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"title": "人类在蚂蚁眼里不应该像座大山吗?它没事咬大山干什么?",
"description": "<div><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-82e55c0b40362992a02c0f0782de7811_fhd.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"头图\"/><div><div>\n<p>问得好!</p>\n<p>年轻人,你能问出这个问题,其实说明你很有悟性!你说的其实没错,不仅是蚂蚁,其实对于其它绝大部分昆虫也一样,在渺小的昆虫眼中,人类就像是一座大山。而大部分时候,<strong>包括蚂蚁在内的绝大部分昆虫们,是不会主动去攻击人类的</strong></p>\n<p>——毕竟人类对于昆虫们而言太大太强了,主动攻击人类根本没有好处</p>\n<p>于是我们可以把这个问题进一步发散出去:<strong>一只蚂蚁 / 小昆虫,在什么情况下会去攻击一座大山呢?如果我们不想被蚂蚁 / 小昆虫攻击,又该怎么做呢?</strong></p>\n<p>正如我一开始提到的那般,绝大部分昆虫是不会主动攻击人类的</p>\n<p>我个人是很喜欢遇到昆虫后摆在手上拍照的,在过往的数年时间里,我上手过的昆虫很可能至少有四位数,但在这个过程中,我几乎没被这些昆虫攻击过。作为证据,我将给你们稍微展示几张我拍的昆虫照片:</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-6540611981fff3b3ac3f8c69bb095d85_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>↑卡罗莱纳螳螂</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-378bff3cec2b2914c4f5699ca1c9b91c_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>↑停在我手臂上的某种峻翅蜡蝉</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-902f6ea20f418d3448246e5db358a9b0_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>↑动物尸体里翻出来的葬甲</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-d28f8b15134d882565d650ea9ad95385_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>↑黑蜣</p>\n<p>在不考虑蚊子之类会天然攻击人类的有害昆虫的前提下,<strong>想要不被昆虫攻击的方法其实很简单,那就是保持冷静,动作轻柔,不要刺激昆虫就好了</strong></p>\n<p>正如《易经》所说的那般:艮(gèn)为山,不获其身,行其庭,不见其人,无咎。只要你能保持镇定,如同大山一般沉稳厚重,动作轻柔地对待落在身上或是摆在手上的昆虫,那么这些昆虫没感觉到危险,就不会去主动攻击人类</p>\n<p>毕竟昆虫在手上爬行的时候,对于昆虫而言,人类的手不过是一片柔软的土地——你见过有人走在路上,走着走着忽然趴下去对着地面啃上一口吗?没有吧</p>\n<p>对于昆虫也一样,只要不受刺激,它们通常不会在人类手上爬着爬着忽然咬上一口</p>\n<p>当然,莫名其妙被植食性昆虫叮上一下之类的小概率事件偶尔也会发生(此处可 at 莫名其妙被植食性盲蝽叮过的 <a href=\"http://www.zhihu.com/people/52a7bdfbd7a9987af3bacbf539163381\">@广町七深 Official</a> 小朋友),但被这些昆虫稍微叮上一口什么的,对于正常人类是几乎不会有影响的</p>\n<p>所以偶遇昆虫的时候其实没必要太过害怕,除了蚊子、臭虫之类极少量的健康害虫,绝大部分昆虫对人是毫无杀伤力的。而适当学习、掌握昆虫学知识,认识一部分常见的昆虫,也能帮助人们理解情况,用更合理的方式应对生活中遇到的不同昆虫</p>\n<p>当然,在特定情况下,昆虫也是会尝试攻击人类的,最常见的两种情况就是:<strong>1.昆虫感受到了威胁,试图自卫反击、挣脱,这一情况的代表便是伸手抓 / 捏虫子,或是把虫子握在手中</strong><strong>2.人类触发了昆虫的护巢行为</strong></p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-f14604dfd4d9915031d66a5e5eeb38a5_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>比如上个月,我回同济在生态学课程上带学弟学妹们一起在校园里抓虫子玩的时候,有个学弟就逮到了上面这只巨大的云斑天牛。云斑天牛虽然有着强力的口器,但它并不是吃肉的,云斑天牛的幼虫以木头为食,而成年天牛的口器主要是羽化后用来咬穿木头钻出来的</p>\n<p>假如把云斑天牛放在手臂上让它自己爬,它是不会主动咬人的;但若是用手指抓着云斑天牛,试图挣脱的云斑天牛就会尝试咬人——我的两个学弟的手指就被咬出血了= =(受害人情绪平稳,已痊愈,无后遗症)</p>\n<p>而另一种常见情况,则是蚂蚁、蜜蜂、胡蜂等真社会性昆虫,有着明显的<strong>护巢行为</strong>,一旦人类在有意或无意中惊扰到它们巢穴,就会激发出它们的护巢行为</p>\n<p>比如熊孩子捅马蜂窝,或者<strong>无意间踩在红火蚁的蚁巢出口上</strong>,都会触发马蜂或红火蚁的护巢行为</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pica.zhimg.com/v2-bb7e74bd2a3f36867a95b8c1b50e114b_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=Line truncated
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"title": "为什么我们看到的星星总是一闪一闪的,而月亮却很少有这种现象呢?",
"description": "<div><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-40c67fc3986440312bb050675fb217f1_fhd.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"头图\"/><div><div>\n<p>并不是因为月亮更亮,而是因为,月亮看上去足够大。</p>\n<p>小学老师告诉我们,星星闪烁,是因为它看上去很小,就像一个点一样,点光在经过大气层时,要经过一层层的不同密度和温度的空气,它们的折射率不同,再加上空气的流动(风)会让这不同层之间出现移动,所以星星的光会一直在不同的传播路径上变来变去。(家用望远镜看这些星星,都呈现出一个模糊、抖动且扭曲的光斑,而不是一个点。即使在“最晴朗”的夜晚,望远镜目镜中的星星也很少是静止的,就像是透过篝火去看对面的少女一般。)</p>\n<p>那光都是要经过大气层的,为什么行星就不闪烁了呢?</p>\n<p>这是因为,行星距离更近一点,所以看起来更大一些,就像一个小圆盘。圆盘由大量的点组成,虽然每个点仍然会闪烁,但这个不亮那个亮,从整体来看,亮度就被“平均”化了,因此看起来比较稳定。</p>\n<p>月亮是一个更大的圆盘,它是如此之大,是星星的上千倍,以至于你根本注意不到其中每一个光点的闪烁。只有当月亮(以及行星)出现在地平线附近时,更厚的大气层、地表的热气(温度梯度)变化才有可能让它变得晃动起来(这也是为什么世界知名的大望远镜都被装在高山之巅的原因之一)。</p>\n<p>当你拥有一个天文望远镜之后,你一定会先去观察月球上的那些坑,这时你就会观察到,它其实也是在抖动着的:</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-127335a0d9107a043ef5d94503812e97_720w.gif?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>同样的,金星在你的小型望远镜中会是这样的:</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-cb99d144b40f1354d948739a4c0bde41_720w.gif?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>想当年,伟大的人形自走观天器、最后一位纯肉眼观星的天文学家第谷认为,星星闪烁是由于恒星绕自转轴快速旋转引起的,就像旋转的钻石在光线的照射下闪烁一样。我们现在知道,再伟大的人也会犯错误。</p>\n<p><strong>So easy?</strong></p>\n<p>好了,也许你会想,这太简单了,知乎平均 985,这点儿知识也能水一篇?</p>\n<p>那请下图,是亮度很接近的轩辕十四和火星的照片,当时它们在天空中离得很近,只相差 1.5 度<sup>[1]</sup>。摄影师在 10 秒长曝光的同时摆动相机镜头,产生了拖影。你是否能说出下面这幅图中,哪一个是恒星,哪一个是火星么?</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-676bf49a3b957e63a88fb57d9eccc783_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>图片来源和版权:Juergen Michelberger</figcaption></figure>\n<p>嗯,你猜的没错,左边彩色的是轩辕十四,右边的是火星的光影。</p>\n<p>至于轩辕十四呈现彩色的原因, 是由于空气湍流导致折射率的变化,不同颜色的光进入镜头的“概率”就会发生变化,产生幻彩一样的效果。而更近的火星更接近一个面光源。虽然圆盘很小,但它的光线要宽得多,因此,湍流的影响就会被“平均”掉,产生一个更稳定的颜色。</p>\n<p><strong>反向应用</strong></p>\n<p>再说点相关的吧。</p>\n<p>你是否有看过这样的照片?</p>\n<figure><img src=\"http://picx.zhimg.com/v2-9e7d1b5a8ff4fdf0829b7b595ff4977a_720w.jpg?source=8673f162\" alt=\"\"><figcaption>欧洲南方天文台甚大望远镜(VLT)的四部望远镜</figcaption></figure>\n<p>天文台这个黄色的激光是干什么的?</p>\n<p>前面说过,在天文观测中,地球大气层的湍流会对光线产生折射,导致星光的模糊。受此影响,地基光学望远镜的口径达到 0.4 米左右时(大气相干长度),再怎么增大口径,望远镜的实际分辨率也很难再提高太多了。</p>\n<p>那天文学家怎么解决光波在经过传输介质后发生的变形(波前畸变)呢?尤其是,这个波前畸变还是实时变化着的。</p>\n<p>现在比较流行的一个思路是,先找一颗(观测目标附近的)亮星作为导引星,用波前探测器探测,再实时反馈控制变形镜,补偿这个波前畸变(自适应光学)。也就是说,以导引星发出的光波为标准波前(称为信标),实现对被观测目标的高分辨成像。</p>\n<p>但不是每个星附近都有一颗亮星的。怎么办呢?</p>\n<p>我们知道,在海拨 80~105 千米高度的接近大气顶层的电离层中,有丰富的金属原子,其中钠原子的丰度高、而且能发出很强的钠 D2 荧光谱线。因此我们可以通过发射相应波长<sup>[2]</sup>的激光来激Line truncated
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{
"title": "研究:置身大自然会对你体验时间的方式产生深远影响",
"description": "<div><div class=\"mian_txt\" id=\"Content\">\n\n \n\n \n \n\n <p>研究发现,置身大自然会让你感觉时间过得更慢,有助于将你的注意力从眼前转移到未来的需求上。你将能够延迟即时满足感,转而追求长期回报,而不是永远生活在“只求过得去”的状态中。</p> \n<p> </p> \n<figure class=\"image\" style=\"display: table;\"> \n <img src=\"https://img2.chinadaily.com.cn/images/202409/05/66d95738a3108f29a8b66ee6.jpeg\" data-from=\"newsroom\" data-mimetype=\"image/jpeg\" id=\"img-66d95738a3108f29a8b66ee6\"> \n <figcaption style=\"display: table-caption; caption-side: bottom;\">\n Photo/Pexels \n </figcaption> \n</figure> \n<p> </p> \n<p>Do you ever get that feeling that there aren't enough hours in the day? That time is somehow racing away from you, and it is impossible to fit everything in. But then, you step outside into the countryside and suddenly everything seems slower, more relaxed, like time has somehow changed.</p> \n<p>你是否有过这样的感觉:一天的时间不够用?时间不知不觉地从你身边溜走,不可能把所有事情都安排好。但是,当你走到郊外,突然间一切都变得缓慢、轻松起来,就好像时间发生了某种变化。</p> \n<p> </p> \n<p>It's not just you – recent research showed nature can regulate our sense of time.</p> \n<p>不仅仅是你,最近的研究表明,大自然可以调节我们的时间感。</p> \n<p> </p> \n<p>For many of us, the combined demands of work, home and family mean that we are always feeling like we don't have enough time. Time poverty has also been exacerbated by digital technologies. Permanent connectivity extends working hours and can make it difficult to switch off from the demands of friends and family.</p> \n<p>对我们许多人来说,工作、家庭和家人的综合需求意味着我们总是感觉时间不够用。数字技术也加剧了时间贫乏。永久连接延长了工作时间,也使我们难以摆脱朋友和家人的要求。</p> \n<p> </p> \n<p>Recent research suggests that the antidote to our lack of time may lie in the natural world. Psychologist Richardo Correia, at the University of Turku in Finland, found that being in nature may change how we experience time and, perhaps, even give us the sense of time abundance.</p> \n<p>最新研究表明,解决我们时间匮乏问题的良方可能在于自然世界。芬兰图尔库大学的心理学家理查多·科雷亚发现,身处在大自然中可能会改变我们对时间的体验方式,甚至可能让我们感觉到时间的充裕。</p> \n<p> </p> \n<p>Correia examined research which compared people's experiences of time when they performed different types of tasks in urban and natural environments. These studies consistently showed that people report a sense of expanded time when they were in nature compared to when they were in an urban environment.</p> \n<p>科雷亚查阅了比较人们在城市和自然环境中执行不同类型任务时对时间体验的研究。这些研究一致表明,与在城市环境中相比,人们在大自然中会有时间更充裕的感觉。</p> \n<p> </p> \n<p>For example, people are more likely to perceive a walk in the countryside as longer than a walk of the same length in the city. Similarly, people report perceiving time as passing more slowly while performing tasks in natural green environments than in urban environments. Nature seems to slow and expand our sense of time.</p> \n<p>例如,与在城市中散步相比,人们更倾向于认为在郊外散步的时间更长。同样,与城市环境相比,人们在绿色自然环境中执行任务时会觉得时间过得更慢。大自然似乎减缓并扩展了我们的时间感。</p> \n<p> </p> \n<p>It's not just our sense of time in the moment which appears to be altered by the natural world, it's also our sense of the past and future. Previous research shows that spending time in nature helps to shift our focus from the immediate moment towards our future needs. So rather than focusing on the stress of the demands on our time, nature helps us to see the bigger picture.</p> \n<p>自然世界似乎不仅改变了我们当下的时间感,还改变了我们对过去和未来的时间感。先前的研究表明,在大自然中度过的时间有助于将我们的注意力从眼前转移到未来的需求上。因此,大自然会帮助我们看到更广阔的前景,而不是专注于时间要求带给我们的压力。</p> \n<p> </p> \n<p>This can help us to prioritise our actions so that we meet our long-term goals rather than living in a perpetual state of \"just about keeping our head above water\".</p> \n<p>这可以帮助我们确定行动的轻重缓急,从而实现我们的长期目标,而不是永远生活在“只求过得去”的状态中。</p> \n<p> </p> \n<p>This isLine truncated