From 312ccba258cc610caeb7474da80f2ea16a866d8a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: CrazyJasonwell Date: Sat, 6 Sep 2025 14:11:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH] vault backup: 2025-09-06 14:11:25 --- .obsidian/plugins/cubox-sync/data.json | 2 +- .obsidian/plugins/rss-reader/data.json | 1012 ------------------------ 2 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 1013 deletions(-) diff --git a/.obsidian/plugins/cubox-sync/data.json b/.obsidian/plugins/cubox-sync/data.json index 6b0d2ba4..7bb55bda 100644 --- a/.obsidian/plugins/cubox-sync/data.json +++ b/.obsidian/plugins/cubox-sync/data.json @@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ "contentTemplate": "# {{{title}}}\n\n{{{description}}}\n\n{{{article_title}}} //文章内容标题\n{{{content}}} //文章正文\n\n\n[Read in Cubox]({{{cubox_url}}}) \n[Read Original]({{{url}}}) \n\n---\n\n{{#highlights.length}}\n## Annotations \n\n{{#highlights}}\n> {{{text}}} \n\n{{#note}}\n{{{note}}}\n{{/note}}\n[Link️]({{{cubox_url}}}) \n\n{{/highlights}}\n{{/highlights.length}}", "highlightInContent": true, "dateFormat": "yyyy-MM-dd", - "lastSyncTime": 1757133745622, + "lastSyncTime": 1757137356552, "lastSyncCardId": "7362485231795834846", "lastCardUpdateTime": "2025-09-02T17:21:26.574+0800", "syncing": false diff --git a/.obsidian/plugins/rss-reader/data.json b/.obsidian/plugins/rss-reader/data.json index a9a25d79..2cd90a82 100644 --- a/.obsidian/plugins/rss-reader/data.json +++ b/.obsidian/plugins/rss-reader/data.json @@ -3222,28 +3222,6 @@ "hash": "8601483400eb86ebcce6d9fce4af0a2e", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "汉语是牺牲了什么，才成为世界最紧凑、最高效的语言？", - "description": "
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汉语汉字是以““基础字符库大（要记的汉字多）、上手难度高”为代价，获取了高信息熵、底层架构好的优势。这两个缺点甚至直接导致汉字的两次拉丁化危机，使其差一点就像越南的喃字一样，泯灭于历史的长河中了········

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一、汉字是世界最紧凑、最高效的语言之一吗？

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答案是肯定的，以汉字为代表的意音方块字，作为一个复杂的文字符号系统，其信息熵很高。

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从信息量的角度看，方块字与拉丁字母是二维码与条形码的区别。单从维度上说，方块字的信息含量就比字母文字高了一个数量级。

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1948 年，英国数学家克劳德·香农在论文《A Mathematical Theory of Communication》（通信的数学原理）中，提出了一个表征符号系统中单位符号平均信息量的指标——信息熵，并给出了计算信息熵的公式。

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根据公式，符号系统中符号越多，信息熵越大；符号出现的频率越均匀，信息熵越高。据数理语言学中著名的齐普夫定律（ZIPF’SLAW）对全球主要语言进行统计，发现汉语是当今世界上信息量最大的文字符号系统。联合国五种工作语言文字的信息熵的比较如下：

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  • 法文：3．98 比特
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  • 西班牙文：4．01 比特
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  • 英文：4．03 比特
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  • 俄文：4．35 比特
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  • 中文：9．65 比特
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可以看出，拼音文字的信息熵小，差别不大。汉字的信息量最大。

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汉字对拼音文字的这种信息熵优势是什么概念？

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简单的比喻就是十进制数与二进制数的差别。十进制数字系统需要人记忆 0-9，10 个符号，二进制只需要记忆 0 和 1 两个符号。十进制乘除要记忆 9X9 表，二进制只需要学会与、或、非的简单逻辑。但是，人类在日常生活中为什么不使用二进制数字系统呢？因为那样很浪费，一个数字“7”表示成二进制就成了“111”，记个大数人不累？反过来，人类为什么不用十六进制，或更高的进制呢？一方面是人脑智力及生理习惯（人用 10 根手指来数数，习惯了）的限制，另一方面，十六进制也未必能大幅度提高信息熵。

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汉字用 5000 个字解决了绝大多数人面对绝大多数文章的理解问题，就凭这一点汉字就已经领先拼音文字很多了。拼音文字要达到同样效果至少需要十万单词量，要一个人学 10 年以上。这种信息熵反映在文字上，就是联合国文件中，中文版本一定是最薄的。这就是汉字字符集信息熵高的优势。

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而且如果觉得不够简练，汉语还贴心地提供多种压缩算法，例如:诗、词、曲、赋、成语、文言文……

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这在古代书写材料稀缺的情况下（无论是西方的羊皮纸、莎草纸，还是中国的竹简、早期的纸，都是较为昂贵的），信息熵高的文字就更有利于知识的传播、保存，对文明的发展显得尤为关键了。

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但世界万物，凡有所得，必有代价，正所谓“命运赠送的礼物,早已在暗中标好了价格”，那汉语汉字又牺牲了什么，才获得紧凑高效这一优点的呢？

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汉语付出的代价就是““预加载字符库大（要记的汉字多）、上手难度高”，这两个缺点甚至直接导致汉字的两次拉丁化危机，使其差一点就像越南的喃字一样，泯灭于历史的长河中了········

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二、汉语的缺陷与两次拉丁化危机1、“学习久上手难”导致的第一次拉丁化危机

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毋庸置疑，虽然汉字承载着汉语的诸多优势，但是汉字本身最大的劣势却是不可回避的，那就是学习曲线陡峭——学习时间长，不利于快速上手。 这主要是因为以下几个原因：

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  1. 汉语的识字量（底层字符库）要求大，需要认识 1500 字以上才能脱盲。要想要能基本无障碍的阅读写作，差不多要能读写 3500 个左右的汉字，这个记忆量，对于初学者来说其实挺大的。而德文、韩文等拼音文字，本国的成年人学拼音文字只需花费几个月掌握数十个字母、音标、表音文字拼写和读音之间的规律后，便可快速入门，就可以做到会听就会念 ，会念就会写，做到“我手写我口”。
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  2. 造字法有点乱，汉字由于“言文分离”，其表音表意规律不清晰，很多汉字，哪怕是看起像形声字，由于几千年语音的变化，读音却与想象的相差甚远， 识字不敢读半边，要靠死记硬背，这样一个个汉字背下来，可不得花两三年功夫。
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  3. 事实上, 中文学习的难度大部分都在汉字上，如果不打算考虑读写的话, 汉语其实是一门挺好学的语言，语法简洁, 词汇的构成基本靠组合, 反人类的发音不算多。对于拉丁语系的成年人，学汉字说是难如登天也不奇怪（如果只学拼音的话那就快多了，但哪怕只是学拼音，接下来的“四种声调”也够他们喝一壶了）······
    4. \n
  4. 音调系统很古怪（这一条主要是针对外国初学者，这也他们最常见的抱怨之一，怎么可能 Shuxue 既可以是“数学”同时还能是“输血”呢？或者 guojiang 可以是“过奖”或者是“果酱”？）
    5. \n
  5. 文化方面，汉语的难点在于，整个中文是依托于数千年的文化积淀而有序传承的，因此目前所用的词汇中有大量的典故、成语。（对于外国初学者）如果不了解其中的背景知识，那读起来是相当费劲的。
    6. \n
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这是汉字的劣势，导致与其他文字相比，学习上手难度较高。因此，哪怕是本国的成年人要学习掌握中文常用的 3500 个汉字（占全部汉字使用率的 99%以上），往往至少全日制学习三年才行，而拼音只需几个月就可以入门了（当然，仅限于本国母语，外语的话还是得苦学好几年的······）。

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这也导致清末民初众多名人支持“汉字拼音化”的核心原因之一，当时这帮民国文化人的推理逻辑很简单：

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中国积贫积弱 ->没有人才 ->受教育人少 ->汉字太难 ->拼音简单 ->汉字拼音化

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因此，自“五四运动”之后的几十年里，无数文人志士致力于“汉字拼音化”，不是因为这些人吃饱了撑的，也不是单单蠢到被人骗了，而是当时的中国真的面临极大的困境：国家想要复兴就要有知识，想要有知识就要学习，但学习是件极为奢侈的事情。

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如果你是知识分子，想唤醒沉睡的国人，心里着急，“汉字拼音化“这个方案，是合情合理（至少看起来像），符合当时的国情的。

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3500 个常用汉字至少要学全日制学三年，而拼音只需几个月。

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而当时中国处于“亡国灭种”的正危急存亡时刻，什么都缺，连时间都缺。

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亡国时刻的人们是没时间抒情的，没时间念旧的，更没时间学习茴字的四种写法。

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他们迫不及待的想要在一夜之间培养四万万能读能写的人，这些人中可以诞生四千万能学习数理化的人，四百万学有所成的人，四十万高级工程师！建立四万所工厂，生产一个大帝国所需的所有铁甲舰和火车，化肥和石油！

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而汉字拼音化，就是当时不少知识分子的想到的破局之道。

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在他们看来，这不是愚昧无知，也不是崇洋媚外，而是生死关头的断臂求生。

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能理解这些，就能理解为什么他们为什么要搞汉字拼音化了。

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--------------------------------

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题外话：

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多了解前因后果，会对历史人物的言论，多一份理解。但是，这份理解，绝不能等同于赞同。

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虽能理解他们当时的所思所想，也能够体谅“他们要求拉丁化，全盘西化，本意还是为保存和发展种族”的本心，但若要给其一个盖棺定论的话，那就是——

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这不过是一帮彻底被打碎文化自信、且不学无术（最多只学了半桶水）的“知识分子”的“病急乱投医”罢了。

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二十世纪初那会儿，接二连三的战败早已打碎中国人天朝上国的自信，连“中学为体、西学为用”这种符合正常文化自尊的做法都没底气坚持了。

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对于这些彻底丧失文化自信的知识分子来说，不学西方国必亡。

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在中国落后的现实下，中国的万事万物都有可能是造成落后的原因，所以病急乱投医，当真一厢情愿认为，只有否定延续了数千年的中华传统文化，否定了整个辉煌灿烂的中华文明，连汉字也放弃改成拉丁文，全盘西化“脱亚入欧”，才能救国救民。

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说他们不学无术、半桶水，是因为他们根本没有做客观的科学研究，只是看别国强大，便随意臆测其强大的原因，譬如说拉丁化可以减少文盲，还不是一拍脑瓜的想法，真有什么科学依据么?

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（扫盲的真正关键在于体系化的全民教育，而不是所谓拼音文字，你看亚非拉一堆用拼音文字的国家，还不是文盲遍地。反之如台湾，只要良好的全民教育体系，就算是用繁体字也能实现全岛扫盲。而一旦全民教育体系出来问题，例如 2020 年代的美国，一样能整出全国识字率只有 79%这种奇葩活）。

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而真正脚踏实地的华夏先贤们，他们也知道为了救亡图存，就必须要提高广大群众的识字率。

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所以他们在新中国成立后，面对识字率只有不到 10%的现实，因地制宜制定的第一套简化字方案，大力倡导推广白话文，推行汉语拼音方案，在人民公社 / 生产队开展识字班，用最短的时间，最高的效率，让一个数亿人口的大国，消除了为数众多的文盲，适应了工业化大生产的需要，进而让一个沉沦落伍数百年的农业国，建成了一个规模齐全的现代工业体系。

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这才是真的“救国救民，功德无量。”

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2：“打字输入 / 印刷排版难”导致的第二次拉丁化危机

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“打字输入 / 印刷排版难”这一点现在看来不算什么，但往前几十年，那真是一个极其严重的问题，汉字甚至差一点就因此彻底拉丁化了。

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要知道，自清末以来大半个世纪的「汉字拉丁化」思潮，其中一个重要理由就是——汉字印刷出版成本太高，阻碍知识文化快速传播普及。

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而 20 世纪初，开民智是关乎国家发展进步一个至关重要的环节。各国无不在积极普及教育，开展文化启蒙，提高国民素质，而对教育 / 文化传播影响最大的是什么行业？

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————出版业。

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而汉语有 5000 多个单字，字库不仅比英文字库规模大，而且检索和排版也更为麻烦。任何一个小报社，小出版社要印东西最起码要准备好几百万个甚至上千万个字码，要不然就要临时刻字。而欧洲国家普遍使用字母文，字母大小写都算上，也不过几十个基础单元，日本的平假名片假名算一起，也 100 来个基础单元。相对而言，汉字印刷费时、费工、费料，印刷成本比拼音文字高指数量级。

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之后印刷机和打字机的出现后更是雪上加霜，直接造成的结果就是——排版效率出现了巨大的差距，别人家出版业已经用了大半个世纪的机械化自动 / 半自动排版了，而直到上世纪 80 年代，我们还在人工排版。隔壁日本在 19 世纪就意识到了教育普及的重要性，于是为了适应西方铸排机的印刷方式，原本认为写汉字才高雅的大和民族立马向片假名滑跪了。我们呢？制版就靠工人在几千个铅字里一个个找，出份日报都费劲。你要是出本刊物出本书，里面生僻字再一多，猴年马月才能排完版。

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出版业效率低，知识和信息就无法廉价高效的传播。

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其实，当时的先贤们也为此努力过，挣扎过。 因为汉字文字的打印和印刷问题，民国不少人呼吁要改制中文打字机。 1915 年，留学生祁暄发明了一种中文打字机，使用了当时流行的“组合理论”。这台机器需要人工检索，效率极其低下。
1919 年，商务印书馆工程师舒振东发明了“舒氏中文打字机”，该机器用了“常用字理论”。一般情况下用常用字模盘打字，有需要时再去生僻字里找。尽管这种方式大大降低门槛，但没经过培训也难以掌握。
1947 年，民国的大师林语堂（曾在清华大学任教，著《吾国与吾民》向西方世界介绍中国），曾耗尽家财花费数年（从 1919 年一直搞到 1947 年）研制了第一台中文打字机——【明快打字机】，这打字机就和机械计算器的观感一样，当然也包含了机械计算器的劣势 -- 超级贵;很精细，修理很难。因此这打字机根本没卖出几台，林语堂也因为这个机器破产了。
是的，由于汉字的特性，想要在机械时代弄出好用且低成本、易普及的打字机，是一件近乎不可能的事。
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于是，当时的很多人（包括一些名人和文化界大人物）大多鼓励汉字拉丁化，因为这样我们就可以使用铸排机加快出版效率了。而且也有很大的群众基础在，毕竟大多数人本来就不识字，教他们学方块汉字还是拉丁汉字，没什么区别。

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为此，汉语拼音化言论铺天盖地、甚嚣尘上，甚至建国后政府都一直推进相关工作，当时是真的要准备步日本，韩国，朝鲜，越南的后尘，把汉字彻底拼音化的。

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1954 年官方成立的文字改革委员会，委员会早就做了决定：“一定要实行拼音化”，虽然没有给拼音化下一个时间表，但是工作一直在做，就好比“一定要解放台湾”，没有时间表说明何时解放，但是一定要解放一样。

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那什么时候中国官方才停止了推动拼音化的工作呢？

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——是 1985 年，

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为什么会在这时停止拼音化的探索呢？

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因为 1980 年，咱们的王选院士发明了汉字激光照排系统，并利用该技术成功印刷了纪念周总理的文学作品——《伍豪之剑》。汉字出版业从此直接跨过机械化，实现了信息化，汉字输入 / 打印不再是问题了。

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当时也是汉字最危险的时候，1980 年代，是中国重新睁眼看世界的时代，而当时给国人的冲击，比清末更为剧烈，河殇文化被大部分人认可，不是没有原因的，所谓的反思，已经倾向否定一切，从文化到种族，从地理到血缘，中国的一切都被认为是荒唐腐朽，毫无意义的。
1980 年代，一些小学教材已经改为全拼音化，整本书不见一个汉字，无数的老师虽不情愿但也只能私下里无奈地抱怨······
好在随着王选院士证明了汉字在信息时代一样能够快速输入 / 印刷，从而遏制这一浪潮。这些教材很快作废，学生们收到免费新的汉字教材，老师终于不用再抱怨了·····
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1980 年王选院士发明了汉字激光照排系统
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至此，王选院士用自己的努力，把【汉字拉丁化】彻底丢进了历史的垃圾桶。

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（是那些有骨气的、坚信汉语的优越性、中国文明在计算机世界一定能找到自己的出路的人的坚持与创新才有了今天。有此国士，实乃中华之幸）

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对于当时的人民来说，打字机时代如果一直延续下去的话，汉字就真的危险了——那种环境下，「汉字拼音 / 拉丁化」将会成为一种无奈的选择，被广泛推广········

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但后来汉字激光照排和五笔输入法出现，汉字出版业直接跨过机械化，实现了信息化，解决了困扰近百年的难题，汉语拼音化随之被多数学者抛弃。汉字也就此躲过了一劫。

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3、汉字的其他缺陷：

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（1）语素少，造成同音现象，听说层面信息传递低效

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中文语素少，中文语素少，造成同音现象远多于英语、法语、德语等拼音文字。

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同样是各位吐槽的英语时态变化，法语各种变位，阴阳性，因为单词变形使得读音也变化，在听说中容易分清。典型的就是 he/she/it，在中文里是三个同音的「ta」，以至于很多人必须再补充问一下「ta 是男的还是女的」。

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也即，在听说层面，汉语的信息传递较为低效。这种低效导致汉语必须字正腔圆，逐字逐句，语速不能过快。而英语可以有闪音连读，因此在相同时间内能够传递更多的信息量。尤其在看视频时，没有字幕且说话人口音不标准时，就会不舒服。英语反而少很多。从这个角度看，汉语的简练是体现在读写上面的，而在听说层面显著落后于表音文字。这也很好理解，汉语作为意音文字，本身读写能力强大。英法语是所听即所见，记录的是读音（英语正字法太烂是另一回事），各有优势。简练也是看场景的。

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同音造成的困扰，也是老外学习中文的一大苦恼，同音就罢了，同一个字，意思还那么多，简直是要让外国人分分钟崩溃。

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前面说了那么多汉字的缺点，那么汉字真的不如英语等拼音 / 字母文字么？

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当然不是！！！

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汉字底层架构设计好，信息熵高（简练），哪怕是在全球文字中，汉字的底层架构是独一档的存在，他是一种拥有高度概念抽象能力的「面向对象」文字，拥有近乎完美的「封装」「继承」「多态」特性。每一个部首和基本汉字都是一个封装的「类(class)」，造字造词都是通过「继承」(最常用的是多重继承)来完成的，然后再通过声调完成「重载」以简化音系。

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这些特性也让汉字成为了天生的跨学科文字，能以区区 3500 字便囊括表达万事万物能够有效解决了科学技术发展下单词量爆炸问题，让人最容易学到新事物和跨学科事物（大幅降低专业壁垒），让普通人也能快速高效读专业书籍。就这一点而言，汉字是可谓是“先天知识普惠圣体”啊，全民“通才”教育的至强神器，堪称最适合工业科技时代的文字之一·············

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三、为何说汉字是“先天知识普惠圣体”，最适合工业科技时代的文字之一？

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汉字底层架构设计好、「面向对象」的特点，也带来了以下的几个优势：

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  1. 可通过高效组词的方式，解决词汇量爆炸问题（掌握 3500 字，百万词汇都不怕）
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  2. 词组逻辑性好，容易理解（甚至“望文生义”也大差不差），大幅降低专业壁垒
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  3. 缩写词更易理解
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  4. “一字一音”的单音节模式，带来的更高效编码
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  5. 信息熵高（言简意赅，便于书写）
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  6. 具备“二维码”特性，便于认读（读得准 + 读得快）
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  7. 形音结合，解决同音字问题
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  8. 自带超大规模的“引用库”和压缩包
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优势 1：3500 字走遍天下都不怕，有效解决词汇量爆炸问题，

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所有语言都有一个特性，就是——你必须掌握它的基础量才能运用自如。比如汉语体系的字，英语体系的词。

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那英文需要掌握多少词汇，才能满足基本生活需求呢？曾有专家专门整理的词汇频率表：

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  • 掌握 2000 英文单词，阅读覆盖率为 75.89%
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  • 掌握 9000 英文单词，阅读覆盖率为 98.10%
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  • 掌握 24000 英文单词，阅读覆盖率为 99.65%，
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也就是说，如果要满足 98%的阅读覆盖率，就至少需要掌握 9000 个英文单词，要想满足 99.6%的阅读覆盖率，就得掌握 24000 个单词，这个记忆的工作量着实不小啊·····

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咱拿中文对比一下：（数据来自国家标准 GB2312-80《信息交换用汉字编码字符集 * 基本集》相关词频统计）

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  • 掌握 1000 个汉字，阅读覆盖率为 91.91%，
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  • 掌握 2000 个汉字，阅读覆盖率为 98.38%，
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  • 掌握 3500 个汉字，阅读覆盖率为 99.82%，
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  • 当然学汉语还得记词组，但是负担会小很多，因为那些字你都已经认识了。在掌握了 3500 常用字以后，深入学下去基本都是“熟字新词”，扩大词汇量很容易。
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举个例子：

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  • 牛：bull
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  • 肉：meat
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  • 牛肉：beaf
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［牛肉］这个词， 汉语就是［牛］+［肉］，表达直接准确。 而英语相对应的，应该是［bull］+meat。但这样组合，就成了一个多重音节的词汇。对于表达和理解都十分费力。于是，英语就直接新造了一个词 beaf，这完全就是资源的浪费。英语不仅需要记住［牛］［肉］，还得记住［牛肉］，而汉字系统只需要记住［牛］和［肉］这两个词汇就可以了。

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而英文嘛，由于英文词汇之间无法建立像汉字词汇那样紧密的联系，就导致只要有一个新的概念在英语中出现，英文就必须设计出一种新词汇与之对应，而且很难在从字形看出彼此之间的联系，那要记的单词就多咯········

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也就是说，对于英文零基础的中国人，要全职学习 2 年英文才能熟练掌握 9000-1 万个单词，雅思能考 7-8 分，这已经非常了不起啦，但去读报纸，小说，跨专业的学术文章时，会发现自己仍旧是个半文盲，还是满篇不认识的单词。

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而中国人只要能掌握 3500 个汉字，以及相关词汇，就可以阅读《人民日报》而不会有多少生词。英语母语的人，得掌握 24000 个单词后， 才能实现差不多的读报效果。

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而且，英文读者一旦遇上报纸中那 0.35%不认识的单词，那体验就不那么美妙了。前面说过，英文单词不像中文，难以“望文生义”，碰上了，不是认识就是不认识，猜都没法猜。按照 0.35%的频率，平均每阅读 1000 个单词，就有近 4 个单词不认识。一页 office 文档就 500 个英文单词，看小说时每页都会出现 1-2 个不认识的单词，而若这是关键词，是非常影响阅读体验的。

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所以，就最终效果而言，英国人学习了 2 万单词，他能享受的信息还是有限的。中国人学习三四千汉字，就可以享受几乎全部信息。可谓是“学少而知多”，投资收益率高的惊人呀。

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同时，英文等拼音文字还存在一个问题：词汇量爆炸

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拼音 / 字母文字通常采用采用“构词法”，也就是”“一物一词”造词模式，导致一旦有了新事物，就得造一个新词汇来表述。这样就会直接导致一个严重问题，就是——随着时代的进步，新生事物的不断涌现，词汇总量会呈指数级暴增。你不要小看造新词带来的破坏，这个如同熵增一样，随着时间的推移会非常恐怖。

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举个极端点的例子，

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目前世界上已知的植物有 37 万种。

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拼音文字造 37 万单词也容易（字母排列组合下就行），，但是这也意味着，你要记几十万个单词。

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谁能学会?谁能记住?这还不是最操蛋的。

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更操蛋的是，世界上有 150 万种动物。

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更更操蛋的是，世界上有数百万种微生物。

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这还只是生物这一门学科·······

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如果每一个新事物都要造一个单词，那么造出来单词数量会吓死人，不可能有人认识。而且这些新词汇都需要学习者去重新记忆他们的拼写、音标、词义、时态变化，这样会造成英文词汇的学习记忆难度呈倍数级的上升！

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而且这一问题随着时间推移，会显得越发突出。

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  • 1600 年，莎士比亚时代（1564~1616 年）的英语词汇量约为 3 万个单词（据《纽约时报》统计）；
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  • 1933 年，第一版《牛津词典》编纂了 76 个年头，收录不到 10 万个单词；
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  • 1989 年，第二版《牛津词典》，收录 31 万个单词；
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  • 2019 年，据《纽约时报》统计，英语单词数量，超过了 100 万个；
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  • 2021 年，趣词典网站统计，超过 300 万个。单词长度，平均在 10–11 个字母。最长的正式单词 1319 个字母（其缩写词就好多了，缩写后仅仅 28 个字母）。
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  • 目前，单词数仍在持续增长中（英语每年还有 1~2 万新词产生），看百万级的词汇量，估计普通人一辈子也记不完了。
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显然，在这种趋势下，无论哪种语言，随着时代的发展，人类有限的时间和越来越多需要掌握的词汇量将会形成强烈的矛盾。

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而汉语是被冲击最小的一种语言。这核心在于汉语“四维结构”编码方式带来的高效组词优势。

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通常来说，如果要对一类事物进行编码，大体上有两种方式，

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  • 一是设置较简单的编码体系（精简指令集），基础字符少，但组合成符码的长度会较长，
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  • 二是设置较复杂的符码体系（复杂指令集），基础字符多，但组合成符码的长度会较短。
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英文采用的是精简指令集，使用 26 个字母（基础字符），形成“字母 - 词 - 句”的三维结构。

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汉语采用的是复杂指令集，使用 8 种笔画构成 3000~1 万个字（基础字符），形成“笔画 - 字 - 词 - 句”的四维结构。

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这种“四维结构”令汉语在组词方面，获得对英文“降维打击”的优势。

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  • 英文有 26 个字母（基础字符），两个字母可以形成 676 个组合，4 个字母可以形成差不多 45 万种组合。
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  • 而汉语常用字有 3500 个，2～4 个汉字组合的理论数量极大，2500 个基本字可组成 40 万亿个词。
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呃·········怎么有种“26 进制 VS 3500 进制”的既视感？
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汉语正是通过这样相对复杂的编码，构建了更多了的基础字符，从而可以通过更少字符的组合，为各种新事物生成表达准确含义的新词，避免了重新造字（神奇就神奇在你只需要了解最基本的汉字就可以懂得组合出的词的意思）。

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客观世界是复杂的，而且随着科技的发展，人类对宇宙世界认知的不断提升，人类面对的各种概念会越来越多，越来越复杂。而这时候，英文等精简指令集的的不足就开始显现出来了，虽然你规则简单易上手，但人脑并不是图灵机，基础规则的便利（精简指令集）并不代表对人脑来说更方便。

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举个简单的例子，
掌握十进制需要掌握 0、1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9 十个数字，掌握二进制只需要掌握 0、1 两个数字；
十进制乘法表需要从一一得一背到九九八十一，二进制乘法表只有一句，就是一一得一。
那晚期智人为什么不在日常生活中使用学习成本如此之低的二进制，反而要使用学习成本远高于二进制的十进制呢？
数学上十进制的 114514 确实等于二进制的 11011111101010010，但是在生理学上人的大脑最多同时处理 5 到 9 个信息(chunks)。原因是短期记忆储存空间的限制，超过 9 个信息团，将会使得大脑出现错误的概率大大提高。人眼一眼能识别的字符数也是有限的。
所以人们反而更喜欢日常使用学习成本更高的十进制。
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同样地，三维语言由于维度较低，为了描述越来越复杂的客观世界，就必须创造越来越多的词。这给人们的学习生产生活带来了巨大的不便利，一个西方人要想较为熟练的掌握某项知识，需要掌握的各种词汇少则几万，多则十几万。一旦要转行学习新东西，还得重新背诵记忆。不仅难度门槛非常高，而且非常笨拙。

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而汉语这种四维语言，除了可以用“构字法”来创造新字外，还有可以用“组词法”——由字的组合来产生词，由词来描述世界。

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其实咱们的老祖宗当年造字，也曾走上过“构词（字）法”这条歪路，给每个事物都造一个新的对应的字 / 词（主要是当时还在竹简上刻字的年代，为了竹简轻点、字数少点，故意搞出来的一大把单字）。

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比如马，少壮的马叫驹，高六尺的马叫骄，青黑色的马叫骐，毛色黄白相杂的马叫駓......

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后来老祖宗发现这样下去不是事呀。直接改用“组词法”来解决这一问题，比如将骐写成“青黑马”。从而避免这一问题。

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这“组词法”的加持下，只要掌握了几千个汉字，这几千个汉字就可以组合成无穷无尽（近乎正无穷）的词汇，进而描述认知世界。非常简单而且非常巧妙。还可触类旁通，记忆量大减。

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汉语里：

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火箭，不就是火推动的箭么？

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计算机，不就是会计算的机器么？

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想象你拎起“脑”这个词，可以拎出一串“猪脑，羊脑，脑干，脑髓，脑细胞……”(这才是体现抽象和逻辑好吗？)

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汉语这种强大的容纳、表述能力，可以利用不同组合就表达了不同事物，伟大而让人轻松。

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英语呢？

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有了火箭，就得产生个新词 ROCKET；

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有了计算机，就得来个 COMPUTER。

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记忆量大呀，挺累人的······

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瞧瞧，这就是差距。

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一边是要背诵掌握十几万个词，一边是要掌握几千个汉字，哪个简单，哪个先进一目了然。

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优势 2：高效组词便于理解，大幅降低专业知识门槛，可谓是“先天知识普惠圣体”

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由于英文等拼音文字的词汇之间无法建立像汉字词汇那样紧密的联系，也很难在从字形看出彼此之间的联系，这就给普通人的阅读理解带来巨大的麻烦与不便。

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举个简单的例子：

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有个经典笑话：那就是【绝大部分英国人不知道葡萄干是用葡萄制作的，也不知道葡萄酒是用葡萄酿的】，为啥呢？

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因为这几个货的单词是这样的：

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  • 葡萄 grape
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  • 葡萄干 raisin
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  • 葡萄酒 wine
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光看字面和读音，你是无法得知这个单词与表述的东西有啥联系的。

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再举个例子，为什么美国总统特朗普会给美国人民科普无人机没有人？

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因为无人机英文是——drone，这五个字母组合在一起，实在是表达不出来——这东西里面没有人。

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当然，也有读者会反驳——怎么会呢，这完全可以用词根词缀来解决啊。采取类似中文组词的方式，把词根作为构成单词的组件，利用词根来构成单词。这样即使你完全不认识这个新的单词，根据词根你可以猜出他的是个什么意思。

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这看起来的确是好办法（毕竟中文就是这么干的），但是嘛·········有些事别人（汉字）做起来简单，你（英文）做起来就不一定简单咯······

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拼音文字如果要走这条路，代价就是——这样单词会变得很长。因为字母 / 拼音文字，由于缺少单音节词，所以一般常用词只能使用双音节词。而要形成逻辑结构就必须大规模使用四音节词，这种完全用词根词缀组合来表达海量的关联信息就太冗长了，且非常低效。

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一个有意义的词根起码也得三四个字母，两三个词根的组合，这个单词就奔着十几二十个字母去了。如果稍微复杂一点的新词，学会这个单词的发音怕是得去德云社了。

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举个典型的例子：

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英文：pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis

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英 ['nju:mənəʊ ˌʌltrə-ˌmaɪkrəs' kɒpɪk'sɪlɪkəvɒl'keɪnəʊ kəʊnɪ'əʊsɪs]

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美 ['nju:mənoʊ ˌʌltrə-ˌmaɪkrəs' kɒpɪk'sɪlɪkəvɒl'keɪnoʊ koʊnɪ'oʊsɪs]

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中文学名：肺尘埃沉着病（看着就像英文直译，有点拗口）

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中文简称：肺尘病

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pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 是一个典型的词根组合词，由 pneumono(肺部)-ultra（微）-microscopic（微小的）-silico（硅）-volcano（粉尘）-conio-sis（沉积状态）组合而成。大家可以照着音标念念，保证你会从此对英文的“优越性”佩服地五体投地！

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所以现实中大家也基本不用这个词，而是使用 silicosis 来表述，但·····短倒是短了，可它也就失去了望文生义的功能，非专业读者看到这个词恐怕想不到这是一种肺部疾病吧？

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英文、德文里面的不少超级长的单词，就用上述这个方法造出来的，发音有规律，看了就能读。就是长了那么“亿点点”，没人会用。

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而且随着时间的推移与不断的造词，导致英文单词越来越长，目前 8 个字母以上英文单词已经达到 50%以上，甚至 30%单词超过 12 位字母。英文单词平均长度，正在无休止的变长!

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为了避免这种低效，很多常用的词就只能抛弃逻辑结构，只能造无法联想记忆的新词来避免单词的冗长与笨拙（又回到“一物一新单词”），然后嘛·······就又跑回前面词汇量爆炸的老路了。

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当然，还有一个办法，就是不造新词，直接借用现有词汇增加新解释，但这就会导致一词多义严重：

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例如英文的 set 这个单词，大家可以看看它被塞了多少词义····

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很多人经常吐槽中文“一字多义”难学易混淆，但作为“祖传屎山”的英文在这方面也是丝毫不差，据统计：

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    \n
  • set，有 430 个定义；
    • \n
  • go，有 368 个定义；
    • \n
  • take，有 343 个定义；
    • \n
  • stand，有 334 个定义；
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  • get，有 289 个定义；
    • \n
  • turn，有 288 个定义；
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  • put，有 268 个定义；
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  • fall，有 264 个定义；
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  • strike，有 250 个定义……
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不过，平心而论的话，这是其实是一个普遍问题，只要是经过长时间的演化的文字都会存在这类“代码屎山”（毕竟任何项目经过数百年上千年的修修补补，都会成为一坨屎山），但得益于自身特性，中文虽有一字多义，【一词多义】情况却较为少见（尤其和英文对比）···········

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从这点来看，与英文这种拼音文字的屎山代码相比，汉字的底层架构的先进性简直爆表了啊····

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词汇量爆炸还带了一个严重问题：专业词汇不断增多，造成专业隔离。

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作为中国人：你认识 3500 个汉字基本上可以读书看报了。
作为英国人：你认识 10000 个英文单词还是个“半文盲”。
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由于词汇量爆炸式增长，在英文实际应用中，每个专业都有大量专业英语词汇被发明出来，并需要专门学习，例如各种法律、医学、化学等专业都有数以千计的专有词汇，为此还不得不专门编纂（各学科的）专业英语词典。

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基本上，任何一门学科都有专业英语，而且其专业英文字典往往都非常厚，如此一来，造成的后果就是专业英语只有专业的人才可以记忆和使用，导致英语的专业知识壁垒越来越高。而普通老百姓一旦遇到了哪怕稍微专业一点的学术技术领域名词，立马懵逼变文盲了。

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不信？我随便贴个葫芦科植物 + 分类残页给英文和拉丁文，给大家看一看。

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看汉字部分，中国小学生也一看就懂，大概猜测这个瓜是啥特点。 但是国外老百姓要是猛然撞见这些单词。。。。立马听了懵 B，见了流泪——完全不懂啊！

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再比如医学领域，普通人学专业医学英语基本上是从头开始，跟以前学过的英语完全不一样。

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不信的话，最方便验证的一个方法，去医院，你去看各科室的牌子，看英文标牌，你会觉得大学英语四六级白学了。
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    \n
  • 中国的医院里面有眼科，牙科，儿科。都是器官在加科字，就算是刚识字的小孩也能明白。但是英语就有点离谱了，child 或者 kid 是儿童，但是 pediatrics 是儿科，牙齿是 tooth 但是 dentistry 是牙科，眼睛是 eyes，但是眼科是 ophthalmology。没个大学文凭，估计连医院科室都找不到。
    • \n
  • 在英美，如“四环素”、“变阻器”、“碳酸钙”、“高血压”、“肾结石”、“七边形” 、“五面体”等词汇，都只有专业人士才会。
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  • 一般人连他们的基本医学术语，如“酒精绵球”“血压计”都不会讲。脑水肿、胃溃疡等病名，说给普通人听也听不懂，
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普通外国人进了医院就只能听凭医生护士忽悠，连自己到底是啥病都不明白。

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如果你对此还是难以体会的话，咱就用中文给你举个例子，你就明白“构词法”是如何制造所谓的专业知识壁垒，让你秒变“半文盲”的。

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前面提到过，当年还在竹简上刻字的年代，咱们的老祖宗为了竹简轻点字数少点，故意搞出来不少单字。例如为了形容 47 种不同的马，造了 47 个字。

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骚年，你知道“马”字的 47 种写法么？
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  1. 驳(bó):毛色不纯的马.
    2. \n
  2. 駒(dí):额白色的马,
    3. \n
  3. 骧(xiāng):后右蹄白色的马.
    4. \n
  4. 馵(zhù):后左脚白色的马。
    5. \n
  5. 騱(xí):前脚全白的马
    6. \n
  6. 騚(qián):四蹄全白的马。
    7. \n
  7. 驓(céng):膝下白色的马,
    8. \n
  8. 驠(yàn)屁股毛色白的马。
    9. \n
  9. 騴(yàn):尾根白色的马,
    10. \n
  10. 駺(láng):白尾马。
    11. \n
  11. 骢(cōng)青白色的马。
    12. \n
  12. 驒(tuó):有白色鳞状斑纹的青马 +
    13. \n
  13. 骓(zhuī):毛色苍白相杂的马
    14. \n
  14. 骃(yīn):浅黑杂白的马,
    15. \n
  15. 駂(bǎo):毛色黑白相杂的马。
    16. \n
  16. 駩(quán):黑嘴白毛的马。
    17. \n
  17. 駯(zhū):黑嘴的马。
    18. \n
  18. 驙(zhān):脊背黑色的白马。
    19. \n
  19. 骆(luò):尾和鬣毛黑色的白马。
    20. \n
  20. 駹(máng):面、额为白色的黑马。
    21. \n
  21. 驈(yù):股间白色的黑马
    22. \n
  22. 騽(xí):背脊黄色的黑马.
    23. \n
  23. 驔(diàn):黄色脊毛的黑马
    24. \n
  24. 騩(guī):毛浅黑色的马,
    25. \n
  25. 駽(xuān):青黑色的马。亦称“铁青马 +”
    26. \n
  26. 騥(róu):多鬃的青黑色马,
    27. \n
  27. 骐(qi):有青黑色纹理如棋盘格子纹的马.
    28. \n
  28. 驖(tiě):赤黑色的马。
    29. \n
  29. 骊(l):纯黑色的马。
    30. \n
  30. 騢(xiá):毛色赤白相杂的马
    31. \n
  31. 騵(yuán):赤毛白腹的马.
    32. \n
  32. 骅(huá):赤色的骏马。
    33. \n
  33. 骝(liú):黑鬃黑尾巴的红马,
    34. \n
  34. 騝(qián):黄脊黑鬃黑尾巴的红马,
    35. \n
  35. 骍(xīng):赤色的马.
    36. \n
  36. 騜(huáng):毛色黄白相杂的马,
    37. \n
  37. 駓(pī):毛色黄白相杂的马。亦称“桃花马 +”
    38. \n
  38. 骠(biāo)：黄毛夹杂着白点子的马
    39. \n
  39. 騧(guā)：黑嘴的黄马
    40. \n
  40. 騟(yú)：紫色马
    41. \n
  41. 馼(wén)：红鬃、白身、黄眼的马
    42. \n
  42. 骄(jiāo)：六尺高的马
    43. \n
  43. 騋(lái)：七尺高的马
    44. \n
  44. 駥(róng)：八尺高的马
    45. \n
  45. 驹(jū)：两岁以下的马
    46. \n
  46. 騑(fēi )：三岁的马
    47. \n
  47. 駣(táo)：三四岁的马
    48. \n
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好家伙，我直接一个好家伙，马有这么多说法，如果要我说，我只会说一个泥码。
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这要是搁古代。我妥妥就是文盲了。

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所以这玩意在汉语造就被淘汰了。但这在英语中，可还是大行其道啊，尤其跨专业、跨学科阅读医学，生物，化学，法律的书籍文献时；众多的专业词汇，即使对于英语母语者来说，也是一辈子都没见过的生词，完全是在读天书一样。

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这就导致英美等国出现一个严重问题——功能性文盲众多！

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所谓功能性文盲，是指：“具有阅读、书写或计算能力，但是却缺乏利用这些能力来处理某些日常生活事务的能力”。“日常生活事务”指的是例如阅读报纸、查字典、读公车时刻表、理解说明书、填写申请书一类事情。
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根据美国教育部和美国国家识字研究所 2013 年开展的【关于美国文盲人数的全面深入的调查】结果，美国有 3200~5000 万功能性文盲。

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据调查结果，全美成年人中不怎么识字的占到了总人口的 14%，也就是 3200 万人。全美 21%的成年人有阅读困难，达不到五年级小学生所应有的阅读水平。而美国高中毕业生中 20%的人连自己毕业证书上的单词都看不懂。
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这其中很大一部分锅得扣在英语头上，英语“构词法”的特性决定了，如果他要想达到较为复杂的阅读或者书写，需要的基础词汇量太大，一到稍微专业一些的领域，别说是普通人了，就算是（非该领域的）精英的大学生，照样会立马化身文盲。

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而汉语新词是以现有的汉字组合起来，即使是科技时代很多新的专业词汇，汉字也可以通过组合的方式表达其复杂的含义。而中文由字组词，只用 4 千汉字可代表各种科学技术单词，解决了科学技术发展下单词量爆炸问题。

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由于汉字的单音节特性，又有丰富含义，使其可以很奢侈地使用逻辑结构来构建“词组”。汉语新词是以现有的汉字组合起来，即使遇到没见过的新词，只要认识组成词语的单个汉字，你基本都可以望文生义，这种逻辑结构，使得中文的联系性、逻辑性要优于字母语言。

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举例来说，

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以英语为例，水仙花叫 narcissus，如果该儿童不知道这个单词，他就无法根据这个词本身的组成部分推知它是什么意思。因为这个词的组成成分没有太多的常用的可以令人一望而知是什么东西的那种成分。narc 有‘缉毒探员’的意思，narco 有‘麻醉、昏睡’的意思。但它们一方面不属于最常用的词类，另一方面也不能暗示这个词本身是一种花。 而且儿童还未必能把 narc 单独分离成一个词。

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而在中国，当人民日报出现‘水仙花’这个单词时，中国儿童尽管也许不知道这究竟是什么花，但是他不需查字典就知道这是一种花。

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水仙’两个字也是常用字，可以帮助 + 儿童判断这种花至少不是菊花、桃花、牡丹花及许多儿童已经知道的种种花卉。

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也就是说，他即使不知道究竟是什么具体的花，他也已经知道

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  • 1）这是一种花；
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  • 2）这不是别的所有那些他已经知道的花。
    • \n
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知道什么是一种知识，知道什么东西不是什么，也是一种知识。如果将这个词中所含的信息量规定为 3，则中国儿童已经不教而知其 2，即 67% 可是，对于一个印欧语系的儿童来说，恐怕就不是这样。如果将这个词所含的信息量照样规定为 3，则西方儿童所能获得的有效信息量只能是 0, 即 0%

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因此，印欧语系儿童面临的是一个完全的生词，不知道就不知道，必须作为一个完全的生词来记住。 当中国儿童看到‘水仙花’这个生词的地方的时候，他可能略一停顿，根据自己的理解便继续读下去，而印欧语系的儿童却会因为这个生词而完全给卡住了，因为他如果压根儿就不知道这个生词是什么意思，他就难以判断究竟它是一个具有关键意思的词呢，还是可以跳过不管的词。

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这也是表音文字的缺点，就是出现新事物后，新发明的词汇意思和文字基本上没啥关联，你得不断扩展词汇量。而表意文字就是拿以前的文字凑合一下就是新词汇了，国内理工科专业课，谁见过需要专门去背词汇的？除非学的是英文教材。

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实际上国内理工科本科学得认真点儿的，看大部分理工科研究生的论文，都能看懂个大概，跨专业交流，你说某人不知道其他专业的知识点是正常的，但要说完全听不懂人家说的啥，那倒是很罕见。

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所以在中文互联网上，有时候双方互骂的时候会把对方比作小学生，甚至很多时候真的是小学生和大学生在网上辩论，虽然看起来这是个不好的行为，但反面说明了，中文的结构一旦理解，就非常容易突破功能性文盲的问题，即便是小学生，照样不存在能认字但无法用文字组成高级语句的问题。

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因此，在英语国家，掌握 1 万单词的也就家庭主妇水平，真的什么工作也干不了，这才是对人最大的恶意，基本上你就被锁死在底层。没有 2 万个词别想读报，没有 3 万个词别想把周刊读顺（据美国联邦教育委员会调查，美国中学毕业生七成看不懂纽约时报），大学毕业 10 年后的职业人士一般都得懂 8 万单词，才能从事知识密集型的工作，例如学个开挖掘机，先要学一大堆单词，学个驾驶，先要学一大堆单词，根本不利于科技普及。

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而在现代社会一个说汉语的人只需要掌握 3500 个字（占汉字总使用率的 99%以上），就可以读书、看报、搞科研。哪怕给你篇论文或来本专业书籍读，也很难找出不认识的字，即便是不认识的专业术语，相当一部分都可以望文生义。所以中国以后在多专业的交叉领域挺有优势的。

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英语等字母拼音文字所谓的简单是入门比较简单，但仅能对付日常用语，却禁锢了使用者的知识摄入量，抬高了学习知识的门槛，是不利于全民科技推广的一种语言。

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但英语也有一个好处，就是筛选（隔离？）能力特别强，中文的普及能力导致了，天才和普通人在语言认知能力之间无法拉开差距，比如知乎常见的两个辩题：中药和西药，西方伪历论。

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我们不讨论哪方是对的，但你会发现，你只要有高中以上的知识，加基本的拼音打字能力，加互联网搜索能力，你就可以参加这些比较高深的辩题，而这一点，在英语语境里面是绝对做不到的，高中层面的英语词汇，绝对不足以支持你发表一篇比较有说服力的网络回答。

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也就是说，即便是在中文环境中烂大街的辩题，如果你放到英语语境中，你只会收获很多非常夸张的阴谋论，而非一个看起来还算正常的网络辩论，能完成正常网络辩论的，一定是有一定学历水平以上的人士才能参加的工作。英语在功能性上的隔阂，特别容易把专业人士从普通人里面筛选出来，而英语本身的特性就是是个大筛选器，普通人是跨不过去的。

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这也就是为什么英语国家下，民众和精英之间的对立程度特别大，比尔盖茨这样的人哪怕真的去非洲普及疫苗，也会被整上各种疫苗阴谋论，因为英语体系下，普通人和精英甚至可以说是两个物种，比如我们常说，（中文）每个字我都认识，但连起来我就看不懂了，在英文的表达环境里面是，你说的每个字我都不认识，连起来我更看不懂。

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在疫情期间，为什么很多政策在外国无法执行，很多人喜欢说外国人崇尚自由，这是一方面，另一方面恐怕是，外国的普通人根本听不懂精英到底在说些什么。

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同时，精英和民众隔离会导致他们的社会科学脱离底层，变成一种纯粹的精英游戏，很多时候你发现外国的各种民主制越搞越乱，其实本质也就在此，语言间的功能性隔离是跨不过去的，精英说的东西很多普通人一脸蒙，根本理解不了，比如上次脱欧，很多人都是等脱欧投票结束后才去查字典了解情况是什么，单纯的演讲根本传达不了足够的信息给普通人做判断，最终是精英获利，但责任甩给了普通人。

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这点中文会有很大优势，民众能说很多只有外国精英才会说的词汇，而且能理解其意思，这就给上下信息流通带来很大便捷。

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某程度上来说，汉字是可谓是“先天 知识普惠圣体”，因为汉字天生就是属于跨学科的文字，让人最容易学到新事物和跨学科事物。让普通人也能快速高效读专业书籍，这才是最大的普世价值。

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此外，汉语汉字这个特点也给中国工业 / 科技发展带来一个巨大优势——提供了一个超大规模的“通才”储备库

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中文在承载和传播信息方面的优势和效率，使得几乎每一个中国人都能成为“啥都知道一些”的“通才”——这其中的大部分甚至都能达到基层从业人员的水准。

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可以这么说，一个中国人，只要高中毕业，不考虑准入门槛，只说实操水平，“文”能去当文员助理，“理”能去当科研民工刷试管，“工”能去厂里下流水线开机床，“医”能揣一本《赤脚医生手册》救急，“兵”能去读战术手册挖战壕打炮。

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这就是为什么我对中国的世界工厂地位有信心。你在别的地方找不到这么大规模的“通才”储备库。你在别的语系，语种，语言环境下，找不到这么高效率的“基层从业人员培养体系”。这才是“世界工厂”的核心竞争力支撑啊·······

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优点 3：中文缩写词更易理解

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由于汉语具有远超其他语言的庞大单音节词库，因此在对特定名词进行缩写的时候，就更具有无可比拟的优势。表音语言在对名词缩写时，一般只能取首字母，这非常容易引起歧义。而中文可以直接取整个名词中比较具有代表意义的字，可以极大地消除歧义。

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比如美国人说“国安局”就是“NSA”，只看这三个字母，不结合任何语境，大概很难猜到是什么意思；同样的，哪怕有语境，同样的缩写表示的意思可能会很多。但是中文缩写，基本上歧义率很低，对语境的要求弱，除非涉及高度专业性内容，不然读者一般都能看懂什么意思。你说个国安局，人即使不知道全称，国，安，局，三个字都已经涵盖了相关的意思。FBI 这些不冷门的还能通过信息了解一下，那些冷门的怎么办，比如各种医学疾病的缩写，各种不出名的部门。在这些东西上就很容感知知道中文有多么优秀。

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换句话来说，字母文字适合扫盲，但很难保持文化延续和科技交流。而汉语等意音方块字在历史文化延续传承和科技交流上简直不能再赞。

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看大家回复挺多的，再来吐槽一下英文的缩写!

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  • 无人驾驶飞机，简称 无人机。英文 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle，简称 UAV，百度百科有 7 个义项。
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  • 平视展示系统，简称 抬头显示，或抬显。英文 Head Up Display，简称 HUD，百度百科只有 1 个义项。
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  • 西北工业大学，简称西工大。麻省理工 Massachusetts Institute of Technologya，简称 MIT，百度百科有 8 个义项。
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  • 中国银行，简称中行，这不会有歧义吧?英文简称 BOC，百度百科有 6 个义项。
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  • MBA，百度百科 6 个义项……
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  • PM，百度百科 25 个义项..
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  • USA，百度百科 3 个义项……
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看出来了吧?英文缩写的两个问题，一是含义完全丢失，二是重复率太高。这导致了一个问题，非专业人士，或者不联系语境，根本不知道缩写是什么。而汉语的简称通常都能保留下一部分含义，靠猜经常能猜出来，即使猜不出来，解释一遍也基本能记住了。

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呵呵，大家看，中文相比英文的优势是不是就充分体现出来了？ 从这可以看出，类似长度的组合词，中文一般都要比英文的逻辑要更清晰。这不简简单单是是效率的问题，而更是人民接受信息能力的问题。组词方式越短、越有逻辑性，学习就越简单。整个社会效率就越高。

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汉字确实比字母难学一些，然而每个汉字的含金量非常高，每个人只要掌握三千常用字，就可以迅速地掌握庞大的词汇量，就能顺利阅读包括专业论文的各种文献（但是里面要是引用了大量英文可就看不懂了），这是中国教育文理科都能互相理解和挑剔、自学成才率高、平均智商高的一个重要因素。这也是我们的母语为每个人提供的学习便利。

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优点 4：单音节结构促进高效编码与传输

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汉字是高度单音节化，发音趋于“一字一音”。这相对于拉丁文的多音节体系，汉语的单音节体系在传输效率方面具备很大的优势。

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从信息论角度来考虑，编码是很有学问的。举个例子。我们知道计算机传输信息，实际上传输的都是 0 和 1。那么，如果我们传输的各种信息出现的频率不一样高怎么办？答案是，出现越频繁的，编码越短。这样就能提高总体效率。

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比方说，我们只有四种信息要传递。按一般的想法，自然是把这四种信息分别用 00、01、10、11 来表示。每个信息都需要用两位二进制数来表示，也就是说传播 100 条信息需要发送 200 个二进制数。但是如果其中有一种信息出现的概率是 91%，而另外三种分别是 3%。那么就可以使用另一种编码方式：1，01，001，000。平均下来这种传播方式传播 100 条信息需要发送 91+2*3+3*3+3*3=115 个二进制数。显然比前面那种效率要高。

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因此，你会发现各个语言中越常用的词，一般就越短。英语里，我、你、他、她、我们，都是单音节词。

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但是，单音节终归是有限的，因此大多数意思仍需通过双音节或多音节词来表达。这时候汉语的优势就显示出来了。由于汉语所能承载的单音节词比其他语言多几倍，所以在构成多音节词的时候就可以很奢侈地使用逻辑结构。这种逻辑结构，使得中文的联系性、逻辑性要优于一般语言。而与语音脱离的文字体系，则进一步支撑了这种结构，方便了记忆。

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我们来举一个非常简单的例子。普通中国人的初等数学能力往往超过欧美。这并不简简单单是教育的问题。更关键地，这是中文对数字命名结果。

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中文由于汉语在单音节词上无可匹敌优势，可以极度奢侈地给予每一个数字一个单音节发音。没有音调的语言，是不可能做到这一点的，因为还有其他更常见的东西需要占用宝贵的单音节词的资源。

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  • 人类的喉咙发出的清晰且易分辨的单音数量是有限的，目前汉语发音包含音节（声母和韵母相拼）和读音（声、韵、调组合发音），查《新华字典》，普通话的 23 个声母(含 y 和 w 两个辅助韵母)和 37 个韵母(含 er 和ê两个特殊韵母)组合的音节有标准音节 407 个，407X4 个声调=1628 个读音，普通话实际使用的读音（目前《新华字典》的单音数量）是 1319 个，还有约 300 个读音没有汉字。
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  • 比汉语普通话单音数量多的，只有泰语、越南语了，泰语有 5 个声调，越南语有 6 个声调。（这也是因为汉语丧失了入声尖团音，在汉语单音在有入声尖团音的时代，其最大单音数约为 2700）。
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  • 英语辅音 28，元音 20，由于没有声调，单音数量约 400 个，远不及汉语 1300 个多的单音数量。
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人对数字的短期记忆，实际上是对数字发音的记忆。研究表明中国人一次能够记住的数字长度要高于英语母语国家。而在计算中，你需要短期记忆很多数字，这一点就天然地给予了中国人绝对优势。

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更进一步地说，中国的数字系统均基于单音节，这使得我们能够采用高度逻辑化的方式构建完整的数字体系。九十六，就是九个十加一个六。英语是“九十”（与九和十都不同的特殊词）加一个六。法语是四个二十加十六。汉语种最简洁而最富逻辑的结构，在世界各种主要语言中是独一无二的。

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为了直观对比，可以看看下图，了解下各国语言是如何表达“97”这个数字的····

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（吐槽：丹麦语 97 = 7+(-(1/2)+5)*20，这个读法属实有毛病啊··········）

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九九乘法口诀表，就是构建在这个基础上的。其他国家的儿童如果想背下来这张表，可以说比中国儿童难了几倍。语言上具备了这种优势，中国人的初等数学怎么能不好？就初等数学上的优势，乘以初等数学在整个社会中的价值，这就是中国的根本竞争优势之一。

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当然，需要指出的是，在较长单词的构成上，表音文字同样展现出一定的逻辑结构，这是语言发展过程中的必然现象。比如说英文 nephritis，就来源于希腊语中一个读音类似的词，而希腊语中的那个词则来源于希腊语 Nefros 和 itis，也就是“肾”和“炎”。不过很抱歉的是，由于表音能力差，这些很常见的意思必须要用这么多音节来表达。这就远不如中文简简单单的“肾炎”了。

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优点 5：信息熵高

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前面已经说过，不再赘述

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优点 6：具备“二维码”特性，便于认读（读得准 + 读得快）

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人是用视觉，或者说图案来接受信息的，汉字的图案本身就是信息，而字母语言的图案没有信息，排列组合才是信息。

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所以，本质上来说，拉丁系的表音文字（拼音）是一种一维线性符号（条形码），只有左右顺序有意义。

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以汉字为代表的方块字，则是是二维码，除了左右，还有上下的排序。汉字能够在平面上沿竖直和水平两个方 向延伸，所以一个汉字往往就能代表很复杂的意思，表达同样的信息，汉字也更省空间。汉字在更加充分地利用了人类的视觉系统，这使得读取速度大为加快。

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此外，因为汉字充分的利用了平面的二维性，表达同样的信息时，在横向长度上比表音文字短。比如一个音节用一个汉字就够了，但是表音文字就要用几个符号把他的音素表示出来。而我们在阅读时同一时间视觉只能集中在一定的范围内，在这个范围内，我们可以看到汉字表达更多的意思。这也很大程度上提升汉字的阅读速度。

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优点 7：形音结合，解决同音字问题

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汉字由于是意音文字，还具备一大优势，那就是避免了同音字太多导致无法识别的问题。

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对付《施氏食狮史》、《季姬击鸡记》这种同音文糊毫无压力（据说是当年某反对汉字拉丁化的学者撰写的小文，可自行百度）

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《季姬击鸡记》

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季姬寂，集鸡，鸡即棘鸡。棘鸡饥叽，季姬及箕稷济鸡。鸡既济，跻姬笈，季姬忌，急咭鸡，鸡急，继圾几，季姬急，即籍箕击鸡，箕疾击几伎，伎即齑，鸡叽集几基，季姬急极屐击鸡，鸡既殛，季姬激，即记《季姬击鸡记》。
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《施氏食狮史》

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石室诗士施氏，嗜狮，誓食十狮。施氏时时适市视狮。 十时，适十狮市。是时，适施氏适市。施氏视十狮，恃矢势，使是十狮逝世。氏拾是十狮尸，适石室。 石室湿，施氏使侍拭石室。石室拭，施氏始试食十狮尸。食时，始识十狮实十石狮尸。试释是事。
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而韩国在废除汉字后采用谚文（纯拼音文字），导致缺乏形旁指示，大量的同音字无法区分。这就造成一系列的社会问题。例如韩国就出现过那种把防水材料搞成吸水材料的笑话（韩语里“防水”和“放水”读音一致，结果建筑公司错误理解了图纸）。

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优点 8：自带超强的引用库

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类比编程语言来说，拼音文字类似汇编语言，中文属于高级语言，并且自带几千年积累下来的各种函数和库。
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汉语是依托于数千年的文化积淀而有序传承的，这令其有一个优势——有个巨大的引用库可调用，数以千计的成语、典故、诗词，为汉语提供着庞大的“超链接”。

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调库不仅仅提供更高的信息熵，而且能让表达更加丰富有趣。

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例如，一句“别在这亡羊补牢了”，显然讥讽力度要大于“事前有机会查缺补漏的时候你无动于衷，现在出了纰漏你在这做无用功”。这样成语典故在汉语中数不胜数，唾面自干、逐鹿中原、桃园结义、千金买骨、李广难封、冯唐易老、高山流水、知音难觅、桃李不言、三顾茅庐.…上面这些成语基本都出自一两千年以前，但在今天的中文中仍然普遍使用。

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当然，平心而论，任何一门语言，都会有自己的俗语、典故。例如英文、拉丁语中的潘多拉的盒子（Pandora's box）、达摩克利斯剑（the Swords of Damocles）、多米诺骨牌（Dominoes）等等。毕竟，任何文明经过了几百年了，谁家还没几个老祖宗传下来典故啊。只不过咱中国因为历史长了一点，所以咱的“引用库”也就比别家稍微丰富了那么“亿点点”······

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不要小看这些浓缩的“超链接”资源，它在某种程度上塑造每一个中国人极其强大的战略战术及博弈策略素养，从耄耋老人到垂髫少儿，都是如此。

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不信？

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请阅读如下内容并回忆你什么时候学会这些词语的、并回忆自己是否运用过。

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金蝉脱壳、抛砖引玉、借刀杀人、以逸待劳、擒贼擒王、趁火打劫、关门捉贼、浑水摸鱼、打草惊蛇、瞒天过海、反间计、笑里藏刀、顺手牵羊、调虎离山、李代桃僵、指桑骂槐、隔岸观火、树上开花、暗渡陈仓、走为上、假痴不癫、欲擒故纵、釜底抽薪、空城计、苦肉计、远交近攻、反客为主、上屋抽梯、偷梁换柱、无中生有、美人计、借尸还魂、声东击西、围魏救赵、连环计、假道伐虢。

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兵者，诡道也。故能而示之不能，用而示之不用，近而示之远，远而示之近。

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攻其无备，出其不意。

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上兵伐谋 其次伐交 其次伐兵 其下攻城。

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擒贼先擒王……

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短短几个字 能够清晰传递一个作战方案 因为每个词的背后都是千年传承历史经验。

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几千年的纵横捭阖攻城拔寨 为中华文化留下了丰富的战略和战术经验 而这些又一步步的发展成为文化 潜移默化的留在了每个中国人的脑子里。

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所以不论是受教育的军官还是不识字的士兵 都知道什么是以假乱真、出其不意、攻其不备、明修栈道、暗渡陈仓 然后穿插、绕袭、包饺子、张口袋……

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所以你看 1962 年对印反击战中，庞国兴这个三人临时结成战斗小组，就能一路“乘胜追击”、“声东击西”，将“风声鹤唳草木皆兵”的印军（整整一个营）彻底击溃，还打掉了敌人两个炮兵阵地。

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菜市场里买菜大妈都知道欲擒故纵，嫌菜价贵，转身离开，而摊主也会来一招苦肉计，好好好我亏本给你……

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欧洲虽然也是经历过黑暗的中世纪，但其语言繁多、城邦较小，所以这样的通俗的谋略总结没那么多。而中华民族延绵不绝的 5000 多年的历史，浸润着每一个国人。

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在这种环境下，每个中国人都着潜在的“智囊调用库”，碰到事情不知道怎么办，去翻一翻二十四史资治通鉴，保证有鲜活案例以及数套解决方案并且有成功经验失败教训。哪怕自己解决不了，找人商量也方便，“三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮”嘛·······

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四、汉字，我们文化的根！

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汉字，自秦始皇“书同文”以来，本质上来说便成了东亚大地上的一种普世文字，深深地熔铸在华夏民族的血脉之中，其横则广布于万里之疆，纵则跨越悠悠千载，伴随着“华夏”这一普世帝国走过了一个又一个千年······
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汉字是音形分离的，所有方言发音可以千奇百怪，但是写成文字一模一样，防止了形随音成在大地理区间和超长时间下形成新的语言，保持了语言的稳定不飘移分裂。

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今天一个随便的中学生，就可以直接阅读，先秦诸子百家的著作，他可以自在地跨越千年，直接和历史上的先贤进行思想上的对话。

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因为什么呢？

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因为自秦以来，华夏便“书同文”了，每一个汉字都被赋予了一个相对稳定的意思。即便我们相隔千年，即便我们地域不同，口音各异，我们都可以自然而然地阅览秦文汉赋唐诗宋词元曲明清小说。

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但是如果是一个英国人，他要读四百年前英文版圣经 KJV 1611（King James Version，简称 KJV 1611，英国国王请来诸多学者翻译的第一版英文圣经，最后成书于 1611 年）的话，就会发现，靠，这都写的什么呀，好古老的英文， 表示看不懂， 或者能看懂一点也懒得再往下看了。（KJV1611 最难辨认的不是他的字体， 就 26 个字母， 字体你习惯就好了。 最难辨认的是很多词的拼法和句子的用法， 比较奇怪。），如果是更久远的古英语的话，那读起来就更牙疼了。

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当然，这都还算好的，更为可悲的是文字传承彻底断绝，儿孙不识祖宗文，例如越南。

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关于越南文字拉丁化的后果，大家可以看看知乎答主 Yves S 亲身经历的故事：

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假如汉语完全拉丁化或是注音化后，会发生什么事情？

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在二十一世纪初的某个秋天，五个中国学生在法国博物馆里，透过几张泛黄的宣纸，了解到了一桩一百多年前发生在越南的案子。

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而同行的越南同学们，由于废弃了汉字、喃字，改用拉丁字母注音，再也无法读懂自己祖先留下典籍，

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他们再也无法知道这些文字后面的恩怨情仇、悲欢离合。

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他们也不能知道主人公的平凡或伟大、卑鄙或高尚。

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他们可能对其视而不见。

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运气好的话，他们或许会说：

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“这看起来像是汉字 / 喃字。”

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中国人以独特的历史和大一统的思想，用特有的方块字维持了这样一个特有的国家形态，在所有原生文明里面，唯独中国汉字靠着这种方式传承至今，这个不得不说是伟大的。

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埃及、苏美尔等民族留给世界的是希腊神庙的源头、所有字母的起源、甚至过半思想的启蒙，但是我们的汉字却给华夏留下了千余年的国祚。

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大风泱泱，大潮滂滂。炎黄八百代承袭，中华五千载变迁。

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龙凤为图，汉字为记。文明圣火，千古未绝者，唯我无双！

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汉语汉字是以““基础字符库大（要记的汉字多）、上手难度高”为代价，获取了高信息熵、底层架构好的优势。这两个缺点甚至直接导致汉字的两次拉丁化危机，使其差一点就像越南的喃字一样，泯灭于历史的长河中了········

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一、汉字是世界最紧凑、最高效的语言之一吗？

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答案是肯定的，以汉字为代表的意音方块字，作为一个复杂的文字符号系统，其信息熵很高。

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从信息量的角度看，方块字与拉丁字母是二维码与条形码的区别。单从维度上说，方块字的信息含量就比字母文字高了一个数量级。

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1948 年，英国数学家克劳德·香农在论文《A Mathematical Theory of Communication》（通信的数学原理）中，提出了一个表征符号系统中单位符号平均信息量的指标——信息熵，并给出了计算信息熵的公式。

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根据公式，符号系统中符号越多，信息熵越大；符号出现的频率越均匀，信息熵越高。据数理语言学中著名的齐普夫定律（ZIPF’SLAW）对全球主要语言进行统计，发现汉语是当今世界上信息量最大的文字符号系统。联合国五种工作语言文字的信息熵的比较如下：

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  • 法文：3．98 比特
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  • 西班牙文：4．01 比特
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  • 英文：4．03 比特
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  • 俄文：4．35 比特
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  • 中文：9．65 比特
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可以看出，拼音文字的信息熵小，差别不大。汉字的信息量最大。

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汉字对拼音文字的这种信息熵优势是什么概念？

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简单的比喻就是十进制数与二进制数的差别。十进制数字系统需要人记忆 0-9，10 个符号，二进制只需要记忆 0 和 1 两个符号。十进制乘除要记忆 9X9 表，二进制只需要学会与、或、非的简单逻辑。但是，人类在日常生活中为什么不使用二进制数字系统呢？因为那样很浪费，一个数字“7”表示成二进制就成了“111”，记个大数人不累？反过来，人类为什么不用十六进制，或更高的进制呢？一方面是人脑智力及生理习惯（人用 10 根手指来数数，习惯了）的限制，另一方面，十六进制也未必能大幅度提高信息熵。

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汉字用 5000 个字解决了绝大多数人面对绝大多数文章的理解问题，就凭这一点汉字就已经领先拼音文字很多了。拼音文字要达到同样效果至少需要十万单词量，要一个人学 10 年以上。这种信息熵反映在文字上，就是联合国文件中，中文版本一定是最薄的。这就是汉字字符集信息熵高的优势。

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而且如果觉得不够简练，汉语还贴心地提供多种压缩算法，例如:诗、词、曲、赋、成语、文言文……

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这在古代书写材料稀缺的情况下（无论是西方的羊皮纸、莎草纸，还是中国的竹简、早期的纸，都是较为昂贵的），信息熵高的文字就更有利于知识的传播、保存，对文明的发展显得尤为关键了。

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但世界万物，凡有所得，必有代价，正所谓“命运赠送的礼物,早已在暗中标好了价格”，那汉语汉字又牺牲了什么，才获得紧凑高效这一优点的呢？

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汉语付出的代价就是““预加载字符库大（要记的汉字多）、上手难度高”，这两个缺点甚至直接导致汉字的两次拉丁化危机，使其差一点就像越南的喃字一样，泯灭于历史的长河中了········

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二、汉语的缺陷与两次拉丁化危机1、“学习久上手难”导致的第一次拉丁化危机

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毋庸置疑，虽然汉字承载着汉语的诸多优势，但是汉字本身最大的劣势却是不可回避的，那就是学习曲线陡峭——学习时间长，不利于快速上手。 这主要是因为以下几个原因：

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  1. 汉语的识字量（底层字符库）要求大，需要认识 1500 字以上才能脱盲。要想要能基本无障碍的阅读写作，差不多要能读写 3500 个左右的汉字，这个记忆量，对于初学者来说其实挺大的。而德文、韩文等拼音文字，本国的成年人学拼音文字只需花费几个月掌握数十个字母、音标、表音文字拼写和读音之间的规律后，便可快速入门，就可以做到会听就会念 ，会念就会写，做到“我手写我口”。
    2. \n
  2. 造字法有点乱，汉字由于“言文分离”，其表音表意规律不清晰，很多汉字，哪怕是看起像形声字，由于几千年语音的变化，读音却与想象的相差甚远， 识字不敢读半边，要靠死记硬背，这样一个个汉字背下来，可不得花两三年功夫。
    3. \n
  3. 事实上, 中文学习的难度大部分都在汉字上，如果不打算考虑读写的话, 汉语其实是一门挺好学的语言，语法简洁, 词汇的构成基本靠组合, 反人类的发音不算多。对于拉丁语系的成年人，学汉字说是难如登天也不奇怪（如果只学拼音的话那就快多了，但哪怕只是学拼音，接下来的“四种声调”也够他们喝一壶了）······
    4. \n
  4. 音调系统很古怪（这一条主要是针对外国初学者，这也他们最常见的抱怨之一，怎么可能 Shuxue 既可以是“数学”同时还能是“输血”呢？或者 guojiang 可以是“过奖”或者是“果酱”？）
    5. \n
  5. 文化方面，汉语的难点在于，整个中文是依托于数千年的文化积淀而有序传承的，因此目前所用的词汇中有大量的典故、成语。（对于外国初学者）如果不了解其中的背景知识，那读起来是相当费劲的。
    6. \n
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这是汉字的劣势，导致与其他文字相比，学习上手难度较高。因此，哪怕是本国的成年人要学习掌握中文常用的 3500 个汉字（占全部汉字使用率的 99%以上），往往至少全日制学习三年才行，而拼音只需几个月就可以入门了（当然，仅限于本国母语，外语的话还是得苦学好几年的······）。

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这也导致清末民初众多名人支持“汉字拼音化”的核心原因之一，当时这帮民国文化人的推理逻辑很简单：

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中国积贫积弱 ->没有人才 ->受教育人少 ->汉字太难 ->拼音简单 ->汉字拼音化

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因此，自“五四运动”之后的几十年里，无数文人志士致力于“汉字拼音化”，不是因为这些人吃饱了撑的，也不是单单蠢到被人骗了，而是当时的中国真的面临极大的困境：国家想要复兴就要有知识，想要有知识就要学习，但学习是件极为奢侈的事情。

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如果你是知识分子，想唤醒沉睡的国人，心里着急，“汉字拼音化“这个方案，是合情合理（至少看起来像），符合当时的国情的。

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3500 个常用汉字至少要学全日制学三年，而拼音只需几个月。

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而当时中国处于“亡国灭种”的正危急存亡时刻，什么都缺，连时间都缺。

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亡国时刻的人们是没时间抒情的，没时间念旧的，更没时间学习茴字的四种写法。

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他们迫不及待的想要在一夜之间培养四万万能读能写的人，这些人中可以诞生四千万能学习数理化的人，四百万学有所成的人，四十万高级工程师！建立四万所工厂，生产一个大帝国所需的所有铁甲舰和火车，化肥和石油！

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而汉字拼音化，就是当时不少知识分子的想到的破局之道。

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在他们看来，这不是愚昧无知，也不是崇洋媚外，而是生死关头的断臂求生。

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能理解这些，就能理解为什么他们为什么要搞汉字拼音化了。

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题外话：

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多了解前因后果，会对历史人物的言论，多一份理解。但是，这份理解，绝不能等同于赞同。

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虽能理解他们当时的所思所想，也能够体谅“他们要求拉丁化，全盘西化，本意还是为保存和发展种族”的本心，但若要给其一个盖棺定论的话，那就是——

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这不过是一帮彻底被打碎文化自信、且不学无术（最多只学了半桶水）的“知识分子”的“病急乱投医”罢了。

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二十世纪初那会儿，接二连三的战败早已打碎中国人天朝上国的自信，连“中学为体、西学为用”这种符合正常文化自尊的做法都没底气坚持了。

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对于这些彻底丧失文化自信的知识分子来说，不学西方国必亡。

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在中国落后的现实下，中国的万事万物都有可能是造成落后的原因，所以病急乱投医，当真一厢情愿认为，只有否定延续了数千年的中华传统文化，否定了整个辉煌灿烂的中华文明，连汉字也放弃改成拉丁文，全盘西化“脱亚入欧”，才能救国救民。

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说他们不学无术、半桶水，是因为他们根本没有做客观的科学研究，只是看别国强大，便随意臆测其强大的原因，譬如说拉丁化可以减少文盲，还不是一拍脑瓜的想法，真有什么科学依据么?

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（扫盲的真正关键在于体系化的全民教育，而不是所谓拼音文字，你看亚非拉一堆用拼音文字的国家，还不是文盲遍地。反之如台湾，只要良好的全民教育体系，就算是用繁体字也能实现全岛扫盲。而一旦全民教育体系出来问题，例如 2020 年代的美国，一样能整出全国识字率只有 79%这种奇葩活）。

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而真正脚踏实地的华夏先贤们，他们也知道为了救亡图存，就必须要提高广大群众的识字率。

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所以他们在新中国成立后，面对识字率只有不到 10%的现实，因地制宜制定的第一套简化字方案，大力倡导推广白话文，推行汉语拼音方案，在人民公社 / 生产队开展识字班，用最短的时间，最高的效率，让一个数亿人口的大国，消除了为数众多的文盲，适应了工业化大生产的需要，进而让一个沉沦落伍数百年的农业国，建成了一个规模齐全的现代工业体系。

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这才是真的“救国救民，功德无量。”

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2：“打字输入 / 印刷排版难”导致的第二次拉丁化危机

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“打字输入 / 印刷排版难”这一点现在看来不算什么，但往前几十年，那真是一个极其严重的问题，汉字甚至差一点就因此彻底拉丁化了。

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要知道，自清末以来大半个世纪的「汉字拉丁化」思潮，其中一个重要理由就是——汉字印刷出版成本太高，阻碍知识文化快速传播普及。

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而 20 世纪初，开民智是关乎国家发展进步一个至关重要的环节。各国无不在积极普及教育，开展文化启蒙，提高国民素质，而对教育 / 文化传播影响最大的是什么行业？

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————出版业。

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而汉语有 5000 多个单字，字库不仅比英文字库规模大，而且检索和排版也更为麻烦。任何一个小报社，小出版社要印东西最起码要准备好几百万个甚至上千万个字码，要不然就要临时刻字。而欧洲国家普遍使用字母文，字母大小写都算上，也不过几十个基础单元，日本的平假名片假名算一起，也 100 来个基础单元。相对而言，汉字印刷费时、费工、费料，印刷成本比拼音文字高指数量级。

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之后印刷机和打字机的出现后更是雪上加霜，直接造成的结果就是——排版效率出现了巨大的差距，别人家出版业已经用了大半个世纪的机械化自动 / 半自动排版了，而直到上世纪 80 年代，我们还在人工排版。隔壁日本在 19 世纪就意识到了教育普及的重要性，于是为了适应西方铸排机的印刷方式，原本认为写汉字才高雅的大和民族立马向片假名滑跪了。我们呢？制版就靠工人在几千个铅字里一个个找，出份日报都费劲。你要是出本刊物出本书，里面生僻字再一多，猴年马月才能排完版。

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出版业效率低，知识和信息就无法廉价高效的传播。

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其实，当时的先贤们也为此努力过，挣扎过。 因为汉字文字的打印和印刷问题，民国不少人呼吁要改制中文打字机。 1915 年，留学生祁暄发明了一种中文打字机，使用了当时流行的“组合理论”。这台机器需要人工检索，效率极其低下。
1919 年，商务印书馆工程师舒振东发明了“舒氏中文打字机”，该机器用了“常用字理论”。一般情况下用常用字模盘打字，有需要时再去生僻字里找。尽管这种方式大大降低门槛，但没经过培训也难以掌握。
1947 年，民国的大师林语堂（曾在清华大学任教，著《吾国与吾民》向西方世界介绍中国），曾耗尽家财花费数年（从 1919 年一直搞到 1947 年）研制了第一台中文打字机——【明快打字机】，这打字机就和机械计算器的观感一样，当然也包含了机械计算器的劣势 -- 超级贵;很精细，修理很难。因此这打字机根本没卖出几台，林语堂也因为这个机器破产了。
是的，由于汉字的特性，想要在机械时代弄出好用且低成本、易普及的打字机，是一件近乎不可能的事。
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于是，当时的很多人（包括一些名人和文化界大人物）大多鼓励汉字拉丁化，因为这样我们就可以使用铸排机加快出版效率了。而且也有很大的群众基础在，毕竟大多数人本来就不识字，教他们学方块汉字还是拉丁汉字，没什么区别。

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为此，汉语拼音化言论铺天盖地、甚嚣尘上，甚至建国后政府都一直推进相关工作，当时是真的要准备步日本，韩国，朝鲜，越南的后尘，把汉字彻底拼音化的。

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1954 年官方成立的文字改革委员会，委员会早就做了决定：“一定要实行拼音化”，虽然没有给拼音化下一个时间表，但是工作一直在做，就好比“一定要解放台湾”，没有时间表说明何时解放，但是一定要解放一样。

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那什么时候中国官方才停止了推动拼音化的工作呢？

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——是 1985 年，

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为什么会在这时停止拼音化的探索呢？

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因为 1980 年，咱们的王选院士发明了汉字激光照排系统，并利用该技术成功印刷了纪念周总理的文学作品——《伍豪之剑》。汉字出版业从此直接跨过机械化，实现了信息化，汉字输入 / 打印不再是问题了。

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当时也是汉字最危险的时候，1980 年代，是中国重新睁眼看世界的时代，而当时给国人的冲击，比清末更为剧烈，河殇文化被大部分人认可，不是没有原因的，所谓的反思，已经倾向否定一切，从文化到种族，从地理到血缘，中国的一切都被认为是荒唐腐朽，毫无意义的。
1980 年代，一些小学教材已经改为全拼音化，整本书不见一个汉字，无数的老师虽不情愿但也只能私下里无奈地抱怨······
好在随着王选院士证明了汉字在信息时代一样能够快速输入 / 印刷，从而遏制这一浪潮。这些教材很快作废，学生们收到免费新的汉字教材，老师终于不用再抱怨了·····
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1980 年王选院士发明了汉字激光照排系统
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至此，王选院士用自己的努力，把【汉字拉丁化】彻底丢进了历史的垃圾桶。

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（是那些有骨气的、坚信汉语的优越性、中国文明在计算机世界一定能找到自己的出路的人的坚持与创新才有了今天。有此国士，实乃中华之幸）

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对于当时的人民来说，打字机时代如果一直延续下去的话，汉字就真的危险了——那种环境下，「汉字拼音 / 拉丁化」将会成为一种无奈的选择，被广泛推广········

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但后来汉字激光照排和五笔输入法出现，汉字出版业直接跨过机械化，实现了信息化，解决了困扰近百年的难题，汉语拼音化随之被多数学者抛弃。汉字也就此躲过了一劫。

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3、汉字的其他缺陷：

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（1）语素少，造成同音现象，听说层面信息传递低效

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中文语素少，中文语素少，造成同音现象远多于英语、法语、德语等拼音文字。

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同样是各位吐槽的英语时态变化，法语各种变位，阴阳性，因为单词变形使得读音也变化，在听说中容易分清。典型的就是 he/she/it，在中文里是三个同音的「ta」，以至于很多人必须再补充问一下「ta 是男的还是女的」。

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也即，在听说层面，汉语的信息传递较为低效。这种低效导致汉语必须字正腔圆，逐字逐句，语速不能过快。而英语可以有闪音连读，因此在相同时间内能够传递更多的信息量。尤其在看视频时，没有字幕且说话人口音不标准时，就会不舒服。英语反而少很多。从这个角度看，汉语的简练是体现在读写上面的，而在听说层面显著落后于表音文字。这也很好理解，汉语作为意音文字，本身读写能力强大。英法语是所听即所见，记录的是读音（英语正字法太烂是另一回事），各有优势。简练也是看场景的。

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同音造成的困扰，也是老外学习中文的一大苦恼，同音就罢了，同一个字，意思还那么多，简直是要让外国人分分钟崩溃。

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前面说了那么多汉字的缺点，那么汉字真的不如英语等拼音 / 字母文字么？

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当然不是！！！

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汉字底层架构设计好，信息熵高（简练），哪怕是在全球文字中，汉字的底层架构是独一档的存在，他是一种拥有高度概念抽象能力的「面向对象」文字，拥有近乎完美的「封装」「继承」「多态」特性。每一个部首和基本汉字都是一个封装的「类(class)」，造字造词都是通过「继承」(最常用的是多重继承)来完成的，然后再通过声调完成「重载」以简化音系。

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这些特性也让汉字成为了天生的跨学科文字，能以区区 3500 字便囊括表达万事万物能够有效解决了科学技术发展下单词量爆炸问题，让人最容易学到新事物和跨学科事物（大幅降低专业壁垒），让普通人也能快速高效读专业书籍。就这一点而言，汉字是可谓是“先天知识普惠圣体”啊，全民“通才”教育的至强神器，堪称最适合工业科技时代的文字之一·············

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三、为何说汉字是“先天知识普惠圣体”，最适合工业科技时代的文字之一？

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汉字底层架构设计好、「面向对象」的特点，也带来了以下的几个优势：

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  1. 可通过高效组词的方式，解决词汇量爆炸问题（掌握 3500 字，百万词汇都不怕）
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  2. 词组逻辑性好，容易理解（甚至“望文生义”也大差不差），大幅降低专业壁垒
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  3. 缩写词更易理解
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  4. “一字一音”的单音节模式，带来的更高效编码
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  5. 信息熵高（言简意赅，便于书写）
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  6. 具备“二维码”特性，便于认读（读得准 + 读得快）
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  7. 形音结合，解决同音字问题
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  8. 自带超大规模的“引用库”和压缩包
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优势 1：3500 字走遍天下都不怕，有效解决词汇量爆炸问题，

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所有语言都有一个特性，就是——你必须掌握它的基础量才能运用自如。比如汉语体系的字，英语体系的词。

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那英文需要掌握多少词汇，才能满足基本生活需求呢？曾有专家专门整理的词汇频率表：

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  • 掌握 2000 英文单词，阅读覆盖率为 75.89%
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  • 掌握 9000 英文单词，阅读覆盖率为 98.10%
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  • 掌握 24000 英文单词，阅读覆盖率为 99.65%，
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也就是说，如果要满足 98%的阅读覆盖率，就至少需要掌握 9000 个英文单词，要想满足 99.6%的阅读覆盖率，就得掌握 24000 个单词，这个记忆的工作量着实不小啊·····

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咱拿中文对比一下：（数据来自国家标准 GB2312-80《信息交换用汉字编码字符集 * 基本集》相关词频统计）

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  • 掌握 1000 个汉字，阅读覆盖率为 91.91%，
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  • 掌握 2000 个汉字，阅读覆盖率为 98.38%，
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  • 掌握 3500 个汉字，阅读覆盖率为 99.82%，
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  • 当然学汉语还得记词组，但是负担会小很多，因为那些字你都已经认识了。在掌握了 3500 常用字以后，深入学下去基本都是“熟字新词”，扩大词汇量很容易。
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举个例子：

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  • 牛：bull
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  • 肉：meat
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  • 牛肉：beaf
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［牛肉］这个词， 汉语就是［牛］+［肉］，表达直接准确。 而英语相对应的，应该是［bull］+meat。但这样组合，就成了一个多重音节的词汇。对于表达和理解都十分费力。于是，英语就直接新造了一个词 beaf，这完全就是资源的浪费。英语不仅需要记住［牛］［肉］，还得记住［牛肉］，而汉字系统只需要记住［牛］和［肉］这两个词汇就可以了。

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而英文嘛，由于英文词汇之间无法建立像汉字词汇那样紧密的联系，就导致只要有一个新的概念在英语中出现，英文就必须设计出一种新词汇与之对应，而且很难在从字形看出彼此之间的联系，那要记的单词就多咯········

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也就是说，对于英文零基础的中国人，要全职学习 2 年英文才能熟练掌握 9000-1 万个单词，雅思能考 7-8 分，这已经非常了不起啦，但去读报纸，小说，跨专业的学术文章时，会发现自己仍旧是个半文盲，还是满篇不认识的单词。

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而中国人只要能掌握 3500 个汉字，以及相关词汇，就可以阅读《人民日报》而不会有多少生词。英语母语的人，得掌握 24000 个单词后， 才能实现差不多的读报效果。

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而且，英文读者一旦遇上报纸中那 0.35%不认识的单词，那体验就不那么美妙了。前面说过，英文单词不像中文，难以“望文生义”，碰上了，不是认识就是不认识，猜都没法猜。按照 0.35%的频率，平均每阅读 1000 个单词，就有近 4 个单词不认识。一页 office 文档就 500 个英文单词，看小说时每页都会出现 1-2 个不认识的单词，而若这是关键词，是非常影响阅读体验的。

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所以，就最终效果而言，英国人学习了 2 万单词，他能享受的信息还是有限的。中国人学习三四千汉字，就可以享受几乎全部信息。可谓是“学少而知多”，投资收益率高的惊人呀。

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同时，英文等拼音文字还存在一个问题：词汇量爆炸

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拼音 / 字母文字通常采用采用“构词法”，也就是”“一物一词”造词模式，导致一旦有了新事物，就得造一个新词汇来表述。这样就会直接导致一个严重问题，就是——随着时代的进步，新生事物的不断涌现，词汇总量会呈指数级暴增。你不要小看造新词带来的破坏，这个如同熵增一样，随着时间的推移会非常恐怖。

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举个极端点的例子，

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目前世界上已知的植物有 37 万种。

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拼音文字造 37 万单词也容易（字母排列组合下就行），，但是这也意味着，你要记几十万个单词。

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谁能学会?谁能记住?这还不是最操蛋的。

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更操蛋的是，世界上有 150 万种动物。

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更更操蛋的是，世界上有数百万种微生物。

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这还只是生物这一门学科·······

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如果每一个新事物都要造一个单词，那么造出来单词数量会吓死人，不可能有人认识。而且这些新词汇都需要学习者去重新记忆他们的拼写、音标、词义、时态变化，这样会造成英文词汇的学习记忆难度呈倍数级的上升！

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而且这一问题随着时间推移，会显得越发突出。

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  • 1600 年，莎士比亚时代（1564~1616 年）的英语词汇量约为 3 万个单词（据《纽约时报》统计）；
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  • 1933 年，第一版《牛津词典》编纂了 76 个年头，收录不到 10 万个单词；
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  • 1989 年，第二版《牛津词典》，收录 31 万个单词；
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  • 2019 年，据《纽约时报》统计，英语单词数量，超过了 100 万个；
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  • 2021 年，趣词典网站统计，超过 300 万个。单词长度，平均在 10–11 个字母。最长的正式单词 1319 个字母（其缩写词就好多了，缩写后仅仅 28 个字母）。
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  • 目前，单词数仍在持续增长中（英语每年还有 1~2 万新词产生），看百万级的词汇量，估计普通人一辈子也记不完了。
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显然，在这种趋势下，无论哪种语言，随着时代的发展，人类有限的时间和越来越多需要掌握的词汇量将会形成强烈的矛盾。

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而汉语是被冲击最小的一种语言。这核心在于汉语“四维结构”编码方式带来的高效组词优势。

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通常来说，如果要对一类事物进行编码，大体上有两种方式，

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  • 一是设置较简单的编码体系（精简指令集），基础字符少，但组合成符码的长度会较长，
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  • 二是设置较复杂的符码体系（复杂指令集），基础字符多，但组合成符码的长度会较短。
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英文采用的是精简指令集，使用 26 个字母（基础字符），形成“字母 - 词 - 句”的三维结构。

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汉语采用的是复杂指令集，使用 8 种笔画构成 3000~1 万个字（基础字符），形成“笔画 - 字 - 词 - 句”的四维结构。

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这种“四维结构”令汉语在组词方面，获得对英文“降维打击”的优势。

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  • 英文有 26 个字母（基础字符），两个字母可以形成 676 个组合，4 个字母可以形成差不多 45 万种组合。
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  • 而汉语常用字有 3500 个，2～4 个汉字组合的理论数量极大，2500 个基本字可组成 40 万亿个词。
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呃·········怎么有种“26 进制 VS 3500 进制”的既视感？
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汉语正是通过这样相对复杂的编码，构建了更多了的基础字符，从而可以通过更少字符的组合，为各种新事物生成表达准确含义的新词，避免了重新造字（神奇就神奇在你只需要了解最基本的汉字就可以懂得组合出的词的意思）。

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客观世界是复杂的，而且随着科技的发展，人类对宇宙世界认知的不断提升，人类面对的各种概念会越来越多，越来越复杂。而这时候，英文等精简指令集的的不足就开始显现出来了，虽然你规则简单易上手，但人脑并不是图灵机，基础规则的便利（精简指令集）并不代表对人脑来说更方便。

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举个简单的例子，
掌握十进制需要掌握 0、1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9 十个数字，掌握二进制只需要掌握 0、1 两个数字；
十进制乘法表需要从一一得一背到九九八十一，二进制乘法表只有一句，就是一一得一。
那晚期智人为什么不在日常生活中使用学习成本如此之低的二进制，反而要使用学习成本远高于二进制的十进制呢？
数学上十进制的 114514 确实等于二进制的 11011111101010010，但是在生理学上人的大脑最多同时处理 5 到 9 个信息(chunks)。原因是短期记忆储存空间的限制，超过 9 个信息团，将会使得大脑出现错误的概率大大提高。人眼一眼能识别的字符数也是有限的。
所以人们反而更喜欢日常使用学习成本更高的十进制。
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同样地，三维语言由于维度较低，为了描述越来越复杂的客观世界，就必须创造越来越多的词。这给人们的学习生产生活带来了巨大的不便利，一个西方人要想较为熟练的掌握某项知识，需要掌握的各种词汇少则几万，多则十几万。一旦要转行学习新东西，还得重新背诵记忆。不仅难度门槛非常高，而且非常笨拙。

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而汉语这种四维语言，除了可以用“构字法”来创造新字外，还有可以用“组词法”——由字的组合来产生词，由词来描述世界。

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其实咱们的老祖宗当年造字，也曾走上过“构词（字）法”这条歪路，给每个事物都造一个新的对应的字 / 词（主要是当时还在竹简上刻字的年代，为了竹简轻点、字数少点，故意搞出来的一大把单字）。

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比如马，少壮的马叫驹，高六尺的马叫骄，青黑色的马叫骐，毛色黄白相杂的马叫駓......

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后来老祖宗发现这样下去不是事呀。直接改用“组词法”来解决这一问题，比如将骐写成“青黑马”。从而避免这一问题。

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这“组词法”的加持下，只要掌握了几千个汉字，这几千个汉字就可以组合成无穷无尽（近乎正无穷）的词汇，进而描述认知世界。非常简单而且非常巧妙。还可触类旁通，记忆量大减。

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汉语里：

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火箭，不就是火推动的箭么？

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计算机，不就是会计算的机器么？

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想象你拎起“脑”这个词，可以拎出一串“猪脑，羊脑，脑干，脑髓，脑细胞……”(这才是体现抽象和逻辑好吗？)

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汉语这种强大的容纳、表述能力，可以利用不同组合就表达了不同事物，伟大而让人轻松。

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英语呢？

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有了火箭，就得产生个新词 ROCKET；

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有了计算机，就得来个 COMPUTER。

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记忆量大呀，挺累人的······

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瞧瞧，这就是差距。

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一边是要背诵掌握十几万个词，一边是要掌握几千个汉字，哪个简单，哪个先进一目了然。

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优势 2：高效组词便于理解，大幅降低专业知识门槛，可谓是“先天知识普惠圣体”

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由于英文等拼音文字的词汇之间无法建立像汉字词汇那样紧密的联系，也很难在从字形看出彼此之间的联系，这就给普通人的阅读理解带来巨大的麻烦与不便。

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举个简单的例子：

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有个经典笑话：那就是【绝大部分英国人不知道葡萄干是用葡萄制作的，也不知道葡萄酒是用葡萄酿的】，为啥呢？

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因为这几个货的单词是这样的：

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  • 葡萄 grape
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  • 葡萄干 raisin
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  • 葡萄酒 wine
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光看字面和读音，你是无法得知这个单词与表述的东西有啥联系的。

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再举个例子，为什么美国总统特朗普会给美国人民科普无人机没有人？

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因为无人机英文是——drone，这五个字母组合在一起，实在是表达不出来——这东西里面没有人。

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当然，也有读者会反驳——怎么会呢，这完全可以用词根词缀来解决啊。采取类似中文组词的方式，把词根作为构成单词的组件，利用词根来构成单词。这样即使你完全不认识这个新的单词，根据词根你可以猜出他的是个什么意思。

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这看起来的确是好办法（毕竟中文就是这么干的），但是嘛·········有些事别人（汉字）做起来简单，你（英文）做起来就不一定简单咯······

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拼音文字如果要走这条路，代价就是——这样单词会变得很长。因为字母 / 拼音文字，由于缺少单音节词，所以一般常用词只能使用双音节词。而要形成逻辑结构就必须大规模使用四音节词，这种完全用词根词缀组合来表达海量的关联信息就太冗长了，且非常低效。

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一个有意义的词根起码也得三四个字母，两三个词根的组合，这个单词就奔着十几二十个字母去了。如果稍微复杂一点的新词，学会这个单词的发音怕是得去德云社了。

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举个典型的例子：

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英文：pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis

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英 ['nju:mənəʊ ˌʌltrə-ˌmaɪkrəs' kɒpɪk'sɪlɪkəvɒl'keɪnəʊ kəʊnɪ'əʊsɪs]

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美 ['nju:mənoʊ ˌʌltrə-ˌmaɪkrəs' kɒpɪk'sɪlɪkəvɒl'keɪnoʊ koʊnɪ'oʊsɪs]

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中文学名：肺尘埃沉着病（看着就像英文直译，有点拗口）

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中文简称：肺尘病

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pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 是一个典型的词根组合词，由 pneumono(肺部)-ultra（微）-microscopic（微小的）-silico（硅）-volcano（粉尘）-conio-sis（沉积状态）组合而成。大家可以照着音标念念，保证你会从此对英文的“优越性”佩服地五体投地！

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所以现实中大家也基本不用这个词，而是使用 silicosis 来表述，但·····短倒是短了，可它也就失去了望文生义的功能，非专业读者看到这个词恐怕想不到这是一种肺部疾病吧？

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英文、德文里面的不少超级长的单词，就用上述这个方法造出来的，发音有规律，看了就能读。就是长了那么“亿点点”，没人会用。

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而且随着时间的推移与不断的造词，导致英文单词越来越长，目前 8 个字母以上英文单词已经达到 50%以上，甚至 30%单词超过 12 位字母。英文单词平均长度，正在无休止的变长!

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为了避免这种低效，很多常用的词就只能抛弃逻辑结构，只能造无法联想记忆的新词来避免单词的冗长与笨拙（又回到“一物一新单词”），然后嘛·······就又跑回前面词汇量爆炸的老路了。

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当然，还有一个办法，就是不造新词，直接借用现有词汇增加新解释，但这就会导致一词多义严重：

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例如英文的 set 这个单词，大家可以看看它被塞了多少词义····

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\"\"
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很多人经常吐槽中文“一字多义”难学易混淆，但作为“祖传屎山”的英文在这方面也是丝毫不差，据统计：

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    \n
  • set，有 430 个定义；
    • \n
  • go，有 368 个定义；
    • \n
  • take，有 343 个定义；
    • \n
  • stand，有 334 个定义；
    • \n
  • get，有 289 个定义；
    • \n
  • turn，有 288 个定义；
    • \n
  • put，有 268 个定义；
    • \n
  • fall，有 264 个定义；
    • \n
  • strike，有 250 个定义……
    • \n
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不过，平心而论的话，这是其实是一个普遍问题，只要是经过长时间的演化的文字都会存在这类“代码屎山”（毕竟任何项目经过数百年上千年的修修补补，都会成为一坨屎山），但得益于自身特性，中文虽有一字多义，【一词多义】情况却较为少见（尤其和英文对比）···········

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从这点来看，与英文这种拼音文字的屎山代码相比，汉字的底层架构的先进性简直爆表了啊····

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词汇量爆炸还带了一个严重问题：专业词汇不断增多，造成专业隔离。

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作为中国人：你认识 3500 个汉字基本上可以读书看报了。
作为英国人：你认识 10000 个英文单词还是个“半文盲”。
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由于词汇量爆炸式增长，在英文实际应用中，每个专业都有大量专业英语词汇被发明出来，并需要专门学习，例如各种法律、医学、化学等专业都有数以千计的专有词汇，为此还不得不专门编纂（各学科的）专业英语词典。

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基本上，任何一门学科都有专业英语，而且其专业英文字典往往都非常厚，如此一来，造成的后果就是专业英语只有专业的人才可以记忆和使用，导致英语的专业知识壁垒越来越高。而普通老百姓一旦遇到了哪怕稍微专业一点的学术技术领域名词，立马懵逼变文盲了。

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不信？我随便贴个葫芦科植物 + 分类残页给英文和拉丁文，给大家看一看。

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看汉字部分，中国小学生也一看就懂，大概猜测这个瓜是啥特点。 但是国外老百姓要是猛然撞见这些单词。。。。立马听了懵 B，见了流泪——完全不懂啊！

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再比如医学领域，普通人学专业医学英语基本上是从头开始，跟以前学过的英语完全不一样。

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不信的话，最方便验证的一个方法，去医院，你去看各科室的牌子，看英文标牌，你会觉得大学英语四六级白学了。
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    \n
  • 中国的医院里面有眼科，牙科，儿科。都是器官在加科字，就算是刚识字的小孩也能明白。但是英语就有点离谱了，child 或者 kid 是儿童，但是 pediatrics 是儿科，牙齿是 tooth 但是 dentistry 是牙科，眼睛是 eyes，但是眼科是 ophthalmology。没个大学文凭，估计连医院科室都找不到。
    • \n
  • 在英美，如“四环素”、“变阻器”、“碳酸钙”、“高血压”、“肾结石”、“七边形” 、“五面体”等词汇，都只有专业人士才会。
    • \n
  • 一般人连他们的基本医学术语，如“酒精绵球”“血压计”都不会讲。脑水肿、胃溃疡等病名，说给普通人听也听不懂，
    • \n
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普通外国人进了医院就只能听凭医生护士忽悠，连自己到底是啥病都不明白。

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如果你对此还是难以体会的话，咱就用中文给你举个例子，你就明白“构词法”是如何制造所谓的专业知识壁垒，让你秒变“半文盲”的。

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前面提到过，当年还在竹简上刻字的年代，咱们的老祖宗为了竹简轻点字数少点，故意搞出来不少单字。例如为了形容 47 种不同的马，造了 47 个字。

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骚年，你知道“马”字的 47 种写法么？
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    \n
  1. 驳(bó):毛色不纯的马.
    2. \n
  2. 駒(dí):额白色的马,
    3. \n
  3. 骧(xiāng):后右蹄白色的马.
    4. \n
  4. 馵(zhù):后左脚白色的马。
    5. \n
  5. 騱(xí):前脚全白的马
    6. \n
  6. 騚(qián):四蹄全白的马。
    7. \n
  7. 驓(céng):膝下白色的马,
    8. \n
  8. 驠(yàn)屁股毛色白的马。
    9. \n
  9. 騴(yàn):尾根白色的马,
    10. \n
  10. 駺(láng):白尾马。
    11. \n
  11. 骢(cōng)青白色的马。
    12. \n
  12. 驒(tuó):有白色鳞状斑纹的青马 +
    13. \n
  13. 骓(zhuī):毛色苍白相杂的马
    14. \n
  14. 骃(yīn):浅黑杂白的马,
    15. \n
  15. 駂(bǎo):毛色黑白相杂的马。
    16. \n
  16. 駩(quán):黑嘴白毛的马。
    17. \n
  17. 駯(zhū):黑嘴的马。
    18. \n
  18. 驙(zhān):脊背黑色的白马。
    19. \n
  19. 骆(luò):尾和鬣毛黑色的白马。
    20. \n
  20. 駹(máng):面、额为白色的黑马。
    21. \n
  21. 驈(yù):股间白色的黑马
    22. \n
  22. 騽(xí):背脊黄色的黑马.
    23. \n
  23. 驔(diàn):黄色脊毛的黑马
    24. \n
  24. 騩(guī):毛浅黑色的马,
    25. \n
  25. 駽(xuān):青黑色的马。亦称“铁青马 +”
    26. \n
  26. 騥(róu):多鬃的青黑色马,
    27. \n
  27. 骐(qi):有青黑色纹理如棋盘格子纹的马.
    28. \n
  28. 驖(tiě):赤黑色的马。
    29. \n
  29. 骊(l):纯黑色的马。
    30. \n
  30. 騢(xiá):毛色赤白相杂的马
    31. \n
  31. 騵(yuán):赤毛白腹的马.
    32. \n
  32. 骅(huá):赤色的骏马。
    33. \n
  33. 骝(liú):黑鬃黑尾巴的红马,
    34. \n
  34. 騝(qián):黄脊黑鬃黑尾巴的红马,
    35. \n
  35. 骍(xīng):赤色的马.
    36. \n
  36. 騜(huáng):毛色黄白相杂的马,
    37. \n
  37. 駓(pī):毛色黄白相杂的马。亦称“桃花马 +”
    38. \n
  38. 骠(biāo)：黄毛夹杂着白点子的马
    39. \n
  39. 騧(guā)：黑嘴的黄马
    40. \n
  40. 騟(yú)：紫色马
    41. \n
  41. 馼(wén)：红鬃、白身、黄眼的马
    42. \n
  42. 骄(jiāo)：六尺高的马
    43. \n
  43. 騋(lái)：七尺高的马
    44. \n
  44. 駥(róng)：八尺高的马
    45. \n
  45. 驹(jū)：两岁以下的马
    46. \n
  46. 騑(fēi )：三岁的马
    47. \n
  47. 駣(táo)：三四岁的马
    48. \n
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好家伙，我直接一个好家伙，马有这么多说法，如果要我说，我只会说一个泥码。
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这要是搁古代。我妥妥就是文盲了。

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所以这玩意在汉语造就被淘汰了。但这在英语中，可还是大行其道啊，尤其跨专业、跨学科阅读医学，生物，化学，法律的书籍文献时；众多的专业词汇，即使对于英语母语者来说，也是一辈子都没见过的生词，完全是在读天书一样。

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这就导致英美等国出现一个严重问题——功能性文盲众多！

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所谓功能性文盲，是指：“具有阅读、书写或计算能力，但是却缺乏利用这些能力来处理某些日常生活事务的能力”。“日常生活事务”指的是例如阅读报纸、查字典、读公车时刻表、理解说明书、填写申请书一类事情。
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根据美国教育部和美国国家识字研究所 2013 年开展的【关于美国文盲人数的全面深入的调查】结果，美国有 3200~5000 万功能性文盲。

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据调查结果，全美成年人中不怎么识字的占到了总人口的 14%，也就是 3200 万人。全美 21%的成年人有阅读困难，达不到五年级小学生所应有的阅读水平。而美国高中毕业生中 20%的人连自己毕业证书上的单词都看不懂。
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这其中很大一部分锅得扣在英语头上，英语“构词法”的特性决定了，如果他要想达到较为复杂的阅读或者书写，需要的基础词汇量太大，一到稍微专业一些的领域，别说是普通人了，就算是（非该领域的）精英的大学生，照样会立马化身文盲。

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而汉语新词是以现有的汉字组合起来，即使是科技时代很多新的专业词汇，汉字也可以通过组合的方式表达其复杂的含义。而中文由字组词，只用 4 千汉字可代表各种科学技术单词，解决了科学技术发展下单词量爆炸问题。

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由于汉字的单音节特性，又有丰富含义，使其可以很奢侈地使用逻辑结构来构建“词组”。汉语新词是以现有的汉字组合起来，即使遇到没见过的新词，只要认识组成词语的单个汉字，你基本都可以望文生义，这种逻辑结构，使得中文的联系性、逻辑性要优于字母语言。

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举例来说，

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以英语为例，水仙花叫 narcissus，如果该儿童不知道这个单词，他就无法根据这个词本身的组成部分推知它是什么意思。因为这个词的组成成分没有太多的常用的可以令人一望而知是什么东西的那种成分。narc 有‘缉毒探员’的意思，narco 有‘麻醉、昏睡’的意思。但它们一方面不属于最常用的词类，另一方面也不能暗示这个词本身是一种花。 而且儿童还未必能把 narc 单独分离成一个词。

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而在中国，当人民日报出现‘水仙花’这个单词时，中国儿童尽管也许不知道这究竟是什么花，但是他不需查字典就知道这是一种花。

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水仙’两个字也是常用字，可以帮助 + 儿童判断这种花至少不是菊花、桃花、牡丹花及许多儿童已经知道的种种花卉。

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也就是说，他即使不知道究竟是什么具体的花，他也已经知道

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    \n
  • 1）这是一种花；
    • \n
  • 2）这不是别的所有那些他已经知道的花。
    • \n
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知道什么是一种知识，知道什么东西不是什么，也是一种知识。如果将这个词中所含的信息量规定为 3，则中国儿童已经不教而知其 2，即 67% 可是，对于一个印欧语系的儿童来说，恐怕就不是这样。如果将这个词所含的信息量照样规定为 3，则西方儿童所能获得的有效信息量只能是 0, 即 0%

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因此，印欧语系儿童面临的是一个完全的生词，不知道就不知道，必须作为一个完全的生词来记住。 当中国儿童看到‘水仙花’这个生词的地方的时候，他可能略一停顿，根据自己的理解便继续读下去，而印欧语系的儿童却会因为这个生词而完全给卡住了，因为他如果压根儿就不知道这个生词是什么意思，他就难以判断究竟它是一个具有关键意思的词呢，还是可以跳过不管的词。

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这也是表音文字的缺点，就是出现新事物后，新发明的词汇意思和文字基本上没啥关联，你得不断扩展词汇量。而表意文字就是拿以前的文字凑合一下就是新词汇了，国内理工科专业课，谁见过需要专门去背词汇的？除非学的是英文教材。

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实际上国内理工科本科学得认真点儿的，看大部分理工科研究生的论文，都能看懂个大概，跨专业交流，你说某人不知道其他专业的知识点是正常的，但要说完全听不懂人家说的啥，那倒是很罕见。

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所以在中文互联网上，有时候双方互骂的时候会把对方比作小学生，甚至很多时候真的是小学生和大学生在网上辩论，虽然看起来这是个不好的行为，但反面说明了，中文的结构一旦理解，就非常容易突破功能性文盲的问题，即便是小学生，照样不存在能认字但无法用文字组成高级语句的问题。

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因此，在英语国家，掌握 1 万单词的也就家庭主妇水平，真的什么工作也干不了，这才是对人最大的恶意，基本上你就被锁死在底层。没有 2 万个词别想读报，没有 3 万个词别想把周刊读顺（据美国联邦教育委员会调查，美国中学毕业生七成看不懂纽约时报），大学毕业 10 年后的职业人士一般都得懂 8 万单词，才能从事知识密集型的工作，例如学个开挖掘机，先要学一大堆单词，学个驾驶，先要学一大堆单词，根本不利于科技普及。

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而在现代社会一个说汉语的人只需要掌握 3500 个字（占汉字总使用率的 99%以上），就可以读书、看报、搞科研。哪怕给你篇论文或来本专业书籍读，也很难找出不认识的字，即便是不认识的专业术语，相当一部分都可以望文生义。所以中国以后在多专业的交叉领域挺有优势的。

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英语等字母拼音文字所谓的简单是入门比较简单，但仅能对付日常用语，却禁锢了使用者的知识摄入量，抬高了学习知识的门槛，是不利于全民科技推广的一种语言。

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但英语也有一个好处，就是筛选（隔离？）能力特别强，中文的普及能力导致了，天才和普通人在语言认知能力之间无法拉开差距，比如知乎常见的两个辩题：中药和西药，西方伪历论。

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我们不讨论哪方是对的，但你会发现，你只要有高中以上的知识，加基本的拼音打字能力，加互联网搜索能力，你就可以参加这些比较高深的辩题，而这一点，在英语语境里面是绝对做不到的，高中层面的英语词汇，绝对不足以支持你发表一篇比较有说服力的网络回答。

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也就是说，即便是在中文环境中烂大街的辩题，如果你放到英语语境中，你只会收获很多非常夸张的阴谋论，而非一个看起来还算正常的网络辩论，能完成正常网络辩论的，一定是有一定学历水平以上的人士才能参加的工作。英语在功能性上的隔阂，特别容易把专业人士从普通人里面筛选出来，而英语本身的特性就是是个大筛选器，普通人是跨不过去的。

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这也就是为什么英语国家下，民众和精英之间的对立程度特别大，比尔盖茨这样的人哪怕真的去非洲普及疫苗，也会被整上各种疫苗阴谋论，因为英语体系下，普通人和精英甚至可以说是两个物种，比如我们常说，（中文）每个字我都认识，但连起来我就看不懂了，在英文的表达环境里面是，你说的每个字我都不认识，连起来我更看不懂。

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在疫情期间，为什么很多政策在外国无法执行，很多人喜欢说外国人崇尚自由，这是一方面，另一方面恐怕是，外国的普通人根本听不懂精英到底在说些什么。

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同时，精英和民众隔离会导致他们的社会科学脱离底层，变成一种纯粹的精英游戏，很多时候你发现外国的各种民主制越搞越乱，其实本质也就在此，语言间的功能性隔离是跨不过去的，精英说的东西很多普通人一脸蒙，根本理解不了，比如上次脱欧，很多人都是等脱欧投票结束后才去查字典了解情况是什么，单纯的演讲根本传达不了足够的信息给普通人做判断，最终是精英获利，但责任甩给了普通人。

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这点中文会有很大优势，民众能说很多只有外国精英才会说的词汇，而且能理解其意思，这就给上下信息流通带来很大便捷。

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某程度上来说，汉字是可谓是“先天 知识普惠圣体”，因为汉字天生就是属于跨学科的文字，让人最容易学到新事物和跨学科事物。让普通人也能快速高效读专业书籍，这才是最大的普世价值。

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此外，汉语汉字这个特点也给中国工业 / 科技发展带来一个巨大优势——提供了一个超大规模的“通才”储备库

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中文在承载和传播信息方面的优势和效率，使得几乎每一个中国人都能成为“啥都知道一些”的“通才”——这其中的大部分甚至都能达到基层从业人员的水准。

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可以这么说，一个中国人，只要高中毕业，不考虑准入门槛，只说实操水平，“文”能去当文员助理，“理”能去当科研民工刷试管，“工”能去厂里下流水线开机床，“医”能揣一本《赤脚医生手册》救急，“兵”能去读战术手册挖战壕打炮。

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这就是为什么我对中国的世界工厂地位有信心。你在别的地方找不到这么大规模的“通才”储备库。你在别的语系，语种，语言环境下，找不到这么高效率的“基层从业人员培养体系”。这才是“世界工厂”的核心竞争力支撑啊·······

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优点 3：中文缩写词更易理解

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由于汉语具有远超其他语言的庞大单音节词库，因此在对特定名词进行缩写的时候，就更具有无可比拟的优势。表音语言在对名词缩写时，一般只能取首字母，这非常容易引起歧义。而中文可以直接取整个名词中比较具有代表意义的字，可以极大地消除歧义。

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比如美国人说“国安局”就是“NSA”，只看这三个字母，不结合任何语境，大概很难猜到是什么意思；同样的，哪怕有语境，同样的缩写表示的意思可能会很多。但是中文缩写，基本上歧义率很低，对语境的要求弱，除非涉及高度专业性内容，不然读者一般都能看懂什么意思。你说个国安局，人即使不知道全称，国，安，局，三个字都已经涵盖了相关的意思。FBI 这些不冷门的还能通过信息了解一下，那些冷门的怎么办，比如各种医学疾病的缩写，各种不出名的部门。在这些东西上就很容感知知道中文有多么优秀。

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换句话来说，字母文字适合扫盲，但很难保持文化延续和科技交流。而汉语等意音方块字在历史文化延续传承和科技交流上简直不能再赞。

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看大家回复挺多的，再来吐槽一下英文的缩写!

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  • 无人驾驶飞机，简称 无人机。英文 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle，简称 UAV，百度百科有 7 个义项。
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  • 平视展示系统，简称 抬头显示，或抬显。英文 Head Up Display，简称 HUD，百度百科只有 1 个义项。
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  • 西北工业大学，简称西工大。麻省理工 Massachusetts Institute of Technologya，简称 MIT，百度百科有 8 个义项。
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  • 中国银行，简称中行，这不会有歧义吧?英文简称 BOC，百度百科有 6 个义项。
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  • MBA，百度百科 6 个义项……
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  • PM，百度百科 25 个义项..
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  • USA，百度百科 3 个义项……
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看出来了吧?英文缩写的两个问题，一是含义完全丢失，二是重复率太高。这导致了一个问题，非专业人士，或者不联系语境，根本不知道缩写是什么。而汉语的简称通常都能保留下一部分含义，靠猜经常能猜出来，即使猜不出来，解释一遍也基本能记住了。

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呵呵，大家看，中文相比英文的优势是不是就充分体现出来了？ 从这可以看出，类似长度的组合词，中文一般都要比英文的逻辑要更清晰。这不简简单单是是效率的问题，而更是人民接受信息能力的问题。组词方式越短、越有逻辑性，学习就越简单。整个社会效率就越高。

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汉字确实比字母难学一些，然而每个汉字的含金量非常高，每个人只要掌握三千常用字，就可以迅速地掌握庞大的词汇量，就能顺利阅读包括专业论文的各种文献（但是里面要是引用了大量英文可就看不懂了），这是中国教育文理科都能互相理解和挑剔、自学成才率高、平均智商高的一个重要因素。这也是我们的母语为每个人提供的学习便利。

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优点 4：单音节结构促进高效编码与传输

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汉字是高度单音节化，发音趋于“一字一音”。这相对于拉丁文的多音节体系，汉语的单音节体系在传输效率方面具备很大的优势。

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从信息论角度来考虑，编码是很有学问的。举个例子。我们知道计算机传输信息，实际上传输的都是 0 和 1。那么，如果我们传输的各种信息出现的频率不一样高怎么办？答案是，出现越频繁的，编码越短。这样就能提高总体效率。

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比方说，我们只有四种信息要传递。按一般的想法，自然是把这四种信息分别用 00、01、10、11 来表示。每个信息都需要用两位二进制数来表示，也就是说传播 100 条信息需要发送 200 个二进制数。但是如果其中有一种信息出现的概率是 91%，而另外三种分别是 3%。那么就可以使用另一种编码方式：1，01，001，000。平均下来这种传播方式传播 100 条信息需要发送 91+2*3+3*3+3*3=115 个二进制数。显然比前面那种效率要高。

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因此，你会发现各个语言中越常用的词，一般就越短。英语里，我、你、他、她、我们，都是单音节词。

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但是，单音节终归是有限的，因此大多数意思仍需通过双音节或多音节词来表达。这时候汉语的优势就显示出来了。由于汉语所能承载的单音节词比其他语言多几倍，所以在构成多音节词的时候就可以很奢侈地使用逻辑结构。这种逻辑结构，使得中文的联系性、逻辑性要优于一般语言。而与语音脱离的文字体系，则进一步支撑了这种结构，方便了记忆。

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我们来举一个非常简单的例子。普通中国人的初等数学能力往往超过欧美。这并不简简单单是教育的问题。更关键地，这是中文对数字命名结果。

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中文由于汉语在单音节词上无可匹敌优势，可以极度奢侈地给予每一个数字一个单音节发音。没有音调的语言，是不可能做到这一点的，因为还有其他更常见的东西需要占用宝贵的单音节词的资源。

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  • 人类的喉咙发出的清晰且易分辨的单音数量是有限的，目前汉语发音包含音节（声母和韵母相拼）和读音（声、韵、调组合发音），查《新华字典》，普通话的 23 个声母(含 y 和 w 两个辅助韵母)和 37 个韵母(含 er 和ê两个特殊韵母)组合的音节有标准音节 407 个，407X4 个声调=1628 个读音，普通话实际使用的读音（目前《新华字典》的单音数量）是 1319 个，还有约 300 个读音没有汉字。
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  • 比汉语普通话单音数量多的，只有泰语、越南语了，泰语有 5 个声调，越南语有 6 个声调。（这也是因为汉语丧失了入声尖团音，在汉语单音在有入声尖团音的时代，其最大单音数约为 2700）。
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  • 英语辅音 28，元音 20，由于没有声调，单音数量约 400 个，远不及汉语 1300 个多的单音数量。
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人对数字的短期记忆，实际上是对数字发音的记忆。研究表明中国人一次能够记住的数字长度要高于英语母语国家。而在计算中，你需要短期记忆很多数字，这一点就天然地给予了中国人绝对优势。

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更进一步地说，中国的数字系统均基于单音节，这使得我们能够采用高度逻辑化的方式构建完整的数字体系。九十六，就是九个十加一个六。英语是“九十”（与九和十都不同的特殊词）加一个六。法语是四个二十加十六。汉语种最简洁而最富逻辑的结构，在世界各种主要语言中是独一无二的。

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为了直观对比，可以看看下图，了解下各国语言是如何表达“97”这个数字的····

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（吐槽：丹麦语 97 = 7+(-(1/2)+5)*20，这个读法属实有毛病啊··········）

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九九乘法口诀表，就是构建在这个基础上的。其他国家的儿童如果想背下来这张表，可以说比中国儿童难了几倍。语言上具备了这种优势，中国人的初等数学怎么能不好？就初等数学上的优势，乘以初等数学在整个社会中的价值，这就是中国的根本竞争优势之一。

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当然，需要指出的是，在较长单词的构成上，表音文字同样展现出一定的逻辑结构，这是语言发展过程中的必然现象。比如说英文 nephritis，就来源于希腊语中一个读音类似的词，而希腊语中的那个词则来源于希腊语 Nefros 和 itis，也就是“肾”和“炎”。不过很抱歉的是，由于表音能力差，这些很常见的意思必须要用这么多音节来表达。这就远不如中文简简单单的“肾炎”了。

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优点 5：信息熵高

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前面已经说过，不再赘述

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优点 6：具备“二维码”特性，便于认读（读得准 + 读得快）

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人是用视觉，或者说图案来接受信息的，汉字的图案本身就是信息，而字母语言的图案没有信息，排列组合才是信息。

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所以，本质上来说，拉丁系的表音文字（拼音）是一种一维线性符号（条形码），只有左右顺序有意义。

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以汉字为代表的方块字，则是是二维码，除了左右，还有上下的排序。汉字能够在平面上沿竖直和水平两个方 向延伸，所以一个汉字往往就能代表很复杂的意思，表达同样的信息，汉字也更省空间。汉字在更加充分地利用了人类的视觉系统，这使得读取速度大为加快。

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此外，因为汉字充分的利用了平面的二维性，表达同样的信息时，在横向长度上比表音文字短。比如一个音节用一个汉字就够了，但是表音文字就要用几个符号把他的音素表示出来。而我们在阅读时同一时间视觉只能集中在一定的范围内，在这个范围内，我们可以看到汉字表达更多的意思。这也很大程度上提升汉字的阅读速度。

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优点 7：形音结合，解决同音字问题

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汉字由于是意音文字，还具备一大优势，那就是避免了同音字太多导致无法识别的问题。

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对付《施氏食狮史》、《季姬击鸡记》这种同音文糊毫无压力（据说是当年某反对汉字拉丁化的学者撰写的小文，可自行百度）

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《季姬击鸡记》

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季姬寂，集鸡，鸡即棘鸡。棘鸡饥叽，季姬及箕稷济鸡。鸡既济，跻姬笈，季姬忌，急咭鸡，鸡急，继圾几，季姬急，即籍箕击鸡，箕疾击几伎，伎即齑，鸡叽集几基，季姬急极屐击鸡，鸡既殛，季姬激，即记《季姬击鸡记》。
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《施氏食狮史》

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石室诗士施氏，嗜狮，誓食十狮。施氏时时适市视狮。 十时，适十狮市。是时，适施氏适市。施氏视十狮，恃矢势，使是十狮逝世。氏拾是十狮尸，适石室。 石室湿，施氏使侍拭石室。石室拭，施氏始试食十狮尸。食时，始识十狮实十石狮尸。试释是事。
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而韩国在废除汉字后采用谚文（纯拼音文字），导致缺乏形旁指示，大量的同音字无法区分。这就造成一系列的社会问题。例如韩国就出现过那种把防水材料搞成吸水材料的笑话（韩语里“防水”和“放水”读音一致，结果建筑公司错误理解了图纸）。

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优点 8：自带超强的引用库

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类比编程语言来说，拼音文字类似汇编语言，中文属于高级语言，并且自带几千年积累下来的各种函数和库。
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汉语是依托于数千年的文化积淀而有序传承的，这令其有一个优势——有个巨大的引用库可调用，数以千计的成语、典故、诗词，为汉语提供着庞大的“超链接”。

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调库不仅仅提供更高的信息熵，而且能让表达更加丰富有趣。

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例如，一句“别在这亡羊补牢了”，显然讥讽力度要大于“事前有机会查缺补漏的时候你无动于衷，现在出了纰漏你在这做无用功”。这样成语典故在汉语中数不胜数，唾面自干、逐鹿中原、桃园结义、千金买骨、李广难封、冯唐易老、高山流水、知音难觅、桃李不言、三顾茅庐.…上面这些成语基本都出自一两千年以前，但在今天的中文中仍然普遍使用。

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当然，平心而论，任何一门语言，都会有自己的俗语、典故。例如英文、拉丁语中的潘多拉的盒子（Pandora's box）、达摩克利斯剑（the Swords of Damocles）、多米诺骨牌（Dominoes）等等。毕竟，任何文明经过了几百年了，谁家还没几个老祖宗传下来典故啊。只不过咱中国因为历史长了一点，所以咱的“引用库”也就比别家稍微丰富了那么“亿点点”······

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不要小看这些浓缩的“超链接”资源，它在某种程度上塑造每一个中国人极其强大的战略战术及博弈策略素养，从耄耋老人到垂髫少儿，都是如此。

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不信？

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请阅读如下内容并回忆你什么时候学会这些词语的、并回忆自己是否运用过。

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金蝉脱壳、抛砖引玉、借刀杀人、以逸待劳、擒贼擒王、趁火打劫、关门捉贼、浑水摸鱼、打草惊蛇、瞒天过海、反间计、笑里藏刀、顺手牵羊、调虎离山、李代桃僵、指桑骂槐、隔岸观火、树上开花、暗渡陈仓、走为上、假痴不癫、欲擒故纵、釜底抽薪、空城计、苦肉计、远交近攻、反客为主、上屋抽梯、偷梁换柱、无中生有、美人计、借尸还魂、声东击西、围魏救赵、连环计、假道伐虢。

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兵者，诡道也。故能而示之不能，用而示之不用，近而示之远，远而示之近。

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攻其无备，出其不意。

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上兵伐谋 其次伐交 其次伐兵 其下攻城。

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擒贼先擒王……

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短短几个字 能够清晰传递一个作战方案 因为每个词的背后都是千年传承历史经验。

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几千年的纵横捭阖攻城拔寨 为中华文化留下了丰富的战略和战术经验 而这些又一步步的发展成为文化 潜移默化的留在了每个中国人的脑子里。

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所以不论是受教育的军官还是不识字的士兵 都知道什么是以假乱真、出其不意、攻其不备、明修栈道、暗渡陈仓 然后穿插、绕袭、包饺子、张口袋……

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所以你看 1962 年对印反击战中，庞国兴这个三人临时结成战斗小组，就能一路“乘胜追击”、“声东击西”，将“风声鹤唳草木皆兵”的印军（整整一个营）彻底击溃，还打掉了敌人两个炮兵阵地。

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菜市场里买菜大妈都知道欲擒故纵，嫌菜价贵，转身离开，而摊主也会来一招苦肉计，好好好我亏本给你……

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欧洲虽然也是经历过黑暗的中世纪，但其语言繁多、城邦较小，所以这样的通俗的谋略总结没那么多。而中华民族延绵不绝的 5000 多年的历史，浸润着每一个国人。

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在这种环境下，每个中国人都着潜在的“智囊调用库”，碰到事情不知道怎么办，去翻一翻二十四史资治通鉴，保证有鲜活案例以及数套解决方案并且有成功经验失败教训。哪怕自己解决不了，找人商量也方便，“三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮”嘛·······

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四、汉字，我们文化的根！

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汉字，自秦始皇“书同文”以来，本质上来说便成了东亚大地上的一种普世文字，深深地熔铸在华夏民族的血脉之中，其横则广布于万里之疆，纵则跨越悠悠千载，伴随着“华夏”这一普世帝国走过了一个又一个千年······
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汉字是音形分离的，所有方言发音可以千奇百怪，但是写成文字一模一样，防止了形随音成在大地理区间和超长时间下形成新的语言，保持了语言的稳定不飘移分裂。

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今天一个随便的中学生，就可以直接阅读，先秦诸子百家的著作，他可以自在地跨越千年，直接和历史上的先贤进行思想上的对话。

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因为什么呢？

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因为自秦以来，华夏便“书同文”了，每一个汉字都被赋予了一个相对稳定的意思。即便我们相隔千年，即便我们地域不同，口音各异，我们都可以自然而然地阅览秦文汉赋唐诗宋词元曲明清小说。

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但是如果是一个英国人，他要读四百年前英文版圣经 KJV 1611（King James Version，简称 KJV 1611，英国国王请来诸多学者翻译的第一版英文圣经，最后成书于 1611 年）的话，就会发现，靠，这都写的什么呀，好古老的英文， 表示看不懂， 或者能看懂一点也懒得再往下看了。（KJV1611 最难辨认的不是他的字体， 就 26 个字母， 字体你习惯就好了。 最难辨认的是很多词的拼法和句子的用法， 比较奇怪。），如果是更久远的古英语的话，那读起来就更牙疼了。

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当然，这都还算好的，更为可悲的是文字传承彻底断绝，儿孙不识祖宗文，例如越南。

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关于越南文字拉丁化的后果，大家可以看看知乎答主 Yves S 亲身经历的故事：

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假如汉语完全拉丁化或是注音化后，会发生什么事情？

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在二十一世纪初的某个秋天，五个中国学生在法国博物馆里，透过几张泛黄的宣纸，了解到了一桩一百多年前发生在越南的案子。

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而同行的越南同学们，由于废弃了汉字、喃字，改用拉丁字母注音，再也无法读懂自己祖先留下典籍，

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他们再也无法知道这些文字后面的恩怨情仇、悲欢离合。

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他们也不能知道主人公的平凡或伟大、卑鄙或高尚。

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他们可能对其视而不见。

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运气好的话，他们或许会说：

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“这看起来像是汉字 / 喃字。”

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中国人以独特的历史和大一统的思想，用特有的方块字维持了这样一个特有的国家形态，在所有原生文明里面，唯独中国汉字靠着这种方式传承至今，这个不得不说是伟大的。

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埃及、苏美尔等民族留给世界的是希腊神庙的源头、所有字母的起源、甚至过半思想的启蒙，但是我们的汉字却给华夏留下了千余年的国祚。

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大风泱泱，大潮滂滂。炎黄八百代承袭，中华五千载变迁。

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龙凤为图，汉字为记。文明圣火，千古未绝者，唯我无双！

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", - "category": "", - "link": "https://daily.zhihu.com/story/9783736", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Sat, 06 Sep 2025 00:27:02 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "资讯", - "feed": "知乎", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "4b4ecee37aa81edccf79460d4bba02d0", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "21 世纪已过去四分之一，你认为本世纪最重要的科学突破有哪些？", "description": "
\"头图\"/
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盘点一下本世纪粒子物理和宇宙学领域的重要突破吧，按照时间顺序介绍：

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1. 中微子振荡的发现（重要指数：★★★★）

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中微子是粒子物理标准模型中的一种基本粒子。它有三种不同的形态，分别称为\"\"、\"\"、\"\". 长期以来的实验证实了三种中微子的存在，但一直没有测量到它们的质量。实际上，在粒子物理标准模型建立的时候就已经假定了中微子没有质量。如果中微子被证实具有质量，那将意味着在粒子物理标准模型之上还存在未知的新物理。

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那么如何才能证明中微子具有质量呢？一个方法是观测中微子是否存在振荡现象。中微子振荡的意思是中微子的三种形态会发生混合，形成叠加态。这意味着中微子在运动过程中不处于某种特定的形态，而是三种形态都有可能。只有当你观测它时，它才会随机坍缩到其中一种形态，且坍缩到其中某一种形态的概率会随距离周期性变化。然而，只有质量不为 0 的粒子才会形成这种叠加态。所以，如果实验探测到了中微子振荡现象，那就说明中微子的质量不为 0.

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在 2000 年前后，中微子振荡现象被日本的超级神冈实验和加拿大的 SNO 实验证实，从而证明中微子实际上存在微小的质量，推翻了标准模型的假定。实验组的负责人最终获得了 2015 年的诺贝尔物理学奖。中微子振荡是目前唯一坐实的超出粒子物理标准模型的新物理现象，为此后粒子物理理论的研究指明了方向。因此在我心中这一发现的重要指数可以给到 ★★★★ .

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中微子探测装置的内部
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2. 暗物质的新证据（重要指数：★★★）

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暗物质是宇宙学中为了解释许多天文观测上的疑难而引入的一种广泛存在于宇宙中的不可见的物质。在上世纪 30 年代的时候，就已经有天文学家根据星系团运动的观测数据推测出了暗物质的存在。到了 70 年代，针对星系旋转曲线的测量结果表明了理论计算与观测数据之间的巨大鸿沟，这种疑难也需要假定星系中存在大量不可见的暗物质才可以解释。自此，暗物质的概念开始被学界重视。然而，上面提到的这些观测结果不仅可以被暗物质解释，某些修改的引力理论也可以解释它们。因此，暗物质学说亟需一些更加坚实的证据来巩固自己的地位。

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终于在 2006 年的时候，星系团引力透镜效应的观测为暗物质的存在找到了新的证据。引力透镜是广义相对论预言的一种天文现象。在广义相对论中，时空会被大质量天体所弯曲，光线在经过这些天体周围时路径会发生偏折，就像经过了一个透镜一样。通过哈勃望远镜，天文学家们观测了子弹星系团的引力透镜效应，并根据观测数据反推出了星系团的质量分布。

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在将观测到的星系团质量分布与 X 射线信号反映出的可见物质分布对比之后，天文学家们发现这两种分布是不重合的。如下图所示，图中蓝色部分是由引力透镜效应反推出的总质量分布，红色部分是可见物质分布。这表明可见物质并不能主导星系团的质量，它们只占星系团总物质的一小部分，星系团的大部分质量是由不可见的暗物质提供的。这一结果是修改引力理论很难解释的，因此它为暗物质的存在提供了非常坚实的证据，重要指数可以给到 ★★★ .

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子弹星系团的总质量分布（蓝）和可见物质分布（红）
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3. 希格斯粒子的发现（重要指数：★★★★★）

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希格斯粒子是粒子物理标准模型中的一个地位极其重要的粒子，正因为有了它，标准模型中的其他粒子才被允许拥有质量。如果没有希格斯粒子，那么构成我们可见物质世界的所有粒子都会是无质量的，我们熟悉的一切物质结构将不复存在。

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希格斯粒子是在 1964 年的时候被提出的，在后面几十年里物理学家们一直在对撞机实验中寻找它。不过，由于对撞机的能量和数据积累能力一直不够，所以几十年的时间里都没有发现过它的踪迹，直到欧洲核子中心的大型强子对撞机（LHC）开始运行。

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LHC 于 2008 年开始运行，经过几年的数据积累和分析处理之后，终于在 2012 年有了成果。LHC 上的两个实验组共同宣布发现了希格斯粒子的信号，从此填补上了粒子物理标准模型中最重要的一环。提出希格斯粒子的希格斯和恩格勒（其他提出者都已去世）获得了 2013 年的诺贝尔物理学奖。在我看来，这是本世纪前 25 年物理学界最重要的突破，重要指数实打实的 ★★★★★ .

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周长 27 公里的大型强子对撞机 LHC
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4. 宇宙微波背景辐射的精确测量（重要指数：★★★）

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宇宙微波背景辐射（CMB）是从宇宙大爆炸时期遗留下来的光。138 亿年前，宇宙从一场大爆炸中诞生，产生的光充满了整个宇宙。这些光经过上百亿年的演化遗留至今，其波长随宇宙膨胀被拉长至微波波段，最终形成了今天氤氲在整个宇宙中的微波背景辐射。

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CMB 最早在上世纪 60 年代就已经探测到了，但是在很长一段时间里面探测设备都不够先进，因此只能探测到这个东西的存在，而不能探测到其中的微小涨落。实际上，CMB 的微小涨落中包含着有关宇宙的丰富的物理信息。如果能对其进行精确测量，那就可以精确地知晓宇宙的曲率、膨胀速率、物质组分的比例等信息。这对我们理解宇宙的演化是非常重要的。

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从上世纪 90 年代开始，天文学家们计划了一系列的卫星实验来在太空中精确测量 CMB 的涨落。到目前为止总共完成了三代实验。其中最早的卫星实验叫做 COBE，这个实验的负责人获得了 2006 年的诺贝尔物理学奖。最新的实验叫做 Planck，它的最后一次实验数据发布于 2018 年，这些数据已经能在 1%的精度上精确测量宇宙模型的物理参数。借助 Planck2018 的数据，宇宙学家们可以把宇宙中可见物质、暗物质、暗能量的比例确定在 5%、26%、69%. 同时，它对宇宙膨胀速率的测量结果将所谓的“哈勃常数疑难”呈现在宇宙学家们的面前，这可能是宇宙中某种未知物理的暗示。重要指数可以给到 ★★★ .

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三代卫星实验对 CMB 在微小涨落的测量
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5. 引力波的发现（重要指数：★★★★★）

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引力波是广义相对论预言的一种天文现象。在广义相对论中，引力等价于弯曲的时空几何。时空各处的弯曲程度可以被一个“度规场”来描述。正如电磁场传递了电荷之间的电磁力，度规场也可以被视为传递了物质之间的引力。又正如电磁场会波动传播形成电磁波，度规场也会波动形成所谓的引力波。它们就像在时空之海中行进的片片波浪。原则上，绝大多数物体的加速运动都会产生引力波，只不过通常引力波的强度极为微弱，很难被检测到。只有非常剧烈的天体物理事件，才能够产生足以被人类仪器探测的引力波。

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引力波的概念在上世纪 30 年代就被爱因斯坦提出了，但实验上的探测一直没有顺利进行，直到激光干涉引力波天文台（LIGO）的立项。引力波的探测利用的是引力波对空间距离的改变。前面我们说过引力波是度规场（时空弯曲程度）的波动。当引力波传播至某一位置时，它就会拉伸或压缩此处的空间。LIGO 制造了一个巨大的激光干涉仪，它有两条长达 4 公里的相互垂直的干涉臂，臂内通有干涉的激光。当从合适方向传播过来引力波时，干涉仪的一条臂会被拉伸，而另一条臂则会被压缩。这样一来，激光的干涉方式就会被改变，仪器就捕捉到了引力波的踪迹。

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2015 年，LIGO 实验组成功探测到了双黑洞合并产生的引力波，取得了里程碑式的突破。实验组的负责人因此获得了 2017 年诺贝尔物理学奖。至今，LIGO 等实验组已探测到了上百个由黑洞或中子星合并造成的引力波事件。这些成果使我们对黑洞和宇宙演化拥有了新的认识，可以说是开启了宇宙学的新时代。重要指数 ★★★★★ 实至名归。

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双黑洞合并产生引力波示意图
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6. 低频引力波的探测（重要指数：★★★）

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前面说的引力波是常规质量的黑洞或者中子星合并形成的引力波。它的特征是波的频率非常高，可能每秒钟都可以波动好多次。然而，宇宙中不仅有高频引力波，还有频率低到一年都不一定能波动一次的低频引力波。这种低频引力波无法被 LIGO 这样的地面激光干涉实验所探测，而是需要利用一种更为神奇的实验方法——脉冲星计时阵列。

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这是一种基于脉冲星探测引力波的方法。它其实还是利用的引力波对空间距离的改变。脉冲星是一种发射脉冲周期性到达地球的中子星。其脉冲周期非常稳定，因此可以被当作一种标准计时工具。当引力波传播至地球与脉冲星的中间区域时，它会改变地球与脉冲星之间的距离，从而使脉冲提前或推迟到达，形成计时残差。由此，射电望远镜就可以捕捉到引力波的信号。当然，如果只观测一颗脉冲星的话，我们无法区分计时残差是由引力波造成的还是由其他原因造成的。但如果同时观测几十颗脉冲星，发现它们的计时残差之间有特定关联，那就可以确定计时残差是引力波造成的。

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2023 年，中国的 CPTA、北美的 NANOGrav、欧洲的 EPTA 以及澳洲的 Parkes 四个脉冲星计时阵列实验组同时发布了低频引力波的观测证据。这是近几年来宇宙学领域最重要的进展。利用低频引力波的观测数据，可以推断宇宙中是否存在互旋的超大质量黑洞，是否有宇宙弦之类的奇异结构。这对我们理解宇宙是非常重要的促进。重要指数暂时给到 ★★★ ，如果未来有进一步的新发现，可以给更高。

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脉冲星原理示意图
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去年写过一篇低频引力波探测的科普，感兴趣的小伙伴可以看看：

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中国天眼 FAST 探测到纳赫兹引力波存在证据，相关研究达领先水平，这意味着什么？哪些信息值得关注？

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可预见的未来

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在下一个四分之一世纪（2025—2050），随着各种实验观测计划的立项，有希望看到更多重要的突破，比如：

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（1）暗能量性质的精确测量，证实暗能量在演化。这个其实已经有实验迹象了，今年 DESI 实验发布的数据已经在较高的置信度上揭示了暗能量的演化性质。未来 5 年之内，随着数据继续积累，相信能够在更高的置信度上证实这件事情。预计会是一个 ★★★★ 级别的成果。感兴趣的小伙伴可以看我之前写的一篇介绍：

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2024 年，天文学领域都有哪些令人激动的新进展与重要发现？

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（2）毫赫兹引力波的探测。我国和欧洲已经计划发射卫星在太空中组建激光干涉仪来探测毫赫兹频段的引力波。这个项目预计在 2035 年左右建成并运行，届时我们会对引力波有更加充分的研究。重要程度可以类比脉冲星计时阵列，★★★ .

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（3）原初引力波的探测，证实宇宙暴胀理论。这个其实有点悬，因为我们不知道原初引力波的强度究竟如何。原初引力波是宇宙暴胀理论预言的在宇宙诞生初期产生的引力波，它的强度由一个参数——张标比 r ——来衡量。许多暴胀模型预言的张标比在 r=0.003 左右，大约在未来的十年之内实验精度就可以到达这个界限。届时我们可能会成功探测到原初引力波，从而证实宇宙暴胀理论，也可以间接说明引力的量子——引力子的存在，这将会是一个 ★★★★★ 级别的发现。但也有可能直到很高的精度下也没有探测到原初引力波，这会帮我们排除掉许多种不可能的暴胀模型。

\n

（4）直接探测到暗物质粒子或者原初黑洞。这个也有点悬，因为我们目前对暗物质粒子的物理性质知之甚少，所以不知道什么样的探测手段才能捕捉到它的踪迹。原初黑洞也是不知道它是否真的存在于宇宙当中。但如果成功发现了它们，必然会是一个 ★★★★★ 级别的突破。

\n

（5）TeV 能标的新物理。这个依赖于新的大型粒子对撞机项目是否能立项。如果能立项并成功运行，那就有希望在 TeV 能标找到超出粒子物理标准模型的新物理，这至少是一个 ★★★★ 的突破。如果能发现未知的新粒子，将会是实打实的 ★★★★★ 级别的成果。

\n
\n
\n\n\n
查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n\n\n\n", @@ -3266,28 +3244,6 @@ "hash": "d5d894c7957b0a70906cfdb361349e45", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "佛山释放不咬人蚊子捕食咬人蚊子，能起到预期效果吗？会有风险吗？", - "description": "
\"头图\"/
\n

先说结论：巨蚊很好！但不要抱太高期待。

\n

这次新闻的主角是 巨蚊Toxorhynchites

\n

顾名思义，巨蚊是一类体型巨大的蚊子。它和摇蚊大蚊蕈蚊之类的假蚊子不同，巨蚊是货真价实的蚊子，属于蚊总科 Culicoidea，蚊科 Culicidae，库蚊亚科 Culicinae。

\n

它幼虫以其他蚊子的幼虫为食，积攒了足够的蛋白质，因此成虫不需要吸血。

\n

巨蚊满足了人类对天敌昆虫的一切美好幻想：食量大、针对性极强，不会误伤无辜、没有入侵风险（注意，华丽巨蚊是本地物种！本地物种！！！）、对人没有任何危害、可以人工养殖，甚至，长得还挺好看。

\n

如果你在南方，或许已经见过它了。至少有一两个巨蚊属物种在南方省份是有稳定种群的。

\n

所以，不是新引入的啊！

\n
\"\"
答主在广州拍摄到的巨蚊，雌成虫
\n
\"\"
一只巨蚊雄虫。和其他雄性蚊子一样，触角和颚须比较发达
\n

巨蚊有蓝紫色配黄色的金属光泽，很漂亮。加上它天生的巨大体型，很容易认出来。

\n
\"\"
某种巨蚊，与白纹伊蚊 Aedes albopictus 的对比。来源：https://www.reddit.com/r/natureismetal/comments/1373ez7/toxorhynchites_aka_elephant_mosquito_is_almost_an/
\n

巨蚊是真正的蚊子，这意味着它们有蚊子该有的外形特征，包括可以站在水面上的大长腿，停歇时后腿会举起来；它们有发达的刺吸式口器，不过弯折了一下，只能吃花蜜，而不能吸血。

\n

哦对了，可别把它和大蚊搞混了；

\n

大蚊总科可不是蚊子，幼虫也不会捕猎。只是名称有点相似而已！

\n
\"\"
这是大蚊，大蚊不是蚊子，没有刺吸式口器
\n

这样腿特别长的虫子，不是蚊子哦。

\n
\n

巨蚊是蚊子，所以巨蚊的幼虫是孑孓，长相就是个很典型的孑孓。

\n

除了大小比一般孑孓大了十倍。

\n
\"\"
\n

巨蚊成虫放下屠刀信佛了，但在幼虫时期可是极其贪婪、残暴的掠食者。

\n

根据猎物的体型，巨蚊在生长过程中或捕杀上百只，到五千只猎物；它跟其他蚊子一样栖息在临时性的死水坑里、或者说，巨蚊成虫特意产卵在其他蚊子繁殖的水坑里，因此，它们吃掉的绝大多数猎物都是其它蚊子的孑孓。

\n

孑孓通常栖息在临时性的小规模水源，比如植物积水、鱼缸、水桶、轮胎等，这种环境食物匮乏且缺氧，几乎只有蚊子能生存，没有别的天敌（像蜻蜓这样的，只能栖息在开阔水域）。

\n

因此，巨蚊是唯一的，专业击杀孑孓的捕食者。

\n

想象一下，每成功羽化一只巨蚊，就有成百上千的伊蚊或库蚊死亡，令人舒适。

\n
\"\"
巨蚊孑孓在吃小零食。来源: https://x.com/AntRoom_taku/status/1194066982003302400
\n

从上世纪起，人类就已经看到了这些蚊科叛徒的价值所在，开始研究它们对伊蚊的控制作用——而且确实取得了一些成果。作为天敌昆虫，它们不会像化学方法那样导致污染和误伤，而且，它们会主动寻找散布在野外的蚊子繁殖地，比如树洞或叶子中的积水，这些地方是人类难以触及的。

\n

嗯，听起来确实很美好。

\n

但我开头已经说了，别对它抱有太高期望。不然也不会直到现在才稍微在小范围用一下了，对吧？

\n
\n

巨蚊有一些难绷的缺点。

\n

首先，这玩意儿实在太能吃……

\n

这本来是好事，天敌昆虫，本来是吃的越多越好；

\n

但问题是，它是个孑孓，擅长游泳但不会爬，不能靠自己爬出水面换个栖息地；如果自己水坑里的猎物吃光了，它会饿死……

\n

它不仅吃的多，而且杀业太重，如果其它蚊子幼虫吃光了，它会自相残杀。

\n

准备化蛹时，为了防止化蛹之后失去战斗力而被自己的弟妹吃掉，它们会抢先一步，尽量把水中遇到的所有其它生物杀光，即使已经吃饱了也会滥杀。

\n

显然这会导致，巨蚊很难自然繁殖出较大的数量。

\n

巨蚊本身的捕猎方法也是个问题，它们主要守株待兔，只有猎物游到嘴边才会出击；如果水体较大，其它蚊子孑孓是会躲在远处避开它的。不过，既然它的存在是如此恐怖，足以威慑其它孑孓，妨碍它们的生长发育，即使它们能活下来，也会营养不良的，能起到一个间接的控制作用，这倒是挺好的。

\n

另外，水也很重要；作为一种水生动物却栖息在小规模水体里，一旦这些水流干或晒干，巨蚊孑孓就会变成虫干。

\n

它们的卵也必须一直接触水，否则会干死。

\n

作为它们猎物的其他蚊子幼虫也需要面对这个问题，但它们体型较小、发育更快，因此更容易赶在水干之前完成发育。其中，伊蚊的卵不怕干燥，能在没水的时候存活几个月、一下雨就孵化并迅速发育，特别烦人。

\n

最后，由于巨蚊是蚊子……它很容易死于各种灭蚊 AOE。人类用来击杀吸血蚊子的菊酯类喷雾、或投放在水中的药物，都会把巨蚊一并杀死……

\n

所以……真的不要指望巨蚊能对每年都爆发的伊蚊起到多么显著的控制作用。

\n

对于巨蚊，想深入了解的话，可以看这篇综述文章：Toxorhynchites Species: A Review of Current Knowledge

\n
\n

虽然现在巨蚊不太好用，不过，投放巨蚊的灭蚊方法值得进一步开发。

\n

例如，选育出耐杀虫剂的巨蚊，以免被传统灭蚊方法波及；或者在实验室中用人工饲料大量饲养巨蚊并投放，都是很值得考虑的思路。

\n

不过至少在现在，人类对巨蚊的潜力，开发还很不足。我们连国内常见的巨蚊有哪些种类，都还没完全搞清楚呢。

\n

哦对了，这事儿跟普通人没啥关系。

\n

就是请大家还是注意一下，巨蚊这玩意儿存活不易，见了别拍死！

\n
\n
\n\n\n
查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n\n\n\n", - "content": "
\"头图\"/
\n

先说结论：巨蚊很好！但不要抱太高期待。

\n

这次新闻的主角是 巨蚊Toxorhynchites

\n

顾名思义，巨蚊是一类体型巨大的蚊子。它和摇蚊大蚊蕈蚊之类的假蚊子不同，巨蚊是货真价实的蚊子，属于蚊总科 Culicoidea，蚊科 Culicidae，库蚊亚科 Culicinae。

\n

它幼虫以其他蚊子的幼虫为食，积攒了足够的蛋白质，因此成虫不需要吸血。

\n

巨蚊满足了人类对天敌昆虫的一切美好幻想：食量大、针对性极强，不会误伤无辜、没有入侵风险（注意，华丽巨蚊是本地物种！本地物种！！！）、对人没有任何危害、可以人工养殖，甚至，长得还挺好看。

\n

如果你在南方，或许已经见过它了。至少有一两个巨蚊属物种在南方省份是有稳定种群的。

\n

所以，不是新引入的啊！

\n
\"\"
答主在广州拍摄到的巨蚊，雌成虫
\n
\"\"
一只巨蚊雄虫。和其他雄性蚊子一样，触角和颚须比较发达
\n

巨蚊有蓝紫色配黄色的金属光泽，很漂亮。加上它天生的巨大体型，很容易认出来。

\n
\"\"
某种巨蚊，与白纹伊蚊 Aedes albopictus 的对比。来源：https://www.reddit.com/r/natureismetal/comments/1373ez7/toxorhynchites_aka_elephant_mosquito_is_almost_an/
\n

巨蚊是真正的蚊子，这意味着它们有蚊子该有的外形特征，包括可以站在水面上的大长腿，停歇时后腿会举起来；它们有发达的刺吸式口器，不过弯折了一下，只能吃花蜜，而不能吸血。

\n

哦对了，可别把它和大蚊搞混了；

\n

大蚊总科可不是蚊子，幼虫也不会捕猎。只是名称有点相似而已！

\n
\"\"
这是大蚊，大蚊不是蚊子，没有刺吸式口器
\n

这样腿特别长的虫子，不是蚊子哦。

\n
\n

巨蚊是蚊子，所以巨蚊的幼虫是孑孓，长相就是个很典型的孑孓。

\n

除了大小比一般孑孓大了十倍。

\n
\"\"
\n

巨蚊成虫放下屠刀信佛了，但在幼虫时期可是极其贪婪、残暴的掠食者。

\n

根据猎物的体型，巨蚊在生长过程中或捕杀上百只，到五千只猎物；它跟其他蚊子一样栖息在临时性的死水坑里、或者说，巨蚊成虫特意产卵在其他蚊子繁殖的水坑里，因此，它们吃掉的绝大多数猎物都是其它蚊子的孑孓。

\n

孑孓通常栖息在临时性的小规模水源，比如植物积水、鱼缸、水桶、轮胎等，这种环境食物匮乏且缺氧，几乎只有蚊子能生存，没有别的天敌（像蜻蜓这样的，只能栖息在开阔水域）。

\n

因此，巨蚊是唯一的，专业击杀孑孓的捕食者。

\n

想象一下，每成功羽化一只巨蚊，就有成百上千的伊蚊或库蚊死亡，令人舒适。

\n
\"\"
巨蚊孑孓在吃小零食。来源: https://x.com/AntRoom_taku/status/1194066982003302400
\n

从上世纪起，人类就已经看到了这些蚊科叛徒的价值所在，开始研究它们对伊蚊的控制作用——而且确实取得了一些成果。作为天敌昆虫，它们不会像化学方法那样导致污染和误伤，而且，它们会主动寻找散布在野外的蚊子繁殖地，比如树洞或叶子中的积水，这些地方是人类难以触及的。

\n

嗯，听起来确实很美好。

\n

但我开头已经说了，别对它抱有太高期望。不然也不会直到现在才稍微在小范围用一下了，对吧？

\n
\n

巨蚊有一些难绷的缺点。

\n

首先，这玩意儿实在太能吃……

\n

这本来是好事，天敌昆虫，本来是吃的越多越好；

\n

但问题是，它是个孑孓，擅长游泳但不会爬，不能靠自己爬出水面换个栖息地；如果自己水坑里的猎物吃光了，它会饿死……

\n

它不仅吃的多，而且杀业太重，如果其它蚊子幼虫吃光了，它会自相残杀。

\n

准备化蛹时，为了防止化蛹之后失去战斗力而被自己的弟妹吃掉，它们会抢先一步，尽量把水中遇到的所有其它生物杀光，即使已经吃饱了也会滥杀。

\n

显然这会导致，巨蚊很难自然繁殖出较大的数量。

\n

巨蚊本身的捕猎方法也是个问题，它们主要守株待兔，只有猎物游到嘴边才会出击；如果水体较大，其它蚊子孑孓是会躲在远处避开它的。不过，既然它的存在是如此恐怖，足以威慑其它孑孓，妨碍它们的生长发育，即使它们能活下来，也会营养不良的，能起到一个间接的控制作用，这倒是挺好的。

\n

另外，水也很重要；作为一种水生动物却栖息在小规模水体里，一旦这些水流干或晒干，巨蚊孑孓就会变成虫干。

\n

它们的卵也必须一直接触水，否则会干死。

\n

作为它们猎物的其他蚊子幼虫也需要面对这个问题，但它们体型较小、发育更快，因此更容易赶在水干之前完成发育。其中，伊蚊的卵不怕干燥，能在没水的时候存活几个月、一下雨就孵化并迅速发育，特别烦人。

\n

最后，由于巨蚊是蚊子……它很容易死于各种灭蚊 AOE。人类用来击杀吸血蚊子的菊酯类喷雾、或投放在水中的药物，都会把巨蚊一并杀死……

\n

所以……真的不要指望巨蚊能对每年都爆发的伊蚊起到多么显著的控制作用。

\n

对于巨蚊，想深入了解的话，可以看这篇综述文章：Toxorhynchites Species: A Review of Current Knowledge

\n
\n

虽然现在巨蚊不太好用，不过，投放巨蚊的灭蚊方法值得进一步开发。

\n

例如，选育出耐杀虫剂的巨蚊，以免被传统灭蚊方法波及；或者在实验室中用人工饲料大量饲养巨蚊并投放，都是很值得考虑的思路。

\n

不过至少在现在，人类对巨蚊的潜力，开发还很不足。我们连国内常见的巨蚊有哪些种类，都还没完全搞清楚呢。

\n

哦对了，这事儿跟普通人没啥关系。

\n

就是请大家还是注意一下，巨蚊这玩意儿存活不易，见了别拍死！

\n
\n
\n\n\n
查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n\n\n\n", - "category": "", - "link": "https://daily.zhihu.com/story/9783701", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Thu, 04 Sep 2025 00:27:02 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "资讯", - "feed": "知乎", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "3989753ee5260159e915c674bdfe6a78", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "你心目中最硬核的早茶城市是哪里？是什么造就了它硬核的早茶文化？", "description": "
\"头图\"/
\n

我的字典里，很少用到“最”这个词。但在旅游过程中，确实有几座城市的早茶文化，给我留下了比较深刻的印象。那么就用几个关键词，概括下我所体验过的早茶之最吧。

\n

最市井喧嚣：拉萨早茶

\n

青藏高原气候苦寒，蔬果稀缺，茶叶因此成为广大高原人民不可或缺的日常饮品。来到拉萨，我留意到大街小巷数不胜数的甜茶馆，很多藏族朋友的一天，就是从甜茶馆里的一壶茶、一碗藏面开始的。

\n
\"\"
\n

我在拉萨的这几天，每天都至少要喝一壶茶，有时是在甜茶馆，有时是在餐厅。拉萨的甜茶馆，定位大致介于茶馆和沙县小吃之间，除了茶水，也提供一些便捷吃食，既可喝茶聊天，也可简单解决一顿饭。

\n

在拉萨大清真寺附近（没错拉萨也是有清真寺的），有家鲁仓茶馆，据说是拉萨第一家私人甜茶馆，由鲁仓家族的祖屋改建而成，店主人是拉萨的藏回。因为离住处很近，我光顾了好几回。

\n
\"\"
\n

鲁仓茶馆生意很好，每天早上七八点，店里就坐满客人，大多是藏族，大家边喝茶边聊天，非常热闹。因为座位紧张，每次来这里，我都会和藏族同胞一起拼桌，看到我这样的陌生面孔，有时藏族朋友还会和我分享一些茶水吃食，瞬间消解因语言文化带来的距离感。可能是因为离八廓街不远的缘故，茶馆里时常有人进来化缘，也算是拉萨饮茶吃饭独特的体验。

\n

不止是鲁仓茶馆，在拉萨的这几天，我光顾的其他几家茶馆也是人声鼎沸，非常有市井气息。在人口不多的青藏高原，除了热门景点外，还有甜茶馆这种热闹的存在，这就是我将其评为最市井喧嚣的理由。

\n
\"\"
\n

甜茶馆主要供应两种茶：甜茶和酥油茶，一小热水壶 6 元左右，颇具性价比。

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甜茶由红茶、牛奶、糖等调制，口味和阿萨姆奶茶相近，据说是清末从尼泊尔、印度传入拉萨的，如今已融入拉萨人的日常生活。藏族传统上喜欢以木碗饮茶，很多老派的藏民也会自带一个木碗喝茶。

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另一家茶馆的酥油茶
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相较甜茶，酥油茶则非常传统，是由浓茶和牛羊奶提炼的酥油混合调制的。酥油茶表面往往浮着一层黄色的酥油，热量较高。闻上一口酥油茶，就会想起藏地寺庙中弥漫的酥油味。在青藏高原和南亚，许多宗教仪式都离不开酥油。

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拉萨每家甜茶馆都卖藏面。在西北吃了十多天重口味食物，尝一口清淡的藏面汤，感觉倒也不错。不过藏面的面口感一般，由于拉萨海拔较高，煮面温度不足，吃起来会有点泡久了的方便面的感觉。

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拉萨随处可以找到卖炸土豆的小摊，甜茶馆一般也卖炸土豆。不得不说，这里的土豆味道都挺不错，口感绵密，又有土豆香。

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其他搭配随店家各有不同，基本都是拉萨常见的平民食品。比如上图的比里里，口感有点像印度的米布丁。由米粉、牛奶、藏红花制成，细腻奶香。

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藏式牛肉包子，其实更像牛肉馅饺子。用锅贴做法就叫锅贴牛肉包子，吃起来外皮酥酥脆脆的，有点像南京的锅贴，但没那么多汁水。

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巴兹马酷，用酥油、白糖拌的面团子。高碳水、高热量，浓浓酥油味，如果吃不惯的话，没吃多少就会感觉比较腻。

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鲁仓茶馆的收银台放着各种食物的样品，下方棕色的糕点叫哈啰，由青稞、酥油、糖等制成，据说比较甜比较高热量，我没有试。

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咖喱饭也是甜茶馆的常见食物，通常为咖喱土豆牛肉饭搭配泡萝卜，口味不如印度咖喱那么浓重。

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有些甜茶馆还会提供尼泊尔式套餐等内容比较丰富的食物，价格不贵，上面这份有荤有素的尼泊尔套餐也就二十多。

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最铺天盖地：广州早茶

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广州历来是对外开放，引领风潮的大都市，广式早茶也正如粤菜馆那样，开遍全国各地，可谓是全国最具影响力的早茶品类了。

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据说，广州早茶的历史可以追溯至清末的“一厘馆”，原先只是供客人歇脚、吃点东西的简易场所。后来出现了独立的茶楼，早茶搭配的茶点也越发精致多样。

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广式早茶配的茶，大多是直接冲泡的菊花茶、普洱茶、乌龙茶之类，吸引人的主要是各色精致点心。我在广州这几天，因为住得比较偏远，没体验机会早茶，品尝的茶点数量也有限，简单贴点图分享吧。

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虾饺，一只饺里三四只虾，咸鲜不油腻，每一口都很满足。

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红米肠，里面主要也是虾肉馅，加入了薄脆丰富口感。

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叉烧酥，烤制的酥皮分层酥脆，叉烧鲜甜入味，带点中西结合的意味。

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广州酒家的虾饺、烧麦、蒸糕三拼，都是一口一个的精致分量。

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水晶饺，里面是蔬菜虾肉馅。

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最中西融合：海南老爸茶

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离广东一海之隔的海南，有种叫老爸茶的茶食文化。据说在海南，人们把上了年纪的人称作“老爸”，所以这类大众茶摊就被叫做老爸茶。

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老爸茶在海南沿海各地随处可见，关于它的起源，有几种不同的说法。较为常见的说法是，老爸茶和海南华侨有密切关系，南洋华侨打拼归来，带回了国外的下午茶习惯。也有说法认为，老爸茶一名兴起于改革开放之后。

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露天塑料板凳，以及不急不忙的顾客，这是海南老爸茶的氛围
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不管来源如何，海南的老爸茶文化确实有其独到之处，最显著的一点，就在于中西融合。

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我在海口住处附近，找到家菜市场附近的老爸茶。店里的茶水种类多样，有中式的绿茶、乌龙茶，有西式的奶茶、柠檬茶、袋泡茶，还有牛奶、咖啡等。从茶水的种类推断，老爸茶起源于南洋华侨的说法，应该有其合理之处。

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如同海南许多茶店、杂粮店（所谓杂粮店，其实主要供应各式早点）一样，这里供应多种西式糕点。

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现蒸的各种点心，一笼从个位数到十多元不等。品类大多和广式茶点类似，只是没有那么精致。也有香兰面饼、鸡屎藤面饼等海南特色。

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我点的是海南粉和肠粉。海南的粉种类也很多，除了抱罗粉以外，口味一般都比较清淡。

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最硬核碳水：吴忠早茶

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早茶通常是南方城市的习俗，没想到去宁夏的时候，发现宁夏的吴忠，也有早茶文化。我在银川的住处附近，有家吴忠早茶连锁店，虽然没到吴忠，也算体验了吴忠的早茶文化。

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吴忠早茶的历史应该不久。据说其兴起于上世纪 80 年代，当时许多兰州人把拉面带入宁夏，吴忠人对其改良、创新，于是有了融合八宝茶、牛肉面的早茶文化。

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吴忠位于黄河之滨，曾是丝绸之路的贸易要冲，当地居民以回族居多。凡此种种，造就了吴忠不同于南方的独特早茶文化，最显著的一点，大概就是种类繁多的西北碳水了，此外，八宝茶和牛羊肉，也是吴忠早茶的一大特色。

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吴忠早茶的茶是八宝茶，配料相当丰富，包括茶叶、红枣、枸杞、核桃、桂圆、芝麻、葡萄干、冰糖等，口感较普通茶水浓香丰富。西北各地都惯饮“三炮台”，其配料和八宝茶类似，不过在宁夏，此类茶一般就叫八宝茶。

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牛肉拉面是吴忠早茶的原始搭配，鉴于我只有一个人，之后又准备去兰州，我就点了一些其他小吃，没有选拉面。

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吴忠早茶的牛肉多取材于牛腱、牛肋，吃法有凉、热两种。简单煮过的热牛肉，蘸着蒜醋汁，主要吃个原味。

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烧麦是北方风格的牛肉烧麦，比广式早茶的烧麦粗犷得多。

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油香是种发酵油炸面食，炸过以后面饼膨胀开，有点像中东餐厅的皮塔饼。配一碗辣子，可以夹在油香里吃，还可以加点牛肉，这样就成了自制油香肉夹馍了。

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最似曾相识：扬州早茶

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扬州有句俗语：“早上皮包水，晚上水包皮”，所谓早上皮包水，便是一早起来喝早茶。和广州类似，扬州曾经也是繁华的商埠。据说扬州的早茶文化形成于明清时期，和运河经济以及盐商文化的兴盛密不可分。

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扬州早茶的茶，一般是清口解腻的绿茶，搭配面点、冷菜、热碟等，邻近的泰州等地，也有类似的早茶文化。当然，扬州离上海不远，所以扬州早茶的搭配和口味，对于上海人来说也是比较熟悉的口味。

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趣园外的趣园
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说到扬州的茶社，有“三春一园”之说。历经多年发展，如今三春一园中的趣园似乎势头更盛，拿到了黑珍珠二钻，还有米其林的必比登推介，定位相对更高。我在扬州的第一天，去了迎宾馆附近的趣园，建在清代修建的园林趣园之中，景色不错，生意很好。

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趣园的点心都是现做的，招牌的盐商五丁包里面有大块的辽参，以及笋丁、鸡丁、肉丁、虾仁，限量供应，还附送介绍册。另点了葱油饼、千层油糕、蟹黄小笼、翡翠烧麦、阳春面，味道都不错，葱油饼非常酥，阳春面汤底加了虾籽酱油和白胡椒，后来发现应该是扬州的特色。

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第二天一早尝试了三丁包、蒸饺、馄饨、烫干丝，也都是扬州早茶的常见搭配。三丁包的馅料较五丁包有所精简，比较实惠。蒸饺个大，多汁，馅料偏甜。烫干丝配上酱油料汁和姜丝、虾米，爽口软嫩。馄饨用的也是虾籽酱油汤，看来是扬州特色。

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御码头
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湖景位，玻璃干净点就更好了
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最后一天去了乾隆下江南的御码头边的冶春，也是三春一园之一。点了蟹黄汤包、赤豆圆子、五丁包和红楼梦蒸糕拼盘。五丁包是现蒸的，味道可以，但不如趣园，当然价格就便宜多了。蟹黄汤包配了吸管，里面果然是一包汤，固态物略少些。蒸糕拼盘内有翡翠烧麦、桂花糕还有一种软软弹弹，粘性极强的蒸糕。

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据说浙江、安徽等地也有不同的早茶文化，有机会可以体验下。

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查看知乎讨论
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\n\n\n\n", @@ -3310,28 +3266,6 @@ "hash": "51bfb06027aa44c2caf862f67d5a31c8", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "既然生命是为了繁衍生存，为何大部分植物未能演化出避免被吃掉的「武器」？", - "description": "
\"头图\"/
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bro 以为大部分植物都跟大白菜一样人均白给呢：

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十字花科公主，属性：温婉、平易近人
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白菜属于十字花科，常见的十字花科蔬菜还有小白菜、椰菜花、芥蓝、球茎甘蓝、叶芥菜、萝卜等。

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看起来好像确实很柔弱，随便吃，没什么防御手段。

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但其实十字花科普遍有一种化学武器：芥子油苷。

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当它们的植物细胞受损时，内源性黑芥子酶将芥子油苷水解为异硫氰酸酯（如萝卜硫素）、硫氰酸盐等产物，部分产物具有挥发性气味（如辛辣味）。

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因此生吃萝卜会有辣辣的感觉，辣味来源就是被咬后产生的 4- 甲硫基 -3- 丁烯基异硫氰酸酯。

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不过这些小小手段对于能够熟练用火加热蔬菜的人类来说简直没有任何作用，因为炒熟以后就没事了，酶失活，芥子油苷分解……

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因此十字花科的蔬菜才这么广泛廉价。

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化学防御也算是最常见的防御手段了。

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另外常见的防御手段还有物理防御：

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蔷薇女王，属性：带刺傲娇
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比如我们常见的蔷薇科。

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除了带刺的玫瑰外，其实苹果、海棠、梨、桃、李、杏、樱桃等常见植物也是蔷薇科的，

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虽然你可能在它们身上看不出来玫瑰那么明显的刺。

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不过咱们可以看看蔷薇科一些野生种的果实：

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比如刺梨：

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还有金樱子：

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这些常见的带刺野果很神奇的都是蔷薇科的。

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因为蔷薇科不管是乔木、灌木、藤本或草本，部分都有枝刺或皮刺。

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当然带刺的防御就比较直观，能一眼看出来该植物不喜欢被接近。

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不过刺也有不同的类型：

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枝刺、皮刺、叶刺为三大基础类型，果实刺属特殊亚型。

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枝刺 / 皮刺抵御草食动物啃食，但是也有部分植物，如皂荚和柑橘，新生的枝条上会长出较为尖锐的刺，且这些刺有时会分枝。随着植物年龄的增长，老枝上的刺往往会变得较为钝化，甚至可能脱落。

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带刺果实也有类似的机制。

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比如我们常吃的榴莲和板栗，这些果实还没成熟的有刺，防止被动物吃掉，而当它们成熟以后，果实会自动裂开，方便种子掉出来或者被采食：

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另外，说到化学防御，再补充一个咱们常见蔬菜里很特别的茄科：

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茄科更像是集齐了阴狠（漂亮但有毒的曼陀罗）、毒辣（辣椒）、魅惑（天仙子致幻、烟草上瘾等）于一身的魅魔，啊不对，是巫医，既提供镇静剂又提供致幻剂。

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我们常吃的蔬菜里土豆、辣椒、番茄、茄子等是茄科的。

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大家都知道土豆发芽就不能吃了，因为发芽的土豆龙葵素（glycoalkaloids）含量很高。

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其实不但土豆有龙葵素，番茄和茄子都有。

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龙葵素另外的名称就是茄碱，广泛存在于茄科植物当中。

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现在市面上我们吃的番茄和茄子都是成熟的，未成熟的生番茄和生茄子也都含有龙葵素，生吃会中毒的。

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另外有趣的是，烟草也是茄科（烟草属）的植物。

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茄科里面还有致幻三杰the trio of the delirium:

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中世纪时期，多种药膏和饮品的配方中曾包含一些具有致幻作用的植物。

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以及从中世纪的欧洲就“声明在外”的茄科三大致幻植物：

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致命颠茄（Atropa belladonna）、天仙子（Hyoscyamus niger）和曼德拉草（Mandragora officinarum）。

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其中曼德拉草更是尤为出名，经常以尖叫植物的形态出现，哈利波特里面也有提及。

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所有上述植物均含 阿托品、东莨菪碱 及 莨菪碱。通过阻断 M 型乙酰胆碱受体引发中枢神经兴奋→谵妄→昏迷，致死剂量可致呼吸麻痹。

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曼陀罗属的很多花朵也是同样的作用。

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除了化学和物理防御外，植物还有特殊的防御机制：

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比如召唤师机制：

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有些植物受伤后会释放一些化学物质，但是这些化学物质不是直接毒杀吃它们的动物，而是召唤其他动物来帮忙解决问题。

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比如黄刺合欢（Acacia cornigera）与其共生的合欢树蚂蚁（如Pseudomyrmex ferrugineus）之间的共生关系。

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合欢树提供带蜜露腺体的栖息巢穴供蚂蚁生存。

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当长颈鹿等大型食草动物啃食树叶时，树木受损组织会释放挥发性芳香烯烃类化合物。

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这种化学信号能瞬间激活树上的蚁群，蚂蚁们就开始假装马蜂来了：

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蚂蚁的防御机制极具策略性——它们通过快速爬行并震动身体摩擦树干，产生高频\"嘶嘶声\"。研究发现这种声波频率与非洲马蜂振翅声高度相似。

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长颈鹿等食草动物听觉系统对此类音频极为敏感，误判为蜂群攻击信号而迅速撤退。

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即使蚂蚁实际没有攻击长颈鹿，声学拟态威慑成功率仍非常高。

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该共生体系经长期协同进化形成：合欢树通过节省化学防御成本，将资源集中于生长；蚂蚁则获得稳定食源与栖所。

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相较于无蚁共生的合欢树，有蚁守卫的树木叶片损失率更低，繁殖成功率更高。这种声学防御策略，展现了化学生态信号与物理拟态威慑的精准整合。

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另外，就是看起来特别柔弱的青草也有类似的召唤机制：

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割草和食草动物吃草的时候，草地散发出的芳草香就是它们的求救信号：

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当青草被切断的时候，植物也会发现自己要死了，也会求救。

\n

芳草气味本质上是植物的一种自然应激反应，是它们呼唤其他昆虫的方式：

\n

原理其实是化学防御机制，细胞破裂释放挥发性有机化合物（VOCs），包括绿叶挥发物（GLVs）如己醛、己醇等。

\n

这些物质能够吸引食草昆虫的天敌（植物会优先应对昆虫的啃食。所以这个天敌是针对昆虫的）

\n

比如：寄生蜂类

\n
    \n
  1. 斑潜蝇寄生蜂
    植物释放的己醇是寄生蜂定位寄主的关键信号。例如，斑潜蝇寄生蜂能通过感知植物受伤后释放的己醇，精准定位被斑潜蝇幼虫危害的植物 *1
    2. \n
  2. 中红侧沟茧蜂
    绿叶挥发物中的正己醛对中红侧沟茧蜂表现出显著吸引力，这种蜂可寄生蚜虫等害虫。
    3. \n
\n

或者吸引瓢虫、绿草蛉（如Chrysopa nigricornis）等昆虫来消灭蚜虫等有害昆虫。

\n

所以植物的反制手段还是很多的。

\n

以上~

\n

参考文献：

\n

1 寄生蜂利用植物受伤后释放的己醇来搜寻寄主 王琛柱

\n

2 植物挥发物对天敌昆虫异色瓢虫的引诱效应 薛皎亮，贺珺，谢映平

\n
\n
\n\n\n
查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n\n\n\n", - "content": "
\"头图\"/
\n

bro 以为大部分植物都跟大白菜一样人均白给呢：

\n
\"\"
十字花科公主，属性：温婉、平易近人
\n

白菜属于十字花科，常见的十字花科蔬菜还有小白菜、椰菜花、芥蓝、球茎甘蓝、叶芥菜、萝卜等。

\n

看起来好像确实很柔弱，随便吃，没什么防御手段。

\n

但其实十字花科普遍有一种化学武器：芥子油苷。

\n

当它们的植物细胞受损时，内源性黑芥子酶将芥子油苷水解为异硫氰酸酯（如萝卜硫素）、硫氰酸盐等产物，部分产物具有挥发性气味（如辛辣味）。

\n

因此生吃萝卜会有辣辣的感觉，辣味来源就是被咬后产生的 4- 甲硫基 -3- 丁烯基异硫氰酸酯。

\n

不过这些小小手段对于能够熟练用火加热蔬菜的人类来说简直没有任何作用，因为炒熟以后就没事了，酶失活，芥子油苷分解……

\n

因此十字花科的蔬菜才这么广泛廉价。

\n

化学防御也算是最常见的防御手段了。

\n

另外常见的防御手段还有物理防御：

\n
\"\"
蔷薇女王，属性：带刺傲娇
\n

比如我们常见的蔷薇科。

\n

除了带刺的玫瑰外，其实苹果、海棠、梨、桃、李、杏、樱桃等常见植物也是蔷薇科的，

\n

虽然你可能在它们身上看不出来玫瑰那么明显的刺。

\n

不过咱们可以看看蔷薇科一些野生种的果实：

\n

比如刺梨：

\n
\"\"
\n

还有金樱子：

\n
\"\"
\n

这些常见的带刺野果很神奇的都是蔷薇科的。

\n

因为蔷薇科不管是乔木、灌木、藤本或草本，部分都有枝刺或皮刺。

\n

当然带刺的防御就比较直观，能一眼看出来该植物不喜欢被接近。

\n

不过刺也有不同的类型：

\n

枝刺、皮刺、叶刺为三大基础类型，果实刺属特殊亚型。

\n

枝刺 / 皮刺抵御草食动物啃食，但是也有部分植物，如皂荚和柑橘，新生的枝条上会长出较为尖锐的刺，且这些刺有时会分枝。随着植物年龄的增长，老枝上的刺往往会变得较为钝化，甚至可能脱落。

\n

带刺果实也有类似的机制。

\n

比如我们常吃的榴莲和板栗，这些果实还没成熟的有刺，防止被动物吃掉，而当它们成熟以后，果实会自动裂开，方便种子掉出来或者被采食：

\n
\"\"
\n

另外，说到化学防御，再补充一个咱们常见蔬菜里很特别的茄科：

\n
\"\"
\n

茄科更像是集齐了阴狠（漂亮但有毒的曼陀罗）、毒辣（辣椒）、魅惑（天仙子致幻、烟草上瘾等）于一身的魅魔，啊不对，是巫医，既提供镇静剂又提供致幻剂。

\n

我们常吃的蔬菜里土豆、辣椒、番茄、茄子等是茄科的。

\n

大家都知道土豆发芽就不能吃了，因为发芽的土豆龙葵素（glycoalkaloids）含量很高。

\n

其实不但土豆有龙葵素，番茄和茄子都有。

\n

龙葵素另外的名称就是茄碱，广泛存在于茄科植物当中。

\n

现在市面上我们吃的番茄和茄子都是成熟的，未成熟的生番茄和生茄子也都含有龙葵素，生吃会中毒的。

\n

另外有趣的是，烟草也是茄科（烟草属）的植物。

\n

茄科里面还有致幻三杰the trio of the delirium:

\n
\"\"
\n

中世纪时期，多种药膏和饮品的配方中曾包含一些具有致幻作用的植物。

\n

以及从中世纪的欧洲就“声明在外”的茄科三大致幻植物：

\n

致命颠茄（Atropa belladonna）、天仙子（Hyoscyamus niger）和曼德拉草（Mandragora officinarum）。

\n

其中曼德拉草更是尤为出名，经常以尖叫植物的形态出现，哈利波特里面也有提及。

\n

所有上述植物均含 阿托品、东莨菪碱 及 莨菪碱。通过阻断 M 型乙酰胆碱受体引发中枢神经兴奋→谵妄→昏迷，致死剂量可致呼吸麻痹。

\n

曼陀罗属的很多花朵也是同样的作用。

\n

除了化学和物理防御外，植物还有特殊的防御机制：

\n

比如召唤师机制：

\n
\"\"
\n

有些植物受伤后会释放一些化学物质，但是这些化学物质不是直接毒杀吃它们的动物，而是召唤其他动物来帮忙解决问题。

\n

比如黄刺合欢（Acacia cornigera）与其共生的合欢树蚂蚁（如Pseudomyrmex ferrugineus）之间的共生关系。

\n

合欢树提供带蜜露腺体的栖息巢穴供蚂蚁生存。

\n

当长颈鹿等大型食草动物啃食树叶时，树木受损组织会释放挥发性芳香烯烃类化合物。

\n

这种化学信号能瞬间激活树上的蚁群，蚂蚁们就开始假装马蜂来了：

\n
\"\"
\n

蚂蚁的防御机制极具策略性——它们通过快速爬行并震动身体摩擦树干，产生高频\"嘶嘶声\"。研究发现这种声波频率与非洲马蜂振翅声高度相似。

\n

长颈鹿等食草动物听觉系统对此类音频极为敏感，误判为蜂群攻击信号而迅速撤退。

\n

即使蚂蚁实际没有攻击长颈鹿，声学拟态威慑成功率仍非常高。

\n

该共生体系经长期协同进化形成：合欢树通过节省化学防御成本，将资源集中于生长；蚂蚁则获得稳定食源与栖所。

\n

相较于无蚁共生的合欢树，有蚁守卫的树木叶片损失率更低，繁殖成功率更高。这种声学防御策略，展现了化学生态信号与物理拟态威慑的精准整合。

\n

另外，就是看起来特别柔弱的青草也有类似的召唤机制：

\n

割草和食草动物吃草的时候，草地散发出的芳草香就是它们的求救信号：

\n
\"\"
\n

当青草被切断的时候，植物也会发现自己要死了，也会求救。

\n

芳草气味本质上是植物的一种自然应激反应，是它们呼唤其他昆虫的方式：

\n

原理其实是化学防御机制，细胞破裂释放挥发性有机化合物（VOCs），包括绿叶挥发物（GLVs）如己醛、己醇等。

\n

这些物质能够吸引食草昆虫的天敌（植物会优先应对昆虫的啃食。所以这个天敌是针对昆虫的）

\n

比如：寄生蜂类

\n
    \n
  1. 斑潜蝇寄生蜂
    植物释放的己醇是寄生蜂定位寄主的关键信号。例如，斑潜蝇寄生蜂能通过感知植物受伤后释放的己醇，精准定位被斑潜蝇幼虫危害的植物 *1
    2. \n
  2. 中红侧沟茧蜂
    绿叶挥发物中的正己醛对中红侧沟茧蜂表现出显著吸引力，这种蜂可寄生蚜虫等害虫。
    3. \n
\n

或者吸引瓢虫、绿草蛉（如Chrysopa nigricornis）等昆虫来消灭蚜虫等有害昆虫。

\n

所以植物的反制手段还是很多的。

\n

以上~

\n

参考文献：

\n

1 寄生蜂利用植物受伤后释放的己醇来搜寻寄主 王琛柱

\n

2 植物挥发物对天敌昆虫异色瓢虫的引诱效应 薛皎亮，贺珺，谢映平

\n
\n
\n\n\n
查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n\n\n\n", - "category": "", - "link": "https://daily.zhihu.com/story/9783650", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Tue, 02 Sep 2025 00:27:03 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "资讯", - "feed": "知乎", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "21c3850565bed2b1f06f562fe1fc19d3", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "China urges U.S. to abandon excessive use of national security concept", "description": "

BEIJING, June 5 (Xinhua) -- China has urged the United States to abandon its generalized and excessive use of the national security concept, and to collaborate with all parties in maintaining a rules-based multilateral trading system, the Ministry of Commerce said on Thursday.

At a regular press conference, He Yongqian, spokesperson for the ministry, made the remarks when asked to comment on the U.S. decision to raise tariffs on imported steel, aluminium and their derivative products from 25 percent to 50 percent.

He said that such U.S. moves not only harm others and itself, but also will severely disrupt the stability of global industrial and supply chains.

The United States should abandon the zero-sum mentality, address respective concerns through equal dialogue, and jointly maintain the stability of global industrial and supply chains, He said.

Source: Xinhua

", @@ -3587,28 +3521,6 @@ "hash": "ed444ca6df4e376c3820e5c8ce4a9195", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "豆瓣评分9.1分《Python编程：从入门到实践》高清pdf可下载", - "description": "豆瓣评分9.1分《Python编程：从入门到实践》高清pdf可下载", - "content": "
\n

\n \n 书名：《Python编程:从入门到实践》\n \n

\n \n
\n \"图片\"\n
\n

\n \n
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\n

\n \n \n 内容简介\n \n \n \n
\n \n \n
\n \n

\n
\n \"图片\"\n
\n

\n \n \n \n 电子版PDF需要的可以在公众号内回复“学习”获取！\n \n \n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n
\n \n \n
\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 目录：\n \n

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\n \"图片\"\n
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\n

\n \n
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\n \"图片\"\n
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\n \n
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\n

\n \n 部分内容截图：\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n
\n \"图片\"\n
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\n \n
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\n \"图片\"\n
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\n \"图片\"\n
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\n \"图片\"\n
\n

\n \n
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\n
\n \"图片\"\n
\n

\n \n \n \n 完整电子版获取：\n \n \n \n

\n
    \n
  1. \n

    \n \n \n 点赞+在看\n \n \n

    \n
    2. \n
  2. \n

    \n \n \n 后台回复：\n \n \n \n “学习”\n \n \n \n

    \n
    3. \n
\n

\n \n
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\n \n \n

\n
\n", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/QbDY2ls7pl-cRtVVGL1B4w", - "creator": "python开发工程师", - "pubDate": "Fri, 29 Aug 2025 08:00:00 ", - "enclosure": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/Nc53lZXDjZxn0t46glfFqaVE7iajcM8iaBBic3YfhmtAwlnicW6iaDHD99qUoicMliaxlY3G7PLgYMFDiaMD6YRu6ibiaZSw/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "enclosureType": "image/jpeg", - "image": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/Nc53lZXDjZxn0t46glfFqaVE7iajcM8iaBBic3YfhmtAwlnicW6iaDHD99qUoicMliaxlY3G7PLgYMFDiaMD6YRu6ibiaZSw/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "id": "2247511632_2", - "language": "", - "folder": "IT技术", - "feed": "python开发工程师", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "6ba7aa59f3a3559ef9f430cb00974cc2", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "使用Python6年后，发现学Python看完这几本书少走一半弯路，别错过", "description": "在前面6年里，它一直是我热衷使用并不断研究的语言，迄今为止，python都非常友好并且易于学习！", @@ -3631,28 +3543,6 @@ "hash": "6af982802145262caddc8ba1c4a9b689", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "Python入门基础知识总结（赶紧收藏）-Python入门基础知识看这篇就够了", - "description": "Python入门基础知识总结（赶紧收藏）-Python入门基础知识看这篇就够了", - "content": "None", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/Ke9eVDCtZP7f4fqY5YNavQ", - "creator": "python开发工程师", - "pubDate": "Mon, 11 Aug 2025 08:00:00 ", - "enclosure": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/Nc53lZXDjZxVicDpvyBoAac1BHibe0kYqSIt2uLQJXyZpzBc2SBPiamaxy6T3XGD61ZHxd9BFFYWzc5LQzQ43Z2hg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "enclosureType": "image/jpeg", - "image": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/Nc53lZXDjZxVicDpvyBoAac1BHibe0kYqSIt2uLQJXyZpzBc2SBPiamaxy6T3XGD61ZHxd9BFFYWzc5LQzQ43Z2hg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "id": "2247511522_1", - "language": "", - "folder": "IT技术", - "feed": "python开发工程师", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "74eb343edd4e6d2dcbff39bba539dc92", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "太哇塞了42个Python办公自动化真实案例，让你成功封神！（附源码）", "description": "随着Python的不断发展，越来越多的开发者将开始使用它来构建一些令人惊奇和资源丰富的项目。", @@ -3675,28 +3565,6 @@ "hash": "c8b3990b78a8d9b81e786c2ce67e1a4b", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "学计算机，学编程我劝你不要太老实！！", - "description": "学计算机太老实:屎路一条!", - "content": "
\n
\n \n
\n

\n \n 学计算机太老实:屎路一条!\n \n

\n

\n \n 发现学不好计算机普遍都有一个通病:太老实如果只是在学校里老老实实跟着课本和老师\n \n

\n

\n \n 学，相信很多同学越来越感觉到:好像什么都\n \n

\n

\n \n 接触了，但什么都没学好...\n \n

\n

\n \n 这里强烈建议大家:想学好计算机别太老实!\n \n

\n

\n \n 1.刷题网站不要太老实\n \n

\n

\n \n Leetcode:是程序员求职找工作必备;\n \n

\n

\n \n 菜鸟教程:多种基础编程机术的教程;\n \n

\n

\n \n StackOverflow:与程序相关的IT机术问答网站;\n \n

\n

\n \n Coursera:可以免费听世界名校例如哈佛等的CS课程;\n \n

\n

\n \n WSchools:为初学者Web开发人员编程所建，涵盖了当前主流编程语言;\n \n

\n

\n \n HckerRank:程序员参与各种编程语言竞赛并检测自我能理的网站;\n \n

\n

\n \n GitHub:世界上最大的代码托管平台\n \n

\n

\n \n 2.选择老师不要太老实\n \n

\n

\n \n Linux--韩顺平‍\n \n

\n

\n \n 数据结构--王卓‍\n \n

\n

\n \n \n 作系统--哈工大李治军‍\n \n \n

\n

\n \n C++--候捷老师‍\n \n

\n

\n \n Java--韩顺平老师‍\n \n

\n

\n \n 3⃣️选择哔站博主不要太老实\n \n

\n

\n \n ⭐️尚学堂(yyds!适合自学)\n \n

\n

\n \n ⭐️CodeSheep(编程羊，主要是讲一些编程方法，经验，面试宝典)\n \n

\n

\n \n ⭐️戴师兄(适合学数据分析的)\n \n

\n

\n \n ⭐️技术胖(适合学前端的饱饱们)\n \n

\n

\n \n ⭐️同济子豪兄(主要分享Python)\n \n

\n

\n \n ⭐️遇见狂神说(主讲Java，以及各类中间件，讲课比较通俗易懂)\n \n

\n

\n \n 4.看书不要太老实\n \n

\n

\n \n 数据结构与算法:\n \n

\n

\n \n - [x] 《大话数据结构》->《算法图解》->《数据结构与算法之美》->《剑指offer》->LeetCode刷题(至少刷到200多道)\n \n

\n

\n \n 操作系统:\n \n

\n

\n \n - [x] 《操作系统导论》->《现代操作系统》\n \n

\n

\n \n 计算机网络:\n \n

\n

\n \n - [x] 《图解HTTP》->《图解TCP/IP》->《网络是怎么连接的》->《计算机网络自顶向下》->《TCP/IP协议详解卷》\n \n

\n

\n \n 计算机组成:\n \n

\n

\n \n - [x] 《程序是怎么跑来的》->《计算机组成原理:软件/接口与设计》->《深入理解计算机系统》\n \n

\n

\n \n 数据库:\n \n

\n

\n \n - [x] 《SQL必知必会》->《从根儿上理解mysql》->《mysql技术内幕》->《高性能mysql》\n \n

\n

\n \n 5.不要老老实实待在学校\n \n

\n

\n \n 大学期间参加竞赛:像阿里天池，百度之星，\n \n

\n

\n \n M,蓝桥杯等;提升实践能力;\n \n

\n

\n \n ‍实习:日常也好暑期也好，有实习经历会加分\n \n

\n

\n \n 做计算机类的项目，创业项目也好，实验室项目、github项目也罢，尽可能折腾，积累项目和实战经验，为将来找工作打好项目基础。\n \n

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\n \n
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\n

\n \n \n \n 获取方式：\n \n
\n \n \n

\n

\n \n \n \n 1.点赞+再看\n \n
\n \n \n

\n

\n \n \n \n 2.公众号内回复“学习”\n \n \n \n

\n
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\n
\n", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/MkuVIqNmoxt7B8_cN9X2Tg", - "creator": "python开发工程师", - "pubDate": "Tue, 05 Aug 2025 08:00:00 ", - "enclosure": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/Nc53lZXDjZwVdicnsDaxpRNrTb4fFnu5v43P3GzRVyYyhJm2kG77EUYiav7MfWDKSRA1EBH3wA1ghHyATGE6kwCw/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "enclosureType": "image/jpeg", - "image": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/Nc53lZXDjZwVdicnsDaxpRNrTb4fFnu5v43P3GzRVyYyhJm2kG77EUYiav7MfWDKSRA1EBH3wA1ghHyATGE6kwCw/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "id": "2247511486_2", - "language": "", - "folder": "IT技术", - "feed": "python开发工程师", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "82c5399032b1a26c40731c3e0d9cb5e0", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "自学python必看的书籍《Python编程：从入门到实践》PDF版拿走不谢", "description": "自学python必看的书籍《Python编程：从入门到实践》内容简介本书是一本针对所有层次的Python 读者", @@ -3719,28 +3587,6 @@ "hash": "1fe97aa2d0766c47f42850a99514571b", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "一周练完！100个Python实战项目，太实用了，绝对不能错过（附完整版源码＋教程）", - "description": "Python 是一种极具可读性和通用性的编程语言。", - "content": "
\n

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\n \n Python 是一种极具可读性和通用性的编程语言\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 。Python 这个名字的灵感来自于英国喜剧团体 Monty Python，它的开发团队有一个重要的基础目标，就是使语言使用起来很有趣。Python 易于设置，并且是用相对直接的风格来编写，对错误会提供即时反馈，对初学者而言是个很好的选择。\n \n

\n

\n \n Python 是一种多范式语言，也就是说，它支持多种编程风格，包括脚本和面向对象，这使得它适用于通用目的。随着越来越多地在工业中，被诸如联合太空联盟\n \n \n \n \n \n \n （NASA 的主要飞机支持承包商）和工业光魔\n \n \n \n \n \n \n （VFX 和卢卡斯影业的动画工作室\n \n \n \n \n \n \n ）等组织使用，Python 为那些寻求额外编程语言的人提供了巨大的潜力 。\n \n

\n

\n \n 当一个重要的被称为 comp.lang.python 的 Python 新闻组\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 在 1994 年形成时，Python 的用户基础不断增长，这为 Python 成为开源开发中最受欢迎的编程语言之一铺平了道路。\n \n

\n

\n \n Python当下真的很火。Python实战项目，也一直尤为关注，接下来，和大家介绍下100个Python练手的实战项目。\n \n

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\n \n \n \n 每个项目都有详细的视频讲解，跟随老师带你一步步完成敲代码的过程，在过程中结合多学知识提升能力，帮助怒更好地完成练习。\n \n \n \n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 100个Python项目列表：\n \n

\n
    \n
  1. \n

    \n \n 1.python自动获取海量IP工具\n \n

    \n
    2. \n
  2. \n

    \n \n 2.python自动获取酷狗音乐工具\n \n

    \n
    3. \n
  3. \n

    \n \n 3.Python自动化开发-制作名片卡\n \n

    \n
    4. \n
  4. \n

    \n \n 4.Python自动化开发-制作名片卡\n \n

    \n
    5. \n
  5. \n

    \n \n 5.Python自动化开发-批量发邮件通知\n \n

    \n
    6. \n
  6. \n

    \n \n 6.Python自动化开发-考勤处理\n \n

    \n
    7. \n
  7. \n

    \n \n 7.Python双色球系统\n \n

    \n
    8. \n
  8. \n

    \n \n 8.Python批量获取王者荣耀皮肤\n \n

    \n
    9. \n
  9. \n

    \n \n 9.Python获取阴阳师壁纸\n \n

    \n
    10. \n
  10. \n

    \n \n 10.Python获取小说数据并分析\n \n

    \n
    11. \n
  11. \n

    \n \n 11.Python获取NBA数据\n \n

    \n
    12. \n
  12. \n

    \n \n 12.python获取拉钩工具\n \n

    \n
    13. \n
  13. \n

    \n \n 13.Python获取房天下数据\n \n

    \n
    14. \n
  14. \n

    \n \n 14.Python获取彩票信息\n \n

    \n
    15. \n
  15. \n

    \n \n 15.Python合成女神图片\n \n

    \n
    16. \n
  16. \n

    \n \n 16.Python法拍网数据\n \n

    \n
    17. \n
  17. \n

    \n \n 17.Python操作Excel自动化开发\n \n

    \n
    18. \n
  18. \n

    \n \n 18.python百行制作查询工具\n \n

    \n
    19. \n
  19. \n

    \n \n 19.python百行制作登录系统\n \n

    \n
    20. \n
  20. \n

    \n \n 20.Python百行代码实现点赞系统\n \n

    \n
    21. \n
  21. \n

    \n \n 21.Python百行代码实现抽奖系统\n \n

    \n
    22. \n
  22. \n

    \n \n 22.Python自动获取小说工具\n \n

    \n
    23. \n
  23. \n

    \n \n 23.python获取喜马拉雅音频\n \n

    \n
    24. \n
  24. \n

    \n \n 24.python快速获取斗图表情\n \n

    \n
    25. \n
  25. \n

    \n \n 25.python获取主播小视频\n \n

    \n
    26. \n
  26. \n

    \n \n 26.python自动工资条\n \n

    \n
    27. \n
  27. \n

    \n \n 27.python协程详解公开课\n \n

    \n
    28. \n
  28. \n

    \n \n 28.python制作12306查票工具\n \n

    \n
    29. \n
  29. \n

    \n \n 29.python爬虫30行拿LOL皮肤\n \n

    \n
    30. \n
  30. \n

    \n \n 30.python抓取相亲网数据\n \n

    \n
    31. \n
  31. \n

    \n \n 31.python抓取百合网数据\n \n

    \n
    32. \n
  32. \n

    \n \n 32.python游戏开发公开课\n \n

    \n
    33. \n
\n

\n \n ......\n \n

\n

\n \n \n 91.【Python 图片转字符画】\n \n \n \n
\n \n \n \n 92.【200行Python代码实现2048】\n \n \n \n
\n \n \n \n 93.【Python3 实现火车票查询工具】\n \n \n \n
\n \n \n \n 94.【高德API+Python解决租房问题】\n \n \n \n
\n \n \n \n 95.【Python3色情图片识别】\n \n \n \n
\n \n \n \n 96.【Python 破解验证码】\n \n \n \n
\n \n \n \n 97.【Python实现简单的Web服务器】\n \n \n \n
\n \n \n \n 98.【pygame开发打飞机游戏】\n \n \n \n
\n \n \n \n 99.【Django 搭建简易博客】\n \n \n \n
\n \n \n \n 100.【Python基于共现提取《釜山行》人物关系】\n \n \n

\n

\n \n \n \n 完整项目已经打包整理好了，希望对正在学习的你带来帮助~多动手练习，才能不断地巩固知识，更快的进步！\n \n \n \n

\n

\n \n \n \n \n 获取方式：\n \n \n \n \n

\n

\n \n \n \n \n 1.点赞＋在看\n \n \n \n \n

\n

\n \n \n \n \n 2.私信回复：学习  领取。\n \n \n \n \n

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\n
\n", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/Hcq_LUtixswrjIqLSNjS8g", - "creator": "python开发工程师", - "pubDate": "Wed, 30 Jul 2025 08:00:00 ", - "enclosure": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/Nc53lZXDjZxicp5NLp7ibwicwI0tIS543dneIcsY5EVt38djOEjAZ58CniaR94CicYexBURQzNcmkphicPE1AwHHEZvA/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "enclosureType": "image/jpeg", - "image": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/Nc53lZXDjZxicp5NLp7ibwicwI0tIS543dneIcsY5EVt38djOEjAZ58CniaR94CicYexBURQzNcmkphicPE1AwHHEZvA/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "id": "2247511449_2", - "language": "", - "folder": "IT技术", - "feed": "python开发工程师", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "016ab4cb0df0b4c626dfbede02e72cd9", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "自学python必看的书籍《Python编程：从入门到实践》PDF版拿走不谢", "description": "自学python必看的书籍《Python编程：从入门到实践》内容简介本书是一本针对所有层次的Python 读者", @@ -3763,28 +3609,6 @@ "hash": "6ece793eae1a41b9db83f1da32129968", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "每天五分钟—Python知识点总结13张思维导图（附全套教程）", - "description": "如果初学者接触的第一门语言是Python，学习曲线则会平滑得多，掌握一些基本语法和Python内置的数据结构，", - "content": "
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\n \n \n 如果初学者接触的第一门语言是Python，学习曲线则会平滑得多\n \n \n \n ，掌握一些基本语法和Python内置的数据结构，已经可以上手写一些小工具或者小型应用。这对初学者来说，非常重要。因为学习的过程是一个突破舒适区的过程，会面临很多痛苦，如果学习过程得不到激励，很容易半途而废，类似我们开玩笑说的「从入门到放弃」。\n \n \n \n Python还有很多优点：\n \n \n \n 上手快，第三方库丰富，资料丰富，很容易做出“可见可得”的应用。\n \n \n \n Python所需要学习的知识基础知识\n \n \n \n Python最基本的语言特性和语法:•变量•数据类型与数据结构•输入和输出•运算符、表达式、语句•控制流(顺序控制，选择控制和循环控制)•面向过程编程•面向对象编程•异常处理•组织代码•标准库、第三方库\n \n

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\n \n \n 为大家准备了一些python的学习教程和PDF格式的python电子书籍，希望可以帮助到大家。\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 以上这些教程我已经为大家打包准备好了，希望对正在学习的你有所帮助！\n \n \n

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    \n
  1. \n

    \n \n \n \n 获取方式：公众号内回复“学习”即可\n \n \n \n

    \n
    2. \n
  2. \n

    \n \n \n \n 需要的小伙伴可以多多点赞转发 让更多的人看到\n \n \n \n

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\n", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/p1kNytp-ZuUyIa4g6FQemg", - "creator": "python开发工程师", - "pubDate": "Wed, 09 Jul 2025 06:00:00 ", - "enclosure": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/Nc53lZXDjZzibdZyOl6Eib8HHXcT1nesbEDU5QxVTKl7ibKiaia6p9HI6PiausBDyjib4ibx7TlS7XX8xicFn6hJdXnpuRQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "enclosureType": "image/jpeg", - "image": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/Nc53lZXDjZzibdZyOl6Eib8HHXcT1nesbEDU5QxVTKl7ibKiaia6p9HI6PiausBDyjib4ibx7TlS7XX8xicFn6hJdXnpuRQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "id": "2247511318_2", - "language": "", - "folder": "IT技术", - "feed": "python开发工程师", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "5b731a170332c34c2ac69fa674d01432", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "练完这102个项目，你的Python就牛了", "description": "Python 初学者在迈过安装编程环境和基本语法的门槛，准备大展身手的时候，可能突然就会进入迷茫期:不知道做些", @@ -3807,28 +3631,6 @@ "hash": "28a2618c1b234cc3ef8658429dea6b8e", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "Python是什么？为什么一定要学Python?", - "description": "一，Python是什么？Python是一种计算机编程语言。", - "content": "
\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n
\n

\n \n 一，Python是什么？\n \n

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\n \n Python是一种计算机编程语言。\n \n

\n

\n \n 对于“编程”，你可能或多或少听说过Java/C语言/C++ /PHP等语言，Python作为近几年特别火的一门编程语言，相较前面几种语言，更注重可读性和效率。\n \n

\n

\n \n 因此，Python对于注重开发效率的程序员来说是大受欢迎的，他们给Python的定位是“优雅”、“明确”、“简单”。\n \n

\n

\n \n 除此之外，Python还具有以下优势，获得人们的青睐：\n \n

\n

\n \n Python 易于学习——Python程序简单易懂，初学者只要识字、会简单的算术、看懂英文单词就能入门学习。因此很多小学生从小就开始通过学习python来培养编程思维。\n \n

\n

\n \n 少量的代码就能构建出很多功能—— 在Python中，几乎每个想法都可以通过20-30行代码快速验证。\n \n

\n

\n \n Python 拥有最成熟的程序包资源库之一——Python有满足不同需求的库，无论实现什么功能，都有现成的类库可以使用。\n \n

\n

\n \n Python 是人工智能/现代数据科学中最常使用的语言——Python应用领域广泛（如图），尤其是人工智能/大数据时代不可或缺的技能。\n \n

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\n \n 二、为什么一定要学Python?\n \n

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\n \n 1、时代之驱\n \n

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\n \n 这两年，最火的词莫过于“人工智能”。\n \n

\n

\n \n 随着人工智能和机器学习的发展，各行各业职位正在逐渐被智能机器取替，为了应对被取替的风险，越来越多人开始学习编程，学习火热的程度可谓“全民Python编程的时代”。\n \n

\n

\n \n 可以看看几个重要的新闻：\n \n

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    \n
  • \n

    \n \n \n Python纳入浙江省高考！浙江省信息技术教材编程语言将会更换为 Python。\n \n \n

    \n
    • \n
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    \n \n \n Python纳入山东省的小学教材课程，小学生都开始接触 Python 语言了。\n \n \n

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    \n \n \n Python 已加入全国计算机等级考试！教育部考试中心决定自2018年起，在计算机二级考试加入了“Python语言程序设计”科目。\n \n \n

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\n \n 现在国外国内很多家长已经给孩子报名学习Python编程课程了。在美国，就连婴幼儿也有专门的编程童书。\n \n

\n

\n \n 所以，如果不想被淘汰，现在就应该抓紧机会学起来！\n \n

\n

\n \n 2、Python最适合0基础学习者\n \n

\n

\n \n 对于编程小白来说，Python是最适合0基础学习的编程语言。\n \n

\n

\n \n Python的语法简单，代码可读性高，容易入门。从Python学起，你很快就能运用Python编程的底层逻辑去学习另外的语言。也就是说，学习Python是学习编程的最好起点。\n \n

\n

\n \n 3、Python极大提升现有岗位的竞争力\n \n

\n

\n \n 有许多在职程序员本身学了c语言、java等其他编程后，仍坚定多学一门Python开发，他们都被Python代码的优美和开发效率所折服。\n \n

\n

\n \n 比如有一些工程师，以前在做很多SEO优化的时候，苦于不会编程，一些程序上面的问题，得不到解决，只能做做简单的页面优化。\n \n

\n

\n \n 现在学会Python之后，可以编写一些查询收录，排名，自动生成网络地图的程序，解决棘手的SEO问题，这样，在原有专业基础上，他们就多了一项高效的技能。\n \n

\n

\n \n 此外，如果你关注新闻和就业情况，可以明显感觉到，随着 Python 语言的持续火热，对于 Python 技术人才的需求也在不断增加。\n \n

\n

\n \n 通过统计，各大招聘网中，Python岗位的日均需求量甚至达到了 15000+，北上广深等一线城市的需求更是数量庞大，可见这个技能的竞争压力之大。\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n
\n \"图片\"\n
\n

\n \n
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\n

\n \n \n \n 以下通过职友集Python 工资实际查询截图：\n \n \n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n
\n \"图片\"\n
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\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n \n 在北京，Python平均工资20980，并且92.7%的Python从业人员薪资在10K以上。\n \n \n

\n
\n \"图片\"\n
\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n \n 在互联网比较发达的二线城市，比如成都平均工资12260，6K以上占比85% ，10K以上占比也到达了70.4%。\n \n \n

\n

\n \n \n 可以说，Python是近两年投入性价比最高的学习技能之一了！\n \n \n

\n

\n \n \n 现在，相信你已经对Python有了初步的认知和了解。\n \n \n

\n

\n \n 最后\n \n

\n

\n \n 如果对Python感兴趣的话，可以试试我的学习方法以及相关的学习资料\n \n

\n

\n \n 对于0基础小白入门：\n \n

\n

\n \n 如果你是零基础小白，想快速入门Python是可以考虑培训的。\n \n

\n

\n \n 一方面是学习时间相对较短，学习内容更全面更集中。\n \n

\n

\n \n Python所有方向的学习路线\n \n

\n

\n \n Python所有方向的技术点做的整理，形成各个领域的知识点汇总，它的用处就在于，你可以按照上面的知识点去找对应的学习资源，保证自己学得较为全面。\n \n

\n

\n \n Python所有方向的学习路线\n \n

\n

\n \n \n Python所有方向的技术点做的整理，形成各个领域的知识点汇总，它的用处就在于，你可以按照上面的知识点去找对应的学习资源，保证自己学得较为全面。\n \n \n

\n
\n \"图片\"\n
\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n Python必备开发工具\n \n

\n

\n \n \n 工欲善其事必先利其器。学习Python常用的开发软件都在这里了，给大家节省了很多时间。\n \n \n

\n
\n \"图片\"\n
\n

\n \n
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\n

\n \n Python精品PDF电子书\n \n

\n

\n \n \n 阅读一些书籍或者手写的笔记资料，这些笔记详细记载了他们对一些技术点的理解，这些理解是比较独到，可以学到不一样的思路。\n \n \n

\n
\n \"图片\"\n
\n

\n \n Python学习视频\n \n

\n

\n \n \n 观看零基础学习视频，看视频学习是最快捷也是最有效果的方式，跟着视频中老师的思路，从基础到深入，还是很容易入门的。\n \n \n

\n
\n \"图片\"\n
\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 实战案例\n \n

\n

\n \n \n 光学理论是没用的，要学会跟着一起敲，要动手实操，才能将自己的所学运用到实际当中去，这时候可以搞点实战案例来学习。\n \n \n

\n
\n \"图片\"\n
\n
\n

\n \n
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\n

\n \n 获取方式：\n \n

\n

\n \n 1.点赞+再看\n \n

\n

\n \n 2.公众号内回复：“学习”\n \n

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\n
\n", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/il87sB37BUOUiln-4bMyzQ", - "creator": "python开发工程师", - "pubDate": "Mon, 30 Jun 2025 09:00:00 ", - "enclosure": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/Nc53lZXDjZy6NhzQnQnn6fj5giafbrz2bCXCNXVa4kriaKonPngaWuYNXLfSuEOtL6Fu3Ga0XM2RExUB46rDL0eg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "enclosureType": "image/jpeg", - "image": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/Nc53lZXDjZy6NhzQnQnn6fj5giafbrz2bCXCNXVa4kriaKonPngaWuYNXLfSuEOtL6Fu3Ga0XM2RExUB46rDL0eg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "id": "2247511263_2", - "language": "", - "folder": "IT技术", - "feed": "python开发工程师", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "41aaa40f77c628b164b24e899c10bf40", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "计算机专业18个Java毕设项目（附源码+视频+数据库），拿走即用！期末毕设不用", "description": "领取方式：点赞+私信留言“111”或主动给我打个招呼，我都会回复的~~~一定要关注我，不然我发不了消息哦~", @@ -7560,28 +7362,6 @@ "hash": "21c3850565bed2b1f06f562fe1fc19d3", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "IMAP电子邮件归档系统Mail-Archiver", - "description": "Mail-Archiver 是一款用于归档、搜索和导出来自多个 IMAP 帐户的邮件的 Web 应用。", - "content": "None", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/V_nj5Q0KKI-yVkNBMTENIA", - "creator": "各种折腾", - "pubDate": "Sat, 02 Aug 2025 19:00:00 ", - "enclosure": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/Cibq2rFYLAaHxNNVicdI5kZrj4N198q2BskGHVN6Nob4L8U9eLs8ZqmXQ23sUIc70ohht7ZVHp1fyrqJQWgExQTA/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "enclosureType": "image/jpeg", - "image": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/Cibq2rFYLAaHxNNVicdI5kZrj4N198q2BskGHVN6Nob4L8U9eLs8ZqmXQ23sUIc70ohht7ZVHp1fyrqJQWgExQTA/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "id": "2247509959_1", - "language": "", - "folder": "IT技术", - "feed": "各种折腾", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "08eb71bc8cd60450437ec18c535d3767", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "为什么吃过的西瓜皮放了一夜变成了紫色？", "description": "
\"头图\"/
\n

我认为题述现象是紫色色杆菌Chromobacterium violaceum 等色杆菌属的细菌在西瓜皮上生长、繁殖导致的。

\n
    \n
  • 紫色色杆菌生活在热带、亚热带地区的水和土壤里，经常出现在农作物身上。对人来说，紫色色杆菌是条件致病菌，免疫功能正常的人不会被其感染。
    • \n
  • 紫色色杆菌的许多菌株会产生抗生素 violacein. Violacein 在人眼看来是紫色的，这让紫色色杆菌的菌落在人眼看来呈暗紫色。Violacein 在体外表现出细胞毒性、对革兰氏阳性菌的抗菌作用、对变形虫和锥虫等真核生物的杀灭作用。
    • \n
  • 在食物上生长的紫色色杆菌能够将多种食物染成人眼可见的紫色。
    • \n
\n
\"\"
https://doi.org/10.1101/202523 发表的版本：http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acschembio.1c00483
\n

有兴趣的话，提问者可另取西瓜皮，用牙签之类从这问题展示的西瓜皮上的紫色部位取小块、在新的西瓜皮上划线来简单接种，放置一夜观察是否出现类似的变色情况。如果提问者身上有开放伤口，那么应当注意避免伤口接触这问题展示的西瓜皮，以防发生概率很低但不为零的感染。

\n

下图展示的是在血琼脂平板上生长的紫色色杆菌菌落：

\n
\"\"
\n

在互联网上，读者还能找到紫色色杆菌让不止一个人的人冰箱冷藏室里的米饭变成紫色的事，可供提问者参考：

\n
\"\"
\n
\"\"
印度长粒香米
\n

2007 年发表的一篇文章提出，色杆菌属的某个新物种似乎有潜力作为生物农药（杀虫剂）喷洒在农作物上来杀伤特定昆虫[1]。

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查看知乎讨论
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", @@ -9905,28 +9685,6 @@ "hash": "5f74af3509bb7119b65229e9a44505ee", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "一小学仅22名学生配23名老师？官方回应来了", - "description": "一小学仅22名学生配23名老师？官方回应来了", - "content": "
\n
\n \n \n 近日，上海浦东新区三桥小学\n \n 5个班级22名学生配备了23名专职教师\n \n 一事引发热议。\n \n \n \n
\n \n \n \n
\n
\n

\n \n \n A primary school in Shanghai has drawn widespread attention after reports revealed it has just 22 students across five classes, but 23 full-time teachers.\n \n \n

\n
\n
\n \n
\n

\n \n \n \n 图源：上海市浦东新区教育局\n \n \n \n

\n
\n \n \n \n 据浦东新区教育局官网4月发布的《2025年浦东新区义务教育阶段学校招生入学信息公示》显示，浦东新区三桥小学目前办学规模一栏中确实标注：班级总数5个，学生总数22人，专职教师23人，师生比1.0\n \n \n \n 。\n \n \n
\n
\n \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n 图源：上海市浦东新区教育局\n \n \n \n \n
\n

\n \n \n 另据上海市浦东新区三桥小学微信公众号4月8日发布的2025年招生告示显示，\n \n 2025年该校计划招收一年级新生1个班\n \n 。\n \n \n

\n
\n

\n \n \n According to a local official bulletin published in April, Sanqiao Primary School in Pudong New Area is listed as having five classes with 22 students, giving it a teacher–student ratio of nearly one-to-one. A notice on the school's official WeChat account also stated that only one new first-grade class will be admitted in 2025.\n \n \n

\n
\n
\n \n
\n

\n \n \n \n 图源：“三桥小学”微信公众号\n \n \n \n

\n
\n \n \n 对于这一配置，有网友认为，这是\n \n 一对一辅导的“超豪华安排”\n \n ，也有网友质疑，这是\n \n 教育资源的浪费\n \n 。\n \n \n
\n
\n

\n \n \n \n The figures quickly went viral, with some netizens describing the setup as a \"luxurious one-on-one tutoring arrangement\n \n \n \n \n \"\n \n \n \n \n , while others criticized it as a waste of educational resources.\n \n \n \n

\n
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\n \n \n 据纵览新闻报道，\n \n \n 8月27日下午，记者就此事联系到上海市浦东新区教育招生考试中心，工作人员表示，每个学校都要按照划分的招生（对口）地段来进行招生。\n \n \n

\n

\n \n \n 对于上述小学学生人数仅22人的情况，该工作人员回复称，“就是（该学校）实际地段里适龄入学的小朋友人数只有这么多。\n \n 这个学校对口地段里应该有好几个小区都已经动迁了。\n \n ”\n \n \n

\n
\n \n \n 记者询问该小学公示信息显示的22名学生是否为全校总人数，工作人员回应“应该是的”，建议进一步向学校确认。\n \n \n
\n
\n

\n \n \n A staff member from the Pudong district government's student enrolment and examination center confirmed that the data about the school was accurate. Every school can only recruit students from their designated catchment areas, and for Sanqiao \"the number of age-appropriate children in the actual catchment area is just this many\", the staff member said.\n \n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n \n The decline in student numbers has been particularly dramatic in Sanqiao's case because several residential communities in the school's catchment area were recently demolished and relocated, the staff member explained.\n \n \n

\n
\n

\n \n 浦东新区三桥小学公开电话接线人员称，学校确有5个班级，但对于其他情况并不清楚，由于现在还没开学，学校老师还未上班。\n \n

\n
\n
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\n \n \n \n 推进小班化教学是未来趋势\n \n \n \n

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\n \n \n 21世纪研究院院长熊丙奇认为，根据媒体释出的信息判断，三桥小学学生人数这么少主要是因为招生对口地段多家小区动迁所带来的问题，\n \n “目前这个阶段，在上海出现这样的学校，是个例。”\n \n \n \n

\n
\n

\n \n \n Education expert Xiong Bingqi, director of the 21st Century Education Research Institute, said Sanqiao's case is mainly the result of several residential communities in the school's catchment area recently undergoing relocation, which does not represent the overall situation in Shanghai.\n \n \n

\n
\n

\n \n \n 对有不少网友所认为的“老师比学生还多”的配置是在浪费教育资源，应该撤并这种小规模学校，熊丙奇认为这种看法是错误的。他表示，现在的小学需保证德智体美劳五育并举，如果要维持1:10或者1:20的师生比，难道能只给孩子们配备一两位老师吗？难道要让数学老师去教音乐课？这显然是不合理的。\n \n \n

\n
\n \n
\n
\n \n \n 8月29日，诸暨市陶朱小学足球队员开展新学期首训。新华社记者 徐昱 摄\n \n \n
\n
\n

\n \n \n Xiong rejected the idea that \"having more teachers than students\" means wasting resources. With primary education now expected to balance moral, intellectual, physical, aesthetic, and labor education, it is unrealistic to expect one or two teachers to cover all subjects, he noted.\n \n \n

\n
\n

\n \n \n 熊丙奇称，未来不论在农村还是城市，可能都会出现大量百人左右，甚至二三十人规模的学校，对于这些学校应该尽量予以保留，这更有利于推动建设教育强国以及生育型友好社会。他认为，\n \n 提高学校建设标准、推进小班化教学，应该是未来的趋势。\n \n \n \n

\n
\n

\n \n \n Looking ahead, Xiong predicted that more small-scale schools with only a few dozen or around 100 students will emerge in both cities and rural areas. Improving school standards and promoting small-class teaching, he added, should be the way forward.\n \n \n

\n
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\n \n \n \n \n \n 本文内容转载自中国日报双语新闻，已获授权\n \n \n \n \n \n
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\n", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/MjViMpa-xnlrehNjb7qoDg", - "creator": "21世纪英文报", - "pubDate": "Sun, 31 Aug 2025 12:06:10 ", - "enclosure": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/KZZ7pejfWpmSXAbK6BvibUfllXsbIRQicr6WK3W717EKtGW3XWQqzLDAmo4t7IRmjkI9RhOLEEibyiasz5F19vayXQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "enclosureType": "image/jpeg", - "image": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/KZZ7pejfWpmSXAbK6BvibUfllXsbIRQicr6WK3W717EKtGW3XWQqzLDAmo4t7IRmjkI9RhOLEEibyiasz5F19vayXQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "id": "2247849134_1", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "21世纪双语", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "945491637f11e310bba2e17f17de7efe", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "跑酷、无人机竞速、潜水、轮滑……原来世运会这么好玩！", "description": "跑酷、无人机竞速、潜水、轮滑……原来世运会这么好玩！", @@ -9949,28 +9707,6 @@ "hash": "e36cd831fabf77309a446e5796c097ca", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "收官：写给未来的成长手记", - "description": "收官：写给未来的成长手记", - "content": "None", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/2n5wDe8-7HBAYjDpwBZsFg", - "creator": "21世纪英文报", - "pubDate": "Tue, 05 Aug 2025 13:11:40 ", - "enclosure": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/KZZ7pejfWpkYqU9rJAvN2HCdEVMOcvMR7DXz0xCwIbZDybLcZjm8gw7hmCWmrUWt7pPLo61JS1ic1ia9OMia4ukSg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "enclosureType": "image/jpeg", - "image": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/KZZ7pejfWpkYqU9rJAvN2HCdEVMOcvMR7DXz0xCwIbZDybLcZjm8gw7hmCWmrUWt7pPLo61JS1ic1ia9OMia4ukSg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "id": "2247848203_2", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "21世纪双语", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "0352e258f90ad0d222d7757875a0da11", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "95后硕士摆摊卖“酷炫烧饼”火了？网友：当学历遇上创意", "description": "95后硕士摆摊卖“酷炫烧饼”火了？网友：当学历遇上创意", @@ -9993,28 +9729,6 @@ "hash": "a0f9b7537f5151dd3f503129171dc2f2", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "美国，又“退群”了。", - "description": "美国，又“退群”了。", - "content": "
\n

\n \n \n 美国国务院发言人塔米·布鲁斯22日宣布，美国将退出联合国教科文组织，这是\n \n 40多年来美国第三次宣布退出该组织\n \n 。\n \n \n

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\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n 7月3日在美国首都华盛顿拍摄的美国国会大厦。新华社记者胡友松摄\n \n
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\n \n \n \n On Tuesday, the United States announced a decision to withdraw from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) by the end of December 2026. This marks the third time Washington has exited UNESCO.\n \n \n \n

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\n \n 此前，美国已两次退出联合国教科文组织又重新加入：\n \n

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\n \n \n \n 美国国务院：\n \n \n \n

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\n \n \n \n 不符合美国国家利益\n \n \n \n

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\n \n 根据美国国务院发布的一份声明，美国做出上述决定的理由包括，“联合国教科文组织推进分裂性的社会和文化事业，过度关注联合国可持续发展目标，不符合美国优先的外交政策”。\n \n

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\n \n 声明还指责联合国教科文组织接纳巴勒斯坦为成员国的决定“非常有问题”，助长了该机构内部的反以色列言论。\n \n

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\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 美国国务院发布的关于\n \n \n \n 退出联合国教科文组织的\n \n \n \n 声明。图源：美国国务院网站截图\n \n \n \n
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\n \n 声明说，根据联合国教科文组织有关规定，美国这次退出该组织将于2026年12月31日生效。\n \n

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\n \n \n According to a statement by the US State Department, the withdrawal was prompted by what Washington perceived as UNESCO's tendency to \"advance divisive social and cultural causes,\" particularly regarding the Israel-Palestine conflict.\n \n \n

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\n \n \n \n The US exit will take effect at the end of December 2026.\n \n \n \n

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\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 联合国教科文组织\n \n \n \n \n 总干事：\n \n \n \n

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\n \n \n \n 令人遗憾，但在意料之中\n \n \n \n

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\n \n 联合国教科文组织总干事阿祖莱22日发表声明，对美方决定“深表遗憾”，\n \n 表示这一决定“违背多边主义的基本原则”\n \n 。\n \n

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\n \n \n Audrey Azoulay, director-general of UNESCO expressed regret over the US decision, calling it inconsistent with the fundamental principles of multilateralism.\n \n \n

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\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 联合国教科文组织总干事阿祖莱发表声明，回应美国“退群”决定。图源：联合国官网截图\n \n
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\n \n 阿祖莱说，这一消息尽管令人遗憾，但在意料之中，\n \n 联合国教科文组织也已为此做好准备\n \n 。\n \n

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\n \n “近年来，我们进行了重大结构性改革，并实现了资金来源多元化。得益于本组织自2018年以来的努力，美国财政贡献下降趋势的影响已被抵消。”\n \n

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\n \n \n UNESCO said the US exit was regrettable but came as no surprise. \"However regrettable, this announcement was expected, and UNESCO has prepared for it,\" Azoulay said in a statement.\n \n \n

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\n \n \n \n \"We have implemented major structural reforms and diversified our funding sources. Thanks to the efforts made by the Organization since 2018, the decline in US financial contributions has been effectively offset,\" she stated.\n \n \n \n

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\n \n \n \n \n 法国发声：\n \n \n \n \n

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\n \n \n \n \n 坚定支持\n \n \n \n \n \n 联合国教科文组织\n \n \n \n

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\n \n 联合国教科文组织成立于1945年，总部设在法国首都巴黎，是联合国的重要机构之一。\n \n

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\n \n 法国总统马克龙22日在社交媒体上发文，\n \n 表达对联合国教科文组织“坚定不移的支持”\n \n 。他说，联合国教科文组织是科学、海洋、教育、文化和世界遗产的全球性保护者。\n \n

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\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 法国总统马克龙在社交媒体上对美国退出联合国教科文组织的决定作出回\n \n \n 应。图源：社交媒体截图\n \n

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\n \n \n Earlier Tuesday afternoon, French President Emmanuel Macron expressed on his X account France's \"unwavering support\" for UNESCO. He called UNESCO a \"universal guardian of science, the ocean, education, culture, and world heritage.\"\n \n \n

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\n \n 法国外交部当天也发表新闻公报，对美国退出联合国教科文组织的决定表示遗憾。公报说，法国支持阿祖莱自2018年以来实施的改革，这些改革措施加强了该组织内部的共识。\n \n

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\n \n \n \n France, as the host country and a founding member of UNESCO, regrets the US decision to quit UNESCO, the spokesperson of the country's foreign ministry said on Tuesday.\n \n \n \n

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\n \n \n \n 特朗普重返白宫后\n \n \n \n

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\n \n \n \n 不停“退群”\n \n \n \n

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\n \n 据央视新闻报道，在特朗普2017年至2021年首个总统任期，美国退出国际社会应对气候变化的《巴黎协定》、伊朗核问题全面协议、世界卫生组织、联合国教科文组织、联合国人权理事会等多个国际组织和多边机制，引发广泛批评。\n \n

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\n \n
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\n \n 拜登在2021年就职后推翻了这些决定，让美国重返世界卫生组织、联合国教科文组织和《巴黎协定》。\n \n

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\n \n 随着特朗普于2025年1月重返白宫，\n \n 他先后宣布美国将再次退出《巴黎协定》、世界卫生组织和联合国人权理事会\n \n 。\n \n

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\n \n 2025年1月20日，特朗普在美国首都华盛顿第一资本体育馆签署退出《巴黎协定》的行政令。新华社记者李睿摄\n \n
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\n \n \n \n S\n \n \n \n ince Donald Trump's second term in office started early this year, the Trump administration had announced its withdrawal from the Paris Agreement on climate change, the World Health Organization, and the United Nations Human Rights Council.\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 来源：新华社 央视新闻\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 编辑：严雨晴\n \n \n

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\n", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/FAVdQOQRGNQSKBUyFb8zCg", - "creator": "21世纪英文报", - "pubDate": "Wed, 23 Jul 2025 13:21:27 ", - "enclosure": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/KZZ7pejfWpn4xLFuTEnYBo0icyaXQEY8iaVNjbxYV9fW8Ip2iaMelnouIrbicUkozL6TVmtZ1fo1N25v1Z7ibBNiadEg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "enclosureType": "image/jpeg", - "image": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/KZZ7pejfWpn4xLFuTEnYBo0icyaXQEY8iaVNjbxYV9fW8Ip2iaMelnouIrbicUkozL6TVmtZ1fo1N25v1Z7ibBNiadEg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "id": "2247847852_1", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "21世纪双语", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "3ee56dcfbb888ca1f9c42f0c81f8086f", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "用AI写作业却总被坑惨？第一批“整顿AI”的孩子出现了……", "description": "用AI写作业却总被坑惨？第一批“整顿AI”的孩子出现了……", @@ -10037,28 +9751,6 @@ "hash": "1374bbfa5804339f6361db489f580caf", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "农民工大爷写高考作文《我的母亲》，感动全网！他这样回应", - "description": "农民工大爷写高考作文《我的母亲》，感动全网！他这样回应", - "content": "
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\n \n “近900万人点赞的不是作文，\n \n

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\n \n 是土地里的散文诗。”\n \n

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\n \n “只有经历了生活的人，\n \n

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\n \n 才能写出这么深沉的作品吧？”\n \n

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\n \n ……\n \n

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\n \n 近日，一名短视频博主发起了一场创意写作活动——\n \n 邀请路人抽签，重写过去的高考作文\n \n 。期间，一位在工地工作的山西大爷抽到了\n \n 1957年高考作文题《我的母亲》\n \n 。\n \n

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\n \n \n \n Recently, an influencer launched a creative writing challenge where participants were randomly assigned past national college entrance exam essay prompts. A construction worker was assigned\n \n \n \n \n \"My Mother\"—the 1957 gaokao composition topic.\n \n \n \n

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\n \n \n 图源：抖音截图\n \n \n
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\n \n 他在这篇作文中写道：\n \n “坟头上的草青了又黄，黄了又青，就像我的念想一样，一年年，总也断不了。我已经当了爸爸，又已经当了爷爷，但我已经三十多年没叫过妈妈了。我想着，等哪天我扛不动水泥了，就回村里挨着那堆土躺下，没准那时候，我再叫妈妈，她就能听见了”\n \n 。\n \n

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\n \n \n \n He wrote:\n \n \n \n \n \"The grass on my mother's grave turns green\n \n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n \n then yellow\n \n \n \n \n ;\n \n \n \n \n yellow\n \n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n \n then green—just like my longing. Year after year, it never fades. I'\n \n \n \n \n ve become a father and then a grandfather, yet it's been over thirty years since I last called out '\n \n \n \n \n Mom'.\n \n \n \n \n I keep thinking, when the day comes that I can no longer haul cement, I'\n \n \n \n \n ll return to the village and lie down beside that mound of earth. Maybe then, if I call for my mother again, she'll hear me.\"\n \n \n \n

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\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 图源：抖音截图\n \n \n
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\n \n 这篇文字朴实的作文，一下子打动了网友。据光明网报道，\n \n 视频发布仅48小时，点赞量便突破500万次\n \n ，评论区瞬间涌入十多万条留言。话题“全网都在朗读《我的母亲》”一度登上抖音平台热搜。\n \n

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\n \n \n \n Within 48 hours, the video went viral\n \n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n \n amassing over 5 million likes and 100,000 comments.\n \n \n \n

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\n \n \n 网友们表示：\n \n 全是真情实感，读完泪流满面\n \n 。\n \n
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\n \n \n 据央广网报道，大爷姓安，家乡在太原古交市某村，写这篇作文时，他正在太原火车站劳务市场附近\n \n \n 找\n \n \n 零工。\n \n
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\n \n \n \n 图源：抖音截图\n \n \n
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\n \n 对于《我的母亲》这篇作文，安大爷告诉央广网记者：\n \n “这篇作文是我家庭生活的真实写照，是我的亲身经历。”\n \n \n

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\n \n 安大爷说，家里兄弟姐妹8人，曾经母亲在世时照顾子女生活起居的场景，如今还历历在目。安大爷表示，\n \n 《我的母亲》这个题目对他来说很亲切，因此决定挑战写作文。\n \n \n

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\n \n \n \n When asked about the essay, the worker\n \n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n \n surnamed An,\n \n \n \n \n said: \"\n \n \n \n \n This composition reflects\n \n \n \n \n my family's truth—it'\n \n \n \n \n s my own\n \n \n \n \n lived experience.\"\n \n \n \n \n He recalled how his mother cared for him and his seven siblings. \"\n \n \n \n \n The prompt '\n \n \n \n \n My Mother'\n \n \n \n \n felt deeply moving,\"\n \n \n \n \n he explained. \"\n \n \n \n \n That's what compelled me to pour my heart into this writing.\"\n \n \n \n

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\n \n \n 图源：抖音截图\n \n \n

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\n \n 对于下一步的打算，安大爷表示还想回到零工市场继续打工，\n \n “凭我辛劳挣来的钱，觉得心里面踏实、舒服。”\n \n \n

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\n \n 你觉得这篇《我的母亲》写的怎样？如果你来写《我的母亲》这篇作文，你会怎么写？欢迎评论区坐坐！\n \n

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\n \n \n 综合来源：央广网 光明日报\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 编辑：荆雨昕\n \n \n

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\n
\n", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/F0a-tw_mGo9yfWumTgug4Q", - "creator": "21世纪英文报", - "pubDate": "Wed, 16 Jul 2025 12:56:02 ", - "enclosure": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/KZZ7pejfWpmtvkJdoIH6QZSvhibLJLZ0lUBbs0g8bwj4ibibyD6VicjVBibSI8Zia5lT6FhYdULibVPBtD3IN6YQwcS4A/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "enclosureType": "image/jpeg", - "image": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/KZZ7pejfWpmtvkJdoIH6QZSvhibLJLZ0lUBbs0g8bwj4ibibyD6VicjVBibSI8Zia5lT6FhYdULibVPBtD3IN6YQwcS4A/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "id": "2247847571_1", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "21世纪双语", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "6993f500e5def90d98caea85d053a075", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "FossFLOW：轻松创建精美的3D等距技术图表", "description": "FossFLOW 是一个开源的渐进式 Web 应用程序 (PWA)，用于创建美观的等距基础设施图表。", @@ -10402,28 +10094,6 @@ "hash": "4ca2bb7ca640c43f93fbd4c2c7f51f25", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "名局赏析：成也心理叫，败也心理叫", - "description": "心理叫在起初十分风靡，也由此诞生了许多经典的牌局。许多牌手在打牌的时候经常运用。", - "content": "
\n

\n \n 心理叫在起初十分风靡，也由此诞生了许多经典的牌局。\n \n

\n
\n \n \n
\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 许多牌手在打牌的时候经常运用。\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 但，心理叫毕竟是虚的，一个牌手手中的点力却是实实在在的，如果点力够强，心理叫不过是给了对手一个玩弄心理的机会。\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 牌例：\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n
\n \n
\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 叫牌过程如下：\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n
\n \n
\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n \n

\n

\n \n 客观地讲，南-北方的叫牌实在不够科学；\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 首先，南家的１Ｈ开叫实力不足，当今的牌手大多会开叫２Ｈ或３Ｈ进行阻击，可在心理叫牌风行全美的３０年代，这却是极为常见的；\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 其次，北家的牌力虽然很强，但直接应叫３ＮＴ则欠妥，因为把定约一下叫得过高就不易找到最佳定约；\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 最后，南北两家都未叫出所持有的四张黑桃套是导致灾难的关键所在。\n \n

\n

\n \n \n

\n

\n \n 由于南家坚持叫红心，而北家又坚持打无将，结果使西家找到破绽：\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 在北家叫出 ６ＮＴ后，西家认为机会来了，于是他叫出加倍，尽管在同伴始终保持沉默的情况下，他也知道仅凭自己的牌力并不足以击败６ＮＴ，不过他相信南家很有可能要逃叫。\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 事实也的确如此，结果７Ｈ定约由于无法避免要丢失一墩将牌Ｋ。\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 只得以宕一而告终，东西方得到２００分。\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 西家的心理战术获得成功。\n \n

\n

\n \n \n

\n

\n \n 需要说明的是，西家在加倍７Ｈ后，若南-北方的某位牌手敢于逃叫到７Ｓ，西家恐怕仍要加倍，而这个定约却是无法击败的！\n \n

\n
\n \n \n
\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 果真如此，打牌的结果就将由东西得２００分变为南北得２２１０分！\n \n

\n

\n \n \n

\n

\n \n 坐在西家的是桥牌大师克勃森，他曾说：“缺少心理战术的牌艺，其价值是不大的。”\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 他的好友与主要搭档之一的理查德·弗雷（Ｒｉｃｈａｒｄ Ｌ．Ｆｒｅｙ， 1936年首批获得全美桥牌终身大师的十位牌手之一）评价说：“克勃森的心理分析才能，的确给他带来不少好成绩。”\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 然而，面对３０年代初期席卷美国的“心理叫牌”（Ｐｓｙｃｈｉｃ Ｂｉｄｄｉｎｇ，又称“诈叫”）热，克勃森却冷静地提出了自己的看法。\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 当时，包括某些桥坛名士在内的许多牌手，无论处在第三家还是第一家，也不管是争叫还是开叫，均随意使用心理叫牌。\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 对此，克勃森指出；“一个心理叫牌，不过是为了要使对方误以为他们所持有的肯定赢墩或坚固长套似乎并不存在，这简直是奇迹，很少能获得成功。\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 即使是最弱的牌手，也会相信他自己所看到的东西。\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 在各种心理叫牌的说明中，唯一合理的理由只是诱使对方认为他们手中的Ｋ或Ｑ有可能会被更大的大牌擒获，或是其长套花色的分配不均匀。\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 一套优美的叫牌体系是要在同伴之间创造协调和相互信任，而心理叫牌却与此背道而驰并破坏了叫牌体系的精确性。”\n \n

\n

\n \n \n

\n
\n", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/TuIZXG2m7nmocB333KTz0g", - "creator": "小风子桥牌", - "pubDate": "Fri, 29 Aug 2025 06:18:00 ", - "enclosure": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/La6QLcCe4DrqX7cTMycYRgHmRLm2Oy5jBDlaiaicMZrg9EMVm6sQpfSQQj02STgAykHgtCkWoOHyLfAdeQXgIoSg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "enclosureType": "image/jpeg", - "image": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/La6QLcCe4DrqX7cTMycYRgHmRLm2Oy5jBDlaiaicMZrg9EMVm6sQpfSQQj02STgAykHgtCkWoOHyLfAdeQXgIoSg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "id": "2655133805_1", - "language": "", - "folder": "桥牌", - "feed": "小风子桥牌", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "7f596d1d0187bcdc4297a6c51f22efce", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "名局赏析：一线之隔", "description": "战场之上，枪林弹雨，生与死不过就是一转眼的距离。桥牌赛场上，make与宕掉，其实也不过是一出手的距离。", @@ -10446,28 +10116,6 @@ "hash": "2b092588dd5b1a6af4ef1673a52cc5bf", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "名局赏析：没有止张", - "description": "100多年前，爱因斯坦发现质量和能量之间可以进行转换，转换的效率取决于撞击的速度，于是那个E=MC2的公式诞生", - "content": "
\n

\n \n 100多年前，爱因斯坦发现质量和能量之间可以进行转换，转换的效率取决于撞击的速度，于是那个E=MC2的公式诞生了。\n \n

\n
\n \n \n
\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 即使再小的粒子在如此巨大的光速平方放大下，也能够爆发出毁灭性的能量。\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 由此，人类世界进入了核武时代，人类也掌握了足以威胁世界的武器。\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 你看，世界多奇妙，毁灭世界的东西不是看起来高大威猛的东西，而是肉眼看不见的小粒子。\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 所以，如果今天小风子给你们推一个没有止张的三无将，你们也不应该多么的惊讶吧。\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 牌例：\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n
\n \n
\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 叫牌过程如下：\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n
\n \n
\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 在上述的叫牌进程中，南家尽管拿着17点大牌及以A－K领头的七张方块长套，\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 但是在下家（西家）争叫1S后，她感到自己的单张SK实在是价值不大，对此她只是平淡地再叫出2D，进而又在东家叫出2S后选择了派司，其目的或许是要看看同伴的反应。\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 结果同伴终于竞叫3D，这使南家信心大增，她认为：\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 自己极有可能拿到七墩方块；\n \n

\n
\n \n \n
\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 而且在设想西家持有SA的前提下，无论SQ和SJ是否也在西家手中，若是由他进行首攻，他大概很难攻出SA，于是他勇敢地叫上3NT。\n \n

\n

\n \n \n

\n

\n \n 西家首攻SQ，南家以SK得进后，随即拿掉七墩方块。\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 显然，如果她再兑现HA就可拿到第九墩牌完成定约。\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 但她并没有就此满足，而是在认定西家持有SA的信念下，在第九轮时从手中打出C5！\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 当时的残局形势是：\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n
\n \n
\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 西家垫出S9，明手打出CQ，东家以CA得进后回出HK，庄家以HA吃进并兑现CK。\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 就这样，庄家超额一墩完成定约。\n \n

\n

\n \n \n

\n

\n \n 在另一室中，最终定约是由西家主打3S，同样完成了定约。\n \n

\n

\n \n \n

\n
\n", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/01gYSmUb2oPRZpnGghRepQ", - "creator": "小风子桥牌", - "pubDate": "Wed, 13 Aug 2025 06:18:00 ", - "enclosure": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/La6QLcCe4DrJlCcLOKTcibW1YAwKyfBuPkuV6eXa9C7N8oWiarL8S35V5Tgr9pxLsaaB0vew5TbAvT8noibYwqJ6Q/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "enclosureType": "image/jpeg", - "image": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/La6QLcCe4DrJlCcLOKTcibW1YAwKyfBuPkuV6eXa9C7N8oWiarL8S35V5Tgr9pxLsaaB0vew5TbAvT8noibYwqJ6Q/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "id": "2655133757_1", - "language": "", - "folder": "桥牌", - "feed": "小风子桥牌", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "66c38cb432df8a52d21c48c763b8ffcb", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "名局赏析：什么时候出什么牌，很讲究的！", "description": "继续名局赏析系列。文章有偿阅读，付费自愿，包年24.24，还可按使用手册及下图方式支持小风子。", @@ -10490,28 +10138,6 @@ "hash": "3107985f1039de006a4692f944244675", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "名局赏析：布下口袋", - "description": "闲看毛主席诗词，一个书生竟然能够深谙运兵之妙，甚为佩服。细究案例，原来布口袋这种事情还有这么多的讲究。", - "content": "
\n

\n \n 闲看毛主席诗词，一个书生竟然能够深谙运兵之妙，甚为佩服。\n \n

\n
\n \n \n
\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 细究案例，原来布口袋这种事情还有这么多的讲究。\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 包围与反包围可能是军事斗争中的永恒主题。\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 这个问题，在桥牌中也存在，看来蕴藏在兵法与坐庄防守技巧中的人类智慧并没有差异。\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 牌例：\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n
\n \n
\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 叫牌过程如下：\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n
\n \n
\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 西家首攻方块6，庄家以明手的方块A赢得并续出小方块将吃回手；\n \n

\n

\n \n 手中换出红桃2，西家跟出红桃9，明手以红桃Q赢得并再出小方块给手中将吃；\n \n

\n

\n \n 庄家兑现梅花A后又打梅花10，西家方小，明手跟梅花9，东家垫出小方块；\n \n

\n

\n \n 庄家打出第三轮草花，明手以梅花J得进并兑现梅花K，手中垫掉黑桃2。\n \n

\n

\n \n 从而形成如下残局：\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n
\n \n
\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 此时，庄家从明手出小黑桃给手中的黑桃A，赢得后又打出黑桃K。\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 至此定约方已一边拿到九墩牌并使西家陷入困境：\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 假如西家垫掉梅花Q，就会让庄家做成定约，且还将被迫将吃庄家手中最后一张黑桃，从而使庄家超额一墩完成定约；\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 结果他在实战中将吃庄家的黑桃K，但随后不论他回出什么都要送给庄家完成这个被加倍4红桃定约所需的第十墩牌。\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 这难道不是典型的布口袋吗？\n \n

\n

\n \n \n

\n
\n", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/NMxTHOcoA9tatZxLfBf7yw", - "creator": "小风子桥牌", - "pubDate": "Fri, 08 Aug 2025 06:18:00 ", - "enclosure": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/La6QLcCe4DoQicFeDTI7ibWecpGQFcQ1SL76OKOUHNyeKuIztKsWMtH6LlBG2qib9KE5GeX9CL2VSpxkelcmNgDWQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "enclosureType": "image/jpeg", - "image": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/La6QLcCe4DoQicFeDTI7ibWecpGQFcQ1SL76OKOUHNyeKuIztKsWMtH6LlBG2qib9KE5GeX9CL2VSpxkelcmNgDWQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "id": "2655133732_1", - "language": "", - "folder": "桥牌", - "feed": "小风子桥牌", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "95a8c6410410c7a483f7c1381625475f", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "20250801，能挣钱，门槛低！", "description": "不在高峰时慕名而来，不在低谷时转身走开！2025年8月1日，周五。周三，大会落幕，周四天气又开始阴了。会议是", @@ -10534,28 +10160,6 @@ "hash": "d77d1fc65177206cf5582018482d4c1b", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "20250731，想挣钱得学会先抗亏！", - "description": "不在高峰时慕名而来，不在低谷时转身走开！2025年7月31日，周四。周三，天完全放晴了，万里无云，碧空如洗。", - "content": "
\n
\n \n
\n \n \n
\n \n
\n \n \n
\n
\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n \n \n \n 不在高峰时慕名而来，不在低谷时转身走开！\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n
\n \n
\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n \n 2025年7月31日，周四\n \n \n \n \n 。\n \n \n

\n
\n \n \n
\n

\n \n \n
\n \n \n

\n

\n \n 周三，天完全放晴了，万里无云，碧空如洗。\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 早上的阳光很舒服，走路去地铁，竟然没有像之前一样出汗。\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 不下雨了，就可以重新用日常的行走来作为锻炼之一了，不坐车其实挺舒服的。\n \n

\n

\n \n \n 。\n \n \n \n
\n \n

\n
\n \n \n
\n
\n \n
\n \n 牛市来了，很多人在复盘之前的牛市。\n \n
\n
\n \n
\n \n
\n
\n \n 大概有八次。\n \n
\n
\n \n
\n \n
\n
\n \n 复盘的东西看多了，就一个感受。\n \n
\n
\n \n
\n \n
\n
\n \n 那就是牛市可能亏钱的人更多，为啥，因为不会抗亏！\n \n
\n
\n \n
\n \n
\n
\n \n 从过去复盘的情况来看，牛市里，大概平均三个月就会有一次大概5%的下跌。\n \n
\n
\n \n
\n \n
\n
\n \n 扛不住的话，要么亏钱，要么挣少了。\n \n
\n
\n \n
\n \n
\n
\n \n 扛得住的话，之后会平均获得41%的收益。\n \n
\n
\n \n
\n \n
\n
\n \n 扛不住，还有一个比较可怕的影响是会影响你的节奏和心情。\n \n
\n
\n \n
\n \n
\n
\n \n 因为你会比较，你会看。\n \n
\n
\n \n
\n \n
\n
\n \n 你发现卖了之后又涨了这么多，你会心绪不定，然后后面该卖的时候不卖，该追的时候又不敢了。\n \n
\n
\n \n
\n \n
\n
\n \n 本来是一个靠耐心和平常心就能躺赚的情形变成了焦头烂额去追涨杀跌的情形。\n \n
\n
\n \n 。\n \n
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\n \n \n

\n
\n", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/xcoCVmX00I42-cnPm-HLAg", - "creator": "小风子桥牌", - "pubDate": "Mon, 04 Aug 2025 06:18:00 ", - "enclosure": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/bUA2FuHr1jq0ld4QiaEROJBalVdrQs3SFKTk9ibTfXGFR5cBGpUMOVl8YP1bHyxZT9Jlp2ut1jO3H0Olib9iaTcaog/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "enclosureType": "image/jpeg", - "image": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/bUA2FuHr1jq0ld4QiaEROJBalVdrQs3SFKTk9ibTfXGFR5cBGpUMOVl8YP1bHyxZT9Jlp2ut1jO3H0Olib9iaTcaog/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "id": "2655133709_2", - "language": "", - "folder": "桥牌", - "feed": "小风子桥牌", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "b7301186df013fc99d65ba06e9fd4f4e", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "20250730，大雨磅礴！", "description": "不在高峰时慕名而来，不在低谷时转身走开！2025年7月30日，周三。周一晚上就发了预警，很不好的预警，然后说", @@ -10578,28 +10182,6 @@ "hash": "56f0d5c5698c032502b007ca2ab821a6", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "20250728，高与低，好与坏！", - "description": "不在高峰时慕名而来，不在低谷时转身走开！2025年7月28日，周一。上周五，准确的说是从上周四的晚上就开始下", - "content": "
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\n \n
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\n

\n \n \n \n \n 不在高峰时慕名而来，不在低谷时转身走开！\n \n \n \n \n \n
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\n

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\n \n \n 2025年7月28日，周一\n \n \n \n \n 。\n \n \n

\n
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\n \n \n
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\n

\n \n \n 上周五，准确的说是从上周四的晚上就开始下雨。\n \n \n

\n

\n \n \n
\n \n \n

\n

\n \n \n 瓢泼大雨，没办法，明摆着没法挤地铁了，赶紧起来，买车票。\n \n \n

\n

\n \n \n
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\n

\n \n \n 赶去坐车，还好，没啥人，车上也宽松。\n \n \n \n
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\n

\n \n \n 。\n \n \n \n
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\n
\n \n \n
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\n \n
\n \n 本来计划了上周六去爬山的，没想到下雨了。\n \n
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\n \n
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\n \n 当下的市场，来到了一个比较正常的局面下。\n \n
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\n \n 这个正常，指的是估值的正常。\n \n
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\n \n
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\n \n 但是，这个正常也带来了一些尴尬，那就是原本的买卖计划是低估是买入，高估是卖出。\n \n
\n
\n \n
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\n \n 当下的操作怎么办？\n \n
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\n \n 眼热，去追热点？还是冷眼旁观呢？\n \n
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\n \n
\n \n
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\n \n 上一篇，咱们说了耐心与平常心，这个时候其实就要用的上了。\n \n
\n
\n \n
\n \n
\n
\n \n 另个方面，高与低，好与坏，其实是比较出来的。\n \n
\n
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\n \n 这两个词单独存在都没有意义，只有放在一起比较才有意义。\n \n
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\n \n
\n \n
\n
\n \n 比如，拿中证红利来讲，目前的PE，股息率可能都不如之前低了，都已经变得比较高了，但是就意味着不能买了吗？\n \n
\n
\n \n
\n \n
\n
\n \n 不一定，因为投资是在做选择，在股票、债券、商品之间做选择。\n \n
\n
\n \n
\n \n
\n
\n \n 如果相比其他品种，依然还是很有性价比，那么还是可以买的。\n \n
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\n \n 。\n \n
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\n
\n", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/f7vBjd82o3kSF87DxZE80Q", - "creator": "小风子桥牌", - "pubDate": "Wed, 30 Jul 2025 06:18:00 ", - "enclosure": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/bUA2FuHr1jq0ld4QiaEROJBalVdrQs3SFKTk9ibTfXGFR5cBGpUMOVl8YP1bHyxZT9Jlp2ut1jO3H0Olib9iaTcaog/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "enclosureType": "image/jpeg", - "image": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/bUA2FuHr1jq0ld4QiaEROJBalVdrQs3SFKTk9ibTfXGFR5cBGpUMOVl8YP1bHyxZT9Jlp2ut1jO3H0Olib9iaTcaog/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "id": "2655133684_2", - "language": "", - "folder": "桥牌", - "feed": "小风子桥牌", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "3da09e655cbcd807c0a6ee7671edf07c", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "20250724，不能一概而论！", "description": "不在高峰时慕名而来，不在低谷时转身走开！2025年7月24日，周四。最近在读《剑来》。一本网络小说，作者还是", @@ -10622,28 +10204,6 @@ "hash": "735a56f1d6385d0dbece665644a5f2ba", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "名局赏析：抽丝剥茧、瓮中捉鳖！", - "description": "继续名局赏析系列。文章有偿阅读，付费自愿，包年24.24，还可按使用手册及下图方式支持小风子。", - "content": "
\n

\n \n 继续名局赏析系列。\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n
\n \n \n 文章有偿阅读，付费自愿，包年24.24，还可按使用手册及下图方式支持小风子。\n \n \n
\n
\n \n \n
\n
\n \n \n
\n \n \n
\n
\n \n \n 具体可见：\n \n \n \n \n \n 小风子桥牌使用手册\n \n \n \n
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\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n \n 今天这副牌，依然是一副没有记录牌手名字的牌。\n \n \n

\n

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\n

\n \n \n 这副牌得到了英国牌手李维斯的推崇！\n \n \n

\n

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\n
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\n \n \n 这幅牌，东家开叫，南北有局。\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 东家开叫2红心，南家加倍，北家3红心，南家直接来一个6NT。\n \n \n

\n

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\n \n \n

\n

\n \n \n 最终是南家主打6nt定约。\n \n \n

\n

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\n

\n \n \n 西家首攻红心2。\n \n \n

\n

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\n \n \n 明手摊牌，东家红心K，南家红心A吃进。\n \n \n

\n

\n \n \n
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\n

\n \n \n 现在，如果是你，你会怎么完成这个定约呢？\n \n \n

\n

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\n \n \n

\n

\n \n \n 大家第一个能想到的，肯定是如果方块的大牌分布能够猜对，草花3-3分布，那么定约就很好完成了。\n \n \n

\n

\n \n \n
\n \n \n

\n

\n \n \n 但是，这牌张的分布有那么容易去猜对吗？\n \n \n

\n

\n \n \n
\n \n \n

\n

\n \n \n 是的，有可能的。\n \n \n

\n

\n \n \n
\n \n \n

\n

\n \n \n 开叫2红心，东家至少6张黑桃，首攻红心，明手的牌，大致可以知道红心的分布了。\n \n \n

\n

\n \n \n
\n \n \n

\n

\n \n \n 现在就需要确定下对手草花和黑桃的分布，这个是可以去试探的。\n \n \n

\n

\n \n \n
\n \n \n

\n

\n \n \n 于是，庄家从手里出了小黑桃，对手吃进。\n \n \n

\n

\n \n \n
\n \n \n

\n

\n \n \n 对手打什么呢？\n \n \n

\n

\n \n \n
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\n

\n \n \n 实战中，还是红心，庄家红心Q吃进，然后打三次草花，再打两个黑桃。\n \n \n

\n

\n \n \n
\n \n \n

\n

\n \n \n 东家的牌型，也就大概出来了2-6-3-2。\n \n \n

\n

\n \n \n
\n \n \n

\n

\n \n \n 那么西家的牌型也就出来了。\n \n \n

\n

\n \n \n
\n \n \n

\n

\n \n \n 现在出方块K，在J飞方块Q，定约完成。\n \n \n

\n

\n \n \n
\n \n \n

\n

\n \n 这副牌是有点技术含量的。\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 要多次推理，先从已有的牌型去推测未知花色的牌型，再从已经发现的牌手的牌型去推测另外一个牌手的牌型。\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 多想一次，很重要。\n \n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n
\n \n

\n

\n \n 全牌如下：\n \n \n
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\n
\n", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/-ZOlN1Li3ccYpt4bbBkVgg", - "creator": "小风子桥牌", - "pubDate": "Fri, 25 Jul 2025 06:18:00 ", - "enclosure": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/La6QLcCe4Drm0HUbAPUicicRnd2NZLzM2A6ia8UGRTmJlP9liaSxlEO86J6weW9OXiap8g4G0vfX7uL93etWoxVic6vg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "enclosureType": "image/jpeg", - "image": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/La6QLcCe4Drm0HUbAPUicicRnd2NZLzM2A6ia8UGRTmJlP9liaSxlEO86J6weW9OXiap8g4G0vfX7uL93etWoxVic6vg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "id": "2655133659_1", - "language": "", - "folder": "桥牌", - "feed": "小风子桥牌", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "f9d949572618c768ef67c12e16944730", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "名局赏析：一线之隔", "description": "战场之上，枪林弹雨，生与死不过就是一转眼的距离。桥牌赛场上，make与宕掉，其实也不过是一出手的距离。", @@ -11999,28 +11559,6 @@ "hash": "86f09a8c5c6c98da4927830dd271d9ab", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "世锦赛中国队收获两枚银牌", - "description": "第47届世界桥牌团体锦标赛在丹麦海宁落下帷幕", - "content": "
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\n \n \n \n 北京时间9月1日凌晨，第47届世界桥牌团体锦标赛在丹麦海宁落下帷幕。\n \n 中国女队和混合队分别获得女子组和混合组亚军\n \n 。两个组别的冠军被荷兰和意大利夺得。\n \n \n \n \n \n

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\n \n \n 中国女队在决赛后四节发挥不佳，连连失利，被对手将比分反超。最终以209:248负于荷兰，获得亚军。\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 中国混合队也在与意大利混合队的后半段比赛中连输4节，最终以205:238无缘冠军。\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 公开组和老年组的冠军均被美国1队夺得，公开组的亚军和季军分别是丹麦和瑞典，老年组的亚军和季军分别是法国和美国2队。\n \n \n

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\n
\n", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/ra4NFQ4kMXS5ZPtzH8FCFQ", - "creator": "中国桥牌协会", - "pubDate": "Mon, 01 Sep 2025 13:22:20 ", - "enclosure": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/71SHwPo8iax4tk97bHrTW8ibd8zWVjwKk6TicTsaACcC1iaCf1rfwIDoia0ZXlU0TpgibBFy6QU26h2uGWAe0IicKZ8Lw/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "enclosureType": "image/jpeg", - "image": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/71SHwPo8iax4tk97bHrTW8ibd8zWVjwKk6TicTsaACcC1iaCf1rfwIDoia0ZXlU0TpgibBFy6QU26h2uGWAe0IicKZ8Lw/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "id": "2651312027_1", - "language": "", - "folder": "桥牌", - "feed": "中国桥牌协会", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "fd40b57412a1a60517e936e123d510dd", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "“奔跑吧·少年”小牌手风采——胡熙悦", "description": "智慧奔跑，赴成长之约！", @@ -12043,28 +11581,6 @@ "hash": "dcfa433804bd1b0bbd19be889838cc80", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "“奔跑吧·少年”小牌手风采——刘正宇、聂诗睿", - "description": "智慧奔跑，赴成长之约！", - "content": "
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\n \n \n 由国家体育总局棋牌运动管理中心、中国桥牌协会主办的“奔跑吧·少年”桥牌系列赛事活动自启动以来，得到了广泛关注与积极参与。通过全国桥牌少年智慧接力赛、全国桥牌青少年夏令营以及桥牌“进校园”等赛事活动开展，为青少年桥牌爱好者搭建友谊之“桥”、快乐之“桥”。\n \n \n

\n

\n \n 望小牌手们以梦为马，不负韶华，智慧奔跑，赴成长之约！\n \n \n
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\n", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/BSpvbA7SdM7zhWBBcZTncg", - "creator": "中国桥牌协会", - "pubDate": "Fri, 29 Aug 2025 20:24:17 ", - "enclosure": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/71SHwPo8iax5xeqnU9VJt5u2uRpx7wicYjntKcuM5bBibafYqsUFl0Renria8cw8azy5Qmy5dF5DQiahXENaOZ2LoKw/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "enclosureType": "image/jpeg", - "image": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/71SHwPo8iax5xeqnU9VJt5u2uRpx7wicYjntKcuM5bBibafYqsUFl0Renria8cw8azy5Qmy5dF5DQiahXENaOZ2LoKw/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "id": "2651311976_2", - "language": "", - "folder": "桥牌", - "feed": "中国桥牌协会", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "4eac0ab7f28e22b492b240a8658a5ae9", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "世锦赛中国女队和混合队双双进入半决赛", "description": "世锦赛中国女队和混合队双双进入半决赛", @@ -12087,28 +11603,6 @@ "hash": "42b176593b3d0e848d163e6df7c4a32a", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "2025年中国中学生赛和大学生赛湖州开赛", - "description": "2025年中国中学生赛和大学生赛湖州开赛", - "content": "
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\n \n \n 8月26日，2025年中国中学生桥牌锦标赛和中国大学生桥牌锦标赛在湖州同时拉开帷幕，展开为期4天的较量。中国中学生桥牌锦标赛吸引了来自34所中学近300名选手参加，中国大学生桥牌锦标赛则汇聚了20所高校近200名选手。\n \n \n

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\n \n 开赛仪式上，湖州市体育局党组成员、群众体育处处长候水龙在致辞中表示，湖州近年来全力打造“体育之城”，推动体育事业高质量发展，本次赛事不仅是全国中学和高校桥牌健儿切磋技艺的舞台，更是促进智力运动与城市文化融合的契机，希望本次比赛能为湖州体育事业发展注入力量。\n \n

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\n \n \n 候水龙致辞\n \n \n

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\n \n 中国学生体育联合会市场开发部负责人徐辉宣布比赛开赛。\n \n

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\n \n \n 徐辉宣布开赛\n \n \n

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\n \n 中国学生体育联合会大学桥牌分会秘书长李兴林，中国学生体育联合会中小学竞赛部副主任、桥牌项目主管种青，中国学生体育联合会中小学桥牌分会秘书长邢晓阳也一同出席了开赛仪式。\n \n

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\n \n \n 出席开赛仪式嘉宾\n \n \n

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\n \n 来自上海立信会计金融学院的队员陈延和国家级裁判张庆分别代表运动员和裁判员宣誓。\n \n

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\n \n \n 陈延代表运动员宣誓\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 张庆代表裁判员宣誓\n \n \n

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\n \n 2025年中国中学生桥牌锦标赛设6个组别，涵盖高中组公开团体赛、公开双人赛、女子双人赛以及初中组公开团体赛、公开双人赛、女子双人赛。比赛首日，高中组公开团体赛和初中组公开团体赛率先开打，其中，高中组公开团体赛共有7支参赛队，通过双循环赛共14轮以VP积分排列名次，今日结束第一循环前6轮比拼；初中组公开团体赛共有20支队伍，当日结束第一阶段的6轮排位赛，产生八强晋级将于28日进行的1/4淘汰赛。\n \n

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\n \n 2025年中国大学生桥牌锦标赛共设公开团体赛、女子团体赛、公开双人赛和女子双人赛4个组别。首个比赛日上午率先进行女子双人赛，30对组合经过9轮共18副牌的角逐，江西水利电力大学2队的万姗姗/徐茹萍、深圳职业技术大学2队的高静枫/黄小娟、衡水学院1队的赵益萌/宋爽获得女子双人赛南北前三名，吉林财经大学2队的王研硕/唐江美、吉林财经大学1队的程雯慧/吴斯琦、湖北工程学院新技术学院3队的凌嘉潞/钟嘉怡获得女子双人赛东西前三名。\n \n

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\n \n 下午，共有20支队伍参加的公开团体赛进行了第一阶段前两轮的比拼。女子团体赛也于今天下午开打，共有11支参赛队，采用单循环赛共11轮以VP积分排列名次，今日同样结束了前两轮的较量。\n \n

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\n \n 2025年中国中学生桥牌锦标赛由中国学生体育联合会、中国桥牌协会主办，中国学生体育联合会中小学桥牌分会执行，湖州市体育局承办，北京学体国际体育文化传播有限公司运营。\n \n

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\n \n 2025年中国大学生桥牌锦标赛由中国学生体育联合会、中国桥牌协会主办，中国学生体育联合会大学桥牌分会执行，湖州市体育局承办，康湃思（北京）体育管理有限公司运营，湖州市体育产业与竞赛指导中心、湖州市体育产业发展有限公司协办。\n \n

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\n
\n", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/DG-Jeh3kVnqUlmNSrbeBXQ", - "creator": "中国桥牌协会", - "pubDate": "Tue, 26 Aug 2025 19:32:41 ", - "enclosure": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/71SHwPo8iax5hstHdZlW3vU5eW7HIAulVj0cibR52NN4XZ5vXuAHF3gXDYBKC8iaby3zCDzwLf749nwaDTg0LibsrQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "enclosureType": "image/jpeg", - "image": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/71SHwPo8iax5hstHdZlW3vU5eW7HIAulVj0cibR52NN4XZ5vXuAHF3gXDYBKC8iaby3zCDzwLf749nwaDTg0LibsrQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "id": "2651311860_3", - "language": "", - "folder": "桥牌", - "feed": "中国桥牌协会", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "bdcab91aecdbe5fdc887eb67e2b0bd85", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "“奔跑吧·少年”小牌手风采——吕佳宸", "description": "智慧奔跑，赴成长之约！", @@ -12131,28 +11625,6 @@ "hash": "8ff147836dfc2da8828adcea7b26f3a6", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "唐涤飞：乐于为天津桥牌青训提供助力", - "description": "​", - "content": "
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\n \n \n 全国桥牌综合锦标赛\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 在2025年全国桥牌综合锦标赛青年赛场上，有多支天津（缦缨）代表队，其中天津三队（缦缨）和天津二队（缦缨）表现亮眼，包揽了青年团体赛U16公开组的亚军和季军。担任天津一队（缦缨）领队的缦缨（天津）桥牌俱乐部出资人唐涤飞表示，看到天津青少年队站上领奖台非常高兴，而自己乐于为天津桥牌青训提供助力。\n \n \n

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\n \n \n \n 天津三队（缦缨）和天津二队（缦缨）包揽了青年团体赛U16公开组亚军和季军\n \n \n \n

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\n \n 唐涤飞身为海南缦缨桥牌俱乐部主席，也是一位高水平桥牌选手，曾经代表天津队参加国内比赛，与时任天津桥牌队队长的名将郑一心很熟悉。2023年底，郑一心主动向唐涤飞提出建议，能否在偏重桥牌竞技人才培养方面提供一些支持。他认为这一建议很好，于是与郑一心和天津著名女牌手志珍三人联手成立了缦缨（天津）桥牌俱乐部。值得一提的是，这一工作得到了天津市桥协的大力支持，因为大家的目标是一致的，那就是全力做好天津青少年桥牌培训工作。\n \n

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\n \n \n \n 唐涤飞在比赛中\n \n \n \n

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\n \n 今年初，缦缨（天津）桥牌俱乐部正式选派队伍参加了在石家庄举行的2025年全国桥牌少年团体赛，前不久派出两支队伍参加了在北京举行的2025年“业之峰杯”中国桥牌青少年精英赛。唐涤飞说，此次组队参加本届全国桥牌综合锦标赛是天津市桥协主导，派出了14支青年队伍，分别是：7支U16公开队、4支U16女队、2支U21队、1支U26队。此外，郑一心带领两男两女4名小牌手组成缦缨（天津）参加了混合团体赛，在109支参赛队中名列第五十四。\n \n

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\n \n 唐涤飞本人也是本届比赛的参赛者，他带领海南缦缨获得了混合团体赛第十四名，正在参加瑞士团体赛，还将参加公开团体赛。\n \n

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\n \n 说到所成立的缦缨（天津）桥牌俱乐部与天津市桥协形成合力做天津桥牌青训工作的初衷，唐涤飞表示，还是缘于自己对桥牌的深刻认识和切身体会，“如果有人问我在所有智力运动中选学哪一个项目，我的推荐是，重要的事情说三遍：桥牌、桥牌、还是桥牌”。桥牌对于青少年的自身成长很有帮助，同时能够培养他们的团队合作意识，摒弃他们从小在家庭养成的以自我为中心的习惯认知，因为打桥牌会教会他，成功必须依赖搭档和团队。总之，桥牌会教会他们做好准确的自我定位、积极沟通和团结协作。\n \n

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\n \n 唐涤飞强调说，在天津市桥协多年来的积极努力下，天津青少年桥牌工作拥有很好的发展局面，自己现在所做的只是锦上添花。但自己非常乐于为天津桥牌青训提供助力，特别希望与天津市桥协和桥牌人共同努力做好天津桥牌青训工作。\n \n

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\n", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/8Bw6Glv9CZz7zOTdXhZsiQ", - "creator": "中国桥牌协会", - "pubDate": "Tue, 12 Aug 2025 21:17:40 ", - "enclosure": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/71SHwPo8iax4ibe2hibA10pnqVWSRibPY2Wk9MT8M3IDlcZLK0kFW2qia2av3yjicF1UV8llRDzkib8OTbtOCzibW8rphg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "enclosureType": "image/jpeg", - "image": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/71SHwPo8iax4ibe2hibA10pnqVWSRibPY2Wk9MT8M3IDlcZLK0kFW2qia2av3yjicF1UV8llRDzkib8OTbtOCzibW8rphg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "id": "2651311223_5", - "language": "", - "folder": "桥牌", - "feed": "中国桥牌协会", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "8349bb25b1ea352e31ba5576635bc0c8", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "桥牌综锦赛赛程过半 混团决赛队伍产生", "description": "桥牌综锦赛赛程过半 混团决赛队伍产生", @@ -12175,28 +11647,6 @@ "hash": "0df2df8ea72cd062b051ec4a19536643", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "“奔跑吧·少年”小牌手风采——谢君鑫", - "description": "智慧奔跑，赴成长之约！", - "content": "
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\n \n \n 由国家体育总局棋牌运动管理中心、中国桥牌协会主办的“奔跑吧·少年”桥牌系列赛事活动自启动以来，得到了广泛关注与积极参与。通过全国桥牌少年智慧接力赛、全国桥牌青少年夏令营以及桥牌“进校园”等赛事活动开展，为青少年桥牌爱好者搭建友谊之“桥”、快乐之“桥”。\n \n \n

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\n \n 望小牌手们以梦为马，不负韶华，智慧奔跑，赴成长之约！\n \n \n
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\n \n \n \n 全国桥牌综合锦标赛\n \n \n \n

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\n \n \n 2025年全国桥牌综合锦标赛正在上海汽车会展中心举行，青年组赛场外的休息区坐满了家长、教练、领队。俞文虎的身份是陪着外孙参赛的外公，而他本人也是一位拥有40年牌龄的资深桥牌爱好者。\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 俞文虎陪着外孙陈虓翎参加比赛\n \n \n

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\n \n 俞文虎的外孙陈虓翎今年10岁，此次代表闵行猛虎队参加U16公开组比赛。\n \n

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\n \n 俞文虎介绍说，外孙就读于上海市七宝外国语小学，这所民办小学是桥牌特色学校，每周二下午有固定的桥牌课。外孙从小学二年级开始学习桥牌，现在越来越喜欢桥牌这项智力运动。此次是外孙这个暑假参加的第四个桥牌比赛，外孙喜欢外公陪着参赛，而外公也乐得做陪赛人，爷孙俩为桥牌而快乐着。\n \n

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\n \n 俞文虎本人早在40年前就学会了打桥牌，他说当时他所在的上海县虹桥乡桥牌氛围很好，乡里组织的桥牌比赛都会有20多支参赛队，他本人就是其中的众多爱好者之一。工作多年，他一直保持着打桥牌的爱好，退休后则在闵行区从事桥牌培训，目前带8个孩子，而自己做的就是桥牌启蒙工作。令他欣慰的是，虽然女儿没有受他的影响学习桥牌，但小外孙从二年级就开始接受了桥牌教育，如今更是对桥牌有着浓厚的兴趣。\n \n

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\n \n 他说，小外孙学习桥牌后，原本外向的性格更加开朗，情商更高，参加比赛都是积极主动上场，与小伙伴相处得很好。这让他看在眼里，喜在心中，“这意味着在我们家中桥牌有了传承”。由于是桥牌爱好者，俞文虎深知桥牌对于孩子的成长、人品人格的养成都具有积极的作用和意义，甚至对孩子的未来工作和生活都很有帮助，因此他积极鼓励小外孙学习桥牌。此次参赛，俞文虎陪着小外孙早出晚归，虽然辛苦，但他觉得很值得。\n \n

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\n \n 他说，其实小外孙兴趣广泛，拉小提琴、打乒乓球、打篮球、游泳，但这些丝毫不减少他打桥牌的兴致。新学期开始，俞文虎的小外孙就要升入四年级，他说，自己在小外孙读书方面虽然帮不上忙，但在打桥牌方面一定会提供帮助和支持。为了帮助小外孙学习桥牌，俞文虎还给他订购了一套2025年《桥牌》杂志。\n \n

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\n", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/4WT_BrJFeynmvMy7yorJsw", - "creator": "中国桥牌协会", - "pubDate": "Sat, 09 Aug 2025 19:54:42 ", - "enclosure": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/71SHwPo8iax6HgMs5aTrNwZKDSsSStzn2lEnXgUwAKicJ6wh0NLr8lPJAQjRjpQeWcJyBtcFr7NiaNT81wwPYIZwQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "enclosureType": "image/jpeg", - "image": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/71SHwPo8iax6HgMs5aTrNwZKDSsSStzn2lEnXgUwAKicJ6wh0NLr8lPJAQjRjpQeWcJyBtcFr7NiaNT81wwPYIZwQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "id": "2651311020_3", - "language": "", - "folder": "桥牌", - "feed": "中国桥牌协会", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "905f1353584a4285c0dbc93873213915", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "当桥牌遇上全民健身日", "description": "全民健身，桥牌同行", @@ -15026,28 +14454,6 @@ "hash": "678aa6a3ac392f60cecb79f7bdecad68", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "日德兰大战——威尼斯杯美国与波兰反转的一副牌", - "description": "2025年威尼斯杯1/4淘汰赛结束后，美国2队以239:238IMP赢得比赛胜利，正当她们高兴庆祝时，没想到反转很快到来了。", - "content": "
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\n \n \n 新朋友\n \n \n \n \n \n
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\n \n \n 点击\n \n \n \n 标兵桥牌\n \n \n \n

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\n \n \n 关注微信\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 老朋友\n \n \n
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\n \n \n 点击\n \n \n \n 右上角\n \n \n \n

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\n \n \n 分享本文\n \n \n

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\n \n 威尼斯杯美国与波兰反转的一副牌\n \n

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\n \n 2025年威尼斯杯1/4淘汰赛结束后，美国2队以239:238IMP赢得比赛胜利，正当她们高兴庆祝时，没想到反转很快到来了。\n \n

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\n \n 如果你是北家，来打下面这副3NT定约：\n \n

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\n \n 北家主打3NT\n \n
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\n \n 对方无叫牌，首攻是♥J，被告知是鲁斯诺首攻法，承诺有Q，但如果是短套，则是标准首攻。\n \n

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\n \n 如果♦能取到4墩，你也只有8个顶张赢墩，第9墩牌如何而来？\n \n

\n

\n \n 如果仅从自己联手牌来看，唯一的机会就是♣QJ双张，或者西家单张♣大牌且你要打对。其他的机会还有吗？大概只能希望对方在♠上大牌撞车了，注意，这里是世界桥牌锦标赛，即使是女子比赛，这种希望也是比较渺茫的。\n \n

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\n \n 实战中波兰女队的庄家吃住♥J，从手中出小♠，东家Q，继续♥10，庄家忍让，吃住第三张♥后，拔掉所有♦大牌，然后送出♠，她希望东家的牌是：\n \n

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\n \n ♠A(K)Q ♥QJ109 ♦xx ♣Q(J)9xxx。\n \n

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\n \n 这样的话，东家无法传递♥到西家，西家拿不到她的♠大牌，♣的结构又动不了。\n \n

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\n \n 不得不说，能想出这种分布，确实是具备了良好的基本功。\n \n

\n

\n \n 全手牌如下：\n \n

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\n \n
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\n \n 西家单张♣J\n \n
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\n \n ♣是单张J，如果打对♣，是可以拿到9墩牌的。\n \n

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\n \n 实战波兰庄家宕一，另一室打♦定约得到130分，这副牌美国队赢5IMP。\n \n

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\n \n 赛后波兰队庄家注意到首攻人并不是QJ领头的♥，而是只有J10，且只有3张，她说如果知道东家的♥来自短套，她就有可能打对♣。\n \n

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\n \n 打完比赛后，得知己方以1IMP告负，波兰队将美国队告上裁判席，开始了自己的“维权之路”。\n \n

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\n \n 打开美国女队的约定卡，在大牌首攻一栏中，关于无将的首攻是这样描述的：\n \n

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\n \n 美国女牌手的约定卡\n \n
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\n \n 对抗无将首攻，A是要求姿态、K是要求解封10以上大牌或者给张数、Q是承诺有K或者来自短套（小于4张）、J是承诺有Q或者来自短套。\n \n

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\n \n 这对美国牌手的约定卡关于攻牌和信号的描述中没有鲁斯诺的字样，也没有介绍具体的来自短套是什么意思。\n \n

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\n \n 实际上，对抗无将连接张使用鲁斯诺首攻，目前在美国非常流行，参加本次世锦赛的8个美国队，打开他们的约定卡，基本上都是这种首攻方法，但在美国之外，却很少有人使用这个方法。一般来说，“Shortness”这个单词，在桥牌术语中指的是单缺，最多不会超过2张，所以看到这一约定卡上记录的内容，确实容易产生误会。\n \n

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\n \n 如果波兰女队的庄家知道J首攻要么是QJ连接张4张以上、要么是J10连接张3张或更短，她的主打就是一个判断，前面所述的路线也并非不可能。\n \n

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\n \n 裁判收到波兰队的请求后，把这副牌交给几位牌手去主打，介绍了美国队的首攻方法后，有几位打成了，有几位打宕了，裁判就根据不同的结果进行了分别算分处理，最终的结果调整为这副牌美国队赢1IMP，总比分由239:238IMP变为235:238IMP，波兰队获胜进入半决赛。\n \n

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\n \n 这副牌应该如何判罚，我觉得可以交给我国的裁判老师们去讨论一下，我不知道把这副牌交给其他庄家去主打，然后根据多少位庄家做成定约、多少位庄家没有做成定约的比例进行分别算分这种方法是否妥当。因为主打是个人的事情，很多牌根据牌桌的信息以及每个人的思路不同，还有基本功以及路线选择，包括动态的出牌，即使同级别牌手的想法也很可能大不相同。\n \n

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\n \n 裁判如何判罚我没有发言权，不过有几点我认为作为教练和牌手应该注意的地方。\n \n

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\n \n 1. 填写约定卡一定要规范和详尽，不得不说美国队的这张约定卡有瑕疵，她们也许是天然的认为这种描述非常清楚了。\n \n

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\n \n 2. 作为参加世界锦标赛的教练和牌手，应该非常清楚对方的防守信号系统，特别是长程淘汰赛，这对美国牌手在8节的比赛中上了7节，与最后一节的波兰牌手也打了2节，如果到了112副牌的倒数第5副还不知道对方的首攻信号，要么是教练员的责任，要么就是队员自己不够重视。\n \n

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\n \n 3. 要发扬积极主动的桥牌道德，己方的约定特别是不常见的约定，要提前告知对方并且解释清楚，同时另一方也需要在不是很清楚的情况下，尽量询问清楚，以免发生想当然的误会。最终的结果不能被自己掌握，是一件很痛苦的事情。\n \n

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\n \n 在社交媒体上，也对这个事件进行了评论，各种说法都有，感兴趣的桥友们可以去看一下。\n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 日德兰大战——百慕大杯四强产生及满贯叫牌的进与退\n \n \n

\n

\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 日德兰大战——百慕大杯争夺激烈及狂野的一副牌\n \n \n

\n

\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 日德兰大战——百慕大杯预赛结束及每日一牌\n \n \n

\n

\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 日德兰大战——百慕大杯预赛接近尾声及每日一牌\n \n \n

\n

\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 日德兰大战——百慕大杯预赛第四天及每日一牌\n \n \n

\n

\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 日德兰大战——百慕大杯预赛过半及每日一牌\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 日德兰大战——百慕大杯预赛第二天战况及每日一牌\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 日德兰大战——百慕大杯首日比赛结束及每日一牌\n \n \n

\n

\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 日德兰大战——第47届世界桥牌团体锦标赛盛大开幕\n \n \n

\n

\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 日德兰大战——第47届世界桥牌团体锦标赛（四）\n \n \n

\n

\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 日德兰大战——第47届世界桥牌团体锦标赛（三）\n \n \n

\n

\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 日德兰大战——第47届世界桥牌团体锦标赛（二）\n \n \n

\n

\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 日德兰大战——第47届世界桥牌团体锦标赛\n \n \n

\n

\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 第46届世界桥牌团体锦标赛回顾（三）\n \n \n

\n

\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 第46届世界桥牌团体锦标赛回顾（二）\n \n \n

\n

\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 第46届世界桥牌团体锦标赛回顾\n \n \n

\n

\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 标兵带你看世锦赛——瑞士大鳄的百慕大杯卫冕之路\n \n \n

\n

\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 标兵播报世锦赛——百慕大杯决赛上半场瑞士领先\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 标兵播报世锦赛——挪威瑞士进入百慕大杯决赛，中国女队威尼斯杯半决赛失利\n \n \n

\n

\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 标兵播报世锦赛——中国女队威尼斯杯半决赛暂时落后\n \n \n

\n

\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 标兵播报世锦赛——中国女队进入威尼斯杯半决赛\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 标兵播报世锦赛——世锦赛淘汰赛第一天中国男女队领先\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 标兵播报世锦赛——世锦赛预赛结束，中国男、女、混合队晋级淘汰赛\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 标兵播报世锦赛——世锦赛第七天，中国男队浮出水面\n \n \n

\n

\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 标兵播报世锦赛——世锦赛第六天，预赛争夺进入白热化\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 标兵播报世锦赛——世锦赛第五天，中国老年队三连胜\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 标兵播报世锦赛——世锦赛第四天，中国混团排名第二\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 标兵播报世锦赛——世锦赛第三天，中国女队冲进前八\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 标兵播报世锦赛——世锦赛第二天比赛，中国混团三连胜\n \n \n

\n

\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 标兵播报世锦赛——第46届世界桥牌团体锦标赛开幕，首日战况\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 2023年第46届世界桥牌团体锦标赛开幕\n \n \n

\n

\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 第46届世界桥牌团体锦标赛每日一牌——世锦赛前热身牌局\n \n \n \n
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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 2022年世界桥牌团体锦标赛回顾\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 第46届世界桥牌团体锦标赛即将开赛——准备就绪、世锦赛即将开锣\n \n \n

\n

\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 第46届世界桥牌团体锦标赛即将开赛——第45届世界桥牌团体锦标赛回顾\n \n \n

\n

\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 第46届世界桥牌团体锦标赛即将开赛——第46届世界桥牌团体锦标赛前瞻\n \n \n

\n

\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 第46届世界桥牌团体锦标赛即将开赛——世界桥牌团体锦标赛简介\n \n \n

\n

\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 世界桥牌团体锦标赛落幕、齐老板圆梦百慕大杯\n \n \n

\n

\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 激战亚平宁——第45届世界桥牌团体锦标赛（一）\n \n \n \n
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\n", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/Ug8Ia4ID9hzE0Y5X64TrXg", - "creator": "标兵桥牌", - "pubDate": "Fri, 29 Aug 2025 06:00:00 ", - "enclosure": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/iauJ3TcMNYDRbFju8jH25uCDMoyiajSWOYbPQNJJYlb3oBBpTIbnBNLu5Ke9jib1ejLpwAqVbhQxcoVDSwo0EpiaicQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "enclosureType": "image/jpeg", - "image": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/iauJ3TcMNYDRbFju8jH25uCDMoyiajSWOYbPQNJJYlb3oBBpTIbnBNLu5Ke9jib1ejLpwAqVbhQxcoVDSwo0EpiaicQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "id": "2247512931_1", - "language": "", - "folder": "桥牌", - "feed": "标兵桥牌", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "2dcbf0d8173bf1749057b7a17eda11aa", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "日德兰大战——第46届世界桥牌团体锦标赛回顾（四）", "description": "本次世界桥牌团体锦标赛是新任世界桥联主席、瑞典人卡姆拉斯的第一届世锦赛，本次世锦赛秉承了他勤俭办比赛的理念，同时也暴露出世界桥联目前存在的一些问题。", @@ -15070,28 +14476,6 @@ "hash": "ba4d57f0ae592978b579a394f81506a3", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "日德兰大战——第47届世界桥牌团体锦标赛", - "description": "第47届世界桥牌团体锦标赛将于8月20日-9月1日在被称作“冰川与海战的奇妙之地”的日德兰半岛上的丹麦城市海宁举办。今年是世界桥牌团体锦标赛75周年，是世界桥牌团体锦标赛的大庆之年。", - "content": "
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\n \n \n 新朋友\n \n \n \n \n \n
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\n \n \n 点击\n \n \n \n 标兵桥牌\n \n \n \n

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\n \n \n 关注微信\n \n \n

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\n
\n \n \n 老朋友\n \n \n
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\n \n \n 点击\n \n \n \n 右上角\n \n \n \n

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\n \n \n 分享本文\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 第47届世界桥牌团体锦标赛将于8月20日-9月1日在被称作“冰川与海战的奇妙之地”的日德兰半岛上的丹麦城市海宁举办。今年是世界桥牌团体锦标赛75周年，是世界桥牌团体锦标赛的大庆之年。\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 标兵桥牌将全程为桥友们献上比赛的详细报道。\n \n \n

\n
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\n \n \n 世界桥牌团体锦标赛简介\n \n \n

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\n \n 世界桥牌团体锦标赛共四项团体赛，分别是公开团体赛百慕大杯、女子团体赛威尼斯杯、老年团体赛德奥西杯、混合团体赛武汉杯。\n \n

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\n \n 桥牌界的皇冠：百慕大杯\n \n
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\n \n \n 百慕大杯及威尼斯杯简介\n \n \n

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\n \n 第二次世界大战后的首次世界定约桥牌团体赛于1950年在百慕大群岛举行，由于东道主百慕大提供了比赛奖杯，故定名为“百慕大杯（Bermuda Bowl）”。当时这场比赛共3个队参加，美国、英国和瑞典-冰岛联队，这次比赛的结果是美国队获胜。\n \n

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\n \n 以后的6届比赛都只在两个队之间进行，由美国队对欧洲冠军队。1951年的第二届比赛在意大利的那不勒斯举行，美国胜意大利；1953年在美国纽约，美国胜瑞典；1954年在摩纳哥的蒙特卡洛，美国胜法国；1955年在纽约，美国负于英国；1956年在法国巴黎，美国负于法国；1957年在美国纽约，意大利战胜美国。\n \n

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\n \n 到1958年，比赛又变成有3个队参加，增加的队是每年的南美冠军。1960、1964、1968和1972这4年因为是奥林匹克团体赛年，所以没有举办百慕大杯赛。1974年世界桥联投票决定百慕大杯只在单数年举行。作为过渡，1976年百慕大杯与奥林匹克团体赛同时在蒙特卡洛举行，从1965年开始，百慕大杯扩大到5个队，其中包括远东地区的代表队。1971年又扩大到6个队，增加了南太平洋地区的参赛队。\n \n

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\n \n 意大利自1957年战胜美国后，在1957年到1969年之间蝉联了10届冠军，这就是著名的意大利蓝队的辉煌历史。\n \n

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\n \n 这以后，1970年北美队获冠军(意大利蓝队未参加)；1971年美国获冠军(意大利队未参加)；1973、1974、1975年的三届比赛，意大利蓝队重新参战，又连获三届冠军。\n \n

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\n \n 1974年的百慕大杯在意大利的威尼斯市举行，与此同时举行了欧洲女子冠军和美国女子冠军的挑战赛。这次比赛共打140副牌，结果美国女队以297:262IMP击败了已连续称霸世界女子牌坛5年的意大利女队。威尼斯市为这场挑战赛捐赠了一座奖杯，这就是“威尼斯杯”赛的来源。\n \n

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\n \n \n 德奥西杯和武汉杯加入\n \n \n

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\n \n 从2001年开始，世界桥联在世界桥牌团体锦标赛举办了有年龄限制的老年组比赛，在已经举办的11届老年团体赛中，美国队在前4届比赛中连续4届都是冠军，直到2009年在巴西，英格兰老年队才打破了美国队的垄断获得冠军。老年组比赛以已故世界桥联名誉主席厄内斯托·德奥西命名为\n \n \n \n 德奥西杯\n \n \n \n 。\n \n

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\n \n 2018年3月，世界桥联做出了又一个扩军的决定，根据世界桥联的最新决议，从2019年武汉世锦赛开始，在世界桥牌团体锦标赛中增加混合团体赛项目，此项目与另外三大杯平行进行。混合团体赛的奖杯由比赛首次举办地武汉命名，即为\n \n \n \n 武汉杯\n \n \n \n 。\n \n

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\n \n 在世界桥牌团体锦标赛75年的历史上，从1950年最开始的公开组百慕大杯到1974年增加女子组威尼斯杯用了24年，再到2001年增加老年组德奥西杯用了27年，增加混团组武汉杯用了18年。在参赛名额的增加上，无疑也是世界桥牌团体锦标赛进步最快的一次。百慕大杯最开始只有3个队参加，同时在第二届也就是1951年开始变为两队，成为了欧美对抗赛。到1958年增加了南美冠军参加，用了7年时光。1966年增加了远东冠军参加用了8年，1971年增加了南太平洋冠军，1979年增加中美洲和加勒比地区冠军，1981年增加了中亚区冠军，之后世界桥牌团体锦标赛不断扩容，2001年加入了老年团体赛之后，扩张为每个组18个队，再过一届，在2003年的蒙特卡洛比赛中，增加到每个组22个队参赛，一直持续到2017年。再过16年，世界桥牌团体锦标赛增加为24队每个组，比赛的前8天将有96个队同时进行比赛，从几十年前几个队角逐世界冠军，到现在的近百队在同一赛场中紧张竞技，世界桥牌大家庭的扩张非比寻常。在2019年武汉的跨国团体赛中，有超过百队参加，成为有史以来规模最大的一次世界桥牌团体锦标赛。\n \n

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\n \n 1995年在北京，我国成功举办了百慕大和威尼斯杯的世锦赛。12年后，2007年又在我国上海举办了世界桥牌团体锦标赛。再过12年，武汉也成功举办了世界桥牌团体锦标赛。\n \n

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\n \n 世锦赛历史上，美国是不折不扣的世界第一桥牌强国，在百慕大杯、威尼斯杯、老年杯这三项比赛中，美国都在夺冠次数上排名第一。\n \n

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\n \n 百慕大杯（46届）：美国19次，意大利15次，法国、荷兰、波兰、瑞士各2次，英国、巴西、冰岛、挪威各1次。\n \n

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\n \n 威尼斯杯（24届）：美国11次，法国3次，中国、英国、德国、瑞典各2次，荷兰、以色列各1次。\n \n

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\n \n 德奥西杯（12届）：美国7次，丹麦2次、英格兰、法国、波兰各1次。\n \n

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\n \n 武汉杯（3届）：俄罗斯、法国、美国各1次。\n \n

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\n \n 世界桥牌团体锦标赛每项团体赛各有24个参赛名额，根据不同地区桥牌水平的不同，参赛名额分别是：\n \n

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\n \n 一区(欧洲)有8个队参加；二区(北美)有3个名额；三区(南美)2个队；四区(亚洲及中东)2个队；五区(中北美及加勒比海)1个队；六区(亚太)3个队；七区(南太平洋)2个队；八区（非洲）2个队；东道主 1个队。\n \n

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\n \n 本次世锦赛的选址工作是世界桥联已故主席扬·卡姆拉斯主导的，在2024年8月前，2025年的世界桥牌团体锦标赛主办地还没有落实，按照世界桥联逢25年大庆的惯例，今年的世界桥牌团体锦标赛应该放在百慕大杯创始地百慕大群岛举行，但这件事似乎根本无法执行，世界桥联只好在全球寻找合作伙伴举办本届世锦赛。\n \n

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\n \n 直到2024年8月，世界桥联才与丹麦桥牌协会达成合作意向，决定将世锦赛放在丹麦的日德兰半岛小城海宁举办，因为海宁刚刚在2024年举办了欧洲桥牌团体锦标赛，虽然条件有限，但热情的丹麦桥牌人有能力举办如此规模庞大的洲际大型赛事，也能够举办世界桥牌团体锦标赛。\n \n

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\n \n \n 未完待续\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 第46届世界桥牌团体锦标赛回顾（四）\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 第46届世界桥牌团体锦标赛回顾（三）\n \n \n

\n

\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 第46届世界桥牌团体锦标赛回顾（二）\n \n \n

\n

\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 第46届世界桥牌团体锦标赛回顾\n \n \n

\n

\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 标兵带你看世锦赛——瑞士大鳄的百慕大杯卫冕之路\n \n \n

\n

\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 标兵播报世锦赛——百慕大杯决赛上半场瑞士领先\n \n \n

\n

\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 标兵播报世锦赛——挪威瑞士进入百慕大杯决赛，中国女队威尼斯杯半决赛失利\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 标兵播报世锦赛——中国女队威尼斯杯半决赛暂时落后\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 标兵播报世锦赛——中国女队进入威尼斯杯半决赛\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 标兵播报世锦赛——世锦赛淘汰赛第一天中国男女队领先\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 标兵播报世锦赛——世锦赛预赛结束，中国男、女、混合队晋级淘汰赛\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 标兵播报世锦赛——世锦赛第七天，中国男队浮出水面\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 标兵播报世锦赛——世锦赛第六天，预赛争夺进入白热化\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 标兵播报世锦赛——世锦赛第五天，中国老年队三连胜\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 标兵播报世锦赛——世锦赛第四天，中国混团排名第二\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 标兵播报世锦赛——世锦赛第三天，中国女队冲进前八\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 标兵播报世锦赛——世锦赛第二天比赛，中国混团三连胜\n \n \n

\n

\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 标兵播报世锦赛——第46届世界桥牌团体锦标赛开幕，首日战况\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 2023年第46届世界桥牌团体锦标赛开幕\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 第46届世界桥牌团体锦标赛每日一牌——世锦赛前热身牌局\n \n \n \n
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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 2022年世界桥牌团体锦标赛回顾\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 第46届世界桥牌团体锦标赛即将开赛——准备就绪、世锦赛即将开锣\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 第46届世界桥牌团体锦标赛即将开赛——第45届世界桥牌团体锦标赛回顾\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 第46届世界桥牌团体锦标赛即将开赛——第46届世界桥牌团体锦标赛前瞻\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 第46届世界桥牌团体锦标赛即将开赛——世界桥牌团体锦标赛简介\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 世界桥牌团体锦标赛落幕、齐老板圆梦百慕大杯\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 激战亚平宁——第45届世界桥牌团体锦标赛（一）\n \n \n \n
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\n", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/-XW9JqQyUv14ZcPJDW_QDA", - "creator": "标兵桥牌", - "pubDate": "Tue, 05 Aug 2025 12:00:00 ", - "enclosure": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/iauJ3TcMNYDQBAicvGAvyjC3IHficEwedf866ww5DsFefmwib32Zv24SKGickQoEDgHmXKpK5fxC9nl0aMy2ud9xh1Q/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "enclosureType": "image/jpeg", - "image": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/iauJ3TcMNYDQBAicvGAvyjC3IHficEwedf866ww5DsFefmwib32Zv24SKGickQoEDgHmXKpK5fxC9nl0aMy2ud9xh1Q/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "id": "2247512781_1", - "language": "", - "folder": "桥牌", - "feed": "标兵桥牌", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "5efc9a8db30351ef72877cddc6bdf6ce", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "四进费城——2025年北美夏季桥牌大赛（二）", "description": "7月27日，正在费城举办的北美夏季大赛结束了第一阶段的比赛，产生了GNT各个级别的冠军、冯·蔡德维茨终身大师双人赛的冠军、NABC+公开双人赛的冠军。同时，斯平果尔德杯报名截止，共有88队参加周一开始的斯平果尔德杯。", @@ -15114,28 +14498,6 @@ "hash": "919e197ebb510669ec44067179f4d87b", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "齐老板首夺欧洲公开桥牌锦标赛冠军", - "description": "经过8天鏖战，齐老板率领的瑞士队决赛战胜土耳其的Jeo Hidro队夺得欧洲公开桥牌锦标赛公开团体赛冠军，这是齐老板的大鳄队首次在该比赛中夺得冠军。来自波兰的Rafal Marks/Jakub Wojcieszek获得公开双人赛冠军。", - "content": "
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\n \n \n 新朋友\n \n \n \n \n \n
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\n \n \n 点击\n \n \n \n 标兵桥牌\n \n \n \n

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\n \n \n 关注微信\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 老朋友\n \n \n
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\n \n \n 点击\n \n \n \n 右上角\n \n \n \n

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\n \n \n 分享本文\n \n \n

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\n \n 经过8天鏖战，齐老板率领的瑞士队决赛战胜土耳其的Jeo Hidro队夺得欧洲公开桥牌锦标赛公开团体赛冠军，这是齐老板的大鳄队首次在该比赛中夺得冠军。来自波兰的Rafal Marks/Jakub Wojcieszek获得公开双人赛冠军，女子双人赛冠军是Cathy/Sophia Baldysz，公开一副一比团体赛冠军由Daisy Chain队获得。\n \n

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\n \n 齐老板队击败土耳其团队获得冠军\n \n
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\n \n 虽然齐老板的团队已经蝉联两届百慕大杯的冠军，但在欧洲公开桥牌锦标赛这一长达22年的赛事中却从未夺冠，本次比赛齐老板队在预赛中勇夺第一，淘汰赛也算顺利，决赛迎战来自土耳其的团队，开局也不错，不过第二节被土耳其团队反超，打到决胜节中，快到比赛结束时遇到一副满贯，如果土耳其选手首攻正确，将会给巴司机带来一些麻烦，比赛还有悬念，但随着满贯做成，比赛也提前结束。\n \n

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\n \n 这一冠军不光是齐老板团队的第一个冠军，也成就了巴司机和舒柏林两位在一次大赛中同时拿到混团和公团两项冠军的伟业，他们在前后15天的比赛中都是从头打到尾，这一成绩也是迄今为止首次在综合锦标赛上连夺两大团体赛冠军的纪录。\n \n

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\n \n 下面两副牌，出现在决赛中，一副是叫牌问题，一副是首攻问题：\n \n

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\n \n 北家叫什么？\n \n
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\n \n 你是北家，叫牌简单的，开叫1NT，同伴2♣，你2♦没有高花，同伴3♦自然，现在你准备怎么叫？\n \n

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\n \n 你是东家，首攻哪一张\n \n
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\n \n 这里的叫牌也是自然性的，2NT是邀请，同伴加倍3NT，你是东家，准备首攻哪一张？\n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 齐老板与土耳其进入决赛\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 瑞波土法打进欧公赛半决赛\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 当舒柏林遇见舒柏林\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 芬奇压哨淘汰罗森塔尔\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 进攻性叫牌与防守性叫牌——波兹南的牌局\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 技惊四座的Deep Finesse打法\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 欧洲公开桥牌锦标赛第一阶段结束、弗姆队获得欧洲混团冠军\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 欧洲混团赛场上一副牌的两次安全打法\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 第11届欧洲公开桥牌锦标赛混团预赛结束\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 第11届欧洲桥牌公开锦标赛\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 2023年欧洲公开桥牌锦标赛每日一牌——韦尔萨切的失误，还是对手的高明？\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 第10届欧洲桥牌公开锦标赛\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 欧洲公开桥牌锦标赛结束\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 欧洲公开赛结束、土耳其人获得公开双人赛冠军\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 欧洲冬季运动会结束，奥卡队获得冠军\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 欧洲冬季桥牌运动会开赛在即\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 劳伦特当选欧洲桥联主席、期待开启新时代\n \n \n \n
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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 欧洲桥牌新纪元——欧洲桥牌团体锦标赛回顾\n \n \n

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\n \n 往期推荐\n \n

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\n \n \n 2022年欧洲桥牌团体锦标赛即将开赛\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 荷兰加冕欧洲之王\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 别忘了点个在看哦！转发那就太好了！\n \n \n

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\n", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/1asxdMpKOlbBDgCeiMwCwQ", - "creator": "标兵桥牌", - "pubDate": "Mon, 07 Jul 2025 00:00:00 ", - "enclosure": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/iauJ3TcMNYDQoJpic0ibsIxaF7GAQVwVTT6eGyFJ2u6u8uRPPuRgRemxz9bYpyyQ9DDobFOOPU8ndsqr7ibKoF7EOQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "enclosureType": "image/jpeg", - "image": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/iauJ3TcMNYDQoJpic0ibsIxaF7GAQVwVTT6eGyFJ2u6u8uRPPuRgRemxz9bYpyyQ9DDobFOOPU8ndsqr7ibKoF7EOQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "id": "2247512692_1", - "language": "", - "folder": "桥牌", - "feed": "标兵桥牌", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "56af1ade66565c9c643b6bcf9bd96f7d", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "芬奇压哨淘汰罗森塔尔", "description": "2025年欧洲桥牌公开锦标赛公团32进16的比赛异常激烈，来自意大利的芬奇队在最后一副牌逆转淘汰赛会2号种子罗森塔尔队。", @@ -15158,28 +14520,6 @@ "hash": "d025249010f2c3c97cb73f1c5df5a217", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "欧洲混团赛场上一副牌的两次安全打法", - "description": "桥牌赛场上，打牌是永恒的主题，只有打牌功夫过硬，才有立足于桥牌竞技中不被淘汰的资本。正在波兰波兹南进行的第11届欧洲桥牌公开锦标赛混合团体赛赛场上，不乏精彩之作，但也有令人遗憾的牌局。", - "content": "
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\n \n \n 新朋友\n \n \n \n \n \n
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\n \n \n 点击\n \n \n \n 标兵桥牌\n \n \n \n

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\n \n \n 关注微信\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 老朋友\n \n \n
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\n \n \n 点击\n \n \n \n 右上角\n \n \n \n

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\n \n \n 分享本文\n \n \n

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\n \n 桥牌赛场上，打牌是永恒的主题，只有打牌功夫过硬，才有立足于桥牌竞技中不被淘汰的资本。\n \n

\n

\n \n 正在波兰波兹南进行的第11届欧洲桥牌公开锦标赛混合团体赛赛场上，不乏精彩之作，但也有令人遗憾的牌局。\n \n

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\n \n 下面这副牌发生在首轮淘汰赛中，南家是来自拉脱维亚的女牌手罗曼诺夫斯卡，她面临下面这副6♣的主打：\n \n

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\n \n 如何主打6♣\n \n
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\n \n 南家主打6♣，东西方没有叫牌，首攻是♠3，如何计划主打？\n \n

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\n \n 看上去这副牌似乎丢了大满贯，将牌如果不输，♥是3-2分布的话，就有13墩了，即使西家有4张将牌，也完全有机会做成大满贯。\n \n

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\n \n 不过现在不是考虑是否丢大满贯的时候，而是要把现在的小满贯做成。南家A吃住首攻，拔将牌A，打将牌到Q，西家只有1张将牌，然后出将牌到A，现在拔♥A，西家跟小，东家跟Q，现在如何继续？\n \n

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\n \n 拔♥对方掉出Q\n \n
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\n \n 现在要计算一下赢墩的情况，记住，不是打大满贯，你需要的不是13墩而是12墩。\n \n

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\n \n 有6墩将牌，还有两个高花A，拿到4墩♥就可以，你并不需要5墩♥，也就是说，你现在不需要♥3-2，而是要防止4-1如何做成，假设如果东家是单张♥Q，你继续拔♥K，就会发现手中缺少桥路，无法建立♥了，所以你怎么办呢？\n \n

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\n \n 你是不是后悔拔♥A了？没错，要防止♥的4-1分布，最好的打法是吊完将牌后，联手送小♥，因为你手中只有一张将牌是进手了，所以在♥4-1的时候，必须保留♥本身的桥路，而防守方也无法用♦逼你将吃来用掉你的将牌桥路。\n \n

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\n \n 实战中，南家罗曼诺夫斯卡没有注意桥路的问题，她简单打♥3-2，继续拔♥K，全手牌如下：\n \n

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\n \n 拔♥K定约就做不成了\n \n
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\n \n ♥4-1的，6♣再也无法打成。\n \n

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\n \n 虽然南家忽视了♥上联手送小，保持桥路的打法，但在拔出♥Q后，仍然有机会完成定约，她应该送小♥，如果原本就是3-2的，♥已经建立，如果是4-1的，西家最顽强的防守是让掉这墩♥，让明手大，但由于♦K在东家，庄家还能打成定约。\n \n

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\n \n 庄家错过了第一个安全打法后，及时补救，依靠将吃飞♦K仍然能让定约回家：\n \n

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\n \n 送小♥还有机会打成\n \n
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\n \n 我们此前经常说：安全打法要像呼吸一样伴随在身。而安全打法的熟练程度，也是基本功之一。在同一副牌中能够出现两次安全打法，错过第一次还有第二次机会弥补，也是难得而珍贵的牌局之一。\n \n

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\n \n 另外，再提一个话题，就是关于满贯定约的首攻。满贯定约（此处特指小满贯）不同于成局定约，对方叫到满贯，通常不差赢墩，所以满贯定约最好的首攻是积极首攻而非消极首攻，希望在对方脱手时建立自己的防守赢墩。这副牌就是一个很好的例子，首攻♠打掉了庄家一个桥，是给庄家制造最大困难的首攻，而如果不首攻♠，就会像另外一桌，让对方打成大满贯。\n \n

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\n \n 另一桌南北方奥肯和韦兰德叫到了大满贯，在常规的将牌首攻后，有足够的桥路建立♥，并且将吃飞♦拿到13墩。\n \n

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\n \n \n 如果你担心小满贯不好打，请叫大满贯！\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 第11届欧洲公开桥牌锦标赛混团预赛结束\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 第11届欧洲桥牌公开锦标赛\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 2023年欧洲公开桥牌锦标赛每日一牌——韦尔萨切的失误，还是对手的高明？\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 第10届欧洲桥牌公开锦标赛\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 欧洲公开桥牌锦标赛结束\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 欧洲公开赛结束、土耳其人获得公开双人赛冠军\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 欧洲冬季运动会结束，奥卡队获得冠军\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 欧洲冬季桥牌运动会开赛在即\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 劳伦特当选欧洲桥联主席、期待开启新时代\n \n \n \n
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\n

\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 欧洲桥牌新纪元——欧洲桥牌团体锦标赛回顾\n \n \n

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\n \n 往期推荐\n \n

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\n \n \n 2022年欧洲桥牌团体锦标赛即将开赛\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 荷兰加冕欧洲之王\n \n \n

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\n", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/hs5rc1xmnOHOS65BEAotew", - "creator": "标兵桥牌", - "pubDate": "Thu, 26 Jun 2025 23:00:00 ", - "enclosure": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/iauJ3TcMNYDQoJpic0ibsIxaF7GAQVwVTT6eGyFJ2u6u8uRPPuRgRemxz9bYpyyQ9DDobFOOPU8ndsqr7ibKoF7EOQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "enclosureType": "image/jpeg", - "image": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/iauJ3TcMNYDQoJpic0ibsIxaF7GAQVwVTT6eGyFJ2u6u8uRPPuRgRemxz9bYpyyQ9DDobFOOPU8ndsqr7ibKoF7EOQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "id": "2247512642_1", - "language": "", - "folder": "桥牌", - "feed": "标兵桥牌", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "ed1d317745b122353f0e669c44fe631f", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "2025年北欧桥牌锦标赛结束", "description": "6月5-8日，2025年北欧桥牌锦标赛（The Nordic Championship）在冰岛小镇Laugravatn举行。瑞典、芬兰、挪威、法罗群岛、丹麦、冰岛这6家北欧桥联的成员参加了比赛。丹麦获得公开团体冠军，挪威获得女子团体冠军。", @@ -15202,28 +14542,6 @@ "hash": "6e60cc8d1cf3de1b74a9ea47f0bffcc4", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "亚太赛每日一牌回顾：满贯要有想象力", - "description": "亚太锦标赛结束了，中国男队夺得冠军，在比赛期间所写的“每日一牌”，比赛期间并没有发出，从今天开始，给桥友们提供迟到的每日一牌。", - "content": "
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\n \n \n 关注微信\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 点击\n \n \n \n 右上角\n \n \n \n

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\n \n \n 亚太锦标赛结束了，中国男队夺得冠军，在比赛期间所写的“每日一牌”，比赛期间并没有发出，从今天开始，给桥友们提供迟到的每日一牌。\n \n \n

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\n \n 5月22日每日一牌：满贯要有想象力\n \n

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\n \n 桥牌比赛中的满贯叫牌是胜负的关键，满贯叫牌是一个很复杂的工程，不仅需要搭档间非常好的默契、系统中有相应的工具、最重要的还要有想象力。\n \n

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\n \n 下面这副牌，发生在第一循环第4轮对阵新西兰的比赛中，中国男队的张永革，就做了一个非常有想象力的叫品，达到了优秀的大满贯。\n \n

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\n \n 当了解到同伴没有将牌Q后，如何发展？\n \n
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\n \n 南北方是强梅花体系，南家开叫1♣，北家2♣自然叫且进局逼叫，南家2♥，北家直接3♠显示4张♥支持和♠单缺，张永革马上4NT问关键张，当知道关键张不缺时，询问将牌Q。\n \n

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\n \n 但同伴告知没有将牌Q。\n \n

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\n \n 这时怎么办？张永革已经有3墩♠、2墩♥、1墩♦、3墩♣9个顶张大牌赢墩，如果♣3-2分布或者有J甚至有10，则还有2墩♣长牌赢墩，同时以♣做将牌还可以将吃一次♦，这样就有了12墩，如果同伴有♦K，或者单张♠J，或者有♥J时♥是单张Q，或者♥2-2等，这些综合概率，已经远超50%，经过综合考虑，张永革决定叫出颇具想象力的叫品：7♣。\n \n

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\n \n 全手牌如下：\n \n

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\n \n 7♣是铁牌\n \n
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\n \n 联手牌配置非常完美，首攻是将牌，张永革明手放小吃住东家的9，拔掉♦A，打将牌到明手的A，将吃♦，拔♠A，大将吃♠，吊将牌吃到13墩。\n \n

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\n \n 这副牌在公开团体所有牌桌中，有硬拼7♥的，但由于将牌的不利分布而宕掉，也有做得好一些的叫7NT，7NT确实要好于7♥，在没有首攻♠的情况下，虽然打不对♥，但却可以对东西方施行双挤。\n \n

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\n \n 可是，7♣才是联手的最佳定约。\n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 亚太赛每日一牌回顾：剥光投入显身手\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 亚太赛每日一牌回顾：连氏自然轻松满贯\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 亚太赛每日一牌回顾：心中有挡、无将不慌\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 亚太赛每日一牌回顾：精彩的四红心\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 亚太赛每日一牌回顾：有趣的四红心\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 风雨十四载、再夺亚太冠\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 荏苒十四载、再战亚太赛\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 十四年归来仍是追风少年\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 曼谷重启亚太大赛\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 第53届亚太桥牌锦标赛落幕，欧公赛决赛法国内战\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 中国桥牌队亚太锦标赛大四喜，欧公赛女子团体冠军产生\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 欧公赛公团齐老板被淘汰、亚太赛迎来最后高潮\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 欧公赛公团结束首轮淘汰赛、亚太赛接近尾声\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 欧洲公开桥牌锦标赛公团预赛结束、亚太赛完成上半程比赛\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 亚太桥牌锦标赛结束女团、混团第一循环比赛\n \n \n \n
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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 欧洲公开桥牌锦标赛公团女团开赛，亚太赛中国占据三项第一\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 亚太赛第一天中国女队占优，欧洲公开桥牌锦标赛混团冠军产生\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 亚太桥牌锦标赛开幕，欧洲公开桥牌锦标赛产生老年团体冠军\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 第53届亚太桥牌锦标赛即将开赛\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 第四届亚洲杯结束、中国香港捧起“宁波杯”\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 2022年亚洲杯开赛\n \n \n

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\n \n 相关链接：\n \n 第三届亚洲杯桥牌赛开幕\n \n \n

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\n", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/krlt_NpTNqw1TntMjo3n-Q", - "creator": "标兵桥牌", - "pubDate": "Tue, 03 Jun 2025 00:00:00 ", - "enclosure": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/iauJ3TcMNYDTH0sTiajz6mMGDUjHnftbibdib7FEvMaiahjxG8C2mKODhpuRaUtBEnLTyDUl3T8iciaqCAYSUSymeB1ZA/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "enclosureType": "image/jpeg", - "image": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_jpg/iauJ3TcMNYDTH0sTiajz6mMGDUjHnftbibdib7FEvMaiahjxG8C2mKODhpuRaUtBEnLTyDUl3T8iciaqCAYSUSymeB1ZA/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "id": "2247512589_1", - "language": "", - "folder": "桥牌", - "feed": "标兵桥牌", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "dac49435f96482edfe68df0fb36a008c", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "亚太赛每日一牌回顾：精彩的四红心", "description": "亚太锦标赛结束了，中国男队夺得冠军，在比赛期间所写的“每日一牌”，比赛期间并没有发出，从今天开始，给桥友们提供迟到的每日一牌。", @@ -19065,28 +18383,6 @@ "hash": "4262ecb925e05d5f3c2efddcfa9a936b", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "致家长：警惕登革热、基孔肯雅热！", - "description": "这份防蚊防疫指南请查收！", - "content": "
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\n \n \n 致家长的一封信\n \n \n

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\n \n 亲爱的家长朋友：\n \n

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\n \n 您好！\n \n

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\n \n 又到开学季。目前仍值夏秋季蚊虫繁殖高峰期，也是登革热、基孔肯雅热等蚊媒传染病的高发期。为有效防范蚊媒传染病输入及扩散风险，切实保障师生和您家庭成员的健康安全，请家长们高度重视登革热及基孔肯雅热的防控知识和措施，做好家庭内外的卫生清理，防止孳生蚊虫，外出做好防蚊措施。若孩子出现发热、关节疼痛、皮疹等症状要及时就医治疗、报告学校、配合学校做好孩子健康监测等各项防控工作。\n \n

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\n \n \n 一、什么是登革热、基孔肯雅热？\n \n \n

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\n \n 登革热和基孔肯雅热是通过带登革和基孔肯雅病毒的媒介蚊虫叮咬人群而引起传播的一种法定乙类传染病。登革热和基孔肯雅热最主要的传播方式为伊蚊叮咬传播，不直接人传人。主要媒介伊蚊是白纹伊蚊(花斑蚊)。人群普遍易感。前往登革热和基孔肯雅热流行区(主要是东南亚、非洲、南美洲等境外地区和境内广东部分地区)旅游、务工的人员是传播的高危人群。\n \n

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\n \n \n 二、登革热和基孔肯雅热的临床症状有哪些？\n \n \n

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\n \n 登革热：突然发热，全身肌肉、骨骼和关节疼痛，乏力，出现皮疹、皮下出血点和面、颈、胸部潮红等症状;\n \n

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\n \n 基孔肯雅热：四肢小关节疼痛、出现风团样皮疹。严重者可出现剧烈持续的上腹痛，畏寒，鼻腔、口腔及牙龈出血，脉搏弱而快，呼吸困难，有的出现休克或死亡。\n \n

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\n \n 目前没有特效治疗方法，主要采取对症治疗和支持疗法。但是，“两热”是完全可以预防的疾病，预防的关键在于防蚊灭蚊。\n \n

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\n \n \n 三、如何预防登革热和基孔肯雅热？\n \n \n

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\n \n 无论是否去过广东、云南、东南亚等发生疫情地区，学生和家长都需主动做好个人防护，降低感染风险，远离病毒威胁。\n \n

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\n \n （一）外出防叮咬：物理+化学双重防护\n \n

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\n \n 1、穿对衣服：上学尽量穿浅色长袖上衣、长裤（伊蚊偏好深色，浅色更难锁定目标）；\n \n

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\n \n 2、涂驱蚊剂：户外活动前（如课间操、体育课），在暴露的胳膊、小腿涂抹驱蚊液；\n \n

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\n \n 3、避蚊时段：伊蚊白天活跃（上午7-9点、下午4-6点），课间尽量待在教室或有纱窗的走廊，避免在绿化带、垃圾桶旁逗留。\n \n

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\n \n （二）居家防蚊：清理+隔离双管齐下\n \n

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\n \n 1、清理积水：每天检查家中花盆、水桶、鱼缸（3天内未换水需换掉），轮胎、瓶罐倒置或密封；\n \n

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\n \n 2、安装防护：家里装密纹纱窗，睡前检查蚊帐是否有破洞；\n \n

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\n \n 3、灭蚊工具：使用电蚊拍补漏，若蚊虫多，可使用电蚊液、蚊香，或在客厅、卧室喷洒低毒杀虫剂（如氯氟醚菊酯），喷后关窗30分钟再通风。\n \n

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\n \n \n 四、从疫区归来的学生要注意什么？\n \n \n

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\n \n 若学生暑期去过东南亚、南美或广东佛山等疫区，或接触过确诊患者，返长后需做到：\n \n

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\n \n 1、主动报告：第一时间向班主任说明行程，配合学校填写《外出健康登记表》；\n \n

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\n \n 2、自我监测：返程后7天内每天测量体温，记录是否有发热、关节痛、皮疹；\n \n

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\n \n 3、加强防护：外出时穿长袖上衣和长裤、涂驱蚊剂，返程后7天内尽量避免去公园、菜市场、草丛等蚊虫多的地方；\n \n

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\n \n 4、及时就医：若出现发热（≥39℃）、关节痛、皮疹等症状，立即前往医院发热门诊，并告知医生“近期外出史”和“蚊虫叮咬史”。\n \n

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\n \n 防控登革热和基孔肯雅热，是学校、家庭、社会的共同责任。让我们共同携手，家庭学校联合，共创一个适合学生健康成长、温馨快乐的环境！\n \n

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\n \n \n 来源：校医务室\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 通讯员：陈彩虹\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 编辑：周露\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 初审：陈彩虹 贺丽娜 周露\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 二审：黎学科\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 三审：孔妹平\n \n \n

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\n", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/t34eYHTO509jB_DHcThOcw", - "creator": "长沙市长郡芙蓉中学", - "pubDate": "Sun, 31 Aug 2025 18:05:04 ", - "enclosure": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/IiauGwUia8SMODeTTibibib1SialCdacA55IlvxydOhNqyMPcVaGXVoomd7WpZtpZGdrqXRvibBibgvJBEibbiamK0MjjicDQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "enclosureType": "image/jpeg", - "image": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/IiauGwUia8SMODeTTibibib1SialCdacA55IlvxydOhNqyMPcVaGXVoomd7WpZtpZGdrqXRvibBibgvJBEibbiamK0MjjicDQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "id": "2247605096_2", - "language": "", - "folder": "资讯", - "feed": "长郡芙蓉中学", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "ce60066b04a6ec0258564b8c76382705", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "聚智赋能明方向丨 长郡芙蓉中学2025年秋季新学期教职工大会", "description": "全体教职工齐聚一堂，在经验共享中汲取智慧，在责任传递中凝聚共识，为新学期教育教学工作高质量开展奠定坚实基础。", @@ -19109,28 +18405,6 @@ "hash": "80e3dbbed4e9eb0222dac4faf5c448e7", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "开学前孩子赶作业、作息乱？科学调整有妙招！", - "description": "开学前孩子赶作业、作息乱？科学调整有妙招！", - "content": "
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\n \n 长沙市长郡芙蓉中学家庭教育指南\n \n

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\n \n 开学在即，我们深知很多家庭正面临类似的挑战：孩子的作业拖延、作息混乱，这些都可能成为亲子矛盾的导火索。为了帮助大家更平和、有效地度过这个特殊时期，我们邀请到长沙市教科院家庭教育研究中心的老师给您支一些“妙招”。\n \n

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\n \n 本期家庭教育指导课，我们聚焦“应对作业拖延”和“调整作息混乱”两大痛点，希望能为大家提供实用的方法和温暖的支撑。\n \n

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\n \n 教育是一场家校携手的旅程，您的努力与转变是孩子成长中最宝贵的力量。本系列课程还将持续更新，欢迎您持续关注。让我们共同努力，陪伴孩子以最佳状态开启新学期！\n \n

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\n \n 来源：教育处\n \n

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\n \n 通讯员：李娜\n \n

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\n \n 编辑：胡昕玥\n \n

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\n \n 初审：李娜 贺丽娜 周露\n \n

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\n \n 二审：黎学科\n \n

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\n \n 三审：孔妹平\n \n

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\n \n \n 暑期已经开始，许多孩子放假在家，容易沉迷网络。这既影响学习，也伤害视力和身体，甚至可能有其他隐患，令人担忧。如何引导孩子科学使用网络呢？家长可以从三个方面着手。\n \n \n
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\n \n \n \n \n \n >>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 其一，尽可能地丰富孩子的假期生活。\n \n 假期是孩子沉迷网络的高发阶段，在安排合理的学业任务之余，家长要想方设法丰富孩子的假期生活，把孩子的注意力从网络中吸引过来。\n \n \n
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\n \n \n 一方面，要充分尊重并发展孩子的兴趣爱好。每个孩子都有自己感兴趣的事，只是需要被发现。有的孩子喜欢艺术，有的孩子喜欢运动，有的孩子喜欢阅读，甚至有的孩子喜欢做家务，这些爱好都应该被尊重，而不是完全让位于学业任务。家长要尊重孩子的兴趣，创造必要的条件，让孩子有更多线下体验和社交的机会。例如，购买一些必要设备和工具，参加暑期研学项目，多进行一些亲子活动。\n \n \n
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\n \n \n 另一方面，优化家庭生活，利用社区家庭互助力量。暑假闲暇时间较多，家长要多陪伴孩子做他们喜欢做的事，共同设计规划暑期家庭生活。现代家庭“原子化”比较严重，不利于孩子成长。社区相近的家庭如果比较熟悉，可以建立“家庭共育互助小组”，共商孩子们的学习和游戏活动，帮助孩子们相互监督、共同成长。\n \n \n
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\n \n \n \n \n \n >>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 其二，明确网络使用原则。\n \n 现在的青少年是“网络原住民”，不可能不接触网络。防止孩子假期沉迷网络，关键是明确网络使用的基本原则，帮助孩子提升网络素养。具体而言，包括科学性、文明性、安全性与合理性。\n \n \n
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\n \n \n 就科学性而言，家长要帮助孩子认清网络的工具属性，让网络服务于自己的学习和生活，避免陷入“信息茧房”。家长不妨提醒孩子，上网之前问问自己，为什么要上网、目的是什么；下网的时候，要问问自己目的是否达到。就文明性而言，要帮助孩子建立文明用网习惯，不信谣、不传谣，自觉抵制网络低俗之风。就安全性而言，家长不妨利用一些系统软件了解孩子的上网情况，同时提醒孩子注意保护个人隐私和家庭信息，警惕网络欺凌，不参与网络打赏等。就合理性而言，就是要上网有节制、内容有选择，少看短视频、少玩游戏，避免影响自己正常的假期生活。\n \n \n
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\n \n \n \n \n \n >>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 其三，共同商定家庭网络使用细则。\n \n 基于上述网络使用原则，父母和孩子可以在假期初始阶段一起制定具体的网络使用细则。制定细则时，家长要与孩子开诚布公地沟通，让孩子充分认识到网络的两面性以及制定细则的意义。对于孩子为什么会喜欢玩手机，平时上网主要做什么，容易犯什么样的错误，家长心中要有数，并有针对性地提出相关建议。\n \n \n
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\n \n \n 具体而言，网络使用的细则可以包括使用范围（如联系朋友、获取信息、适当娱乐），以及使用时长、前提条件、违规处罚举措等。例如，网络使用时长（主要指游戏和社交）一般小学初中每天不\n \n \n \n 超过\n \n \n \n 1小时为宜，高中不超过2小时为宜，每次连续使用不超过30分钟；吃饭、家庭活动时间、睡前1小时、早上起床后1小时内等不使用手机；手机不用时不要放在身边，使用手机时不在卧室关起门来玩游戏；等等。当然，细则也要有灵活性，比如在生日、家庭聚会等特殊日子，或者孩子确实需要长时间用手机完成某项任务时，也可以提前商量后临时适当调整。\n \n \n
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\n \n \n 执行相关细则时，还要注意以下几点，这将直接影响细则能否真正起到正面效果。首先，家长要以身作则，尽量不在孩子面前玩手机。其次，制定的细则最好张榜公布，贴在家庭和孩子房间醒目的地方，必要时可以让孩子读一读。再次，如果孩子违规时，家长要及时提前提醒，温和且坚定地要求其停止，避免情绪化的惩罚。最后，父母、祖父母等所有的看护人对细则的理解和执行要一致。\n \n \n
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\n \n \n 来源：中国教育报\n \n \n

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\n", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/JKuqYUWrVz_YVWz6HXOQqQ", - "creator": "长沙市长郡芙蓉中学", - "pubDate": "Tue, 15 Jul 2025 10:00:20 ", - "enclosure": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/IiauGwUia8SMNndibjMozE7BFc6dNXOOUq3Q4EgumrZpp5ftiaBqUyL2euBXXf44TpAXpiaqSEa6g0lA1dGBc01aIibQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "enclosureType": "image/jpeg", - "image": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/IiauGwUia8SMNndibjMozE7BFc6dNXOOUq3Q4EgumrZpp5ftiaBqUyL2euBXXf44TpAXpiaqSEa6g0lA1dGBc01aIibQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "id": "2247603722_3", - "language": "", - "folder": "资讯", - "feed": "长郡芙蓉中学", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "6e4c54b2bd9a042e9386220c29ebdd9a", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "六月，长郡芙蓉微月刊来啦！", "description": "生机盎然的六月，长郡芙蓉校园里发生了哪些大事小事呢？六月微月刊来为你揭晓！", @@ -19197,28 +18449,6 @@ "hash": "66147c52573bd42c41c9b8d6ab06c46e", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "从芙蓉到龙山，以科创点亮未来——陈水章老师的支教之路", - "description": "陈水章老师用科技与爱，在湘西的群山间播撒创新的种子。", - "content": "
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\n \n \n 从芙蓉到龙山\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 以科创点亮未来\n \n \n

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\n \n 陈水章老师的支教之路\n \n

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\n \n 2024年8月，我校全国科技创新名师、湖南省特级教师陈水章远赴湘西龙山县第一小学支教。一年来，他扎根山区，用科创教育点燃孩子们的梦想，为山乡教育注入新的活力。\n \n

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\n \n \n 01\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 从实验到实践，让科学触手可及\n \n \n

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\n \n 陈水章老师因地制宜，将课堂搬进自然与生活。他带领学生从溶洞生态保护等实际问题出发，研发《溶洞旅游生态监管修复装置》，历经数十次调试，最终斩获全国发明展览会铜奖。“失败是发明的勋章！”他的鼓励让学生们明白，创新源于坚持。\n \n

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\n \n \n 02\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 从设备到理念，让资源跨越山海\n \n \n

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\n \n 为拓宽山区孩子的科学视野，陈老师联动长沙科普资源，组织“科普资源助力‘双减’”活动，引入无人机、机器人等前沿科技体验。2025年初，他推动建设的“创客工作室”正式落地，3D打印机、激光切割机等设备让孩子们的奇思妙想有了实现的舞台。\n \n

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\n \n \n 03\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 从个人到团队，让星火生生不息\n \n \n

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\n \n 陈老师深知，教育帮扶重在“造血”。他通过“国培计划”和名师工作室，为当地教师传授科创教学方法，带动龙山县多所中小学开展系统化科创实践。在他的指导下，学生作品屡获佳绩，学校被评为“科技创新优秀组织单位”。\n \n

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\n \n “教育不是注满一桶水，而是点燃一把火。”陈水章老师用科技与爱，在湘西的群山间播撒创新的种子。从芙蓉到龙山，这段跨越千里的支教之路，不仅照亮了山区孩子的未来，更诠释了教育者的使命与担当。\n \n

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\n \n 来源：科创中心 新闻中心\n \n

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\n \n 通讯员：陈水章\n \n

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\n \n 编辑：胡昕玥\n \n

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\n \n 初审： 贺丽娜 周露\n \n

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\n \n 二审：黎学科\n \n

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\n \n 三审：孔妹平 夏琴\n \n

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\n", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/Dp1eEV-tfCvuRusEr4EHYw", - "creator": "长沙市长郡芙蓉中学", - "pubDate": "Fri, 27 Jun 2025 16:20:01 ", - "enclosure": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/IiauGwUia8SMNBOMR26oAmxE88k2zz8mrVtibZAxIpeYre7lkH02Aoz5OJoEwvJjrg0HUAogwfz9QVUicroc7MfpvQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "enclosureType": "image/jpeg", - "image": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/IiauGwUia8SMNBOMR26oAmxE88k2zz8mrVtibZAxIpeYre7lkH02Aoz5OJoEwvJjrg0HUAogwfz9QVUicroc7MfpvQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "id": "2247603160_1", - "language": "", - "folder": "资讯", - "feed": "长郡芙蓉中学", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "0000eafc10f4592141bc55a371285df6", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "最后一掌击出高分能量！直击我校送考名场面", "description": "这些镜头比满分更珍贵", @@ -19241,28 +18471,6 @@ "hash": "7484e670a736e9b5e1ebafb5f9e7e133", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "学子挥毫 为自己助威丨长郡芙蓉中学2025年中考楹联出炉！", - "description": "长郡芙蓉中学2025年中考楹联出炉！", - "content": "
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\n \n \n 长郡芙蓉中学初三全体教师祝学子一举夺魁\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 一\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 楹联解读\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 上联：长锋出鞘，笔走龙蛇凝志气\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 下联：芙园蓄势，诗成锦绣灿青云\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 这副对联以“长郡芙蓉”藏头，既彰显学校特色，又饱含对初三学子的殷切期许。\n \n \n

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\n \n 上联“长锋出鞘，笔走龙蛇凝志气”。以“长锋出鞘”喻指学子如利剑般锐意进取，考场亮剑；“笔走龙蛇”既赞其书法遒劲，更暗喻答题时文思敏捷、挥洒自如。末尾“凝志气”三字，点明平日苦读积淀的沉稳与自信。\n \n

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\n \n 下联“芙园蓄势，诗成锦绣灿青云”。“芙园”代指长郡芙蓉校园，呼应藏头；“蓄势”暗示三年厚积薄发，恰如花开前的沉潜。“诗成锦绣”双关，既指答卷如华章，亦寓人生篇章的绚丽；“灿青云”则寄寓学子扶摇直上，前程似锦。\n \n

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\n \n 全联对仗工稳，意象昂扬，将考场拼搏与人生志向熔铸一体，既有刀剑出鞘的豪迈，又有花开锦绣的雅致。\n \n

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\n \n \n 二\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 作者简介\n \n \n

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\n \n \n \n \n 2206班 李荐涵\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 李荐涵，女，长郡芙蓉中学初三年级2206班学生，共青团员，“红领巾三星章” “美丽长芙人”、长郡集团未来奖学金一等奖获得者，长沙市三好学生，长沙市书香少年，湖南省书香少年。\n \n \n

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\n \n 她学习勤奋，文理并重。敏于思考，举一反三，各科均衡发展，成绩名列前茅，被评为“三好学生” “年级学习标兵”。她注重阅读和写作。对书本甘之如饴，广泛涉猎，参加影评及读书征文活动，多次获市级奖。她传承文化，爱好书法和朗诵。两次参加“笔墨中国”硬笔书法大赛，均获省级国家级奖。软笔书法获省级奖。 两次参加“诵读中国”比赛，均获省级国家级奖。参加芙蓉区新媒体主持大赛，获一等奖。她热心公益，亲近自然。积极参加社会实践活动，善于将创新“金点子”与生活实际相结合。\n \n

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\n \n \n 学生表彰\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 三\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 优秀学生佳作\n \n \n

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\n \n \n 谢梓圣 2211班\n \n \n

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\n \n 【上联】\n \n

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\n \n 十载寒窗，笔耕不辍，澄池点化灵犀境；\n \n

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\n \n 【下联】\n \n

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\n \n 百年绛帐，薪火相传，楚地催开折桂诗。\n \n

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\n \n \n \n 邓一晨 2401班\n \n \n \n

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\n \n 【上联】\n \n

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\n \n 笔蘸烟霞书壮志，九载砺锋，一朝试玉郡园里；\n \n

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\n \n 【下联】\n \n

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\n \n 胸怀星斗绽芙蓉，千帆竞渡，六月燃情天地间。\n \n

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\n \n \n \n 贾梓涵 2206班\n \n \n \n

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\n \n 【横批】：青春逐梦\n \n

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\n \n 【上联】：十年磨剑寒光闪，书海扬帆逐梦行\n \n

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\n \n 【下联】：六月试锋芒气锐，考场挥笔铸华章\n \n

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\n \n \n 田丰裕 2208班\n \n \n

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\n \n 【上联】：墨浪千叠 卷上争锋志在征\n \n

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\n \n 【下联】：星途万里 笔尖筑梦心向赢\n \n

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\n \n \n 赵佳昊 2201班\n \n \n

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\n \n 【横批】：枝繁叶茂\n \n

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\n \n 【上联】：未来美一点;\n \n

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\n \n 【下联】：现在苦一点 ‌;\n \n

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\n \n 红笺映日风含笑，\n \n \n
\n \n \n 壮志凌云笔作枪。\n \n \n
\n \n \n 待到考场挥洒处，\n \n \n
\n \n \n 定将佳绩报师长！\n \n

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\n \n 来源：新闻中心 教科室\n \n

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\n \n 通讯员：周露 黄芳艳\n \n

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\n \n 编辑：周露\n \n

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\n \n 初审：王佳乐 贺丽娜 周露\n \n

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\n \n 二审：黎学科\n \n

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\n \n 三审：孔妹平 夏琴\n \n

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\n", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/v-QrQDMit1088OZhKdX7aA", - "creator": "长沙市长郡芙蓉中学", - "pubDate": "Tue, 17 Jun 2025 14:21:03 ", - "enclosure": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/IiauGwUia8SMOHJJggsLPO582MhT1QsN5I33OfQ1u2ZFaMOV7UatVntpXIH97WwFalUdbZ2giaEIXpBwXZYR7cibEA/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "enclosureType": "image/jpeg", - "image": "https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/IiauGwUia8SMOHJJggsLPO582MhT1QsN5I33OfQ1u2ZFaMOV7UatVntpXIH97WwFalUdbZ2giaEIXpBwXZYR7cibEA/0?wx_fmt=jpeg", - "id": "2247602830_1", - "language": "", - "folder": "资讯", - "feed": "长郡芙蓉中学", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "304896f375164866b6ee3b244363a399", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "追寻名家之光 共探数学之趣 ｜ “寻数学名家,讲数学趣题” 讲题比赛", "description": "本次活动为长芙学子播种了热爱数学的种子。", @@ -22963,28 +22171,6 @@ "hash": "ba780daeb88272cbc3547bdfcd7aebe7", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "001FRONT - New 1st-tier cities gain ground in talent battle", - "description": "

While China's capital city of Beijing and major cities like Shanghai remain top destinations for young job seekers, new first-tier cities, especially in East China's Yangtze River Delta, are gaining ground in the battle for talent, as they offer robust manufacturing and innovation capabilities, flexible talent programs and promising career prospects, according to a recent report.

\n

The report, by Beijing-based education consultancy MyCOS, indicated that Beijing and Shanghai have been the two most attractive cities for undergraduates over the past three years.

\n

It noted that, from 2022 to 2024, 82 percent of surveyed undergraduates who found jobs in Beijing came from outside the city. They were attracted by Beijing's strong economy, abundant job opportunities and higher potential for wellpaid positions. In Shanghai, the figure was 75 percent.

\n

However, since salary is no longer the sole factor in a city's appeal to young job seekers, smaller cities are using flexible talent programs, lower living costs, improved quality of life, and strong economies to attract talent, according to MyCOS.

\n

In Hangzhou, the capital of Zhejiang province, 67 percent of surveyed undergraduates who found jobs from 2022 to 2024 were from outside the city, up from 65 percent from 2018 to 2020. Other cities in the Yangtze River Delta, including Suzhou and Nanjing in Jiangsu province and Ningbo in Zhejiang, have also seen an increase in out-oftown undergraduates taking local jobs, thanks to favorable talent policies and improved public services.

\n

According to the Nanjing-based Yangtze Evening Post, undergraduates looking for jobs in Nanjing can receive free accommodation for up to 14 days. They can also apply for a 2,000 yuan ($280) subsidy and secure a loan of up to 500,000 yuan for their first entrepreneurial venture in the city.

\n

Li Zhiyuan, a 28-year-old engineer at a small artificial intelligence tech company in Hangzhou, told China Daily: "My parents thought I was crazy when I decided to take a job here since I've never lived or studied in the city before."

\n

After earning his bachelor's degree in Beijing and his master's in Shanghai, Li chose Hangzhou because of its favorable talent programs, digital economy strength and slower work pace.

\n

"The city grants generous onetime subsidies of 10,000 yuan ($1,400) to undergraduates, 30,000 yuan to postgraduates, and 100,000 yuan to doctoral graduates. The working and living environment is good, and I think I can get myself good prospects here," he said.

\n

Li Chang'an, a professor at the Academy of China Open Economy Studies at the University of International Business and Economics in Beijing, noted the growing preference among young people for smaller cities.

\n

"China has an increasing number of college graduates each year, leading to growing employment pressure and intensified competition," the professor said. "More young people are seeking new opportunities in new first-tier and second-tier cities, or even counties, to ease the pressure."

\n

He added that supportive government policies in smaller cities have helped to attract young talent. "These new first-tier or smaller cities have a better living environment with lower living costs and more opportunities for entrepreneurship, but it is still important for them to figure out ways to retain talent," he said.

\n

chengsi@chinadaily.com.cn

\n


获取更多RSS：
https://feedx.net
https://feedx.site
", - "content": "

While China's capital city of Beijing and major cities like Shanghai remain top destinations for young job seekers, new first-tier cities, especially in East China's Yangtze River Delta, are gaining ground in the battle for talent, as they offer robust manufacturing and innovation capabilities, flexible talent programs and promising career prospects, according to a recent report.

\n

The report, by Beijing-based education consultancy MyCOS, indicated that Beijing and Shanghai have been the two most attractive cities for undergraduates over the past three years.

\n

It noted that, from 2022 to 2024, 82 percent of surveyed undergraduates who found jobs in Beijing came from outside the city. They were attracted by Beijing's strong economy, abundant job opportunities and higher potential for wellpaid positions. In Shanghai, the figure was 75 percent.

\n

However, since salary is no longer the sole factor in a city's appeal to young job seekers, smaller cities are using flexible talent programs, lower living costs, improved quality of life, and strong economies to attract talent, according to MyCOS.

\n

In Hangzhou, the capital of Zhejiang province, 67 percent of surveyed undergraduates who found jobs from 2022 to 2024 were from outside the city, up from 65 percent from 2018 to 2020. Other cities in the Yangtze River Delta, including Suzhou and Nanjing in Jiangsu province and Ningbo in Zhejiang, have also seen an increase in out-oftown undergraduates taking local jobs, thanks to favorable talent policies and improved public services.

\n

According to the Nanjing-based Yangtze Evening Post, undergraduates looking for jobs in Nanjing can receive free accommodation for up to 14 days. They can also apply for a 2,000 yuan ($280) subsidy and secure a loan of up to 500,000 yuan for their first entrepreneurial venture in the city.

\n

Li Zhiyuan, a 28-year-old engineer at a small artificial intelligence tech company in Hangzhou, told China Daily: "My parents thought I was crazy when I decided to take a job here since I've never lived or studied in the city before."

\n

After earning his bachelor's degree in Beijing and his master's in Shanghai, Li chose Hangzhou because of its favorable talent programs, digital economy strength and slower work pace.

\n

"The city grants generous onetime subsidies of 10,000 yuan ($1,400) to undergraduates, 30,000 yuan to postgraduates, and 100,000 yuan to doctoral graduates. The working and living environment is good, and I think I can get myself good prospects here," he said.

\n

Li Chang'an, a professor at the Academy of China Open Economy Studies at the University of International Business and Economics in Beijing, noted the growing preference among young people for smaller cities.

\n

"China has an increasing number of college graduates each year, leading to growing employment pressure and intensified competition," the professor said. "More young people are seeking new opportunities in new first-tier and second-tier cities, or even counties, to ease the pressure."

\n

He added that supportive government policies in smaller cities have helped to attract young talent. "These new first-tier or smaller cities have a better living environment with lower living costs and more opportunities for entrepreneurship, but it is still important for them to figure out ways to retain talent," he said.

\n

chengsi@chinadaily.com.cn

\n


获取更多RSS：
https://feedx.net
https://feedx.site
", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-09/06/content_001_68bb1aaded50ccabe1518f74.htm#001FRONT", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Sat, 06 Sep 2025 00:21:04 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "49eeff52f90e04a0da704ad0d09c824b", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "002CHINA - Breakthrough made in chemicals production", "description": "

\n

A team of Chinese and Italian scientists has developed a groundbreaking method for splitting hydrogen at room temperature, potentially enhancing the efficiency and quality of producing key chemical products. The study, published in the journal Science on Friday, addresses a long-standing challenge in heterolytic hydrogen dissociation chemistry.

\n

Hydrogenation, a fundamental reaction in the chemical industry, involves hydrogen dissociation, which can occur through homolytic or heterolytic pathways. It is estimated that 25 percent of all the chemical processes include at least one hydrogenation step.

\n

Heterolytic dissociation is crucial for producing fine chemicals, as it generates reactive, polar hydrogen species that selectively reduce polar functional groups. However, this process usually requires high temperatures and pressures, leading to increased energy consumption and safety concerns.

\n

To overcome these challenges, the researchers developed a lightinduced strategy to achieve heterolytic hydrogen dissociation at room temperature. Using titanium dioxide supported with gold nanoparticles as a photocatalyst, they found that exposure to ultraviolet light causes electrons to migrate from titanium dioxide to gold nanoparticles.

\n

Concurrently, holes are captured at interfacial defects formed by the gold-oxygen-titanium connection, facilitating heterolytic hydrogen dissociation. The activity scales almost linearly with light intensity, confirming the photocatalytic nature of the process.

\n

The strategy's advantages were demonstrated by reducing inert carbon dioxide with the dissociated hydrogen species. The scientists found that these species could almost fully reduce carbon dioxide at room temperature, producing ethane as the sole product.

\n

By connecting this process with a photocatalytic ethane dehydrogenation device, they could convert carbon dioxide into ethylene with a yield exceeding 99 percent. This process remained stable for over 1,500 hours under ultraviolet light, indicating the catalyst's long-term stability.

\n

Further research showed that light-induced hydrogen dissociation is universal and can be extended to visible-light responsive photocatalysts.

\n

A demonstration using solar energy to convert carbon dioxide achieved an ethane selectivity of up to 90 percent.

\n

"This work offers a promising route to produce high-value chemicals like ethane and ethylene from hydrogen and carbon dioxide under mild conditions, which could lower the energy cost and reduce carbon emissions," said Wang Feng, the study's first corresponding author and a researcher at the Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

\n

"In the future, we hope the strategy can develop into a scalable, sunlight-driven or photothermal coupled technique to upgrade modern coal-based chemical industries," Wang added.

\n

limenghan@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", @@ -23007,28 +22193,6 @@ "hash": "0211fbdb3b22b8de86ec571e8524eb4e", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "004COMMENT - China plays a vital role in SCO's green transition", - "description": "

In recent years, despite sustained growth in global investment in renewable energy, some developed countries' new policies favor increasing the use of fossil fuels. With major changes in clean energy tax credit policies in the United States' "One Big Beautiful Bill Act" of 2025 — such as the introduction of an annual rent on wind and solar projects and the reduction of tax incentives for clean energy — the global energy landscape seems to be subtly shifting back toward fossil fuels. The US tilt toward traditional energy projects, along with some other countries' continued reliance on advanced fossil fuel technologies to meet their short-term economic growth needs, show why climate change is worsening. These countries' policy orientation is disturbing the balance between global energy supply and demand, and could hinder the green transition.

\n

Given this development, China — as a large country and core member of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization — must not only adapt to external environmental shifts but also seek fresh opportunities within multilateral cooperation frameworks. Utilizing the SCO as a collaborative platform and upholding the Shanghai Spirit, China prioritizes people-centered development, reforming and refining of the global governance system, enhancing the well-being of SCO member states' populations, protecting the ecological environment, achieving energy transition, strengthening green industry cooperation, and making greater contributions to advance the community with a shared future for humanity.

\n

In response to this complex situation, the Chinese government has taken a series of measures to strengthen national energy security and expeditiously optimize and upgrade its energy structure. First, by continuing to promote the development of China's new energy sector, the government is supporting R&D in clean energy technologies such as wind and solar power, and encouraging enterprises to innovate through subsidy policies that reduce costs.

\n

Second, in response to potential price fluctuations and unstable supply in the international market, China has strengthened its strategic relationships with major oil-producing countries, including Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, by signing multiple long-term oil supply agreements to diversify crude oil import channels.

\n

Besides, China has been participating in global energy governance through multilateral platforms such as the SCO and BRICS to call for joint efforts by all countries to address climate change and promote the formation of a fair and reasonable global energy governance system.

\n

At the sixth meeting of the environmental ministers of SCO member states, held recently, the participants signed a joint statement and announced that the SCO would take measures to strengthen cooperation in order to achieve sustainable development. Moreover, the SCO summit in Tianjin announced to promote cooperation in green industry and sustainable energy development.

\n

Regarding sustainable energy development, the SCO emphasizes the imperative to safeguard energy security, ensure stability in energy markets, and advance a proper energy transition tailored to each nation's specific circumstances and developmental priorities. Within the framework of SCO energy cooperation, member states will engage in pragmatic collaboration through joint projects such as new energy infrastructure development. Cooperation in scientific and technological innovation is to be advanced by developing and applying advanced energy technologies, while simultaneously refining talent cultivation mechanisms to foster favorable conditions for technological innovation.

\n

Regarding green industry cooperation, the statement underscores that protecting the ecological environment and promoting green development constitute vital areas of collaboration among SCO member states. Member states are to deepen policy and information exchange by advancing the integrated development of green industry product supply chains and researching unified green industry standards compliant with international norms, while sharing experiences and best practices in the green industry sector. Green industry cooperation is to be strengthened through measures such as promoting the research, development, and dissemination of advanced green technologies via scientific research cooperation projects.

\n

The Shanghai Spirit, comprising "mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality, consultation, respect for diversity of civilizations, and pursuit of common development" is not only the basic principle on which SCO member states' relations are based but also provides a solid theoretical foundation for deepening energy cooperation in the region.

\n

China, guided by the Shanghai Spirit, has been deepening cooperation with other SCO member states in the energy sector. For example, in infrastructure construction, China is promoting the joint construction of key facilities such as oil pipelines and power grids along the Belt and Road routes, thus meeting local economic development needs and promoting interconnectivity among regions.

\n

In terms of technological exchanges, China shares its rich experiences and technical expertise in the development and use of clean energy with other SCO member states, while also collaborating with them to overcome technical challenges during their transition to clean energy. And when it comes to financial support, the China-Eurasia Economic Cooperation Fund has been advancing green energy projects to support SCO member states looking for investment in the green economy, especially green energy, thereby promoting long-term sustainable development.

\n

As a responsible major country, China is committed to contributing to the resolution of global issues. Amid the fast-changing global energy landscape, China should adhere to its low-carbon and green development path, and play a leading role in the development of the green economy, setting an example for other countries and regions.

\n

Through joint efforts, within the framework of the SCO, China can achieve even more fruitful results that help to maintain global energy security and promote sustainable development.

\n

The views don't necessarily reflect those of China Daily.

\n

", - "content": "

In recent years, despite sustained growth in global investment in renewable energy, some developed countries' new policies favor increasing the use of fossil fuels. With major changes in clean energy tax credit policies in the United States' "One Big Beautiful Bill Act" of 2025 — such as the introduction of an annual rent on wind and solar projects and the reduction of tax incentives for clean energy — the global energy landscape seems to be subtly shifting back toward fossil fuels. The US tilt toward traditional energy projects, along with some other countries' continued reliance on advanced fossil fuel technologies to meet their short-term economic growth needs, show why climate change is worsening. These countries' policy orientation is disturbing the balance between global energy supply and demand, and could hinder the green transition.

\n

Given this development, China — as a large country and core member of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization — must not only adapt to external environmental shifts but also seek fresh opportunities within multilateral cooperation frameworks. Utilizing the SCO as a collaborative platform and upholding the Shanghai Spirit, China prioritizes people-centered development, reforming and refining of the global governance system, enhancing the well-being of SCO member states' populations, protecting the ecological environment, achieving energy transition, strengthening green industry cooperation, and making greater contributions to advance the community with a shared future for humanity.

\n

In response to this complex situation, the Chinese government has taken a series of measures to strengthen national energy security and expeditiously optimize and upgrade its energy structure. First, by continuing to promote the development of China's new energy sector, the government is supporting R&D in clean energy technologies such as wind and solar power, and encouraging enterprises to innovate through subsidy policies that reduce costs.

\n

Second, in response to potential price fluctuations and unstable supply in the international market, China has strengthened its strategic relationships with major oil-producing countries, including Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, by signing multiple long-term oil supply agreements to diversify crude oil import channels.

\n

Besides, China has been participating in global energy governance through multilateral platforms such as the SCO and BRICS to call for joint efforts by all countries to address climate change and promote the formation of a fair and reasonable global energy governance system.

\n

At the sixth meeting of the environmental ministers of SCO member states, held recently, the participants signed a joint statement and announced that the SCO would take measures to strengthen cooperation in order to achieve sustainable development. Moreover, the SCO summit in Tianjin announced to promote cooperation in green industry and sustainable energy development.

\n

Regarding sustainable energy development, the SCO emphasizes the imperative to safeguard energy security, ensure stability in energy markets, and advance a proper energy transition tailored to each nation's specific circumstances and developmental priorities. Within the framework of SCO energy cooperation, member states will engage in pragmatic collaboration through joint projects such as new energy infrastructure development. Cooperation in scientific and technological innovation is to be advanced by developing and applying advanced energy technologies, while simultaneously refining talent cultivation mechanisms to foster favorable conditions for technological innovation.

\n

Regarding green industry cooperation, the statement underscores that protecting the ecological environment and promoting green development constitute vital areas of collaboration among SCO member states. Member states are to deepen policy and information exchange by advancing the integrated development of green industry product supply chains and researching unified green industry standards compliant with international norms, while sharing experiences and best practices in the green industry sector. Green industry cooperation is to be strengthened through measures such as promoting the research, development, and dissemination of advanced green technologies via scientific research cooperation projects.

\n

The Shanghai Spirit, comprising "mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality, consultation, respect for diversity of civilizations, and pursuit of common development" is not only the basic principle on which SCO member states' relations are based but also provides a solid theoretical foundation for deepening energy cooperation in the region.

\n

China, guided by the Shanghai Spirit, has been deepening cooperation with other SCO member states in the energy sector. For example, in infrastructure construction, China is promoting the joint construction of key facilities such as oil pipelines and power grids along the Belt and Road routes, thus meeting local economic development needs and promoting interconnectivity among regions.

\n

In terms of technological exchanges, China shares its rich experiences and technical expertise in the development and use of clean energy with other SCO member states, while also collaborating with them to overcome technical challenges during their transition to clean energy. And when it comes to financial support, the China-Eurasia Economic Cooperation Fund has been advancing green energy projects to support SCO member states looking for investment in the green economy, especially green energy, thereby promoting long-term sustainable development.

\n

As a responsible major country, China is committed to contributing to the resolution of global issues. Amid the fast-changing global energy landscape, China should adhere to its low-carbon and green development path, and play a leading role in the development of the green economy, setting an example for other countries and regions.

\n

Through joint efforts, within the framework of the SCO, China can achieve even more fruitful results that help to maintain global energy security and promote sustainable development.

\n

The views don't necessarily reflect those of China Daily.

\n

", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-09/06/content_004_68bb1ae3ed50ccabe1518f83.htm#004COMMENT", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Sat, 06 Sep 2025 00:21:04 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "9ebcc5c604b6efbcf88de285511a6365", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "005BUSINESS - Safety switch", "description": "

A staff member of State Grid Taizhou in Jiangsu province briefs pupils on power safety awareness and protection at the Jiulong Experimental School in Hailing district, in a bid to publicize safe electricity use among the public.

\n

", @@ -23051,28 +22215,6 @@ "hash": "1589e0dbee0dd1e7c5009e3a9573ff3d", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "006WORLD - Briefly", - "description": "

RUSSIA

\n

Visa-free policy will be reciprocated: Putin

\n

Russia will reciprocate the decision of Chinese authorities to introduce visa-free travel for Russian citizens, President Vladimir Putin told an economic forum in Vladivostok on Friday. China has said it will extend visa-free travel to ordinary passport holders from Russia on a trial basis. The visa exemption will be valid for a period of one year from Sept 15, allowing entry to China for no more than 30 days.

\n

UNITED STATES

\n

Trump to sign order to rename department

\n

US President Donald Trump was reportedly preparing to sign an executive order on Friday to rebrand the Department of Defense as the Department of War. The order would allow the name to be used as a secondary title in official correspondence, with references such as "Secretary of War", reported local media outlets. A full legal change would still require congressional approval. Trump and Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth had argued the revival underscores a stronger "warrior ethos". Critics warned it could incur high costs and distract from security priorities.

\n

ITALY

\n

Fashion designer Giorgio Armani dies

\n

Giorgio Armani, the iconic Italian designer, passed away at the age of 91, the company he founded and led for five decades announced on Thursday. Armani was one of the most recognizable names and faces in the global fashion industry. He founded his self-titled brand in 1975, and it now generates some $2.7 billion in annual revenue. Armani died at home, "peacefully, surrounded by his loved ones", the fashion house said.

\n

SRI LANKA

\n

Passenger bus skids off a cliff, killing 15

\n

A Sri Lankan bus carrying local tourists visiting lush tea plantation hill towns plunged nearly 300 meters in a mountainous region, with the crash killing 15 people and injuring 16 others, a police spokesman said on Friday. The accident occurred near the town of Wellawaya, about 280 kilometers east of the capital Colombo. The group was returning home after a holiday when the bus hit another vehicle, crashed through guardrails and then shot over the side before toppling off the cliff. The accident is the worst since May, when 23 passengers died in a bus crash in Kotmale.

\n

", - "content": "

RUSSIA

\n

Visa-free policy will be reciprocated: Putin

\n

Russia will reciprocate the decision of Chinese authorities to introduce visa-free travel for Russian citizens, President Vladimir Putin told an economic forum in Vladivostok on Friday. China has said it will extend visa-free travel to ordinary passport holders from Russia on a trial basis. The visa exemption will be valid for a period of one year from Sept 15, allowing entry to China for no more than 30 days.

\n

UNITED STATES

\n

Trump to sign order to rename department

\n

US President Donald Trump was reportedly preparing to sign an executive order on Friday to rebrand the Department of Defense as the Department of War. The order would allow the name to be used as a secondary title in official correspondence, with references such as "Secretary of War", reported local media outlets. A full legal change would still require congressional approval. Trump and Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth had argued the revival underscores a stronger "warrior ethos". Critics warned it could incur high costs and distract from security priorities.

\n

ITALY

\n

Fashion designer Giorgio Armani dies

\n

Giorgio Armani, the iconic Italian designer, passed away at the age of 91, the company he founded and led for five decades announced on Thursday. Armani was one of the most recognizable names and faces in the global fashion industry. He founded his self-titled brand in 1975, and it now generates some $2.7 billion in annual revenue. Armani died at home, "peacefully, surrounded by his loved ones", the fashion house said.

\n

SRI LANKA

\n

Passenger bus skids off a cliff, killing 15

\n

A Sri Lankan bus carrying local tourists visiting lush tea plantation hill towns plunged nearly 300 meters in a mountainous region, with the crash killing 15 people and injuring 16 others, a police spokesman said on Friday. The accident occurred near the town of Wellawaya, about 280 kilometers east of the capital Colombo. The group was returning home after a holiday when the bus hit another vehicle, crashed through guardrails and then shot over the side before toppling off the cliff. The accident is the worst since May, when 23 passengers died in a bus crash in Kotmale.

\n

", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-09/06/content_006_68bb1b04ed50ccabe1518f8b.htm#006WORLD", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Sat, 06 Sep 2025 00:21:04 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "6f07a9fa9913857c0a28791c959320bc", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "007WORLD - Grand parade seen as China's pledge to peace", "description": "

Experts worldwide said that the military parade China held in Beijing on Wednesday, commemorating the 80th anniversary of the victory in the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression (1931-45) and the World Anti-Fascist War, is a reaffirmation of its commitment to peaceful development and a solemn call to remember history.

\n

Chinese President Xi Jinping, also general secretary of the Communist Party of China Central Committee and chairman of the Central Military Commission, oversaw the parade and reviewed the troops.

\n

In his speech delivered before the parade, Xi noted that the Chinese people made a significant contribution to the salvation of human civilization and the defense of world peace through immense sacrifices in the war. Reiterating China's commitment to peaceful development, Xi called on nations to prevent historical tragedies from recurring.

\n

David Orzan, ambassador in World of Excellence of the northeastern Italian city of Gorizia, said that China's sacrifices and perseverance "should be remembered by the entire world". He said that Xi's speech helped the world remember history and prevent the recurrence of tragedy.

\n

Atsushi Koketsu, a professor emeritus at Yamaguchi University in Japan, said that Xi's address underscored the vital role of history as a mirror reflecting the present and the future.

\n

He also expressed regret that Japan remains "extremely weak" in its attitude toward acknowledging historical truths, warning that "those who do not learn from history are bound to be punished by it".

\n

Kumiko Haba, a distinguished professor at Josai International University, said the Japanese government should follow the example of former prime minister Tomiichi Murayama and issue a sincere apology.

\n

'Heartfelt apology'

\n

In 1995, on the 50th anniversary of Japan's surrender, then-prime minister Tomiichi Murayama issued the "Murayama Statement", acknowledging that Japan's colonial rule and aggression had caused "tremendous damage and suffering" to many countries, and expressed "deep remorse and heartfelt apology".

\n

But successive politicians of the Liberal Democratic Party, including current Prime Minister Shigeru Ishiba, have failed to deliver words of profound apology, and "this is truly regrettable", Haba said.

\n

"I hope people will not forget that many Japanese citizens hold the conviction of 'never starting another war, never being enemies with China'," she added. "I sincerely hope to promote peaceful exchanges among young people and see them continue to develop."

\n

Takakage Fujita, secretary-general of the Association for Inheriting and Propagating the Murayama Statement, emphasized that Japan, because of its misguided national policy, launched a war of aggression against China. The Japanese people must deeply recognize this aggression, express profound remorse, and sincerely apologize to the Chinese people who suffered enormous sacrifices and damage, he said.

\n

"At the same time, Japan must make every effort and take concrete actions to ensure that it will never again launch aggression against Asia or China," Fujita added.

\n

Common development

\n

The commemorative events solemnly declare to the world the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, he said, adding that for more countries around the world to achieve common development, shared prosperity and collective happiness, it is essential to embrace the vision of a community with a shared future for humanity proposed by President Xi and emphasized at the commemoration.

\n

"Today, humanity again has to choose between peace and war, dialogue and confrontation, win-win cooperation and zero-sum game," Xi said, stressing that, "The Chinese people firmly stand on the right side of history and the progress of human civilization. We will remain committed to the path of peaceful development, and join hands with all peoples around the world in building a community with a shared future for humanity."

\n

Haba from Japan said she was impressed by Xi's vision of a community with a shared future for humanity.

\n

She strongly endorsed the principle of equality and cooperation among all countries and peoples, and held profound respect for the idea of harmony without uniformity in Chinese culture.

\n

Stephen Ndegwa, a Kenyan expert on international issues, said he believed that Xi's speech reinforced "the need for fairness, justice and cooperation in today's global order".

\n

"The speech speaks directly to the challenges of our time … and it affirms China's vision of peace and development as inseparable pillars of global progress — something Africa strongly identifies with," the scholar said.

\n

Xinhua contributed to this story.

\n

Contact the writers at houjunjie@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", @@ -23095,28 +22237,6 @@ "hash": "f0c13e90dbe6877b9bf0f94856742dda", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "007WORLD - Swift Chinese aid praised amid Afghan earthquake", - "description": "

Chinese delegates hand over earthquake relief donations to Afghan delegates in Kabul, Afghanistan, on Tuesday.

\n

China's humanitarian relief effort was hailed after the devastating earthquake struck eastern Afghanistan on Aug 31, killing over 2,200 people and injuring thousands more.

\n

China decided to provide Afghanistan with 50 million yuan ($7.04 million) in emergency humanitarian aid for earthquake relief, said Li Ming, spokesman for the China International Development Cooperation Agency, on Thursday.

\n

At the request of the Afghan government, China will provide tents, blankets, and food that are urgently needed in the earthquake-affected areas, Li said.

\n

Rescue operations remain underway amid reports that many people are still trapped beneath the rubble of collapsed homes. Casualty figures are based on preliminary information and were expected to rise further, according to the latest report from the Afghan Red Crescent Society.

\n

Rugged terrain is hampering rescue operations and aid delivery, leaving survivors to plead for urgent assistance.

\n

Earlier this week, China also became one of the first countries to donate relief funds to Afghanistan for earthquake relief efforts. Bao Xuhui, charge d'affaires of the Chinese embassy in Afghanistan, handed over earthquake relief donations from the embassy, Chinese institutions and the overseas Chinese.

\n

Bao said at the event on Tuesday that the strong earthquake that struck Kunar and other Afghan provinces has caused significant casualties and property damage, which has deeply touched the hearts of the Chinese people.

\n

The Chinese embassy, Chinese institutions and the Overseas Chinese Association in Afghanistan quickly raised the funds and relief supplies, hoping to help the people in the affected areas overcome their difficulties, he said.

\n

Muhammad Alam Alamyar, general-director of administration of the Afghanistan National Disaster Management Authority, thanked China for the kind gesture and briefed on Afghanistan's earthquake disaster and relief efforts, noting that a friend in need is a friend indeed.

\n

Afghanistan cherishes the friendship of the Chinese people toward the Afghan people and will properly utilize the donations and relief supplies, dedicating them entirely to disaster relief and reconstruction, he said.

\n

Pakistan on Wednesday also dispatched 105 metric tons of humanitarian aid to Afghanistan, Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Mohammad Ishaq Dar said.

\n

Whenever such tragedies occur, China is always among the first to step forward, standing with nations and supporting them in recovery, said Khalid Taimur Akram, executive director of the Pakistan Research Center for a Community with Shared Future in Islamabad.

\n

"In recent years, China has emerged as one of the largest and most reliable sources of humanitarian aid for countries facing disasters, with a timely donation of 50 million yuan being a prime example," said Shakeel Ahmad Ramay, chief executive officer of the Asian Institute of Eco-civilization Research and Development in Pakistan.

\n

It is pertinent to highlight here that, following the withdrawal of US forces, China has continued to provide humanitarian assistance to the Afghan people, meeting their basic needs, including food, shelter and medical care, the expert added.

\n

In the recent disaster, the efforts have been accelerated. "But the most prominent feature of Chinese aid is that China provides humanitarian assistance without conditionalities," Ahmad said.

\n

vivienxu@chinadailyapac.com

\n

", - "content": "

Chinese delegates hand over earthquake relief donations to Afghan delegates in Kabul, Afghanistan, on Tuesday.

\n

China's humanitarian relief effort was hailed after the devastating earthquake struck eastern Afghanistan on Aug 31, killing over 2,200 people and injuring thousands more.

\n

China decided to provide Afghanistan with 50 million yuan ($7.04 million) in emergency humanitarian aid for earthquake relief, said Li Ming, spokesman for the China International Development Cooperation Agency, on Thursday.

\n

At the request of the Afghan government, China will provide tents, blankets, and food that are urgently needed in the earthquake-affected areas, Li said.

\n

Rescue operations remain underway amid reports that many people are still trapped beneath the rubble of collapsed homes. Casualty figures are based on preliminary information and were expected to rise further, according to the latest report from the Afghan Red Crescent Society.

\n

Rugged terrain is hampering rescue operations and aid delivery, leaving survivors to plead for urgent assistance.

\n

Earlier this week, China also became one of the first countries to donate relief funds to Afghanistan for earthquake relief efforts. Bao Xuhui, charge d'affaires of the Chinese embassy in Afghanistan, handed over earthquake relief donations from the embassy, Chinese institutions and the overseas Chinese.

\n

Bao said at the event on Tuesday that the strong earthquake that struck Kunar and other Afghan provinces has caused significant casualties and property damage, which has deeply touched the hearts of the Chinese people.

\n

The Chinese embassy, Chinese institutions and the Overseas Chinese Association in Afghanistan quickly raised the funds and relief supplies, hoping to help the people in the affected areas overcome their difficulties, he said.

\n

Muhammad Alam Alamyar, general-director of administration of the Afghanistan National Disaster Management Authority, thanked China for the kind gesture and briefed on Afghanistan's earthquake disaster and relief efforts, noting that a friend in need is a friend indeed.

\n

Afghanistan cherishes the friendship of the Chinese people toward the Afghan people and will properly utilize the donations and relief supplies, dedicating them entirely to disaster relief and reconstruction, he said.

\n

Pakistan on Wednesday also dispatched 105 metric tons of humanitarian aid to Afghanistan, Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Mohammad Ishaq Dar said.

\n

Whenever such tragedies occur, China is always among the first to step forward, standing with nations and supporting them in recovery, said Khalid Taimur Akram, executive director of the Pakistan Research Center for a Community with Shared Future in Islamabad.

\n

"In recent years, China has emerged as one of the largest and most reliable sources of humanitarian aid for countries facing disasters, with a timely donation of 50 million yuan being a prime example," said Shakeel Ahmad Ramay, chief executive officer of the Asian Institute of Eco-civilization Research and Development in Pakistan.

\n

It is pertinent to highlight here that, following the withdrawal of US forces, China has continued to provide humanitarian assistance to the Afghan people, meeting their basic needs, including food, shelter and medical care, the expert added.

\n

In the recent disaster, the efforts have been accelerated. "But the most prominent feature of Chinese aid is that China provides humanitarian assistance without conditionalities," Ahmad said.

\n

vivienxu@chinadailyapac.com

\n

", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-09/06/content_007_68bb1b26ed50ccabe1518f93.htm#007WORLD", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Sat, 06 Sep 2025 00:21:04 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "cda4d9acdd38475445a242a0241fa33f", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "009CULTURE - Reality series has 'divas' working on BRI projects", "description": "

Divas Hit the Road, a recently aired reality travel show, brings Chinese celebrities on a 25-day trip to work on projects under the framework of the Belt and Road Initiative in countries such as Madagascar and Egypt.

\n

Actor Gong Jun (middle) threshes grain by beating it against metal barrels in a field in Madagascar.

\n

Actor Zhang Wanyi operates a harvester in the field.

\n

Actress Li Qin works in the field.

\n

Singer Na Ying joins the show.

\n

A recent reality travel show takes a group of Chinese celebrities, including singers, actors and hosts, from the domestic spotlight to the sun-scorched rice fields of Madagascar. There, they cut rice with sickles, operate harvesters, and thresh grain by beating it against metal barrels.

\n

The seventh season of the reality travel show Divas Hit the Road aired on Hunan Satellite TV and Mango TV, guiding audiences through the perspective of celebrities — singer Na Ying, actresses Chen Shu, Ma Sichun, and Li Qin, host Zhang Yaqi, and actors Gong Jun and Zhang Wanyi. During the show, the celebrities work on cooperation projects under the framework of the Belt and Road Initiative in Madagascar, Egypt and other countries, while on their 25-day journey.

\n

In the first episode, the stars visit a hybrid rice demonstration center in Madagascar. In Luxor, Egypt, they observe how the city's museums utilize micro-trace scanning technology provided by Chinese technical teams to document cultural relics.

\n

Zhang Wanyi recalls that the experience of harvesting rice left him physically exhausted, yet filled with a deep sense of joy and accomplishment.

\n

In 2007, Madagascar launched the hybrid rice demonstration center. Agricultural experts from Chinese crop scientist Yuan Longping's team arrived in the country to test seeds across various rice-growing areas, aiming to help the locals achieve the dream of food self-sufficiency.

\n

Hu Yuefang, 68, was one of those experts, spending over 18 years in Madagascar, during which he and his team successfully developed hybrid rice varieties that could adapt to the country's high, medium, and low-altitude regions.

\n

He set up small blackboards in the fields to share technical knowledge, taught the locals how to prevent and control crop diseases and pests, and rode his motorcycle through rice paddies to answer farmers' questions.

\n

He has traveled to nearly every rice-growing area on the island, always carrying a notebook to record the local language and learn native dialects.

\n

"I experienced food shortages as a child. Yuan's hybrid rice greatly improved China's food self-sufficiency. I deeply admire him," Hu shares.

\n

"We want to bring hybrid rice technology to more people. Currently, hybrid rice accounts for 6 percent of Madagascar's total planting area. If it reaches 15 percent, Madagascar will become the first food self-sufficient country in Africa," Hu says of his vision.

\n

The reality show took the seven-member celebrity group to Hu's workplace, where they worked with him in the fields, cooked together, and took photos of Hu and his colleagues interacting with local communities.

\n

Zhang Yaqi shares that she met a local woman who, thanks to growing hybrid rice, was able to not only feed her children but also support their education.

\n

"This story left a deep impression on me," she reflects. "It made me realize the profound impact of introducing hybrid rice technology to Madagascar."

\n

Hu remarks that the show has captured the real situation in Madagascar.

\n

"We are not only here to teach technology; we are making friends and living life together.

\n

"The show allows more people to see the sincerity and warmth within China-Madagascar cooperation and people-to-people bonds. I hope more stories like this will be told, so that the seeds of cooperation, friendship, and hope can take root in more places," Hu says.

\n

Jean Louis Robinson, Madagascar's ambassador to China, notes that the reality show will also be aired in his home country. He expressed confidence that the program will provide Chinese audiences a window to better understanding Madagascar, while also creating an opportunity for Madagascans to gain insight into contemporary China.

\n

xingwen@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", @@ -23139,28 +22259,6 @@ "hash": "ecf64b9c1d2aab01e32f1c15cb0f93d5", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "011CULTURE - Dance festival shares a universal language", - "description": "

The National Centre for the Performing Arts will launch its annual dance festival in September, featuring The Moon Opera (top) by dancer-choreographer Wang Yabin and From In by dancer-choreographer Xie Xin.

\n

As autumn's golden hues descend upon Beijing, the National Centre for the Performing Arts is preparing to launch its much-anticipated annual event, the NCPA Dance Festival. From Sept 20 to Dec 7, the iconic venue will present a 78-day celebration of movement and artistry that transcends boundaries, featuring 16 performances across 36 shows.

\n

With this year's theme, "dance beyond boundaries", the festival will lead audiences into a world of artistic possibilities, reflecting both the limitless potential of dance and the spirit of dancers striving for excellence.

\n

Dance, a universal language that speaks without words, has the power to transcend borders and unite cultures. With this spirit, the NCPA Dance Festival has invited some of the world's finest ballet companies and stars to share the stage, creating a global dialogue through the grace and power of ballet.

\n

The festival will open with a star-studded ballet performance titled Force of Nature on Sept 20 and 21, as Natalia Osipova, the principal dancer of The Royal Ballet, leads a performance that spans both classical and modern styles. The shows will feature a combination of Osipova's iconic classical works, contemporary ballet masterpieces, and original pieces, which will highlight her versatility and artistic freedom, including a pas de deux from Act II of Giselle, Mikhail Fokine's legendary The Dying Swan, and the contemporary ballet piece, Ashes, that she co-created.

\n

On Oct 6 and 7, the gala, titled Alina and Her Friends, will bring together nine principal dancers from top leading companies across the globe. Featuring star ballerina Alina Cojocaru, they will perform excerpts from ballet's most iconic works, each dancer representing a unique tradition and history.

\n

Later in the season, ballet lovers will see the return of the Eifman Ballet of Saint Petersburg with Anna Karenina and The Brothers Karamazov from Nov 6-9, and the National Ballet of China's staging of Cinderella from Dec 5-7.

\n

While ballet opens a window to the classical world, modern dance represents a bold frontier of creative expression, breaking down formalities and exploring new forms of storytelling. This year's NCPA Dance Festival will showcase contemporary works by China's leading young choreographers, offering innovative new pieces that cross the boundaries of dance, music, and theater.

\n

From Oct 1 to 3, the Xie Xin Dance Theatre will celebrate its 10th anniversary with a special performance featuring In Satie/The Rite of Spring, a unique fusion of dance and live music. In collaboration with musician Fu Yifei, these performances reimagine classical music through dance, offering a unique sensory experience.

\n

According to dancer-choreographer Xie Xin, In Satie/The Rite of Spring was inspired by a fire in the winter of 2023 that destroyed the company's dance studio.

\n

"That space was like a 'home' where dancers trained, worked and grew together. It was a harbor where we carefully added mirrors, laid floor mats, and filled the shelves with books. But when I arrived at the scene, all that remained were charred beams, and scorched props," she recalls.

\n

The tragedy gave rise to new creativity. After the accident, she suddenly understood the power in The Rite of Spring. "Life's calamities always take something away, but they also allow something new to grow," she says.

\n

The innovative spirit continues on Nov 1 and 2 with dancer-choreographer Wang Yanbin's The Moon Opera. First staged in 2015, the piece has toured globally and was acclaimed for its evocative choreography and emotional depth. Based on Bi Feiyu's novel of the same name, the production explores the beauty and complexity of Chinese culture, particularly the 200-year-old Peking Opera, through contemporary dance.

\n

"Touring with this piece over 150 times has allowed me to evolve as both dancer and choreographer," says Wang, noting that the adaptation inspired her to create more dance pieces based on literary works.

\n

"Dance is the best way for me to communicate with the world, while literature allows me to see it more profoundly. I hope that I will have more opportunities to adapt outstanding literary works into dance dramas, using dance language as a threshold to bring more classic characters into the audience's view," she adds.

\n

This year's festival will feature three original Chinese dance dramas that reinterpret ancient stories for modern audiences, blending preservation with innovation.

\n

A highlight will be the China Oriental Performing Arts Group presenting The Dazu Rock Carvings on Oct 31 and Nov 1, a dance drama inspired by the world-renowned Buddhist grottoes in Chongqing. The performance captures the history of these iconic sculptures, telling the story of the craftsmen who created them over 400 years ago, and will be a stirring tribute to the legacy of Chinese art and craftsmanship.

\n

chennan@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", - "content": "

The National Centre for the Performing Arts will launch its annual dance festival in September, featuring The Moon Opera (top) by dancer-choreographer Wang Yabin and From In by dancer-choreographer Xie Xin.

\n

As autumn's golden hues descend upon Beijing, the National Centre for the Performing Arts is preparing to launch its much-anticipated annual event, the NCPA Dance Festival. From Sept 20 to Dec 7, the iconic venue will present a 78-day celebration of movement and artistry that transcends boundaries, featuring 16 performances across 36 shows.

\n

With this year's theme, "dance beyond boundaries", the festival will lead audiences into a world of artistic possibilities, reflecting both the limitless potential of dance and the spirit of dancers striving for excellence.

\n

Dance, a universal language that speaks without words, has the power to transcend borders and unite cultures. With this spirit, the NCPA Dance Festival has invited some of the world's finest ballet companies and stars to share the stage, creating a global dialogue through the grace and power of ballet.

\n

The festival will open with a star-studded ballet performance titled Force of Nature on Sept 20 and 21, as Natalia Osipova, the principal dancer of The Royal Ballet, leads a performance that spans both classical and modern styles. The shows will feature a combination of Osipova's iconic classical works, contemporary ballet masterpieces, and original pieces, which will highlight her versatility and artistic freedom, including a pas de deux from Act II of Giselle, Mikhail Fokine's legendary The Dying Swan, and the contemporary ballet piece, Ashes, that she co-created.

\n

On Oct 6 and 7, the gala, titled Alina and Her Friends, will bring together nine principal dancers from top leading companies across the globe. Featuring star ballerina Alina Cojocaru, they will perform excerpts from ballet's most iconic works, each dancer representing a unique tradition and history.

\n

Later in the season, ballet lovers will see the return of the Eifman Ballet of Saint Petersburg with Anna Karenina and The Brothers Karamazov from Nov 6-9, and the National Ballet of China's staging of Cinderella from Dec 5-7.

\n

While ballet opens a window to the classical world, modern dance represents a bold frontier of creative expression, breaking down formalities and exploring new forms of storytelling. This year's NCPA Dance Festival will showcase contemporary works by China's leading young choreographers, offering innovative new pieces that cross the boundaries of dance, music, and theater.

\n

From Oct 1 to 3, the Xie Xin Dance Theatre will celebrate its 10th anniversary with a special performance featuring In Satie/The Rite of Spring, a unique fusion of dance and live music. In collaboration with musician Fu Yifei, these performances reimagine classical music through dance, offering a unique sensory experience.

\n

According to dancer-choreographer Xie Xin, In Satie/The Rite of Spring was inspired by a fire in the winter of 2023 that destroyed the company's dance studio.

\n

"That space was like a 'home' where dancers trained, worked and grew together. It was a harbor where we carefully added mirrors, laid floor mats, and filled the shelves with books. But when I arrived at the scene, all that remained were charred beams, and scorched props," she recalls.

\n

The tragedy gave rise to new creativity. After the accident, she suddenly understood the power in The Rite of Spring. "Life's calamities always take something away, but they also allow something new to grow," she says.

\n

The innovative spirit continues on Nov 1 and 2 with dancer-choreographer Wang Yanbin's The Moon Opera. First staged in 2015, the piece has toured globally and was acclaimed for its evocative choreography and emotional depth. Based on Bi Feiyu's novel of the same name, the production explores the beauty and complexity of Chinese culture, particularly the 200-year-old Peking Opera, through contemporary dance.

\n

"Touring with this piece over 150 times has allowed me to evolve as both dancer and choreographer," says Wang, noting that the adaptation inspired her to create more dance pieces based on literary works.

\n

"Dance is the best way for me to communicate with the world, while literature allows me to see it more profoundly. I hope that I will have more opportunities to adapt outstanding literary works into dance dramas, using dance language as a threshold to bring more classic characters into the audience's view," she adds.

\n

This year's festival will feature three original Chinese dance dramas that reinterpret ancient stories for modern audiences, blending preservation with innovation.

\n

A highlight will be the China Oriental Performing Arts Group presenting The Dazu Rock Carvings on Oct 31 and Nov 1, a dance drama inspired by the world-renowned Buddhist grottoes in Chongqing. The performance captures the history of these iconic sculptures, telling the story of the craftsmen who created them over 400 years ago, and will be a stirring tribute to the legacy of Chinese art and craftsmanship.

\n

chennan@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-09/06/content_011_68bb1b47ed50ccabe1518f9b.htm#011CULTURE", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Sat, 06 Sep 2025 00:21:04 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "c627485f25e4dba24477fd3a0b86dfbb", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "001FRONT - LIVESTREAMS, VIDEOS 'DEMYSTIFY' THE LAW, RAISE PUBLIC AWARENESS", "description": "
\n

\n

As she juggles her caseload, lawyer Wang Wanqiong has added a new brief to her weekly routine — hosting livestream sessions that delve into the legal intricacies of current social events with her audience.

\n

On Aug 23, Wang, from Sichuan province, took to her WeChat livestream to unravel the legalities surrounding cross-border telecom fraud. In the past, she has used her platform to shed light on labor laws and anti-discrimination policies, highlighting companies that offer job opportunities for former convicts.

\n

"Leveraging videos and livestreams to demystify the law and address people's legal inquiries is inevitable in this fast-paced digital era," said Wang, a criminal law specialist at the Baijus Law Firm. "It's also a social responsibility for those in the legal profession."

\n

Wang is not alone. A report released early this year by Douyin, a popular Chinese short-video sharing and livestreaming platform, showed that the number of legal content creators on the platform had soared past 200,000. Those involved included lawyers, law professors and law enthusiasts, with their number steadily climbing.

\n

The appetite for legal content is also on the rise. In December 2024, monthly views of legal content increased by over 20 percent compared with June of that year. Certified law firms witnessed an impressive 83 percent growth in viewership, according to the report.

\n

Li Ya, a lawyer at Beijing Zhongwen Law Firm, is navigating this new avenue for providing legal services. "The increasingly rich legal content indicates that the public's legal awareness has improved," he said.

\n

However, he expressed concern about those who chase online fame by sensationalizing case details, fabricating facts and breaching litigants' privacy during livestreams.

\n

"These practices compromise the integrity of the legal profession and present serious ethical and legal challenges," he said, calling for stricter regulation and oversight of legal content in live-streams and videos.

\n

Legal education trend

\n

Over the past year, Wang has hosted over 60 livestreams, sometimes drawing more than 6,000 viewers at once.

\n

"The internet has revolutionized how knowledge is shared, turning online legal education into a growing trend," she said. "This method not only meets the public's increasing demand for legal services but also pushes legal professionals like me to stay informed, think critically, and engage in research."

\n

She creates short videos that break down provisions and criminal procedures, such as advising on the steps to take if a family member is questioned by the police, making the law more accessible and understandable for a wider audience.

\n

On July 18, for instance, she uploaded two videos on her WeChat channel, each under eight minutes long, illustrating what constitutes justifiable defense using a real criminal case from Shaanxi province. These videos have amassed over 1.37 million views, with more than 6,600 thumbs-up and nearly 4,000 likes.

\n

Yi Yi, a founding partner of Beijing Jiali Law Firm, also uses real cases to discuss marriage and family law on Kuaishou, another popular video platform, where she has nearly 600,000 followers.

\n

During her livestreams and videos, she avoids complex legal issues and jargon, opting instead to address matters that resonate with her audience. By using case studies, without detailing those involved, she delivers clear and focused legal insights while promoting values such as trust, equality, love, and happiness in marriage.

\n

In Wang's opinion, using everyday language and real-life examples helps bridge the gap between legal professionals and the public, making legal education more practical and effective.

\n

Misuse, disruption

\n

Wang highlighted the critical need to uphold privacy and integrity, warning against sharing excessive details about individuals involved in cases for the sake of online fame. She stressed that livestreams and videos should not include content unrelated to the law, disrupt public order, or exacerbate conflicts.

\n

In July, for example, a lawyer surnamed Zheng from Hunan province was fined 50,000 yuan ($7,010) by a local court. Zheng was penalized for distorting facts in a contract case handled by his firm, misleading public opinion, and extensively defaming the presiding judge in video posts, according to the Sichuan-based news outlet thecover.cn.

\n

The court stated that Zheng's actions severely undermined justice and had a negative societal impact. He was also ordered to remove the videos and issue an apology, the report noted.

\n

In April 2024, a Shanghai-based lawyer surnamed Dong faced a backlash from netizens after posting videos on social media where she discussed legal topics while dancing. Some argued her behavior was inconsistent with the professionalism expected of a lawyer, according to Dingduan News, a media outlet in Henan province.

\n

Dong also responded to comments by stating that her income as a lawyer was less than what she earned from livestreaming and encouraged her peers to create "borderline" or "edgy" content, which immediately sparked public controversy.

\n

Furthermore, some netizens criticized Dong's demeanor during livestreams, showing screenshots of her exaggerated expressions and laughter while addressing serious issues like juvenile rape.

\n

In response, Dong apologized and removed the dancing videos, clarifying that her suggestion to her peers was meant as a joke.

\n

Although Dong and Zheng faced consequences for their actions, the conduct and communication of legal professionals in livestreams and videos — particularly regarding what content is shared and how it is presented — remain a focal point of discussion within the legal community.

\n

Need for regulation

\n

For Wang, maintaining rigor and professionalism online is crucial for lawyers. Fabricating facts or relying on sensationalism and exaggerated performances to attract views should be avoided. "It's also important to steer clear of posting vulgar content, inciting cyberbullying, or compromising national security," she emphasized.

\n

Yu Qi, a marriage lawyer at Tahota Law Firm, observed that many internet users are more interested in sensational and unusual details of disputes than in legal explanations. "Lawyers should not blindly cater to public tastes, nor should they use their online platforms to market other products or services," she cautioned.

\n

"We must always remember our role as lawyers and uphold the integrity of the law."

\n

She said that she is prudent when discussing cases she is handling, as lawyers have a duty to be accountable to their clients. "I will address common questions from online comments and offer legal interpretations, rather than paying attention to the specifics of any individual case," she added.

\n

Li from Beijing Zhongwen Law Firm agreed. "Using popular methods and language to spread legal knowledge does not mean trivializing legal services," he said.

\n

Maintaining confidentiality and protecting privacy are fundamental ethical responsibilities for lawyers. Treating livestreams as a "show" and dramatizing case details damage the profession's image and credibility, and also violate the Civil Code and professional conduct rules for lawyers, Li added.

\n

"It is prohibited to predict outcomes or guarantee victories for cases that have not yet been concluded," he warned. "Information from cases that are not open to the public, as well as information and files from ongoing criminal cases, must not be disclosed online."

\n

Li urged internet platforms to improve the verification of lawyers' identities when processing relevant registration applications, and conduct timely reviews of legal content in livestreams.

\n

He also suggested online platforms, bar associations and internet regulatory bodies take disciplinary actions if they find a lawyer who streams content that is frequently flagged as "misleading" by peers or viewers.

\n

"The ultimate goal of leveraging technologies is to optimize legal services and enable the public to learn and use the law, rather than create more legal risks," Wang said.

\n

She called on judicial authorities to strengthen the management of lawyers and establish regulations on the dissemination of legal knowledge through new media.

\n

"For example, the authorities need to specify how many years a lawyer must have practiced before they can participate in legal live-streams, and also prohibit selling products through legal accounts," she said.

\n

caoyin@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", @@ -23183,28 +22281,6 @@ "hash": "0bbffa04882002c61b72d5e17a4976cb", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "004CHINA - LIVESTREAMS, VIDEOS 'DEMYSTIFY' THE LAW, RAISE PUBLIC AWARENESS", - "description": "
\n

\n

As she juggles her caseload, lawyer Wang Wanqiong has added a new brief to her weekly routine — hosting livestream sessions that delve into the legal intricacies of current social events with her audience.

\n

On Aug 23, Wang, from Sichuan province, took to her WeChat livestream to unravel the legalities surrounding cross-border telecom fraud. In the past, she has used her platform to shed light on labor laws and anti-discrimination policies, highlighting companies that offer job opportunities for former convicts.

\n

"Leveraging videos and livestreams to demystify the law and address people's legal inquiries is inevitable in this fast-paced digital era," said Wang, a criminal law specialist at the Baijus Law Firm. "It's also a social responsibility for those in the legal profession."

\n

Wang is not alone. A report released early this year by Douyin, a popular Chinese short-video sharing and livestreaming platform, showed that the number of legal content creators on the platform had soared past 200,000. Those involved included lawyers, law professors and law enthusiasts, with their number steadily climbing.

\n

The appetite for legal content is also on the rise. In December 2024, monthly views of legal content increased by over 20 percent compared with June of that year. Certified law firms witnessed an impressive 83 percent growth in viewership, according to the report.

\n

Li Ya, a lawyer at Beijing Zhongwen Law Firm, is navigating this new avenue for providing legal services. "The increasingly rich legal content indicates that the public's legal awareness has improved," he said.

\n

However, he expressed concern about those who chase online fame by sensationalizing case details, fabricating facts and breaching litigants' privacy during livestreams.

\n

"These practices compromise the integrity of the legal profession and present serious ethical and legal challenges," he said, calling for stricter regulation and oversight of legal content in live-streams and videos.

\n

Legal education trend

\n

Over the past year, Wang has hosted over 60 livestreams, sometimes drawing more than 6,000 viewers at once.

\n

"The internet has revolutionized how knowledge is shared, turning online legal education into a growing trend," she said. "This method not only meets the public's increasing demand for legal services but also pushes legal professionals like me to stay informed, think critically, and engage in research."

\n

She creates short videos that break down provisions and criminal procedures, such as advising on the steps to take if a family member is questioned by the police, making the law more accessible and understandable for a wider audience.

\n

On July 18, for instance, she uploaded two videos on her WeChat channel, each under eight minutes long, illustrating what constitutes justifiable defense using a real criminal case from Shaanxi province. These videos have amassed over 1.37 million views, with more than 6,600 thumbs-up and nearly 4,000 likes.

\n

Yi Yi, a founding partner of Beijing Jiali Law Firm, also uses real cases to discuss marriage and family law on Kuaishou, another popular video platform, where she has nearly 600,000 followers.

\n

During her livestreams and videos, she avoids complex legal issues and jargon, opting instead to address matters that resonate with her audience. By using case studies, without detailing those involved, she delivers clear and focused legal insights while promoting values such as trust, equality, love, and happiness in marriage.

\n

In Wang's opinion, using everyday language and real-life examples helps bridge the gap between legal professionals and the public, making legal education more practical and effective.

\n

Misuse, disruption

\n

Wang highlighted the critical need to uphold privacy and integrity, warning against sharing excessive details about individuals involved in cases for the sake of online fame. She stressed that livestreams and videos should not include content unrelated to the law, disrupt public order, or exacerbate conflicts.

\n

In July, for example, a lawyer surnamed Zheng from Hunan province was fined 50,000 yuan ($7,010) by a local court. Zheng was penalized for distorting facts in a contract case handled by his firm, misleading public opinion, and extensively defaming the presiding judge in video posts, according to the Sichuan-based news outlet thecover.cn.

\n

The court stated that Zheng's actions severely undermined justice and had a negative societal impact. He was also ordered to remove the videos and issue an apology, the report noted.

\n

In April 2024, a Shanghai-based lawyer surnamed Dong faced a backlash from netizens after posting videos on social media where she discussed legal topics while dancing. Some argued her behavior was inconsistent with the professionalism expected of a lawyer, according to Dingduan News, a media outlet in Henan province.

\n

Dong also responded to comments by stating that her income as a lawyer was less than what she earned from livestreaming and encouraged her peers to create "borderline" or "edgy" content, which immediately sparked public controversy.

\n

Furthermore, some netizens criticized Dong's demeanor during livestreams, showing screenshots of her exaggerated expressions and laughter while addressing serious issues like juvenile rape.

\n

In response, Dong apologized and removed the dancing videos, clarifying that her suggestion to her peers was meant as a joke.

\n

Although Dong and Zheng faced consequences for their actions, the conduct and communication of legal professionals in livestreams and videos — particularly regarding what content is shared and how it is presented — remain a focal point of discussion within the legal community.

\n

Need for regulation

\n

For Wang, maintaining rigor and professionalism online is crucial for lawyers. Fabricating facts or relying on sensationalism and exaggerated performances to attract views should be avoided. "It's also important to steer clear of posting vulgar content, inciting cyberbullying, or compromising national security," she emphasized.

\n

Yu Qi, a marriage lawyer at Tahota Law Firm, observed that many internet users are more interested in sensational and unusual details of disputes than in legal explanations. "Lawyers should not blindly cater to public tastes, nor should they use their online platforms to market other products or services," she cautioned.

\n

"We must always remember our role as lawyers and uphold the integrity of the law."

\n

She said that she is prudent when discussing cases she is handling, as lawyers have a duty to be accountable to their clients. "I will address common questions from online comments and offer legal interpretations, rather than paying attention to the specifics of any individual case," she added.

\n

Li from Beijing Zhongwen Law Firm agreed. "Using popular methods and language to spread legal knowledge does not mean trivializing legal services," he said.

\n

Maintaining confidentiality and protecting privacy are fundamental ethical responsibilities for lawyers. Treating livestreams as a "show" and dramatizing case details damage the profession's image and credibility, and also violate the Civil Code and professional conduct rules for lawyers, Li added.

\n

"It is prohibited to predict outcomes or guarantee victories for cases that have not yet been concluded," he warned. "Information from cases that are not open to the public, as well as information and files from ongoing criminal cases, must not be disclosed online."

\n

Li urged internet platforms to improve the verification of lawyers' identities when processing relevant registration applications, and conduct timely reviews of legal content in livestreams.

\n

He also suggested online platforms, bar associations and internet regulatory bodies take disciplinary actions if they find a lawyer who streams content that is frequently flagged as "misleading" by peers or viewers.

\n

"The ultimate goal of leveraging technologies is to optimize legal services and enable the public to learn and use the law, rather than create more legal risks," Wang said.

\n

She called on judicial authorities to strengthen the management of lawyers and establish regulations on the dissemination of legal knowledge through new media.

\n

"For example, the authorities need to specify how many years a lawyer must have practiced before they can participate in legal live-streams, and also prohibit selling products through legal accounts," she said.

\n

caoyin@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", - "content": "
\n

\n

As she juggles her caseload, lawyer Wang Wanqiong has added a new brief to her weekly routine — hosting livestream sessions that delve into the legal intricacies of current social events with her audience.

\n

On Aug 23, Wang, from Sichuan province, took to her WeChat livestream to unravel the legalities surrounding cross-border telecom fraud. In the past, she has used her platform to shed light on labor laws and anti-discrimination policies, highlighting companies that offer job opportunities for former convicts.

\n

"Leveraging videos and livestreams to demystify the law and address people's legal inquiries is inevitable in this fast-paced digital era," said Wang, a criminal law specialist at the Baijus Law Firm. "It's also a social responsibility for those in the legal profession."

\n

Wang is not alone. A report released early this year by Douyin, a popular Chinese short-video sharing and livestreaming platform, showed that the number of legal content creators on the platform had soared past 200,000. Those involved included lawyers, law professors and law enthusiasts, with their number steadily climbing.

\n

The appetite for legal content is also on the rise. In December 2024, monthly views of legal content increased by over 20 percent compared with June of that year. Certified law firms witnessed an impressive 83 percent growth in viewership, according to the report.

\n

Li Ya, a lawyer at Beijing Zhongwen Law Firm, is navigating this new avenue for providing legal services. "The increasingly rich legal content indicates that the public's legal awareness has improved," he said.

\n

However, he expressed concern about those who chase online fame by sensationalizing case details, fabricating facts and breaching litigants' privacy during livestreams.

\n

"These practices compromise the integrity of the legal profession and present serious ethical and legal challenges," he said, calling for stricter regulation and oversight of legal content in live-streams and videos.

\n

Legal education trend

\n

Over the past year, Wang has hosted over 60 livestreams, sometimes drawing more than 6,000 viewers at once.

\n

"The internet has revolutionized how knowledge is shared, turning online legal education into a growing trend," she said. "This method not only meets the public's increasing demand for legal services but also pushes legal professionals like me to stay informed, think critically, and engage in research."

\n

She creates short videos that break down provisions and criminal procedures, such as advising on the steps to take if a family member is questioned by the police, making the law more accessible and understandable for a wider audience.

\n

On July 18, for instance, she uploaded two videos on her WeChat channel, each under eight minutes long, illustrating what constitutes justifiable defense using a real criminal case from Shaanxi province. These videos have amassed over 1.37 million views, with more than 6,600 thumbs-up and nearly 4,000 likes.

\n

Yi Yi, a founding partner of Beijing Jiali Law Firm, also uses real cases to discuss marriage and family law on Kuaishou, another popular video platform, where she has nearly 600,000 followers.

\n

During her livestreams and videos, she avoids complex legal issues and jargon, opting instead to address matters that resonate with her audience. By using case studies, without detailing those involved, she delivers clear and focused legal insights while promoting values such as trust, equality, love, and happiness in marriage.

\n

In Wang's opinion, using everyday language and real-life examples helps bridge the gap between legal professionals and the public, making legal education more practical and effective.

\n

Misuse, disruption

\n

Wang highlighted the critical need to uphold privacy and integrity, warning against sharing excessive details about individuals involved in cases for the sake of online fame. She stressed that livestreams and videos should not include content unrelated to the law, disrupt public order, or exacerbate conflicts.

\n

In July, for example, a lawyer surnamed Zheng from Hunan province was fined 50,000 yuan ($7,010) by a local court. Zheng was penalized for distorting facts in a contract case handled by his firm, misleading public opinion, and extensively defaming the presiding judge in video posts, according to the Sichuan-based news outlet thecover.cn.

\n

The court stated that Zheng's actions severely undermined justice and had a negative societal impact. He was also ordered to remove the videos and issue an apology, the report noted.

\n

In April 2024, a Shanghai-based lawyer surnamed Dong faced a backlash from netizens after posting videos on social media where she discussed legal topics while dancing. Some argued her behavior was inconsistent with the professionalism expected of a lawyer, according to Dingduan News, a media outlet in Henan province.

\n

Dong also responded to comments by stating that her income as a lawyer was less than what she earned from livestreaming and encouraged her peers to create "borderline" or "edgy" content, which immediately sparked public controversy.

\n

Furthermore, some netizens criticized Dong's demeanor during livestreams, showing screenshots of her exaggerated expressions and laughter while addressing serious issues like juvenile rape.

\n

In response, Dong apologized and removed the dancing videos, clarifying that her suggestion to her peers was meant as a joke.

\n

Although Dong and Zheng faced consequences for their actions, the conduct and communication of legal professionals in livestreams and videos — particularly regarding what content is shared and how it is presented — remain a focal point of discussion within the legal community.

\n

Need for regulation

\n

For Wang, maintaining rigor and professionalism online is crucial for lawyers. Fabricating facts or relying on sensationalism and exaggerated performances to attract views should be avoided. "It's also important to steer clear of posting vulgar content, inciting cyberbullying, or compromising national security," she emphasized.

\n

Yu Qi, a marriage lawyer at Tahota Law Firm, observed that many internet users are more interested in sensational and unusual details of disputes than in legal explanations. "Lawyers should not blindly cater to public tastes, nor should they use their online platforms to market other products or services," she cautioned.

\n

"We must always remember our role as lawyers and uphold the integrity of the law."

\n

She said that she is prudent when discussing cases she is handling, as lawyers have a duty to be accountable to their clients. "I will address common questions from online comments and offer legal interpretations, rather than paying attention to the specifics of any individual case," she added.

\n

Li from Beijing Zhongwen Law Firm agreed. "Using popular methods and language to spread legal knowledge does not mean trivializing legal services," he said.

\n

Maintaining confidentiality and protecting privacy are fundamental ethical responsibilities for lawyers. Treating livestreams as a "show" and dramatizing case details damage the profession's image and credibility, and also violate the Civil Code and professional conduct rules for lawyers, Li added.

\n

"It is prohibited to predict outcomes or guarantee victories for cases that have not yet been concluded," he warned. "Information from cases that are not open to the public, as well as information and files from ongoing criminal cases, must not be disclosed online."

\n

Li urged internet platforms to improve the verification of lawyers' identities when processing relevant registration applications, and conduct timely reviews of legal content in livestreams.

\n

He also suggested online platforms, bar associations and internet regulatory bodies take disciplinary actions if they find a lawyer who streams content that is frequently flagged as "misleading" by peers or viewers.

\n

"The ultimate goal of leveraging technologies is to optimize legal services and enable the public to learn and use the law, rather than create more legal risks," Wang said.

\n

She called on judicial authorities to strengthen the management of lawyers and establish regulations on the dissemination of legal knowledge through new media.

\n

"For example, the authorities need to specify how many years a lawyer must have practiced before they can participate in legal live-streams, and also prohibit selling products through legal accounts," she said.

\n

caoyin@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-09/05/content_004_68b9ff52ed50ccabe1518ded.htm#004CHINA", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Fri, 05 Sep 2025 00:21:05 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "ce9a58fb2f075d852f07d2e4963cd11f", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "005CHINA - Chinese team cracks hydrates energy puzzle", "description": "
\n

Researcher Deng Peilin (standing) instructs a student on conducting performance tests for the conversion of methane to methanol under mild conditions.

\n

In a breakthrough that could reshape global energy markets, a Chinese research team has solved one of the most persistent challenges in catalytic chemistry: converting methane into methanol under mild conditions.

\n

The breakthrough, published in the journal Nature Communications on Aug 19, could enable the commercial use of vast natural gas hydrate reserves — known as "flammable ice" — lying at the bottom of the South China Sea.

\n

Developed by Hainan University's marine clean energy innovation team, the method uses a nanoscale palladium catalyst engineered to achieve 99.7 percent conversion at a temperature of 70 C.

\n

Unlike conventional industrial processes that require temperatures above 800 C and high pressure — often burning methane into wasted carbon dioxide — the new system operates efficiently near room temperature.

\n

"The key was precision engineering of the catalyst's surface structure," said Deng Peilin, an associate researcher at the university's School of Marine Science and Engineering. "We designed it to both activate methane and instantly release methanol before it over-oxidizes."

\n

This "quick-release" mechanism is made possible by tailoring the electrical properties of palladium crystals at the atomic level, allowing methanol to desorb immediately after it forms.

\n

The research, launched in 2020, addresses China's strategic priority to harness undersea energy resources while supporting its peak carbon and carbon neutrality goals.

\n

"Our aim was to provide a core technology for use with South China Sea hydrates," Deng said.

\n

The team's goal was to develop a system that aligned with China's carbon goals and offered a low-emission, high-efficiency alternative to traditional energy-intensive processes.

\n

The result, said team leader Tian Xinlong, "possesses extremely high commercial application potential and economic value".

\n

Financial analysts quickly recognized the significance. Everbright Securities, a financial services institution, called the breakthrough a "milestone". In a note, it said the new technique removes a critical barrier to using South China Sea gas hydrates and predicted commercial extraction of flammable ice could begin around 2030.

\n

Everbright also said it expects growth opportunities for companies in deep-sea drilling equipment, methanol production and specialized catalyst manufacturing.

\n

However, several hurdles remain before the technology can progress from the laboratory to offshore production. Deng said the primary challenges were scaling up the reactor design, creating equipment that can withstand a corrosive oceanic environment and wave action, and ensuring the process is cost-competitive.

\n

The team's road map calls for constructing a medium-scale demonstration unit within two years, achieving a commercial-scale demonstration within five years and seeing the technology widely adopted across the South China Sea within a decade.

\n

Methanol's potential downstream uses are extensive. It is a foundational chemical feedstock used to make plastics, paints and synthetic fibers. It can also serve as a clean-burning fuel for ships and vehicles.

\n

Deng said the team is in talks with State-owned oil and gas giant China National Offshore Oil Corporation to adopt the technology for pilot applications and is researching ways to create high-value products from methanol.

\n

Looking ahead, the researchers envision Hainan province becoming a global hub for deep-sea energy technology and manufacturing. By leveraging the island's status as a free trade port, they aim to build a complete industrial chain, from extraction and conversion to manufacturing.

\n

The team also has global ambitions. The plan is to promote the technology through partnerships with international energy agencies, set up licensing agreements with foreign companies and make contributions to international standards — positioning the "Hainan solution" as a Chinese response to global energy and environmental challenges.

\n

chenbowen@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", @@ -23227,28 +22303,6 @@ "hash": "57589c3069c8fe96a59ab15b6419f2db", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "007CHINA - Breakthrough could deepen sea research", - "description": "

The soft robot is tested in the sea.

\n

Patrolling in the dark seamount area at a depth of 4,070 meters, a robot fish about 32 centimeters long, with a wingspan of approximately 18 cm and weighing only 670 grams, glides flexibly along with all the real fishes.

\n

This latest generation of the deep-sea soft robot is a new breakthrough in deep-sea exploration technology achieved by the research team led by Professor Li Guorui at the College of Shipbuilding Engineering of Harbin Engineering University in Heilongjiang province.

\n

Their latest research, titled "Plasticized electrohydraulic robot autopilots in the deep sea", was published in the journal Science Robotics. Conducted in collaboration with Zhejiang University and the China Ship Scientific Research Center, the research team has developed an electrohydraulic-driven soft robot which has been applied to deep-sea exploration.

\n

As the largest unexplored frontier on the earth, the deep sea holds the key to understanding life origins, resource exploration and climate evolution.

\n

However, scientists face significant challenges due to extreme conditions such as high pressure and low temperatures during their exploration. There is also another obstacle: balancing the high costs of exploration and equipment reliability with the protection of fragile deep-sea ecosystems, according to the research team.

\n

In 2022, the research team drew inspiration from the classical physical phenomenon of electrohydrodynamics to initiate the development of the electrohydraulic-driven deep-sea soft robot.

\n

They innovatively applied the classical physical principle to design flexible equipment suitable for extreme deep-sea conditions.

\n

By using an electrostatic field to control the orderly flow of dielectric fluid, researchers converted electric field forces into driving forces for flexible hydraulic units.

\n

The designed electrohydraulic unit consists of a thin film shell, flexible electrodes and internal dielectric fluid, which flows directionally under Maxwell stress, precisely driving the flexible unit to produce controllable deformation.

\n

The team systematically studied the large deformation effects of the flexible electrohydraulic unit under high pressure and low temperature, endowing the system with excellent deformation capabilities.

\n

The dielectric fluid inside the driving unit can adaptively balance with the deep-sea water pressure, providing the system with full-depth pressure adaptability.

\n

"The research team has been dedicated to exploring the expression and application expansion of the classical physical phenomenon in the mechanism of deep-sea electrohydraulic drive, which can provide a new approach for the design of driving systems for soft robots and intelligent equipment in extreme environments," said Li.

\n

Without a pressure-resistant shell, the latest generation of the deep-sea soft robot can withstand the static water pressure at full ocean depth. The robot achieves coordinated drive of the electrohydraulic unit through its own miniaturized energy control system.

\n

When electronic devices in the soft body generate high-voltage electrical signals, the flexible electrohydraulic unit will deform in a pattern similar to a fluid static skeleton under the stimulation of the voltage signal, enabling it to achieve various trajectory paths such as straight-line movement and turning in the deep-sea environment.

\n

To further validate the reliability of the deep-sea soft robot in real-world deep-sea operations, the research team conducted a series of tests in various sea areas, including the Haima cold seep area and the deep-sea mountain area in the South China Sea.

\n

On June 13, 2024, the robot was deployed at a depth of 3,176 meters in the South China Sea. Sea trial footage showed the robot successfully completed complex trajectory movements, near-bottom sensing, autonomous posture control, and return tasks in the challenging deep-sea flow environment.

\n

On July 9, 2024, the robot conducted navigation tests at a depth of about 4,070 meters in a deep-sea mountain area, exploring the feasibility of coordinated operations between deep-sea submersibles and small deep-sea soft robots for large-area, low-disturbance deep-sea exploration.

\n

Additionally, to further verify the ecological integration characteristics of the soft robot with the underwater environment, the team conducted in situ, close-range behavioral observations of the marine ecological environment and communities.

\n

"After enduring multiple rigorous sea trials, the soft robot has demonstrated excellent mobility, reliable adaptability to extreme environments, and low-disturbance detection capabilities," said Shen Peng, a member of the team. "It holds promise for providing sustainable technological pathways and innovative methods for deep-sea ecological observation."

\n

Currently, the team is focusing on interdisciplinary exploration in mechanics, information and manufacturing to develop miniaturized deep-sea soft robots with integrated driving, sensing, and communication capabilities, as well as swarm intelligence.

\n

In the future, they aim to overcome key challenges related to material durability, system reliability and intelligence levels of flexible equipment in extreme environments, according to the team.

\n

zhouhuiying@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", - "content": "

The soft robot is tested in the sea.

\n

Patrolling in the dark seamount area at a depth of 4,070 meters, a robot fish about 32 centimeters long, with a wingspan of approximately 18 cm and weighing only 670 grams, glides flexibly along with all the real fishes.

\n

This latest generation of the deep-sea soft robot is a new breakthrough in deep-sea exploration technology achieved by the research team led by Professor Li Guorui at the College of Shipbuilding Engineering of Harbin Engineering University in Heilongjiang province.

\n

Their latest research, titled "Plasticized electrohydraulic robot autopilots in the deep sea", was published in the journal Science Robotics. Conducted in collaboration with Zhejiang University and the China Ship Scientific Research Center, the research team has developed an electrohydraulic-driven soft robot which has been applied to deep-sea exploration.

\n

As the largest unexplored frontier on the earth, the deep sea holds the key to understanding life origins, resource exploration and climate evolution.

\n

However, scientists face significant challenges due to extreme conditions such as high pressure and low temperatures during their exploration. There is also another obstacle: balancing the high costs of exploration and equipment reliability with the protection of fragile deep-sea ecosystems, according to the research team.

\n

In 2022, the research team drew inspiration from the classical physical phenomenon of electrohydrodynamics to initiate the development of the electrohydraulic-driven deep-sea soft robot.

\n

They innovatively applied the classical physical principle to design flexible equipment suitable for extreme deep-sea conditions.

\n

By using an electrostatic field to control the orderly flow of dielectric fluid, researchers converted electric field forces into driving forces for flexible hydraulic units.

\n

The designed electrohydraulic unit consists of a thin film shell, flexible electrodes and internal dielectric fluid, which flows directionally under Maxwell stress, precisely driving the flexible unit to produce controllable deformation.

\n

The team systematically studied the large deformation effects of the flexible electrohydraulic unit under high pressure and low temperature, endowing the system with excellent deformation capabilities.

\n

The dielectric fluid inside the driving unit can adaptively balance with the deep-sea water pressure, providing the system with full-depth pressure adaptability.

\n

"The research team has been dedicated to exploring the expression and application expansion of the classical physical phenomenon in the mechanism of deep-sea electrohydraulic drive, which can provide a new approach for the design of driving systems for soft robots and intelligent equipment in extreme environments," said Li.

\n

Without a pressure-resistant shell, the latest generation of the deep-sea soft robot can withstand the static water pressure at full ocean depth. The robot achieves coordinated drive of the electrohydraulic unit through its own miniaturized energy control system.

\n

When electronic devices in the soft body generate high-voltage electrical signals, the flexible electrohydraulic unit will deform in a pattern similar to a fluid static skeleton under the stimulation of the voltage signal, enabling it to achieve various trajectory paths such as straight-line movement and turning in the deep-sea environment.

\n

To further validate the reliability of the deep-sea soft robot in real-world deep-sea operations, the research team conducted a series of tests in various sea areas, including the Haima cold seep area and the deep-sea mountain area in the South China Sea.

\n

On June 13, 2024, the robot was deployed at a depth of 3,176 meters in the South China Sea. Sea trial footage showed the robot successfully completed complex trajectory movements, near-bottom sensing, autonomous posture control, and return tasks in the challenging deep-sea flow environment.

\n

On July 9, 2024, the robot conducted navigation tests at a depth of about 4,070 meters in a deep-sea mountain area, exploring the feasibility of coordinated operations between deep-sea submersibles and small deep-sea soft robots for large-area, low-disturbance deep-sea exploration.

\n

Additionally, to further verify the ecological integration characteristics of the soft robot with the underwater environment, the team conducted in situ, close-range behavioral observations of the marine ecological environment and communities.

\n

"After enduring multiple rigorous sea trials, the soft robot has demonstrated excellent mobility, reliable adaptability to extreme environments, and low-disturbance detection capabilities," said Shen Peng, a member of the team. "It holds promise for providing sustainable technological pathways and innovative methods for deep-sea ecological observation."

\n

Currently, the team is focusing on interdisciplinary exploration in mechanics, information and manufacturing to develop miniaturized deep-sea soft robots with integrated driving, sensing, and communication capabilities, as well as swarm intelligence.

\n

In the future, they aim to overcome key challenges related to material durability, system reliability and intelligence levels of flexible equipment in extreme environments, according to the team.

\n

zhouhuiying@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-09/05/content_007_68b9ff75ed50ccabe1518df5.htm#007CHINA", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Fri, 05 Sep 2025 00:21:05 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "9b8b1288d508d5389f8527eec4915dbc", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "008COMMENT - Manila trying to distort postwar order", "description": "

Despite China's consistent efforts to resolve its territorial disputes with the Philippines through peaceful dialogue and friendly consultations, the Ferdinand Marcos Jr government has time and again provoked China on issues related to the South China Sea in disregard of Beijing's continuous display of restraint and goodwill. By repeatedly making waves in the waters with the help of external forces, Manila has shown itself to be a troublemaker jeopardizing regional security and stability.

\n

In its latest provocation, the Philippine Navy, in collaboration with the armed forces of Australia and Canada, conducted a so-called multilateral maritime cooperative activity in the South China Sea on Wednesday, prompting the People's Liberation Army Navy to be on high alert and conduct a cautionary patrol.

\n

Stressing that any attempt to create hot spots in the South China Sea will not succeed, a spokesman for the PLA Southern Theater Command said that Chinese forces will resolutely defend the country's territorial sovereignty and maritime rights.

\n

It is noteworthy that Manila chose Sept 3 as the day on which to stage its latest provocation, as China held commemorative activities including a grand military parade in Beijing, to mark the 80th anniversary of the victory in the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression (1931-45) and the World Anti-Fascist War that day. This makes the Marcos government's move extremely egregious as the Philippines also suffered from Japanese aggression.

\n

China's territorial rights are supported by the Cairo Declaration of 1943, the Potsdam Proclamation of 1945, as well as other postwar arrangements under international law, which affirm that China recovered Taiwan island in October 1945, and in the following year started the process of receiving and reclaiming South China Sea islands such as the Xisha and Nansha islands, which had been seized and occupied by Japanese aggressors.

\n

The return of the territories to China was completed in December of the same year, and announced to the world. Subsequently, China officially issued the Location Map of the South China Sea Islands, formalizing its legal recovery of these islands under international law.

\n

The postwar international order established the basis for China's recovery of its South China Sea islands and resumption of it exercising sovereignty over them. As the world marks the 80th anniversary of the victory in the war, it is pertinent to reaffirm this historical truth.

\n

What Manila has done, with the connivance and encouragement of external forces, poses a grave challenge to the postwar international order, which risks sparking regional instability by undermining established international rules. The reckless actions of Manila may also lead to increased geopolitical tensions, which will only hinder cooperation among nations, erode trust for diplomacy and potentially spark regional or even global conflicts.

\n

Moreover, Manila has engaged in provocations targeting China with increasing frequency. Just two weeks prior to the latest joint patrols, Philippine and Australian forces teamed up in Manila's westernmost province for a large-scale joint drill — which was Canberra's largest deployment of troops to Southeast Asia since 1999. Such complicity in Manila's provocations has only emboldened the Marcos government. Inciting and supporting Manila's irresponsible moves are the major cause of increased tensions that have harmed the shared interests of countries in the region. This has left China with no other choice but to take firm and resolute countermeasures against any provocative behavior to safeguard its justified and legitimate interests.

\n

In addressing maritime issues between nations, China remains committed to maintaining peace and stability in the region together with neighboring countries. It consistently upholds international law and regional rules such as the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea.

\n

It is hoped that all relevant parties will work collaboratively to promote harmony and cooperation in the South China Sea.

\n

", @@ -23271,28 +22325,6 @@ "hash": "197600cff97131027a8650db81eb861f", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "009VIEWS - Honor sacrifices of China, Russia in WWII", - "description": "
\n

Four score years ago, our predecessors were caught up in an unprecedentedly arduous war in human history. And the scars the World Anti-Fascist War left behind can never be erased.

\n

Fortunately, however, in the battle between good and evil, good ultimately triumphed. Commemorating the sacrifices our predecessors made to protect us against evil on the 80th anniversary of the victory in that war will endow us with greater strength, enabling us to move forward.

\n

Given the Western-dominated historical narrative of World War II, many are aware of the significance of the Miracle of Dunkirk, the Normandy landings and the Battle of Midway.

\n

But in the main theater in the East, China had already been engaged in a grueling and heroic Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression (1931-45) for 10 years before the Pearl Harbor attack, following which the United States ultimately declared war on Japan.

\n

China, the main battlefield against Japanese aggression, paid a heavy price for resisting fascist forces — with 35 million casualties — during World War II. In Europe, the Soviet Union was the main battlefield against German fascist forces and suffered the heaviest loss — about 27 million lives.

\n

It was against Nazi Germany, and fascist Japan and Italy that the advocates of justice around the world came together. China, the US, the Soviet Union and the United Kingdom mainly formed the antifascist alliance, after more than four years of tenacious struggle, ultimately achieving victory. These four countries, along with France, became the cornerstone of the United Nations Security Council, and the guardians of world peace and order.

\n

When a country loses its sense of right and wrong and historical perspective for short-term gains, cognitive dissonance arises, followed by a host of complex contradictions, problems and disputes. And when humankind abandons the correct historical perspective, the world falls into turmoil, and confrontations and wars have proliferated.

\n

After the end of World War II, the international situation underwent drastic changes. The Cold War broke out, with the US and the Soviet Union vying for global hegemony.

\n

This led to a change in the US' strategic need for Japan. In order to contain the Soviet Union's influence in Asia, the US chose not to cleanse Japanese society of militarism and instead began supporting Japan's policies.

\n

As a result, many Japanese war criminals escaped punishment, with some of them even assuming important positions in the Japanese government. Also, due to Japan's constitutional monarchy form of government, the emperor's family members continued to be involved in Japanese politics, creating a complex web of connections between high-ranking officials and war criminals.

\n

Consequently, some Japanese politicians today continue to cover up, avoid or refuse to reflect on their country's wartime past. Some even deny, try to whitewash, and glorify Japan's history of militarism, with certain Japanese politicians, rather a part of Japanese society, distorting history and confusing the people.

\n

Worse, eighty years have passed, and the signs of this scar flaring up again are becoming increasingly evident, every year on the anniversary of Japan's surrender in World War II, Japanese prime ministers and Cabinet members visit or send offerings to Yasukuni Shrine, which honors, among others, 14 Class A war criminals, rubbing salt into the historical wounds of the people of Asia.

\n

Given these facts, Japan is unlikely to reflect on its militaristic past. Instead, it could once again become a belligerent, warmongering power.

\n

From the perspective of ideology and great-power rivalry, the West has deliberately downplayed and diminished the roles of China and Russia in the anti-fascist war. The Soviet Union, as the main European battlefield, paid the price with 27 million lives.

\n

Yet in the Western narrative, it was the United States and the United Kingdom that defeated fascist Germany in World War II. China endured 14 years of bloody struggle, suffering 35 million casualties, but according to the Western historical narrative, China's contributions in World War II are deliberately downplayed. The hard-won victory in World War II at the cost of the blood and lives of tens of millions of Chinese and Russian people, have been deliberately overlooked by many Western historians and observers.

\n

China and Russia both are major countries in the fast-changing world. But their relationship today is not an alliance; it is a strategic cooperative partnership in the new era based on the common cognition of global peace — and their need to safeguard national security.

\n

If signs of a resurgence of Japanese militarism become evident, China and Russia, together with other peace-loving countries, will firmly oppose it. The two countries, along with others, stood together during World War II to defend justice, and remain committed to preventing any return of militarism that threatens peace and stability in Asia.

\n

China and Russia have the responsibility to address the root causes that threaten Asian security and lay the foundation for lasting peace in East Asia and the world.

\n

In this context, China's Victory Day military parade on Sept 3 should be seen as a display of the country's peace-loving forces, aimed at pursuing peace through deterrence. This is the best way to stop those who are eager to trigger conflicts.

\n

The views don't necessarily represent those of China Daily.

\n

", - "content": "
\n

Four score years ago, our predecessors were caught up in an unprecedentedly arduous war in human history. And the scars the World Anti-Fascist War left behind can never be erased.

\n

Fortunately, however, in the battle between good and evil, good ultimately triumphed. Commemorating the sacrifices our predecessors made to protect us against evil on the 80th anniversary of the victory in that war will endow us with greater strength, enabling us to move forward.

\n

Given the Western-dominated historical narrative of World War II, many are aware of the significance of the Miracle of Dunkirk, the Normandy landings and the Battle of Midway.

\n

But in the main theater in the East, China had already been engaged in a grueling and heroic Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression (1931-45) for 10 years before the Pearl Harbor attack, following which the United States ultimately declared war on Japan.

\n

China, the main battlefield against Japanese aggression, paid a heavy price for resisting fascist forces — with 35 million casualties — during World War II. In Europe, the Soviet Union was the main battlefield against German fascist forces and suffered the heaviest loss — about 27 million lives.

\n

It was against Nazi Germany, and fascist Japan and Italy that the advocates of justice around the world came together. China, the US, the Soviet Union and the United Kingdom mainly formed the antifascist alliance, after more than four years of tenacious struggle, ultimately achieving victory. These four countries, along with France, became the cornerstone of the United Nations Security Council, and the guardians of world peace and order.

\n

When a country loses its sense of right and wrong and historical perspective for short-term gains, cognitive dissonance arises, followed by a host of complex contradictions, problems and disputes. And when humankind abandons the correct historical perspective, the world falls into turmoil, and confrontations and wars have proliferated.

\n

After the end of World War II, the international situation underwent drastic changes. The Cold War broke out, with the US and the Soviet Union vying for global hegemony.

\n

This led to a change in the US' strategic need for Japan. In order to contain the Soviet Union's influence in Asia, the US chose not to cleanse Japanese society of militarism and instead began supporting Japan's policies.

\n

As a result, many Japanese war criminals escaped punishment, with some of them even assuming important positions in the Japanese government. Also, due to Japan's constitutional monarchy form of government, the emperor's family members continued to be involved in Japanese politics, creating a complex web of connections between high-ranking officials and war criminals.

\n

Consequently, some Japanese politicians today continue to cover up, avoid or refuse to reflect on their country's wartime past. Some even deny, try to whitewash, and glorify Japan's history of militarism, with certain Japanese politicians, rather a part of Japanese society, distorting history and confusing the people.

\n

Worse, eighty years have passed, and the signs of this scar flaring up again are becoming increasingly evident, every year on the anniversary of Japan's surrender in World War II, Japanese prime ministers and Cabinet members visit or send offerings to Yasukuni Shrine, which honors, among others, 14 Class A war criminals, rubbing salt into the historical wounds of the people of Asia.

\n

Given these facts, Japan is unlikely to reflect on its militaristic past. Instead, it could once again become a belligerent, warmongering power.

\n

From the perspective of ideology and great-power rivalry, the West has deliberately downplayed and diminished the roles of China and Russia in the anti-fascist war. The Soviet Union, as the main European battlefield, paid the price with 27 million lives.

\n

Yet in the Western narrative, it was the United States and the United Kingdom that defeated fascist Germany in World War II. China endured 14 years of bloody struggle, suffering 35 million casualties, but according to the Western historical narrative, China's contributions in World War II are deliberately downplayed. The hard-won victory in World War II at the cost of the blood and lives of tens of millions of Chinese and Russian people, have been deliberately overlooked by many Western historians and observers.

\n

China and Russia both are major countries in the fast-changing world. But their relationship today is not an alliance; it is a strategic cooperative partnership in the new era based on the common cognition of global peace — and their need to safeguard national security.

\n

If signs of a resurgence of Japanese militarism become evident, China and Russia, together with other peace-loving countries, will firmly oppose it. The two countries, along with others, stood together during World War II to defend justice, and remain committed to preventing any return of militarism that threatens peace and stability in Asia.

\n

China and Russia have the responsibility to address the root causes that threaten Asian security and lay the foundation for lasting peace in East Asia and the world.

\n

In this context, China's Victory Day military parade on Sept 3 should be seen as a display of the country's peace-loving forces, aimed at pursuing peace through deterrence. This is the best way to stop those who are eager to trigger conflicts.

\n

The views don't necessarily represent those of China Daily.

\n

", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-09/05/content_009_68b9ff99ed50ccabe1518dfd.htm#009VIEWS", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Fri, 05 Sep 2025 00:21:05 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "6a2cc404ff02016861cca763c4024e2b", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "010WORLD - Tomb tells tales", "description": "

Archaeologist Rodemi Chuquilin (right) excavates human remains and clay vessels dating back more than 1,000 years to the pre-Inca Ychsma culture, uncovered by city workers digging a natural gas line in the Santiago de Surco district of Lima, Peru, on Wednesday.

\n

", @@ -23315,28 +22347,6 @@ "hash": "29b23b10dfc1eb92f883085ac776f3df", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "012WORLD - Pakistan seeks fresh momentum for CPEC", - "description": "
\n

Pakistani Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif on Thursday welcomed Chinese companies to invest in Pakistan, pledging to create win-win opportunities and inject new momentum into the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor.

\n

Sharif made the remarks while addressing the second Pakistan-China B2B Investment Conference in Beijing.

\n

Pakistan dispatched its largest-ever business delegation to the event, covering agriculture, information technology, commerce, finance and other fields, which Sharif said reflected Islamabad's strong commitment to advancing economic ties with China.

\n

Highlighting the "ironclad "friendship that has endured for over seven decades, Sharif recalled that Pakistan has always received China's steadfast support in times of crisis, whether during earthquakes, floods or global turbulence.

\n

Noting the signing of the landmark China-Pakistan Economic Corridor agreement in 2015, he said the project has enabled Pakistan to overcome crippling power shortages, achieve energy self-sufficiency and revive its industry and agriculture.

\n

CPEC is a framework of regional connectivity and a signature project of the Belt and Road Initiative.

\n

Looking ahead, Sharif said the two sides are launching CPEC 2.0, with priorities including B2B investment, agriculture, IT, mineral development and special economic zones.

\n

He emphasized that industrial cooperation will remain the "cornerstone" of bilateral economic ties and a defining feature of CPEC's high-quality development in its second phase.

\n

Sharif invited Chinese companies to consider Pakistan as a preferred investment destination, particularly for relocating industries into special economic zones as Pakistan offers a unique comparative advantage with a large pool of skilled and cost-effective labor, competitive input costs, and strategic connectivity to regional and global markets.

\n

Achievements hailed

\n

The prime minister also hailed China's remarkable achievements over the past five decades, from becoming the world's second-largest economy to lifting millions out of poverty, and pledged that Pakistan would strive to learn from its success and build a stronger national economy.

\n

Ren Hongbin, chairman of the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade, said at the event that the council will establish more tailored trade promotion platforms, supporting Chinese enterprises to import Pakistan's competitive products such as cotton yarn, leather, garments, seafood and nuts, while also encouraging more investment in Pakistan. China has been Pakistan's largest trading partner for 10 consecutive years, its top import source, second-largest export market, and the biggest source of foreign direct investment.

\n

According to figures from the General Administration of Customs of China, the total bilateral trade in goods between China and Pakistan reached $23.1 billion in 2024, an increase of 11.1 percent from the previous year. Figures from the Huaon Industrial Research Institute show that from January to July this year, bilateral trade reached $14.5 billion, up 11.5 percent year-on-year.

\n

He Zhenwei, president of the China Overseas Development Association, said the CPEC has shifted from "hard connectivity "in infrastructure to "soft connectivity" in industrial cooperation, green and low-carbon growth, and livelihood improvements, making it a powerful driver of Pakistan's socioeconomic development.

\n

He expressed hope that Pakistan will create a more favorable business environment for Chinese high-tech firms, noting that Chinese enterprises going abroad now aim not only to secure resources but also to export standards and solutions in areas such as electric vehicles and digital payments.

\n

He said the association is preparing job fairs for Chinese companies operating in Pakistan.

\n

The initiative will target more than 38,000 Pakistani students currently studying in China, aiming both to ease labor shortages for businesses and to help students secure employment opportunities after graduation.

\n

zhaojia@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", - "content": "
\n

Pakistani Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif on Thursday welcomed Chinese companies to invest in Pakistan, pledging to create win-win opportunities and inject new momentum into the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor.

\n

Sharif made the remarks while addressing the second Pakistan-China B2B Investment Conference in Beijing.

\n

Pakistan dispatched its largest-ever business delegation to the event, covering agriculture, information technology, commerce, finance and other fields, which Sharif said reflected Islamabad's strong commitment to advancing economic ties with China.

\n

Highlighting the "ironclad "friendship that has endured for over seven decades, Sharif recalled that Pakistan has always received China's steadfast support in times of crisis, whether during earthquakes, floods or global turbulence.

\n

Noting the signing of the landmark China-Pakistan Economic Corridor agreement in 2015, he said the project has enabled Pakistan to overcome crippling power shortages, achieve energy self-sufficiency and revive its industry and agriculture.

\n

CPEC is a framework of regional connectivity and a signature project of the Belt and Road Initiative.

\n

Looking ahead, Sharif said the two sides are launching CPEC 2.0, with priorities including B2B investment, agriculture, IT, mineral development and special economic zones.

\n

He emphasized that industrial cooperation will remain the "cornerstone" of bilateral economic ties and a defining feature of CPEC's high-quality development in its second phase.

\n

Sharif invited Chinese companies to consider Pakistan as a preferred investment destination, particularly for relocating industries into special economic zones as Pakistan offers a unique comparative advantage with a large pool of skilled and cost-effective labor, competitive input costs, and strategic connectivity to regional and global markets.

\n

Achievements hailed

\n

The prime minister also hailed China's remarkable achievements over the past five decades, from becoming the world's second-largest economy to lifting millions out of poverty, and pledged that Pakistan would strive to learn from its success and build a stronger national economy.

\n

Ren Hongbin, chairman of the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade, said at the event that the council will establish more tailored trade promotion platforms, supporting Chinese enterprises to import Pakistan's competitive products such as cotton yarn, leather, garments, seafood and nuts, while also encouraging more investment in Pakistan. China has been Pakistan's largest trading partner for 10 consecutive years, its top import source, second-largest export market, and the biggest source of foreign direct investment.

\n

According to figures from the General Administration of Customs of China, the total bilateral trade in goods between China and Pakistan reached $23.1 billion in 2024, an increase of 11.1 percent from the previous year. Figures from the Huaon Industrial Research Institute show that from January to July this year, bilateral trade reached $14.5 billion, up 11.5 percent year-on-year.

\n

He Zhenwei, president of the China Overseas Development Association, said the CPEC has shifted from "hard connectivity "in infrastructure to "soft connectivity" in industrial cooperation, green and low-carbon growth, and livelihood improvements, making it a powerful driver of Pakistan's socioeconomic development.

\n

He expressed hope that Pakistan will create a more favorable business environment for Chinese high-tech firms, noting that Chinese enterprises going abroad now aim not only to secure resources but also to export standards and solutions in areas such as electric vehicles and digital payments.

\n

He said the association is preparing job fairs for Chinese companies operating in Pakistan.

\n

The initiative will target more than 38,000 Pakistani students currently studying in China, aiming both to ease labor shortages for businesses and to help students secure employment opportunities after graduation.

\n

zhaojia@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-09/05/content_012_68b9ffc4ed50ccabe1518e07.htm#012WORLD", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Fri, 05 Sep 2025 00:21:04 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "75a74e3865cdbc7ccf40221528ebba96", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "013BUSINESS - Safety first", "description": "

A technician from Taiyuan North Rolling-stock Depot in Shanxi province inspects brake adjusters inside a workshop. The depot has introduced 28 control measures on brake adjusters, providing a solid safeguard for braking safety of heavy-haul trains running along the Datong-Qinhuangdao rail line.

\n

", @@ -23359,28 +22369,6 @@ "hash": "602c24c7144ed022400187f6383d5de0", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "013BUSINESS - Ikea to invest more in China", - "description": "

Ikea China on Wednesday pledged to invest 160 million yuan ($22 million) in China during its 2026 fiscal year, as the Swedish home-furnishings giant deepens its bet on the Chinese market through price cuts, new product lines and expanded digital services.

\n

The retailer plans to introduce more than 1,600 new home products, 23 collections and over 50 new food offerings over the coming year, with a sharp focus on "complete sleep" and "kitchen living".

\n

It has pledged 160 million yuan in price cuts covering more than 150 bestselling items.

\n

Over the past two fiscal years, Ikea China has already spent 673 million yuan to develop more low-priced products and launched an AI-powered digital design platform now available in 31 Ikea markets.

\n

The company opened new stores in Xi'an, Shaanxi province, Shanghai, and Shenzhen of Guangdong province in the ongoing fiscal year, apart from the first pickup point in the country that welcomed customers in Shenzhen.

\n

Tolga Oncu, retail manager and COO of Ikea Retail, Ingka Group, said: "China is not only a vital link in Ikea's global value chain; it is also the test-bed for retail innovation. We look very much forward to continuing innovating our retail business in China and bringing some learnings to other parts of the world."

\n

Ikea's new brand promise for the 2026 fiscal year — Home Is More Than You Think — is underpinned by its latest China Life at Home Report, which found that people satisfied with their living spaces are more optimistic about the future.

\n

Consumers are increasingly seeking flexible, evolving homes, long-term value and products that enhance daily well-being. Ikea said it will focus on inspiration, longevity and affordability as its three guiding values.

\n

To deliver on those goals, the retailer plans to expand kitchen offerings with sustainable, cost-effective materials tailored to Chinese cooking, add more localized dishes to its in-store restaurants, and roll out further investments under its "Growing Plus" initiative.

\n

Ikea China has also been stepping up its digital and omnichannel strategy. In August, it opened a flagship store on JD.com to reach more customers in the market, following last year's establishment of a retail development center to develop products, logistics and digital solutions designed specifically for the local market.

\n

Sustainability remains central to Ikea's China strategy.

\n

Ingka Investments, the investment arm of Ingka Group, last month invested in Shanghai Re-Mall Environmental Protection New Material Co Ltd, a Chinese recycler of post-consumer packaging waste, marking the first Chinese investment for Ingka Investments in its Circular Investment portfolio.

\n

The company said it will continue to expand green operations, consumption and circular services in partnership with local players.

\n

Ikea China said it will stay open-minded, continuously exploring digital platforms while upgrading existing full-size stores and piloting new small-store formats.

\n

To date, Ingka Group operates 40 customer touchpoints in China — comprising 37 Ikea stores, two experience centers, one design studio and 10 Livat shopping centers.

\n

wangzhuoqiong@chinadaily.com.cn

\n


获取更多RSS：
https://feedx.net
https://feedx.site
", - "content": "

Ikea China on Wednesday pledged to invest 160 million yuan ($22 million) in China during its 2026 fiscal year, as the Swedish home-furnishings giant deepens its bet on the Chinese market through price cuts, new product lines and expanded digital services.

\n

The retailer plans to introduce more than 1,600 new home products, 23 collections and over 50 new food offerings over the coming year, with a sharp focus on "complete sleep" and "kitchen living".

\n

It has pledged 160 million yuan in price cuts covering more than 150 bestselling items.

\n

Over the past two fiscal years, Ikea China has already spent 673 million yuan to develop more low-priced products and launched an AI-powered digital design platform now available in 31 Ikea markets.

\n

The company opened new stores in Xi'an, Shaanxi province, Shanghai, and Shenzhen of Guangdong province in the ongoing fiscal year, apart from the first pickup point in the country that welcomed customers in Shenzhen.

\n

Tolga Oncu, retail manager and COO of Ikea Retail, Ingka Group, said: "China is not only a vital link in Ikea's global value chain; it is also the test-bed for retail innovation. We look very much forward to continuing innovating our retail business in China and bringing some learnings to other parts of the world."

\n

Ikea's new brand promise for the 2026 fiscal year — Home Is More Than You Think — is underpinned by its latest China Life at Home Report, which found that people satisfied with their living spaces are more optimistic about the future.

\n

Consumers are increasingly seeking flexible, evolving homes, long-term value and products that enhance daily well-being. Ikea said it will focus on inspiration, longevity and affordability as its three guiding values.

\n

To deliver on those goals, the retailer plans to expand kitchen offerings with sustainable, cost-effective materials tailored to Chinese cooking, add more localized dishes to its in-store restaurants, and roll out further investments under its "Growing Plus" initiative.

\n

Ikea China has also been stepping up its digital and omnichannel strategy. In August, it opened a flagship store on JD.com to reach more customers in the market, following last year's establishment of a retail development center to develop products, logistics and digital solutions designed specifically for the local market.

\n

Sustainability remains central to Ikea's China strategy.

\n

Ingka Investments, the investment arm of Ingka Group, last month invested in Shanghai Re-Mall Environmental Protection New Material Co Ltd, a Chinese recycler of post-consumer packaging waste, marking the first Chinese investment for Ingka Investments in its Circular Investment portfolio.

\n

The company said it will continue to expand green operations, consumption and circular services in partnership with local players.

\n

Ikea China said it will stay open-minded, continuously exploring digital platforms while upgrading existing full-size stores and piloting new small-store formats.

\n

To date, Ingka Group operates 40 customer touchpoints in China — comprising 37 Ikea stores, two experience centers, one design studio and 10 Livat shopping centers.

\n

wangzhuoqiong@chinadaily.com.cn

\n


获取更多RSS：
https://feedx.net
https://feedx.site
", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-09/05/content_013_68b9ffe7ed50ccabe1518e0f.htm#013BUSINESS", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Fri, 05 Sep 2025 00:21:04 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "de0d0776ece4aef3db98101182eeb4f8", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "015BUSINESS - China-ASEAN trade cruising in high gear", "description": "

Workers manufacture data cables at a production workshop of an electronics enterprise in Liuzhou, Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region, on Aug 20.

\n

Two officers from Kunming Customs inspect Thai durians imported via the China-Laos Railway at Mohan Railway Port in Yunnan province in August.

\n\n

Last month, at the loading area of Cuori Electrical Appliances (Group) Co Ltd in Ningbo, Zhejiang province, five container trucks laden with steam irons and vacuum cleaners set off for Indonesia.

\n

This was the company's fourth shipment to Southeast Asia in August, signaling rising demand for Chinese household appliances across the region.

\n

Cuori Electrical's exports to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations soared 46.8 percent year-on-year to 88.81 million yuan ($12.36 million) in the first seven months, data from Ningbo Customs show.

\n

"With the tariff policies of the United States adding pressure on global manufacturers this year, we have stepped up our overseas expansion, focusing more on Southeast Asian markets," said Li Guangze, Cuori's financial director.

\n

Li said that rising urbanization, a growing middle-income group and the increased spending power of Gen Z consumers — those born between the mid-1990s and early 2000s — together with stronger demand for affordable, reliable appliances, have lifted the company's sales of irons as well as other small household devices in the ASEAN region, making it one of its fastest-growing export markets.

\n

Reflecting the trend, China's trade with ASEAN — its largest trading partner — rose 9.4 percent on a yearly basis to 4.29 trillion yuan between January and July, accounting for 16.7 percent of the country's total, according to the General Administration of Customs.

\n

Among ASEAN members, Vietnam, Malaysia and Indonesia were China's top three trading partners during this period, the GAC said.

\n

Zhao Fujun, a researcher specializing in international economic cooperation at the Beijing-based Development Research Center of the State Council, said that even though big-ticket infrastructure projects have been the calling cards of Chinese companies in Southeast Asia, the region has now emerged as one of China's most dynamic trade partners after entering a new growth stage.

\n

The implementation of Version 3.0 of the China-ASEAN Free Trade Area, coupled with expanding trade under the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership and cooperation under the Belt and Road Initiative, will provide fresh impetus for long-term trade growth, said Zhao.

\n

Commerce and trade ministers from China and ASEAN jointly announced in May the official conclusion of talks for CAFTA 3.0 via an online meeting, according to information released by the Ministry of Commerce.

\n

China and the 10 ASEAN member states will expedite their respective domestic administrative and legislative procedures and work toward formally signing the CAFTA 3.0 upgraded protocol by the end of this year.

\n

CAFTA 3.0 covers nine areas, encompassing both existing fields under the China-ASEAN Free Trade Area agreement and emerging sectors with significant potential for cooperation, including the digital economy, green economy, supply chain connectivity, trade facilitation and economic and technical cooperation.

\n

Cai Hongbo, director of the Free Trade Zone Research Center at Beijing Normal University, said that amid mounting challenges to global trade, the conclusion of the CAFTA 3.0 negotiations signals a renewed commitment to openness and cooperation, underlining the resilience of free trade and providing greater certainty for regional and global economies.

\n

"ASEAN needs Chinese goods because demand is surging while affordability and supply reliability matter most," said Cai. "China's industrial capacity, product range and trade agreements position it as the natural supplier."

\n

For instance, Southeast Asia still faces major infrastructure gaps in power supply, transportation and manufacturing. Products like power generators and construction machinery from China fill critical needs for stable electricity and urban expansion. China's ability to supply at scale and relatively lower cost makes it the go-to partner, he added.

\n

In addition to agricultural products, ASEAN's exports to China cover a wide range of goods, including rubber, palm oil, seafood, timber, coal, chemicals, raw materials for plastics, refined oil, copper, nickel and other minerals. The regional bloc also supplies China with manufactured items such as data storage devices, integrated circuits, electronics and rubber-based medical supplies.

\n

China ships mainly computers, telecommunications equipment, trains, bulk and container vessels, excavators, diesel fuel, steel, lighting products, medical equipment, textiles and household appliances to ASEAN. Its electric vehicles, power storage equipment and trucks have also become popular in many Asian countries in recent years.

\n

Agg Power Technology (Fuzhou) Co Ltd, a power equipment manufacturer based in Fuzhou, Fujian province, plans to expand in ASEAN markets by increasing investment in innovation and strengthening its local service networks in the coming years, with the aim of boosting regional supply chain cooperation.

\n

The company's exports to ASEAN reached 147 million yuan during the January-July period, up 41.3 percent year-on-year, said Fuzhou Customs.

\n

Chen Ran, the company's operations director, said sales of diesel generator sets had remained particularly strong in Southeast Asian markets, pushed by Agg Power's efforts to refine its product mix and offer customized services to meet varied customer needs.

\n

"Our products are widely used in urban infrastructure projects across ASEAN countries, ensuring stable power supply and steadily increasing our market share," said Chen, adding that the company had taken part in several projects in Indonesia this year — including power stations and petrol bunks — driving up its market share in the country to 19 percent.

\n

As ASEAN economies advance, their demand for high-tech products from China has also grown rapidly, with imports increasingly concentrated in areas such as electronics, digital and green technologies, said Zhang Junbin, founder of Yunjing Intelligence Innovation Co Ltd, a manufacturer of household robots based in Shenzhen, Guangdong province.

\n

"Since the beginning of this year, we have been advancing our globalization strategy with a strong focus on expanding in ASEAN," said Zhang. "Our robotic vacuum cleaners, equipped with artificial intelligence-powered visual recognition and intelligent path-planning technologies, have performed particularly well in overseas markets."

\n

From January to July, the Chinese company's exports to ASEAN reached nearly 20 million yuan, up 194 percent year-on-year, data from Shenzhen Customs showed.

\n

Lyu Daliang, director of the department of statistics and analysis at the GAC, said that despite a challenging external environment, China's foreign trade has sustained steady growth, with its trade structure becoming more optimized and high-tech products playing an increasingly vital role in driving overall expansion.

\n

China's trade of high-tech products, including high-end machine tools and electric vehicles, reached 5.1 trillion yuan from January to July, up 8.4 percent year-on-year, contributing 45.4 percent to the overall growth of foreign trade during this period, data from the GAC showed.

\n

Alongside the trade growth, improved regional connectivity projects are also strengthening China-ASEAN economic ties. The China-Laos Railway, for example, handled more than 3 million metric tons of imports and exports in the first half, with a trade value exceeding 12.8 billion yuan, up 8.2 percent and 38.5 percent year-on-year, respectively, said Kunming Customs.

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Key exports from Laos to China include fruits, beer, cassava, rubber and minerals, with the range of products transported expanding from just over 10 to more than 3,000 varieties.

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With more regional connectivity projects coming on stream, a wider variety of Southeast Asian goods will enter the Chinese market, broadening from traditional commodities to higher value-added products, said Chen Jianwei, a researcher at the University of International Business and Economics' Academy of China Open Economy Studies in Beijing.

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Chen said stronger trade links will further weave regional supply chains together and solidify China-ASEAN economic cooperation, providing fresh momentum for long-term growth.

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zhongnan@chinadaily.com.cn

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