几乎立竿见影。

\n

很快就有先锋蚁开始探索木板,然后一队队蚂蚁陆续踏上这条艰难的返途,向光明、温暖以及它们母巢的方向前进。

\n

当科学家们于 2017 年 2 月再次回访地堡时,内部几乎空无一蚁。

\n

那座庞大的“食尸蚁城”已经消失,地面上只剩下堆积如山的蚁尸,作为它们多年囚禁生活的唯一见证。它们成功撤离,并无缝回归了地表的母群体。

\n

最终论文发表在《膜翅目研究期刊》(Journal of Hymenoptera Research)上(见参考文献)。

\n

以上~

\n

参考文献:

\n

1Living beyond the limits of survival: wood ants trapped in a gigantic pitfall

\n

2Ants trapped for years in an old bunker; survival by cannibalism and eventual escape

\n
\n
\n\n\n
查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n\n\n\n

获取更多RSS:
https://feedx.net
https://feedx.site
", - "content": "
\"头图\"/
\n

你从废墟里醒来,废墟是200 万同类死体的堆叠。

\n

你的口粮就是这堆废墟。

\n

你最好祈祷今天去“通风口”的路比较顺畅,要不然掉下来的你,也会成为“废墟”的一部分。

\n

这不是什么廉价小说开头,这是真实发生过的故事。

\n

故事的主角就是蚂蚁。

\n

一、前苏联地堡里的扩散性百万食尸蚁

\n

那是上个世纪 60 年代,世界还笼罩在美苏冷战的阴影之下,苏联为了应对可能出现的核战,做了大量准备,包括各种军备库和核掩体。

\n

美国夏延山末日掩体(Cheyenne Mountain Complex,深 600 米)和 俄罗斯“42 号地堡”(Bunker 42,深 65 米)都算是冷战遗产。

\n

而我们今天故事的主场:3003 号特别设施(下文简称地堡)也是冷战遗产之一。

\n

当时的波兰是华沙条约组织(Warsaw Pact)的成员国,是苏联在东欧的重要战略盟友和前沿阵地。

\n

苏联 60 年代在这里建设 3003 号设施作为核弹头存储库,为了防止被轰炸,建在地下的核掩体里。

\n

当冷战结束,苏联解体以后,这里自然就被废弃了。

\n
\"\"
\n

1992 年后这里的主人就是苔藓和蝙蝠了。自然也没人光顾。

\n

但是 2013 年,波兰的科学家意外发现了非常骇人的事情。

\n

波兰科学院的沃伊切赫·切霍夫斯基教授(Professor Wojciech Czechowski)带领的研究团队,在靠近坦普莱沃(Templewo)村的这处废弃地堡群中,例行进行冬眠蝙蝠的数量调查。

\n

然而在其中一座结构中,科学家们意外发现了令人震惊的一幕。

\n

在一个 2.3 米高的小型地堡室内,一群密密麻麻的木蚁(Formica polyctena)铺满了地板。

\n
\"\"
地面上木蚁的窝大概是这样
\n

这里的温度恒定在 10°C 左右,几近完全黑暗,且没有可见的食物来源。

\n

这些蚂蚁是哪里来的?

\n

原来在地面之上,森林中的一座大型木蚁巢穴恰好建在生锈通风管道的上方。蚂蚁在觅食和维护巢穴的过程中,不时有工蚁踩到锈蚀掉的盖板跌入垂直的通风井,直接坠入地堡深处的黑暗之中。

\n

光滑的混凝土墙面让它们无从逃脱。它们被困住了。

\n
\"\"
\n

图中黑色的部分就是厚达几厘米的大约 200 万的尸体蚁毯。

\n

但是令人惊奇的是,地堡里还存活着大约十几万只木蚁,它们不是同一天掉下来的,而是成年累月生活在这里,甚至在地下都建立了一个小型蚁巢。

\n

那么问题来了,这些活着的木蚁吃什么?

\n

吃的就是同类蚂蚁的尸体。

\n

科学家对“地堡蚁群”展开研究时,他们证实了最初的可怕猜测:超过93%的蚁尸上都带有明显的咬痕和孔洞,主要集中在腹部和胸部。

\n

这些被困蚂蚁正是靠着系统性地啃食死去同伴来维持生计。

\n

虽然通常来说,蚂蚁并不吃同类尸体,但是毕竟当时那个环境属于紧急避险,蚂蚁纯粹出于求生的本能。

\n

因为唯一的食物来源就是地面同类不断如“降雨”般坠落,提供着维持生命所需的能量。

\n

当然地上的木蚁也不断尝试重新爬回地面的母巢,但是墙面的光滑让它们又不断掉下来,那些力竭的蚂蚁最终都会成为同类的食物。

\n

二、失序的蚁群

\n

这个蚁群最让科学家惊讶的还不是同类相食,而是没有蚁后的情况下维持了长达多年的时间。

\n

因为蚂蚁是高度社会化的昆虫,单个的蚂蚁其实并没有维持生命的生理学基础。

\n

整个蚁群组合在一起才更像是一个生命体,生物学上叫做“超个体”(Superorganism),即整个蚁群像一个独立的生物一样行动和反应。

\n

蚁群通常分为蚁后、工蚁和雄蚁三种:

\n

蚁后(Queen): 通常是蚁群中体型最大、寿命最长的成员(可活几年到十几年)。她的核心职责是繁殖,是整个蚁群的母亲。一些高等蚂蚁物种中,蚁后也通过释放信息素来调控蚁群的行为。

\n

雄蚁(Drone): 体型通常比工蚁大,长有翅膀。它们存在的唯一目的就是与未交配的蚁后进行“婚飞”交配。交配后,雄蚁会很快死去,从不参与巢穴建设、觅食等任何日常工作。

\n

工蚁(Worker): 蚁群中数量最多、我们最常见到的蚂蚁。它们是生理上无法正常繁殖的雌性蚂蚁,承担了蚁群中除繁殖外的一切工作。

\n

地堡里的这群木蚁在没有蚁后释放信息素调控的情况下,自发完成了巢穴的建设工作。

\n

它们用有限的土壤和碎屑搭建起粗糙的土丘结构,内部甚至有通道和小室,模仿着阳光下的正常蚁巢结构。它们还保留了一个“蚂蚁墓穴”,既安放尸体,也当作食物储藏室。

\n

说到这里就提一下为什么通常情况下蚂蚁并不同类相食。

\n
\"\"
\n

这是蚂蚁的腺体分布(另外,蚂蚁是一种蜂,蜂类是膜翅目昆虫的统称,蚂蚁跟蜜蜂的亲缘关系比跟白蚁更近)。

\n
\"\"
\n
\"\"
\n

蚂蚁虽然不会说话,但是它们能通过信息素进行交流,告诉同穴的其他工蚁关于食物和敌人的一些信息,有食物的时候就释放招募信息素,号召大家过来,有敌人的时候就释放告警信息素,叫大家快跑。

\n

而死亡或者被真菌感染的蚂蚁会释放一些“坏菜”了的信息素,让同群的蚂蚁产生警觉,一旦工蚁检测到这些信息素,就会把这些坏菜了的蚂蚁扔到垃圾场或者说是蚂蚁墓穴那边去,避免这些死亡或者濒死的蚂蚁身上的传染性疾病感染整个蚁群。

\n

这在生物学上有专门的名词叫做:运尸行为(Necrophoresis)。

\n

通常来说,蚂蚁尸体会释放油酸等脂肪酸,触发活着的工蚁出现搬运行为。

\n

实验显示,涂油酸的活蚁会被同伴当作尸体移走。

\n

另外,蜜蜂也有这种搬运尸体扔出蜂巢的行为,毕竟蚂蚁也是一种蜂……

\n

当然,通常公墓只是用来扔尸体的,但是这群地堡木蚁因为没有食物来源,所以公墓也就是食物间……

\n

三、出埃及记

\n

在收集够发论文的观察记录后,科学家决定帮这群蚂蚁逃出生天:

\n
\"\"
\n

2016 年,科学家对这群蚂蚁进行了一次人为干预。

\n

他们的目标不仅是研究,更是要看这些蚂蚁是否愿意、并有能力逃出囚笼。

\n

方法非常简单:他们放置了一块 3 米长的木板,从地板斜搭到通风井的顶部出口,建起了一条“返乡的栈道”。

\n

结果几乎立竿见影。

\n

很快就有先锋蚁开始探索木板,然后一队队蚂蚁陆续踏上这条艰难的返途,向光明、温暖以及它们母巢的方向前进。

\n

当科学家们于 2017 年 2 月再次回访地堡时,内部几乎空无一蚁。

\n

那座庞大的“食尸蚁城”已经消失,地面上只剩下堆积如山的蚁尸,作为它们多年囚禁生活的唯一见证。它们成功撤离,并无缝回归了地表的母群体。

\n

最终论文发表在《膜翅目研究期刊》(Journal of Hymenoptera Research)上(见参考文献)。

\n

以上~

\n

参考文献:

\n

1Living beyond the limits of survival: wood ants trapped in a gigantic pitfall

\n

2Ants trapped for years in an old bunker; survival by cannibalism and eventual escape

\n
\n
\n\n\n
查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n\n\n\n

获取更多RSS:
https://feedx.net
https://feedx.site
", - "category": "", - "link": "https://daily.zhihu.com/story/9783348", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Tue, 19 Aug 2025 00:27:03 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "资讯", - "feed": "知乎", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "e6073d1b6ee2d035411137dad8f14513", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "海豹的胡须有什么作用?", "description": "
\"头图\"/
\n

2001 年,科学家们精心设计了一个科学实验。

\n

他们给一只名叫 Rosi 的港海豹(海豹科、斑海豹属动物)佩戴了不透光的眼罩和隔音的耳罩,在暂时屏蔽其视觉和听觉信号的情况下,测试它能否跟上一条小型潜艇的轨迹。潜艇由螺旋桨驱动,像一条机械鱼,在水池中以 2 米每秒的速度划出直线,以 1.5 米每秒的速度划出曲线。

\n
\"\"
海豹用胡须追踪鱼的轨迹 图片来源:heather beem
\n

潜艇留下的痕迹只有狭窄的水流通道,并且超过 20 秒后,水流的轨迹就会慢慢消失。这些水流痕迹模仿了鱼类游动留下的涡旋,像隐形的足迹,肉眼无法捕捉。

\n

潜艇运行固定距离后,停在一个半圆周上,周长 12.57 米,Rosi 的任务是潜入水下,找到它。

\n
\"\"
图(a)图中展示了一个水下实验装置。实验者站在平台上,平台下方是水面,水下有一个潜水站,海豹佩戴眼罩和耳机以隔离视觉和听觉干扰。图(b)这一部分展示了海豹追踪运动的序列图像,时间戳从 00.00 秒到 17.13 秒 图(c)展示了海豹追踪时的两种轨迹 图片来源:参考文献[3]
\n

水池上方,摄像机记录下 Rosi 的每一帧行动画面。Rosi 潜入水池,88 根胡子展开,像天线般微微抖动。接着,它朝水池中心游去,头部轻轻摆动,像是用胡子“嗅”着水流的低语。

\n

令人难以置信的是,Rosi 在 326 次试验中成功找到潜艇的次数为 298 次,成功率约 91.4%,远超偶然概率的 13 次。并且,它追踪的距离可远达 180 米,不仅能追踪直线痕迹,还能跟着弯曲的涡旋游动。

\n

海豹的“追踪神器”是什么?

\n

目标物的轨迹如此狭窄、痕迹停留时间如此短暂,海豹究竟拥有什么样的“追踪神器”呢?

\n

答案是胡须。海豹胡须的毛囊周围有复杂的血窦(具体来说,它是一组充满血液的腔隙,位于毛囊的基部)和多种机械感受器,能感知微弱的水流信号,将机械信号转为电信号,传递到大脑的体感皮层。而它们的 88 根胡须则像“神经网络”,能够整合信号,绘制出水流的“动态地图”,就像一个精密的水下雷达。

\n
\"\"
海豹 图片来源:Earth 网
\n

然而,水下的环境极为复杂,水下的“背景噪音”极大。想象你在一条喧闹的大街上,想听清朋友低声说话,但周围的车声、人声令你晕眩。同样地,海豹的胡须在水下面临的“背景噪音”就有类似的感觉。

\n

水下的背景噪音不仅来源于水中悬浮颗粒的碰撞,还有水中的杂乱水流,最重要的是一种叫“涡激振动”(vortex-induced vibrations)的影响。涡激振动是流体力学的一种现象。当水流或空气以一定速度流过物体时,流体会因为物体的阻挡而分裂,形成周期性的涡旋。这些涡旋产生不均匀的压力,推着物体振动。振动的频率(晃动的快慢程度)取决于流速、物体形状和大小。

\n

理论上,当海豹游动时,水流经过胡须会形成小旋涡,这些旋涡会推着胡须来回晃动,产生的便是涡激振动。这种晃动就像收音机里的杂音,干扰胡须感知鱼类尾流等微弱信号。

\n

因此,新的谜团浮现了:海豹的胡须是如何捕捉这些微弱信号的?怎么消除周围的干扰获取精准的信号?

\n

海豹胡须因何能成为高精确度的“水下雷达”?

\n

2010 年,科学家们对海豹胡须展开了实验。他们搬出了一个旋转流槽,像个巨大的旋转木马,直径 1.24 米,水深 20 厘米。水槽绕中心轴旋转,制造出稳定的水流,速度从 0.323 米每秒到 0.550 米每秒。

\n

科学家们从自然死亡的幼年海豹和博物馆标本中取来三根港海豹胡须和三根加利福尼亚海狮胡须,长度相近。

\n

虽然海豹和海狮就像“表兄弟”,生活方式和环境很像,但它们的胡须结构不太一样。海豹的胡须有独特的波浪状结构,每根胡须有 10~12 个波峰波谷,波长 1.5~2 毫米,横截面为椭圆形;而海狮的胡须是平滑的圆柱形,横截面近圆形,直径约 0.4 毫米。

\n
\"\"
港海豹(AB)和加利福尼亚海狮胡须(CD)的结构差异 图片来源:文献[2]
\n

它们的胡须被固定在一个压电传感器上,传感器像个超级灵敏的“地震仪”,能够测量水流对胡须的推力。为了使海豹胡须周围的涡流可视化,科学家在水槽中加入了微小的塑料颗粒,这些颗粒会随着水流而移动。激光照射颗粒,便会形成图案。

\n
\"\"
实验水槽 图片来源:伍兹霍尔海洋研究所
\n

结果发现,在相同水流速度下,港海豹胡须的振动幅度比海狮胡须低 6.2 倍,甚至在所有速度(指实验测试的水流速度范围,从 0.323 米 / 秒到 0.55 米 / 秒不等)下低 9.5 倍。海豹的波浪胡须就像装了“减震器”,几乎不受水流涡旋的干扰。

\n

这让海豹胡须能清晰捕捉水流速度低至 0.25 毫米每秒的信号,将信噪比(是一个衡量信号质量的指标,定义为有用信号功率与背景噪声功率的比值,通常用分贝(dB)表示。)提高了 2 倍。

\n
\"\"
水流经过三种不同形状物体——港海豹胡须、椭圆柱体和圆柱体时形成的涡流差异。波浪状胡须通过打乱涡流群,让涡流形成更远,减少了振动 图片来源:参考文献[3]
\n

打造仿生海豹胡须,能应用在哪些领域?

\n

故事并未止步,对海豹胡须的研究还在延伸。

\n

2015 年,麻省理工学院(MIT)的工程师们用 3D 打印技术复制了海豹胡须的波浪状结构,打造出“人工海豹胡子”传感器。

\n
\"\"
人造胡须的形状和海豹胡须相近,但比真的海豹胡须粗 50 倍 图片来源:heather beem
\n

这些胡须用柔性树脂制成,硬度与海豹胡须的角蛋白相仿,既坚韧又弹性十足。为了对比,他们还打印了平滑的圆柱形胡须,模仿加利福尼亚海狮的胡须。当然,人工海豹胡须不负期待,它们以 60%~80%的振动抑制和 1.8~2.2 倍的信噪比,证明了海豹胡须的工程潜力。

\n

仿生学通过模仿自然界的精妙设计解决工程难题。海豹胡须的波浪状结构是亿万年进化的结果,兼顾抗振和信号感知。模仿海豹胡须打造出复制品有助于开发出高灵敏、低干扰的传感器,超越传统设备(如声呐)在浑浊水域的局限,有望将其应用于水下机器人、航空甚至医疗领域。

\n

想象一下,一台水下机器人,装着波浪状的“人工海豹胡子”,在浑浊的港口里穿梭。港口的水像一锅混汤,充满了泥沙和垃圾,传统的声呐“看不清路”。但这些胡须传感器却像海豹一样,灵敏地“嗅”到了一股微弱的水流——那是泄漏的油污在水里扩散的痕迹,速度只有每秒 0.5 毫米,比蜗牛爬还慢。机器人顺着水流,精准定位到漏油点,误差不到 10 厘米,帮工程师迅速封堵污染,保护了海洋生态。

\n

在医院里,医生们用微型波浪状传感器,模仿胡须的抗振和感知能力,将其装在微流控设备上,可以检测血液或体液的流动变化。这些传感器能捕捉到 1 微米的微小扰动,协助医生发现血液里异常的细微信号,比如早期癌症的线索。它们安静又精准,就像海豹在水下“听”鱼儿的低语,给了患者更早的治疗机会。

\n

这些应用只是冰山一角。看似科幻,也许在不久的将来就能实现,我们拭目以待。

\n

参考文献

\n

[1]Dehnhardt G., Mauck B., Hanke W., Bleckmann H. (2001). Hydrodynamic trail following in harbor seals (Phocavitulina). Science 293, 102-104.[

\n

2]Hanke W, Witte M, Miersch L, et al. Harbor seal vibrissa morphology suppresses vortex-induced vibrations[J](#). Journal of Experimental Biology, 2010, 213(15): 2665-2672.

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[3]Zheng X, Kamat A M, Cao M, et al. Creating underwater vision through wavy whiskers: A review of the flow-sensing mechanisms and biomimetic potential of seal whiskers[J](#). Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 2021, 18(183): 20210629.

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查看知乎讨论
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\n\n\n\n", @@ -7661,28 +7705,6 @@ "hash": "a00d6fa7358b20e951592cb5ecee19c8", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "002CHINA - 12 dead, 4 missing after bridge collapses in Qinghai", - "description": "

An aerial drone photo taken on Friday shows the site of a bridge construction accident on the Qinghai section of the Sichuan-Qinghai Railway in Qinghai province.

\n

Twelve people have been confirmed dead and four remain missing as of 6 pm Friday due to a steel cable failure at a bridge construction site in Northwest China's Qinghai province earlier in the day.

\n

The accident occurred around 3 am at the under-construction bridge on the Qinghai section of the Sichuan-Qinghai Railway, where 16 workers were on site at the time, according to Xinhua News Agency. The failure caused a 108-meter steel girder arch rib to collapse.

\n

The Ministry of Emergency Management has promptly dispatched a team to the site to oversee rescue operations and coordinate rescue efforts, focusing on searching for people who fell into the water.

\n

The ministry confirmed that it would determine the cause of the accident as soon as possible, and undertake decisive measures to prevent similar incidents in the future.

\n

China Central Television reported more than 806 rescuers have joined search and rescue efforts since the accident happened, with 91 vehicles, 27 boats, one helicopter and five robots deployed. Additionally, six hospitals have opened quick channels to provide medical aid for victims.

\n

As of press time, coordinated rescue operations, as well as efforts to comfort affected families, were ongoing.

\n

The bridge — located at the border between Jainca county in the Huangnan Tibetan autonomous prefecture and Hualong Hui autonomous county in Haidong — is the first steel truss arch railway bridge in China to cross the Yellow River, according to People's Daily.

\n

Qinghai Daily previously reported that two cable towers on either side of the bridge were completed on June 14, with its main bridge originally expected to be joined by the end of this month. The maximum cable force on the side spans of the bridge reaches 1,161 metric tons, equivalent to the weight of 750 small cars, and each tower weighs 1,800 tons, with the largest segment weighing 45 tons. The installation precision of the towers is directly related to the safety and success of the subsequent steel support beam, it said.

\n

Public information shows that the bridge, one of the key projects of its type on the Sichuan-Qinghai Railway, has a length of over 1,596 meters, with the arch's apex standing 130 meters above the water's surface, equivalent to the height of more than 40 stories. Its deck is 55 meters above the Yellow River's surface.

\n

caoyin@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", - "content": "

An aerial drone photo taken on Friday shows the site of a bridge construction accident on the Qinghai section of the Sichuan-Qinghai Railway in Qinghai province.

\n

Twelve people have been confirmed dead and four remain missing as of 6 pm Friday due to a steel cable failure at a bridge construction site in Northwest China's Qinghai province earlier in the day.

\n

The accident occurred around 3 am at the under-construction bridge on the Qinghai section of the Sichuan-Qinghai Railway, where 16 workers were on site at the time, according to Xinhua News Agency. The failure caused a 108-meter steel girder arch rib to collapse.

\n

The Ministry of Emergency Management has promptly dispatched a team to the site to oversee rescue operations and coordinate rescue efforts, focusing on searching for people who fell into the water.

\n

The ministry confirmed that it would determine the cause of the accident as soon as possible, and undertake decisive measures to prevent similar incidents in the future.

\n

China Central Television reported more than 806 rescuers have joined search and rescue efforts since the accident happened, with 91 vehicles, 27 boats, one helicopter and five robots deployed. Additionally, six hospitals have opened quick channels to provide medical aid for victims.

\n

As of press time, coordinated rescue operations, as well as efforts to comfort affected families, were ongoing.

\n

The bridge — located at the border between Jainca county in the Huangnan Tibetan autonomous prefecture and Hualong Hui autonomous county in Haidong — is the first steel truss arch railway bridge in China to cross the Yellow River, according to People's Daily.

\n

Qinghai Daily previously reported that two cable towers on either side of the bridge were completed on June 14, with its main bridge originally expected to be joined by the end of this month. The maximum cable force on the side spans of the bridge reaches 1,161 metric tons, equivalent to the weight of 750 small cars, and each tower weighs 1,800 tons, with the largest segment weighing 45 tons. The installation precision of the towers is directly related to the safety and success of the subsequent steel support beam, it said.

\n

Public information shows that the bridge, one of the key projects of its type on the Sichuan-Qinghai Railway, has a length of over 1,596 meters, with the arch's apex standing 130 meters above the water's surface, equivalent to the height of more than 40 stories. Its deck is 55 meters above the Yellow River's surface.

\n

caoyin@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-08/23/content_002_68a8e2bbed50ccabe15180bb.htm#002CHINA", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Sat, 23 Aug 2025 00:21:05 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "afa40843ccf1e6c3d617fae63cc59375", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "005BUSINESS - Robot chefs cut costs, boost efficiency", "description": "

Visitors to Robot Mall, a store showcasing embodied intelligent humanoid robots in Beijing's E-Town — the city's leading hub of innovation — watch the demonstration of a robot chef on Aug 8.

\n

Robot chefs are gaining in popularity, on the back of significant cost-effectiveness and excellent quality control.

\n

Robot chefs are not a new concept. For example, the Changsha-based restaurant franchise Bawan uses such robots in its outlets. So far, Bawan has opened over 500 outlets, which have all deployed self-developed robots to cook food. According to its official website, these have now been updated to the third generation.

\n

Xiaocaiyuan, a Hong Kong-listed restaurant specializing in Anhui cuisine, deployed robotic cooks in some of its outlets as early as 2023.

\n

According to the prospectus released by Xiaocaiyuan before its listing, a portion of the funds raised from the public flotation will be used to purchase 3,000 such robots, with a unit price of 50,000 yuan ($6,972) per robot and an estimated total cost of 150 million yuan.

\n

The purchase quantity of 3,000 robot chefs, based on the current number of its over 600 stores, means that on average, each Xiaocaiyuan outlet will deploy about five of these robots.

\n

Several franchise restaurants are also deploying robot chefs, including Nonggengji Hunan Native Cuisine, Jin Ding Xuan, Beijing Micun Technology Co, CSC Group, and Nanchengxiang. They are able to cook highly standardized dishes such as Yuxiang shredded pork, fried eggs with tomato, and Kung Pao Chicken.

\n

Do these cooks really save money? Take Xunxiangdidai, a restaurant that serves Anhui cuisine, as an example. According to the Hongcan Industry Research Institute, by using intelligent devices and traditional stoves, robot chefs shoulder half of the stir-frying jobs, saving up to 60 percent in salaries. Normally, a kitchen needs two human chefs, and their salaries add up to around 18,000 yuan. Robot chefs can, however, operate five to six stoves at a time, greatly cutting down on salaries.

\n

Wang Peng, an associate research fellow at the Beijing Academy of Social Sciences, said: "The labor cost of the catering industry continues to rise, and stir-frying robots can significantly reduce salaries and social security expenses of chefs. Long-term operation can significantly reduce overall costs. At the same time, its efficient operation can improve meal delivery speed, increase the number of customers served per unit time, and thereby increase restaurant revenue."

\n

In addition, robot chefs are able to accurately execute preset programs for cooking, strictly control the heat, seasoning dosage, and meal preparation time, ensuring stable and consistent taste and quality of dishes, which is conducive to shaping a unified brand image for chain catering, and enhancing consumer trust and recognition of the brand, he said.

\n

The current fast-paced lifestyle of consumers requires high efficiency in serving meals. The fast-serving feature of stir-frying robots can meet the demand for instant dining, and has great potential in the fast food and takeaway fields.

\n

Moreover, it conforms to the trend of digital and intelligent transformation of the catering industry, and can deeply integrate with restaurant management systems to optimize operational processes, he added.

\n

Guo Tao, individual angel investor and an expert in the artificial intelligence sector, said: "Although the prospects of robotic cooks are bright, the road ahead is full of challenges. At present, it is difficult to accurately replicate the unique taste and personalized flavor of Chinese cooking at the technical level, and significant breakthroughs are needed in the research and development of complex dishes. In terms of economic costs, high equipment purchase and maintenance costs have deterred many small and medium-sized catering businesses. In the field of health and safety, improper cleaning and disinfection of equipment can easily lead to health hazards."

\n

In addition, the operational programming of the robot chefs requires high digital skills from employees, which undoubtedly increases the difficulty and cost of employee training. How to improve cooking efficiency while also optimizing the taste experience has become the key to whether it can fully replace manual labor, he said.

\n

zhengyiran@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", @@ -7705,28 +7727,6 @@ "hash": "fbe8bd2359a2812e5bbed7e3f5678885", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "007WORLD - From culture shock to a 'second home'", - "description": "

Online See more by scanning the code.

\n

A British student participates in an A-level program of the charity Engage with China in Changzhou, East China's Jiangsu province during the 2023-24 academic year.

\n

A scholarship winner hugs H-J Colston-Inge, director of Engage with China (left) in Changzhou during the 2023-24 academic year.

\n

"I felt like I was leaving a part of myself in China because it has been a very tough journey to integrate myself into the culture and connect with the people here," said Calista Ajibola, a British student aged 18, who has just completed a two-year boarding school scholarship program in China.

\n

Even for someone who had been learning Mandarin for five years and who had achieved the top grade in the subject in her General Certificate of Secondary Education exam, or GCSE, the test taken by students in the United Kingdom at the age of 16, using the Chinese language, still posed some challenges, as textbook knowledge and real-life application can be very different disciplines.

\n

"People often couldn't understand me when I first arrived in China and would ask me to switch to English. I had scored a nine in my GCSE Mandarin exam, so it was incredibly frustrating, at times even disheartening," she said.

\n

"But as time went on, armed with the courage to make mistakes, a determination to improve, hours of practice, and plenty of help from my Chinese teacher, my Mandarin eventually reached the point where I could … guide my family around in China, chat with taxi drivers, haggle over prices, and sort out problems that came up."

\n

Ajibola returned with a mature command of the language, a clearer vision for the future, many genuine friends, countless memories, as well as 30 packs of Chinese-branded instant noodles, and a pile of refrigerator magnets.

\n

"The scholarship program is probably one of the best things that has ever happened to me," she added.

\n

Launched in 2023 by the UK charity Engage with China, in partnership with international schools in China, the scholarship program has enabled 34 British pupils to embark on a two-year journey to study A-levels in China.

\n

H-J Colston-Inge, director of Engage with China, said the aim of the program is to foster "China literacy" among British youths.

\n

It was in 2018 that she realized there was a major educational gap in UK schools, as knowledge of China was almost entirely absent from the classroom. "The UK curriculum contains virtually no content on China, despite its global importance," she said.

\n

Compared to short-term study programs, she said, the project aims to offer a fully immersive journey, one that allows pupils to truly experience, with their own eyes a country on the other side of the world that is culturally and socioeconomically, very different from what they are used to.

\n

Culture shocks can be striking. For Ajibola, the endless high-rise apartments instead of low houses, the "motorcycle army" dominating the roads, and the mosquito bites in the sweltering summer were all unusual for a British pupil. But as she put it: "If I had the chance to live it all again, I wouldn't change a thing."

\n

Zoe Capps, who has just completed her first-year scholarship in Hangzhou, the capital city of East China's Zhejiang province, said life in China, a place where "everything felt unfamiliar" at first but which has now become a "second home", has made her much more "mature".

\n

"I always used to say I'm very mature for my age, but I really wasn't," she said. "But now, I have a clear idea of what I want to do in the future. I know where I want to go, and I know what I need to do."

\n

Gaining global mindset

\n

The students have not only developed strong language skills that will give them greater competitiveness in future education and career paths, Colston-Inge said, but have also gained a global mindset and a sense of empathy, an understanding that the world can be vastly diverse.

\n

"No one typically sends their 16-year-old to study in China, so these students are bold, curious and globally-minded," she added. "In an era of geopolitical tension, initiatives like this can help shift perspectives and build better international relationships."

\n

"Life-changing" is how Colston-Inge often described the many refreshing China stories she has heard from the pupils, especially since many of the scholarship winners come from economically disadvantaged backgrounds.

\n

Yet in such an unprecedented and turbulent era, even just ordinary educational exchanges can hardly remain untouched by geopolitics.

\n

"It is more important than ever that, when there are difficulties, we push through," she said.

\n

"Children aren't interested in politics," she pointed out. "Well, maybe a little. But that is not what they want. They want to make friends. They want to play. They want to do music together, play sports and so on. That is what's important."

\n

For Capps, above all, it is also the friendships she has made during the first year that matter the most. "The people I've met here have become some of the most important things in my life."

\n

Soon, the third cohort of 10 teenagers will head to China, ready to begin an entirely new chapter in their lives.

\n

Colston-Inge, who studied Chinese at university and is now dedicated to passing on her enduring fascination with China to the next generation, quoted Laozi, a Chinese philosopher from the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC), "A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step."

\n

"Having 34 (scholarship winners) looks tiny, but just compare that with the 250,000 students coming from China to study in the UK, and that previously, very few children were going to China at the age of 16."

\n

At a reception hosted on Aug 12 by the Education Section of China's embassy in the UK, to welcome the scholarship winners, Zhao Fei, minister of China's embassy in the UK, said tomorrow's world needs builders of bridges between civilizations, especially in an era when challenges ranging from global health crises to climate change require collective effort.

\n

"Though our languages differ and customs vary, our aspirations for a better life and shared concerns for humanity's future resonate profoundly," he said.

\n

"This connection transcends borders, it is universal and it is shared."

\n

zhengwanyin@mail.chinadailyuk.com

\n

", - "content": "

Online See more by scanning the code.

\n

A British student participates in an A-level program of the charity Engage with China in Changzhou, East China's Jiangsu province during the 2023-24 academic year.

\n

A scholarship winner hugs H-J Colston-Inge, director of Engage with China (left) in Changzhou during the 2023-24 academic year.

\n

"I felt like I was leaving a part of myself in China because it has been a very tough journey to integrate myself into the culture and connect with the people here," said Calista Ajibola, a British student aged 18, who has just completed a two-year boarding school scholarship program in China.

\n

Even for someone who had been learning Mandarin for five years and who had achieved the top grade in the subject in her General Certificate of Secondary Education exam, or GCSE, the test taken by students in the United Kingdom at the age of 16, using the Chinese language, still posed some challenges, as textbook knowledge and real-life application can be very different disciplines.

\n

"People often couldn't understand me when I first arrived in China and would ask me to switch to English. I had scored a nine in my GCSE Mandarin exam, so it was incredibly frustrating, at times even disheartening," she said.

\n

"But as time went on, armed with the courage to make mistakes, a determination to improve, hours of practice, and plenty of help from my Chinese teacher, my Mandarin eventually reached the point where I could … guide my family around in China, chat with taxi drivers, haggle over prices, and sort out problems that came up."

\n

Ajibola returned with a mature command of the language, a clearer vision for the future, many genuine friends, countless memories, as well as 30 packs of Chinese-branded instant noodles, and a pile of refrigerator magnets.

\n

"The scholarship program is probably one of the best things that has ever happened to me," she added.

\n

Launched in 2023 by the UK charity Engage with China, in partnership with international schools in China, the scholarship program has enabled 34 British pupils to embark on a two-year journey to study A-levels in China.

\n

H-J Colston-Inge, director of Engage with China, said the aim of the program is to foster "China literacy" among British youths.

\n

It was in 2018 that she realized there was a major educational gap in UK schools, as knowledge of China was almost entirely absent from the classroom. "The UK curriculum contains virtually no content on China, despite its global importance," she said.

\n

Compared to short-term study programs, she said, the project aims to offer a fully immersive journey, one that allows pupils to truly experience, with their own eyes a country on the other side of the world that is culturally and socioeconomically, very different from what they are used to.

\n

Culture shocks can be striking. For Ajibola, the endless high-rise apartments instead of low houses, the "motorcycle army" dominating the roads, and the mosquito bites in the sweltering summer were all unusual for a British pupil. But as she put it: "If I had the chance to live it all again, I wouldn't change a thing."

\n

Zoe Capps, who has just completed her first-year scholarship in Hangzhou, the capital city of East China's Zhejiang province, said life in China, a place where "everything felt unfamiliar" at first but which has now become a "second home", has made her much more "mature".

\n

"I always used to say I'm very mature for my age, but I really wasn't," she said. "But now, I have a clear idea of what I want to do in the future. I know where I want to go, and I know what I need to do."

\n

Gaining global mindset

\n

The students have not only developed strong language skills that will give them greater competitiveness in future education and career paths, Colston-Inge said, but have also gained a global mindset and a sense of empathy, an understanding that the world can be vastly diverse.

\n

"No one typically sends their 16-year-old to study in China, so these students are bold, curious and globally-minded," she added. "In an era of geopolitical tension, initiatives like this can help shift perspectives and build better international relationships."

\n

"Life-changing" is how Colston-Inge often described the many refreshing China stories she has heard from the pupils, especially since many of the scholarship winners come from economically disadvantaged backgrounds.

\n

Yet in such an unprecedented and turbulent era, even just ordinary educational exchanges can hardly remain untouched by geopolitics.

\n

"It is more important than ever that, when there are difficulties, we push through," she said.

\n

"Children aren't interested in politics," she pointed out. "Well, maybe a little. But that is not what they want. They want to make friends. They want to play. They want to do music together, play sports and so on. That is what's important."

\n

For Capps, above all, it is also the friendships she has made during the first year that matter the most. "The people I've met here have become some of the most important things in my life."

\n

Soon, the third cohort of 10 teenagers will head to China, ready to begin an entirely new chapter in their lives.

\n

Colston-Inge, who studied Chinese at university and is now dedicated to passing on her enduring fascination with China to the next generation, quoted Laozi, a Chinese philosopher from the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC), "A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step."

\n

"Having 34 (scholarship winners) looks tiny, but just compare that with the 250,000 students coming from China to study in the UK, and that previously, very few children were going to China at the age of 16."

\n

At a reception hosted on Aug 12 by the Education Section of China's embassy in the UK, to welcome the scholarship winners, Zhao Fei, minister of China's embassy in the UK, said tomorrow's world needs builders of bridges between civilizations, especially in an era when challenges ranging from global health crises to climate change require collective effort.

\n

"Though our languages differ and customs vary, our aspirations for a better life and shared concerns for humanity's future resonate profoundly," he said.

\n

"This connection transcends borders, it is universal and it is shared."

\n

zhengwanyin@mail.chinadailyuk.com

\n

", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-08/23/content_007_68a8e2fced50ccabe15180cc.htm#007WORLD", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Sat, 23 Aug 2025 00:21:05 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "e349a063ca812525334e65d960589e0d", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "011LIFE - Bi-city program bridges cultures, creativity, and communities", "description": "

Participants and officials take a photo after a dialogue on The Vision of Youth for the Future of Cultural Districts at the Palace Museum in Beijing.

\n

Students share ideas on digital storytelling, visitor engagement and cultural branding, drawing on their learning journey and internship experiences during the Bi-city Youth Cultural Leadership Program.

\n

Sixteen university students from Beijing and Hong Kong gathered at the Palace Museum on Tuesday, not just to tour its historic halls but to imagine the future of China's cultural districts.

\n

The discussion was a highlight of the ongoing Hong Kong Palace Museum's fourth Bi-city Youth Cultural Leadership Program.

\n

By promoting cultural development in both cities, the program aims to strengthen Hong Kong's position as an East-meets-West center for international cultural exchange.

\n

During the exchange, Wang Xudong, director of the Palace Museum, emphasized the Palace Museum's unwavering commitment to safeguarding China's cultural relics. He highlighted its role in advancing cultural heritage conservation through innovative strategies and international collaboration.

\n

Bringing fresh perspectives, the students shared ideas on digital storytelling, visitor engagement and cultural branding, drawing on their learning journey and internship experiences under the program in Hong Kong and Beijing.

\n

They stressed the importance of providing platforms to young local artists, integrating audience traffic across different venues within a cultural district, and creating inviting spaces that encourage longer visits. Their insights also included the need to bridge the gap between the districts and local grassroots communities, enhancing cultural exchange and community involvement.

\n

The students also visited the Sensory Experience Gallery of the Palace Museum, which they said deepened their understanding of cultural intellectual property, brand operations, and the development of cultural and creative products.

\n

"We are pleased to welcome students from the Bi-city Youth Cultural Leadership Program to the Palace Museum," Wang says.

\n

"This meaningful initiative offers young people a platform to explore the changing landscape of cultural institutions and apply their creativity to real-world challenges. Their participation brings fresh perspectives and energy into the future of cultural districts. We look forward to strengthening our partnership with the Hong Kong Palace Museum to jointly nurture cultural talents and advance our shared mission of Chinese culture," he adds.

\n

Louis Ng, director of the Hong Kong Palace Museum, says the program encourages students to envision the future of cultural districts through creativity, community, and innovation.

\n

"The program underscores our mission to nurture cultural leadership through cross-boundary collaboration and contribute to sustainable urban development. We are proud to see students exploring complex cultural questions and proposing thoughtful ideas that reflect both ambition and a grounded understanding of the opportunities and challenges shaping the cultural landscape across different cities," Ng says.

\n

Besides the Palace Museum visit, the Beijing stage of the program will enable students to participate in inspiring dialogues with industry experts, and a curated district city walk in Beijing.

\n

After Beijing, the students will conclude their cultural journey in Shanghai, where they will visit landmark developments and urban cultural hubs.

\n

Since its launch in 2022, the program has engaged nearly 150 students from Beijing and Hong Kong, aiming to inspire and nurture the next generation of cultural talent from Hong Kong and Beijing.

\n

yangfeiyue@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", @@ -7749,28 +7749,6 @@ "hash": "b151a6c72b0107c34835cf88a9a1899c", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "004CHINA - Complex surgery saves man with rare injury", - "description": "

Doctors in Shanghai have successfully performed an ultra-complex surgery on a man with a severe neck injury akin to an "internal decapitation" after he was struck by a mechanical arm, saving his life.

\n

The 55-year-old patient, surnamed Li, suffered a rare and severe cervical vertebra fracture and dislocation. He underwent reduction and fixation surgery at Shanghai Changzheng Hospital and was discharged in July. Upon release, he was able to move his shoulders and lift his wrists, doctors said.

\n

The accident occurred on May 31 in Changshu, a city in neighboring Jiangsu province, when Li was hit from above by a mechanical arm. The blow caused catastrophic damage to his cervical spine. He immediately suffered high-level paralysis and cardiac arrest at the scene. His weak vital signs were restored only after receiving CPR.

\n

On June 3, Li was transferred to Shanghai Changzheng Hospital. Imaging showed an extremely rare and extensive cervical dislocation, with a severe spinal cord contusion and tearing of critical nerve and vascular structures.

\n

The patient was at a high risk of severe bleeding and vertebral artery injury, potentially causing shock or a fatal stroke. A massive hematoma had formed at the site, causing dangerous drops in blood pressure. He relied on high doses of vasoactive drugs to maintain circulation.

\n

Doctors said any attempt at surgery carried enormous risks, including uncontrollable bleeding, vertebral artery damage and severe cerebrospinal fluid leaks. Many of the challenges had no precedent in medical literature.

\n

Chen Huajiang, deputy director of orthopedics at the hospital, described the case as the most dangerous of his decades-long career.

\n

"My colleagues and I reviewed extensive medical literature, but found no precedent for such a severe cervical separation case, let alone a successful treatment that allowed the sufferer to survive," said Chen, who also heads the hospital's cervical spine surgery unit.

\n

"Various challenges during the surgery were undoubtedly unprecedented and could have potentially led to situations that are hard to manage. However, the certainty of no recovery without surgery left no other option," he said, adding that the determination of the patient's family motivated the medical team to proceed.

\n

The surgery took place on June 18. Using advanced microsurgical techniques, the team removed the hematoma, overcame severe adhesions and deformities, and precisely realigned the severed cervical structures.

\n

Chen said the team also applied an innovative "satellite plate" fixation technique — adding auxiliary plates to the conventional method — to provide extra stability. It was the first use of the technique in such an extreme case.

\n

Before surgery, the team carried out a comprehensive evaluation of the injuries and drafted detailed contingency plans for possible complications such as circulatory collapse. The operation concluded within three hours without any major incidents.

\n

Afterward, Li's condition steadily improved. After he regained consciousness, his vital signs stabilized and the tracheal tube was removed. He was able to sit up with assistance, showing signs of neurological recovery.

\n

Li was discharged on July 9 and is now in rehabilitation to restore upper limb function.

\n

The case has drawn wide attention in China's spinal surgery community, with experts praising the hospital's handling of the unprecedented challenge.

\n

"Our team aims to continue expanding the frontiers of cervical spine surgery and challenging the limits of technology, offering hope to more patients facing life-threatening conditions," Chen said.

\n

zhouwenting@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", - "content": "

Doctors in Shanghai have successfully performed an ultra-complex surgery on a man with a severe neck injury akin to an "internal decapitation" after he was struck by a mechanical arm, saving his life.

\n

The 55-year-old patient, surnamed Li, suffered a rare and severe cervical vertebra fracture and dislocation. He underwent reduction and fixation surgery at Shanghai Changzheng Hospital and was discharged in July. Upon release, he was able to move his shoulders and lift his wrists, doctors said.

\n

The accident occurred on May 31 in Changshu, a city in neighboring Jiangsu province, when Li was hit from above by a mechanical arm. The blow caused catastrophic damage to his cervical spine. He immediately suffered high-level paralysis and cardiac arrest at the scene. His weak vital signs were restored only after receiving CPR.

\n

On June 3, Li was transferred to Shanghai Changzheng Hospital. Imaging showed an extremely rare and extensive cervical dislocation, with a severe spinal cord contusion and tearing of critical nerve and vascular structures.

\n

The patient was at a high risk of severe bleeding and vertebral artery injury, potentially causing shock or a fatal stroke. A massive hematoma had formed at the site, causing dangerous drops in blood pressure. He relied on high doses of vasoactive drugs to maintain circulation.

\n

Doctors said any attempt at surgery carried enormous risks, including uncontrollable bleeding, vertebral artery damage and severe cerebrospinal fluid leaks. Many of the challenges had no precedent in medical literature.

\n

Chen Huajiang, deputy director of orthopedics at the hospital, described the case as the most dangerous of his decades-long career.

\n

"My colleagues and I reviewed extensive medical literature, but found no precedent for such a severe cervical separation case, let alone a successful treatment that allowed the sufferer to survive," said Chen, who also heads the hospital's cervical spine surgery unit.

\n

"Various challenges during the surgery were undoubtedly unprecedented and could have potentially led to situations that are hard to manage. However, the certainty of no recovery without surgery left no other option," he said, adding that the determination of the patient's family motivated the medical team to proceed.

\n

The surgery took place on June 18. Using advanced microsurgical techniques, the team removed the hematoma, overcame severe adhesions and deformities, and precisely realigned the severed cervical structures.

\n

Chen said the team also applied an innovative "satellite plate" fixation technique — adding auxiliary plates to the conventional method — to provide extra stability. It was the first use of the technique in such an extreme case.

\n

Before surgery, the team carried out a comprehensive evaluation of the injuries and drafted detailed contingency plans for possible complications such as circulatory collapse. The operation concluded within three hours without any major incidents.

\n

Afterward, Li's condition steadily improved. After he regained consciousness, his vital signs stabilized and the tracheal tube was removed. He was able to sit up with assistance, showing signs of neurological recovery.

\n

Li was discharged on July 9 and is now in rehabilitation to restore upper limb function.

\n

The case has drawn wide attention in China's spinal surgery community, with experts praising the hospital's handling of the unprecedented challenge.

\n

"Our team aims to continue expanding the frontiers of cervical spine surgery and challenging the limits of technology, offering hope to more patients facing life-threatening conditions," Chen said.

\n

zhouwenting@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-08/22/content_004_68a7938fed50ccabe1517f46.htm#004CHINA", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Fri, 22 Aug 2025 00:21:05 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "7f125b33a3d1edfc50e56e2ff612c9ba", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "008COMMENT - Autonomous region's 60th anniversary starts new chapter for beautiful Xizang", "description": "

Fully demonstrating the effectiveness of the strong leadership of the Communist Party of China and the strengths of China's socialist system, people of all ethnic groups in the Xizang autonomous region have benefited more than ever before from development since the 18th National Congress of the CPC in 2012. The new development philosophy that was adopted and has been enriched ever since enabled Xizang, along with the rest of the country, to win the battle to eradicate extreme poverty and realize a moderately prosperous society in all respects in the new era.

\n

This was the culmination of decades of dedicated efforts to promote the autonomous region's development after its establishment in 1965. Between that year and 2024, the central government invested a total of 2.6 trillion yuan ($362.3 billion) in Xizang. A further 64.3 billion yuan was invested in the region since the 1990s through the paired-up assistance system in which 17 provinces and municipalities, central enterprises, and central financial institutions provide targeted support for counties and districts in the autonomous region that they are respectively assigned to assist. This system has also sent over 14,000 selected civil servants, professional and talents to work in Xizang for about three years in 11 batches by now.

\n

Yet the region cannot rest on its development achievements. Promoting the high-quality socioeconomic development of Xizang should always be the focus of local authorities, which should apply to the letter the new development philosophy of innovative, coordinated, green and open development that is for everyone.

\n

To that end, the local authorities must thoroughly carry out anti-secession efforts to ensure the consolidation and security of the border so as to ensure a stable environment for development as was urged by the central authorities at a grand gathering held on Thursday in Lhasa, capital of the autonomous region, to mark the 60th anniversary of its founding.

\n

The local authorities must unswervingly consolidate and develop ethnic unity by strengthening the exchanges and integration among all ethnic groups, and the identification of all ethnic groups with the motherland, the Chinese nation, Chinese culture, the Party, and socialism with Chinese characteristics, so as to ensure they fully identify themselves as members of the great Chinese family.

\n

In the process, local authorities should adhere to a people-centered approach and continuously improve people's well-being and promote common prosperity so as to ensure the fruits of high-quality development benefit all ethnic groups in Xizang, and local people have a greater sense of gain, fulfillment and security. To help the region promote ethnic unity and progress on all fronts, the central authorities have pledged to continue to increase their input and strengthen support for Xizang's development in the future.

\n

The remarkable development of the autonomous region over the past 60 years fully demonstrates that only under the leadership of the CPC, adhering to the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics, upholding the system of regional ethnic autonomy, and adhering to the Party's guidelines on the governance of Xizang in the new era, can prosperity and progress be achieved in the autonomous region, and the people of all ethnic groups in Xizang live a happy life.

\n

With China at a critical juncture in building itself into a modern socialist country in all respects, Xizang's modernization drive stands at a new historical starting point.

\n

The region should have the confidence that under the leadership of the Party and with the full support of the nation, it will be able to accomplish the four tasks of ensuring stability, facilitating development, protecting the eco-environment, and strengthening the borders.

\n

In doing so, Xizang will open a new and splendid era of long-term peace and stability and high-quality development for itself.

\n

", @@ -7793,28 +7771,6 @@ "hash": "8b9b6a5815b0b009bd1d252a79e85a49", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "010WORLD - Scholars laud China's human rights progress", - "description": "

China's progress in protecting human rights offers valuable insights for the Global South in developing governance models suited to their own national conditions, scholars from China and Africa say.

\n

They made the remark at a readers' forum on Xi Jinping: On Respecting and Protecting Human Rights — a collection of the Chinese president's statements on the subject — held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, on Thursday.

\n

Senior officials, diplomats, lawyers and scholars from China and African countries applauded the book and China's unique contributions to global human rights development. The forum was held on the eve of the first China-Africa Human Rights Seminar.

\n

Jiang Jianguo, executive vice-president of the China Society for Human Rights Studies, said China has achieved historic achievements in human rights since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China in 2012.

\n

Published in 2021, Xi Jinping: On Respecting and Protecting Human Rights represents a landmark in China's human rights development. The book has since been translated into 13 foreign languages, attracting readers from the global human rights community as well as political, academic, think tank and media circles, Jiang said.

\n

Quoting Xi, he said, "With different national conditions, countries should and can only explore suitable paths of human rights development in light of national realities and people's needs."

\n

China has advanced its human rights cause based on its national conditions and the people's needs, Jiang said.

\n

"It has eradicated absolute poverty; established the world's largest education, social security and healthcare systems; and continuously developed whole-process people's democracy. Through this book, we can understand why China's path of human rights development works and how this cause continues to progress."

\n

Remarkable journey

\n

Jeddi Mowbray Armah, deputy minister for legal affairs at Liberia's Foreign Ministry, said the book is a record of China's remarkable human rights journey and offers a window into a philosophy rooted in the country's national conditions and historic transformation.

\n

"Human rights are universal in value, yet diversity erupts. As President Xi makes it clear, there is no single template for the realization. Every country must check the path consistent with its history, culture and stage of development, while staying faithful to the aspiration for dignity, justice and equality for all," Armah said. Global South countries should avoid developing human rights models detached from their local realities, he added.

\n

China has taken a people-centered approach to human rights and whole-process democracy to ensure people get tangible benefits, he said, citing China's efforts to lift more than 700 million people out of poverty over recent decades.

\n

"These are human rights in action. They give practical meaning," he said. "This is a concept that integrates democratic participation at every stage in China. It shifts the focus from narrow electoral circles, from promises made to tangible results delivered."

\n

Democracy should be judged not by the form alone, but by whether it serves the people's interests, he added.

\n

Unique aspirations

\n

China's approach to human rights also offers unique aspirations for African countries to confront major challenges, such as poverty, education, health and employment, to make progress in human rights, he said.

\n

"The challenge before the world is not whether we agree with the human rights matter. It is whether we can create the conditions in which it can be realized for every person and every society."

\n

Fredrick Mutesa, secretary-general of the Zambia-China Friendship Association, said China has made important contributions to the global understanding of human rights through proposals such as the Belt and Road Initiative, the Global Development Initiative, the Global Civilization Initiative, and the Global Security Initiative.

\n

"China has become a trailblazer in fostering cooperation among countries of the Global South through these initiatives, (as well as through) China-Africa cooperation in economic development and modernization," he said.

\n

China is helping unlock Africa's development potential through infrastructure projects, green development, mining and other sectors, creating favorable conditions for the realization of the right to development, he added.

\n

Melha Rout Biel, founder and executive director of the Institute for Strategic and Policy Studies in South Sudan, said the Communist Party of China has been pursuing happiness for the Chinese people and progress for humanity since its founding.

\n

"China's commitment to global human rights extends beyond its borders," he said.

\n

"It advocates for a fair international human rights governance system, international cooperation, and respect for other countries and cultures."

\n

wangxiaodong@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", - "content": "

China's progress in protecting human rights offers valuable insights for the Global South in developing governance models suited to their own national conditions, scholars from China and Africa say.

\n

They made the remark at a readers' forum on Xi Jinping: On Respecting and Protecting Human Rights — a collection of the Chinese president's statements on the subject — held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, on Thursday.

\n

Senior officials, diplomats, lawyers and scholars from China and African countries applauded the book and China's unique contributions to global human rights development. The forum was held on the eve of the first China-Africa Human Rights Seminar.

\n

Jiang Jianguo, executive vice-president of the China Society for Human Rights Studies, said China has achieved historic achievements in human rights since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China in 2012.

\n

Published in 2021, Xi Jinping: On Respecting and Protecting Human Rights represents a landmark in China's human rights development. The book has since been translated into 13 foreign languages, attracting readers from the global human rights community as well as political, academic, think tank and media circles, Jiang said.

\n

Quoting Xi, he said, "With different national conditions, countries should and can only explore suitable paths of human rights development in light of national realities and people's needs."

\n

China has advanced its human rights cause based on its national conditions and the people's needs, Jiang said.

\n

"It has eradicated absolute poverty; established the world's largest education, social security and healthcare systems; and continuously developed whole-process people's democracy. Through this book, we can understand why China's path of human rights development works and how this cause continues to progress."

\n

Remarkable journey

\n

Jeddi Mowbray Armah, deputy minister for legal affairs at Liberia's Foreign Ministry, said the book is a record of China's remarkable human rights journey and offers a window into a philosophy rooted in the country's national conditions and historic transformation.

\n

"Human rights are universal in value, yet diversity erupts. As President Xi makes it clear, there is no single template for the realization. Every country must check the path consistent with its history, culture and stage of development, while staying faithful to the aspiration for dignity, justice and equality for all," Armah said. Global South countries should avoid developing human rights models detached from their local realities, he added.

\n

China has taken a people-centered approach to human rights and whole-process democracy to ensure people get tangible benefits, he said, citing China's efforts to lift more than 700 million people out of poverty over recent decades.

\n

"These are human rights in action. They give practical meaning," he said. "This is a concept that integrates democratic participation at every stage in China. It shifts the focus from narrow electoral circles, from promises made to tangible results delivered."

\n

Democracy should be judged not by the form alone, but by whether it serves the people's interests, he added.

\n

Unique aspirations

\n

China's approach to human rights also offers unique aspirations for African countries to confront major challenges, such as poverty, education, health and employment, to make progress in human rights, he said.

\n

"The challenge before the world is not whether we agree with the human rights matter. It is whether we can create the conditions in which it can be realized for every person and every society."

\n

Fredrick Mutesa, secretary-general of the Zambia-China Friendship Association, said China has made important contributions to the global understanding of human rights through proposals such as the Belt and Road Initiative, the Global Development Initiative, the Global Civilization Initiative, and the Global Security Initiative.

\n

"China has become a trailblazer in fostering cooperation among countries of the Global South through these initiatives, (as well as through) China-Africa cooperation in economic development and modernization," he said.

\n

China is helping unlock Africa's development potential through infrastructure projects, green development, mining and other sectors, creating favorable conditions for the realization of the right to development, he added.

\n

Melha Rout Biel, founder and executive director of the Institute for Strategic and Policy Studies in South Sudan, said the Communist Party of China has been pursuing happiness for the Chinese people and progress for humanity since its founding.

\n

"China's commitment to global human rights extends beyond its borders," he said.

\n

"It advocates for a fair international human rights governance system, international cooperation, and respect for other countries and cultures."

\n

wangxiaodong@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-08/22/content_010_68a793daed50ccabe1517f59.htm#010WORLD", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Fri, 22 Aug 2025 00:21:05 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "7d13c20a41dacce7aeade4c3eee8b782", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "011WORLD - Safety net", "description": "

A teacher explains to students about the dengue disease and other diseases caused by mosquito bites, as they sit under a mosquito net as part of an awareness campaign against the diseases on World Mosquito Day on Wednesday in Agartala, India.

\n



获取更多RSS:
https://feedx.net
https://feedx.site
", @@ -7837,28 +7793,6 @@ "hash": "60e72e229d98d400c0e412c374a3f69d", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "012WORLD - WPP Media China helping native companies to expand overseas", - "description": "

\n\n

WPP Media China, the marketing and media service provider formerly called GroupM China, has built a reputation for assisting overseas companies in navigating the Chinese market. In recent years, the company has been keen to harness its expertise in helping Chinese companies expand their global operation, offering a clearer road map to success in an increasingly complex international business landscape.

\n

"Ten years ago, we were primarily focused on bringing Western brands into China, working closely with Western headquarters to tailor messaging for Chinese consumers. Now, the reverse is true. We need to leverage our network's expertise to help Chinese businesses understand how to drive relevance and resonate with consumers, taking into account the local nuances and cultural norms, whether in France, Fiji, Greece, or Germany," said Rupert McPetrie, CEO of WPP Media China.

\n

According to McPetrie, Chinese companies have been displaying increased confidence in their global expansion in recent years. There has also been a shift in business emphasis, with price no longer being the sole focus for these companies.

\n

"Chinese companies have transitioned from a value-led proposition to offering richer, deeper and more brand-oriented experiences. This shift has been evident in sectors such as electric vehicles and drones, where China is a global leader," said McPetrie.

\n

In addition to changing emphasis, McPetrie said that the marketing strategies in overseas markets have evolved.

\n

"The whole marketing ecosystem has changed. We're seeing a more integrated approach that encompasses the entire ecosystem — from branding and awareness to the resonance of brands with consumers in different markets — all the way through to conversion and click-to-purchase," said McPetrie.

\n

McPetrie, who has observed the development of the Chinese market for more than 10 years, said Chinese companies' journey of seeking overseas development features both opportunities and challenges. Quickly understanding and evaluating the market situation, as well as conducting effective localization, will become a unique competitive advantage for brands.

\n

"Securing a foothold in international markets depends not only on product and supply chain advantages but also on the effective storytelling of their brands. This brand narrative needs to be culturally relevant and resonate with and build trust among overseas consumers through efficient media touchpoints," said McPetrie.

\n

In recent years, WPP Media China has achieved excellent results in supporting Chinese brands in their global expansion, including the overseas marketing of Black Myth: Wukong and the global media planning and buying for the mobile phone brand Honor.

\n

According to McPetrie, WPP Media China is poised to become a long-term trusted partner for more Chinese brands, with the goal of accelerating client growth wherever they conduct business.

\n

"WPP Media China is an important part of WPP. WPP is present in over 100 countries worldwide and possesses a powerful network, talented teams and cutting-edge solutions tailored to diverse markets. This ensures that brand stories are effectively disseminated within the right media and marketing environments, enhancing the efficiency and impact of brand marketing for global expansion," said McPetrie.

\n

At the end of May, WPP globally announced the rebranding of GroupM to WPP Media, with the aim to further consolidate its development foundation and enhance its offer for the future. The move will enable WPP Media to deliver more integrated solutions to its clients in a more efficient manner.

\n

"We've been on a journey to become much easier to access. We're very lucky at the capabilities that we've been building. But one of the jobs we have is to make sure our clients can get the benefit of those capabilities very easily. We've been simplifying our organization practically and strategically, and the rebranding was just a symbol of that," said McPetrie.

\n

WPP Open, an artificial intelligence-enabled marketing platform empowered by Open Intelligence and developed by WPP Media, is deemed the main engine supporting its transition, according to McPetrie.

\n

tangzhihao@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", - "content": "

\n\n

WPP Media China, the marketing and media service provider formerly called GroupM China, has built a reputation for assisting overseas companies in navigating the Chinese market. In recent years, the company has been keen to harness its expertise in helping Chinese companies expand their global operation, offering a clearer road map to success in an increasingly complex international business landscape.

\n

"Ten years ago, we were primarily focused on bringing Western brands into China, working closely with Western headquarters to tailor messaging for Chinese consumers. Now, the reverse is true. We need to leverage our network's expertise to help Chinese businesses understand how to drive relevance and resonate with consumers, taking into account the local nuances and cultural norms, whether in France, Fiji, Greece, or Germany," said Rupert McPetrie, CEO of WPP Media China.

\n

According to McPetrie, Chinese companies have been displaying increased confidence in their global expansion in recent years. There has also been a shift in business emphasis, with price no longer being the sole focus for these companies.

\n

"Chinese companies have transitioned from a value-led proposition to offering richer, deeper and more brand-oriented experiences. This shift has been evident in sectors such as electric vehicles and drones, where China is a global leader," said McPetrie.

\n

In addition to changing emphasis, McPetrie said that the marketing strategies in overseas markets have evolved.

\n

"The whole marketing ecosystem has changed. We're seeing a more integrated approach that encompasses the entire ecosystem — from branding and awareness to the resonance of brands with consumers in different markets — all the way through to conversion and click-to-purchase," said McPetrie.

\n

McPetrie, who has observed the development of the Chinese market for more than 10 years, said Chinese companies' journey of seeking overseas development features both opportunities and challenges. Quickly understanding and evaluating the market situation, as well as conducting effective localization, will become a unique competitive advantage for brands.

\n

"Securing a foothold in international markets depends not only on product and supply chain advantages but also on the effective storytelling of their brands. This brand narrative needs to be culturally relevant and resonate with and build trust among overseas consumers through efficient media touchpoints," said McPetrie.

\n

In recent years, WPP Media China has achieved excellent results in supporting Chinese brands in their global expansion, including the overseas marketing of Black Myth: Wukong and the global media planning and buying for the mobile phone brand Honor.

\n

According to McPetrie, WPP Media China is poised to become a long-term trusted partner for more Chinese brands, with the goal of accelerating client growth wherever they conduct business.

\n

"WPP Media China is an important part of WPP. WPP is present in over 100 countries worldwide and possesses a powerful network, talented teams and cutting-edge solutions tailored to diverse markets. This ensures that brand stories are effectively disseminated within the right media and marketing environments, enhancing the efficiency and impact of brand marketing for global expansion," said McPetrie.

\n

At the end of May, WPP globally announced the rebranding of GroupM to WPP Media, with the aim to further consolidate its development foundation and enhance its offer for the future. The move will enable WPP Media to deliver more integrated solutions to its clients in a more efficient manner.

\n

"We've been on a journey to become much easier to access. We're very lucky at the capabilities that we've been building. But one of the jobs we have is to make sure our clients can get the benefit of those capabilities very easily. We've been simplifying our organization practically and strategically, and the rebranding was just a symbol of that," said McPetrie.

\n

WPP Open, an artificial intelligence-enabled marketing platform empowered by Open Intelligence and developed by WPP Media, is deemed the main engine supporting its transition, according to McPetrie.

\n

tangzhihao@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-08/22/content_012_68a7941eed50ccabe1517f69.htm#012WORLD", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Fri, 22 Aug 2025 00:21:05 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "2bbe721ce6338a235c114529dbcdfeea", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "在线视频搜索与观看MCP服务maccmsv10-api-mcp", "description": "maccmsv10-api-mcp 是一个免费的在线视频搜索与观看 MCP 服务。",