diff --git a/.obsidian/plugins/cubox-sync/data.json b/.obsidian/plugins/cubox-sync/data.json index c582aa67..ef99b652 100644 --- a/.obsidian/plugins/cubox-sync/data.json +++ b/.obsidian/plugins/cubox-sync/data.json @@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ "contentTemplate": "# {{{title}}}\n\n{{{description}}}\n\n{{{article_title}}} //文章内容标题\n{{{content}}} //文章正文\n\n\n[Read in Cubox]({{{cubox_url}}}) \n[Read Original]({{{url}}}) \n\n---\n\n{{#highlights.length}}\n## Annotations \n\n{{#highlights}}\n> {{{text}}} \n\n{{#note}}\n{{{note}}}\n{{/note}}\n[Link️]({{{cubox_url}}}) \n\n{{/highlights}}\n{{/highlights.length}}", "highlightInContent": true, "dateFormat": "yyyy-MM-dd", - "lastSyncTime": 1754183767268, + "lastSyncTime": 1754185567265, "lastSyncCardId": "7350452026397950547", "lastCardUpdateTime": "2025-07-31T12:25:14.483+0800", "syncing": false diff --git a/.obsidian/plugins/rss-reader/data.json b/.obsidian/plugins/rss-reader/data.json index d3c9c954..a90c06d0 100644 --- a/.obsidian/plugins/rss-reader/data.json +++ b/.obsidian/plugins/rss-reader/data.json @@ -2754,28 +2754,6 @@ "hash": "c42e1c87d17e194c891a538e5a9c681f", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "鬣狗作为最「无耻」的动物,为什么没有被大规模扑杀?", - "description": "
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从文化与心理层面来看,鬣狗常常遭受误解和排斥。

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更新:增加棕鬣狗的内容。

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部分人出于自身的好恶,确实不喜欢甚至讨厌鬣狗。它的外貌、身体姿态、奇特的笑声,以及掏肛捕食等行为,都被许多人认为恶心,阴险。

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加之流行文化中的再度塑造,如动画片《狮子王》中鬣狗群体被描绘成狡诈、残暴的反派角色,这些因素都在无形中加剧了公众对鬣狗的刻板印象。

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然而真实的鬣狗却是生态系统中不可替代的一环,它们通过猎杀或食用病弱个体,有效清除了草食动物种群中的病源,减缓疾病扩散,保持种群健康;它们与秃鹫等食腐动物协作处理尸体,维护生态清洁度,这种生态服务并非任何人工手段所能等效替代。

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鬣狗撕尸开道,秃鹫高空制导
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目前鬣狗的全球数量估计不超过五万只,而且还在逐渐减少。

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对它们的错误认知如果进一步演变为误导性的控制或清除措施,将可能给生态系统带来不可逆的后果。鬣狗根本不可能成为像鼠类或入侵物种那样的泛滥者,在生态系统中主动发动扩张,相反,其未来生存甚至仍然面临潜在危机。

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如果鬣狗在某一生态系统中完全消失,其后果将是灾难性的。首先,最直接的影响是尸体处理危机。以东非草原为例,一个中等规模的生态系统每年自然死亡的大型草食动物可达数千头,如果没有鬣狗这样的高效清道夫,这些尸体将在高温下迅速腐败,成为病原体的温床。

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炭疽、布鲁氏菌病、口蹄疫等人畜共患病将在腐尸周围爆发性繁殖,通过土壤、水源和其他动物快速传播。据估算,一具未经处理的大型动物尸体可污染周围至少 100 平方米的土壤,病原体可在土壤中存活数年甚至数十年。

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其次,生态系统的养分循环将严重受阻。鬣狗独特的消化系统能够完全分解骨骼,将其中的钙、磷等关键矿物质释放回环境。在非洲和亚洲的半干旱地区,这些矿物质对维持土壤肥力至关重要。失去鬣狗后,大量骨骼将长期堆积,导致局部土壤养分失衡,植被生产力下降 10-15%,进而影响整个食物链的能量流动。

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斑鬣狗(Crocuta crocuta)等鬣狗科动物的白色粪便是其独特骨食行为的直接产物,在自然界中极具辨识度
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鬣狗粪便富含磷酸钙和碳酸钙的无机盐残渣,这些矿物质可占粪便干重的 30%至 50%以上,使其呈现典型粉白色外观。
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第三,种间竞争格局将发生剧变。鬣狗的消失意味着狮子、豹等其他大型食肉动物失去了重要的竞争对手,可能导致这些物种的过度扩张,打破原有的生态平衡。同时,野狗、豺等中型食肉动物将被迫承担更多的食腐任务,但它们的处理能力远不及鬣狗,且与人类接触更频繁,增加了疾病传播的风险。

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从经济角度看,鬣狗消失将给人类社会带来巨大负担。仅以尸体处理成本计算,每吨动物尸体的人工处理费用在 300-2200 美元之间,全球范围内鬣狗每年处理的尸体总量保守估计超过 10 万吨,相当于为人类社会节省了 3000 万至 2.2 亿美元的处理费用。此外,疾病防控、生态修复、补充人工清理等间接成本更是难以估量。

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下面我们来详细看看鬣狗在生态系统中的具体作用。

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左上为斑鬣狗(群居捕猎,咬合力极强),右上为棕鬣狗(毛长杂乱,专食腐肉),左下为条纹鬣狗(体型中等,具明显黑白条纹),右下为土狼鬣狗(最小型,仅食白蚁,耳大尾蓬松)
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鬣狗(Hyaenidae)是非洲与亚洲多个生态系统中极具适应性的大型食肉动物,其在生态系统中扮演着清道夫、养分回收者与种群调节者的多重角色。现存鬣狗包括斑鬣狗(Crocuta crocuta)、条纹鬣狗(Hyaena hyaena)、棕鬣狗(Parahyaena brunnea)以及体型较小的土狼(Proteles cristata)。

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其中斑点鬣狗分布最广,数量最多,估计全球总量约为 2.7 万至 4.7 万只,IUCN 评为\"无危\"(Least Concern),而条纹鬣狗全球成熟个体数量估计不足 1 万只,被列为\"近危\"(Near Threatened),面临栖息地破碎化、人类冲突和交通致死等多重威胁。

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尽管整体数量尚未大规模崩溃,但其在多用途景观中生存的能力以及与人类的相互作用,已经成为衡量大型食肉动物能否适应人类扩张的重要案例。

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条纹鬣狗是鬣狗科中分布范围最广的物种,主要分布于非洲北部、阿拉伯半岛、中东和印度次大陆,是唯一在印度仍有稳定种群的鬣狗。
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根据 Panda 等人(2022)对印度拉贾斯坦邦 Sawai Mansingh 野生动物保护区的研究,条纹鬣狗在该农业景观中维持了异常高的密度,平均为每 100 平方公里 12 只,远高于亚洲其他地区的平均值(通常为每 100 平方公里 2-5 只)。

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条纹鬣狗很少主动攻击人类或牲畜,但在一些农村地区仍被视为“不祥”或“盗墓者”。实际上,它们偶尔掘墓的行为是出于对尸体的觅食,并非蓄意破坏。
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研究指出,这种高密度与当地村庄的空间分布密切相关,鬣狗活动的概率随着距人类定居点距离的减少而显著上升。这种分布模式背后的机制是鬣狗依赖人类生产系统衍生的食物资源,主要是死去的家畜尸体。由于鬣狗极少主动攻击家畜,且具夜行性,昼夜节律上避开了人类活动高峰,因此当地居民通常不将其视为威胁。这种生态与行为适应机制促成了一种被称为功能性共存的状态,在这种状态下,人类受益于鬣狗处理动物尸体所提供的生态服务,而鬣狗则获得了稳定的食物来源。

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嗅觉极为发达,可以在数公里外就嗅出腐肉的气味。
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该研究通过现场相机监测、遥感图像分析和家庭问卷调查等方法,估算当地鬣狗每年处理的动物尸体总量达 22.98 吨,占该区域总死亡牲畜质量的 4.4%。基于地方政府的尸体处理成本(约每吨 308 至 2156 美元),鬣狗每年可为社区节省 7,095 至 49,665 美元的潜在支出。此外,由于牲畜尸体在开放环境中腐败可能引发细菌滋生与传染病爆发,如炭疽、口蹄疫等,鬣狗的清道夫角色在降低人畜共患病风险方面也具有重要意义。

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条纹鬣狗是典型的食腐性动物(scavenger),尽管在特殊情况下也会主动捕食体型较小的猎物,但 95%以上的食物来源于其他动物死亡后的残骸。
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除了清除尸体,鬣狗还通过骨骼消化行为对生态系统养分循环产生深远影响。鬣狗具备极强的咬合力(可达 1,100 磅 / 平方英寸)和强酸性胃液(pH 值接近 1),可以完全消化动物骨骼,将其中的钙、磷等矿物质重新释放回环境中。尤其是在干旱、营养贫乏的半干旱生态区,这种作用被认为对维持土壤微生物群落结构、促进植物生长具有间接但关键性的影响。鬣狗在栖息地边缘通过集聚处理尸体和骨骼,构建了\"养分热点\",对野生动物迁徙路径选择和土地生产力布局具有导向意义。

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印度部分地区(如拉贾斯坦)的传统坟墓或古庙遗址,反而因安静与石砌结构而成为其天然育幼场所。
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Wilkinson 等人(2023)在肯尼亚纳库鲁湖国家公园及 Soysambu 保护区开展的研究,通过高精度 GPS 项圈追踪与障碍行为分析(Barrier Behavior Analysis),进一步揭示斑鬣狗如何在\"人类恐惧景观\"中进行动态导航。

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斑鬣狗(又称笑鬣狗)是鬣狗科中体型最大者,肩高约 80 厘米,体重可达 55–90 公斤。
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研究发现,鬣狗的空间使用不仅受到植被、季节等生态因子影响,还对线性基础设施(如道路与电围栏)、冲突热点(如牲畜死亡地)、以及人类容忍度做出显著行为调整。

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虽然常被视为食腐者,斑鬣狗实际上是非洲成功率最高的捕猎者之一,靠团队协作主动猎杀角马、斑马等中大型猎物,成功率超过 67%。
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在野外拍摄中记录到共有 234 只个体接近国家公园边界,其中约 30%频繁穿越围栏,表明鬣狗将电围栏视为高风险但必要时会冒险通过以获取食物的障碍。这些结果反映了鬣狗对障碍物具有高度的感知与行为灵活性。

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研究指出,鬣狗在雨季活动范围扩大至旱季的 1.5 倍,且更倾向于接近有冲突历史的地点,如曾有牲畜被袭的区域,表明其行为受历史事件与资源密度共同调控。此外,来自完全保护区(如国家公园)与多用途保护区(如牧场保护结合体)的鬣狗个体在风险规避和活动半径上有显著差异,前者的平均活动范围为 65 平方公里,更回避人工结构,后者的活动范围可达 120 平方公里,展现出更强的冒险性与适应性。

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另一项由 Watts 与 Holekamp 于 2009 年发表的长期研究基于肯尼亚马赛马拉保护区 15.5 年的连续数据,系统分析了斑鬣狗的种群动态与生态驱动因子。研究显示,繁殖成功率与单位个体可获取猎物密度呈正相关(r=0.73, p<0.001),而种间竞争(主要与狮子)则对幼体存活率构成显著负面影响,狮子密度每增加 10%,鬣狗幼体存活率下降约 8%。

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在雨量偏高年份,鬣狗幼体死亡率上升 15-20%,研究认为这是因为雨季引发人类家畜损失增加,从而引发人类对鬣狗的报复性猎杀。

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拥有哺乳动物中最强的咬合力之一(约 1100 PSI),能粉碎大型骨骼。
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此外,研究期间未发现重大疾病流行对该种群造成严重冲击,说明鬣狗种群对常见病原体具有较强的免疫力。该研究强调,鬣狗的种群生存与繁殖同时受\"上行\"驱动(猎物资源密度)与\"下行\"干扰(狮子竞争、人类活动)影响,是理解大型掠食者动态调节机制的重要模型。

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斑鬣狗由高等级雌性主导育幼,幼崽出生于专门的巢穴中,哺乳期可达 12–18 个月,育幼过程中存在激烈的兄弟姊妹间竞争,且母亲地位决定幼崽社会起点,是哺乳动物中社会性最强、育幼最复杂的非灵长类之一。
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棕鬣狗 (Hyaena brunnea) 体长约 110-140 厘米,肩高约 70-80 厘米,体重在 34-55 公斤之间,寿命通常为 12-15 年,圈养条件下可达 20 年左右。
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棕鬣狗是鬣狗科中最为罕见和神秘的物种,其学名为 Parahyaena brunnea,在非洲南部的干旱和半干旱地区维持着极其脆弱的生存状态。

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作为鬣狗科四个现存物种中数量最少的一种,棕鬣狗的全球总数量估计仅在 5000 到 8000 只之间,这一数字使其被国际自然保护联盟列为近危物种。

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全身覆盖着棕色或深褐色的长毛,尤其是背部和颈部的鬣毛特别明显,因而得名“棕鬣狗”
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棕鬣狗的分布范围主要集中在南非的北开普省、西北省和自由邦省的部分地区,以及博茨瓦纳的卡拉哈里沙漠地区,纳米比亚的部分干旱区域也有少量分布。在南非,研究人员通过 GPS 项圈追踪和相机陷阱调查发现,棕鬣狗的密度极低,平均每 100 平方公里仅有 0.5 到 2 只个体。博茨瓦纳中央卡拉哈里禁猎区的长期研究显示,该地区的棕鬣狗密度稍高,约为每 100 平方公里 3 到 5 只,但这已经是其分布范围内密度最高的区域之一。

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地广狗稀
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在食性方面,棕鬣狗展现出了高度的机会主义特征和卓越的食腐能力。南非开普敦大学的研究团队在 2019 年至 2023 年期间对卡拉哈里地区的棕鬣狗进行了详细的食性分析,通过粪便样本检测和胃内容物分析发现,腐肉在其食谱中占据绝对主导地位,比例高达 78%。这一比例远超过其他鬣狗物种,斑鬣狗的腐肉摄取比例约为 35%,条纹鬣狗约为 55%。棕鬣狗的颚部肌肉发达程度和咬合力测试结果显示,其咬合力略低于斑鬣狗,足以咬碎大型哺乳动物的骨骼。

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棕鬣狗独特的消化系统使其能够消化其他动物无法处理的腐败肉类。德国马克斯普朗克进化人类学研究所在 2022 年发表的研究表明,棕鬣狗的胃酸 pH 值可低至 1.5,接近秃鹫的胃酸酸度,这种强酸性环境能够有效杀死腐肉中的细菌和病原体。更为重要的是,研究人员发现棕鬣狗具有特殊的肠道微生物群落,其中包含多种能够分解腐败蛋白质的细菌,这些微生物在斑鬣狗和条纹鬣狗中的含量明显较低。

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在与其他鬣狗物种的比较中,棕鬣狗表现出明显的适应性差异。斑鬣狗作为鬣狗科中最成功的物种,在非洲广泛分布,总数量估计在 27000 到 47000 只之间,其社会结构复杂,以母系氏族为基础,群体规模可达 80 只个体。斑鬣狗的食性更加多样化,主动狩猎占其食物来源的 60%,腐食仅占 35%,其余为植物性食物。条纹鬣狗的分布范围从北非延伸至印度,数量估计在 5000 到 14000 只之间,其社会结构相对简单,通常以小家庭群体形式生活,腐食比例约占 55%,但仍保持相当的狩猎能力。

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相比之下,棕鬣狗的社会结构最为简单,通常以配对或小家庭群体形式生活,群体规模很少超过 6 只个体。这种简化的社会结构可能与其极端的食腐特化有关,因为腐肉资源的不可预测性和稀缺性使得维持大型群体变得困难。南非威特沃特斯兰德大学的长期野外研究显示,棕鬣狗的觅食半径可达 40 公里,远超过斑鬣狗的 20 公里和条纹鬣狗的 15 公里,这反映了其在干旱环境中寻找稀缺食物资源的巨大挑战。

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近年来的最新研究揭示了棕鬣狗在生态系统中的重要作用。2023 年发表在《非洲生态学杂志》上的一项研究通过稳定同位素分析发现,棕鬣狗在干旱生态系统的营养循环中发挥着关键作用。研究人员追踪了碳和氮同位素在食物链中的流动,发现棕鬣狗通过消费腐肉并将营养物质通过粪便重新分配到环境中,有效促进了干旱地区植被的生长。这种生态功能在其他鬣狗物种中不如棕鬣狗显著。

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基因研究方面的突破也为理解棕鬣狗的进化历史提供了新的视角。2022 年完成的全基因组测序项目显示,棕鬣狗与其他鬣狗物种的分离时间约为 300 万年前,其基因组中包含多个与消化腐肉相关的特殊基因变异。研究人员发现,棕鬣狗的免疫系统基因表现出独特的进化模式,特别是与抗菌肽产生相关的基因表达水平显著高于其他鬣狗物种,这可能是其适应腐食生活方式的重要机制。

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气候变化对棕鬣狗的影响也成为近期研究的焦点。南非科学与工业研究委员会的气候模型预测显示,到 2050 年,卡拉哈里地区的降水量可能减少 15%到 25%,这将进一步压缩棕鬣狗的栖息地。研究人员通过分析过去 20 年的种群监测数据发现,在干旱年份,棕鬣狗的幼崽存活率下降了约 30%,这主要归因于食物资源的进一步稀缺。

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保护生物学研究表明,棕鬣狗面临的主要威胁包括栖息地丧失、人类活动干扰和种群遗传多样性降低。博茨瓦纳大学的遗传学研究显示,现存棕鬣狗种群的遗传多样性相对较低,有效种群大小估计仅为 1500 到 2000 只,这表明该物种面临着潜在的遗传瓶颈风险。

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最新的行为生态学研究还揭示了棕鬣狗独特的适应策略。红外相机监测显示,棕鬣狗主要在夜间活动,其活动模式与气温和月相密切相关。在月圆之夜,棕鬣狗的活动时间延长,可能是为了利用更好的视觉条件进行远距离觅食。此外,研究人员发现棕鬣狗具有惊人的记忆能力,能够记住腐肉资源的位置长达数周时间,这种认知能力对其在资源稀缺环境中的生存至关重要。

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棕鬣狗并不是完全不捕食,比如遇到南非海滩上的幼海狮,毫不手软
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综合来看,棕鬣狗作为高度特化的食腐动物,在非洲南部干旱生态系统中占据着独特的生态位,其卓越的食腐能力和适应干旱环境的生理特征使其成为研究极端环境适应的理想模型,但同时也使其成为最脆弱的大型肉食动物之一。

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棕鬣狗的繁殖以单配偶制为主,雌性每隔 12-18 个月繁殖一次,妊娠期约 90 天,每胎通常产 2-4 只幼崽,由母亲独自抚育。
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赌你看不见我。

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综合这些研究成果,我们可以看到鬣狗作为生态系统工程师的重要性远超过人们的传统认知。它们不仅是高效的清道夫和养分循环者,更是维持生态平衡的关键物种。

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在面临栖息地丧失、人类冲突加剧的当下,理解并保护鬣狗,不仅是出于生物多样性保护的需要,更是为了维护人类自身的长远利益。

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引用文献:

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Panda, D., Mohanty, S., Suryan, T., Pandey, P., Lee, H., & Singh, R. (2022). High striped hyena density suggests coexistence with humans in an agricultural landscape, Rajasthan. PLOS ONE, 17(5), e0266832. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266832

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Wilkinson, C. E., Xu, W., Solli, A. L., Brashares, J. S., Chepkisich, C., Osuka, G., & Kelly, M. (2024). Social–ecological predictors of spotted hyena navigation through a shared landscape. Ecology and Evolution, 14, e11293. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.11293

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Watts, H. E., & Holekamp, K. E. (2009). Ecological determinants of survival and reproduction in the spotted hyena. Journal of Mammalogy, 90(2), 461–471.https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/bio_fac/92

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查看知乎讨论
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从文化与心理层面来看,鬣狗常常遭受误解和排斥。

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更新:增加棕鬣狗的内容。

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部分人出于自身的好恶,确实不喜欢甚至讨厌鬣狗。它的外貌、身体姿态、奇特的笑声,以及掏肛捕食等行为,都被许多人认为恶心,阴险。

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加之流行文化中的再度塑造,如动画片《狮子王》中鬣狗群体被描绘成狡诈、残暴的反派角色,这些因素都在无形中加剧了公众对鬣狗的刻板印象。

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然而真实的鬣狗却是生态系统中不可替代的一环,它们通过猎杀或食用病弱个体,有效清除了草食动物种群中的病源,减缓疾病扩散,保持种群健康;它们与秃鹫等食腐动物协作处理尸体,维护生态清洁度,这种生态服务并非任何人工手段所能等效替代。

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鬣狗撕尸开道,秃鹫高空制导
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目前鬣狗的全球数量估计不超过五万只,而且还在逐渐减少。

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对它们的错误认知如果进一步演变为误导性的控制或清除措施,将可能给生态系统带来不可逆的后果。鬣狗根本不可能成为像鼠类或入侵物种那样的泛滥者,在生态系统中主动发动扩张,相反,其未来生存甚至仍然面临潜在危机。

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如果鬣狗在某一生态系统中完全消失,其后果将是灾难性的。首先,最直接的影响是尸体处理危机。以东非草原为例,一个中等规模的生态系统每年自然死亡的大型草食动物可达数千头,如果没有鬣狗这样的高效清道夫,这些尸体将在高温下迅速腐败,成为病原体的温床。

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炭疽、布鲁氏菌病、口蹄疫等人畜共患病将在腐尸周围爆发性繁殖,通过土壤、水源和其他动物快速传播。据估算,一具未经处理的大型动物尸体可污染周围至少 100 平方米的土壤,病原体可在土壤中存活数年甚至数十年。

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其次,生态系统的养分循环将严重受阻。鬣狗独特的消化系统能够完全分解骨骼,将其中的钙、磷等关键矿物质释放回环境。在非洲和亚洲的半干旱地区,这些矿物质对维持土壤肥力至关重要。失去鬣狗后,大量骨骼将长期堆积,导致局部土壤养分失衡,植被生产力下降 10-15%,进而影响整个食物链的能量流动。

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斑鬣狗(Crocuta crocuta)等鬣狗科动物的白色粪便是其独特骨食行为的直接产物,在自然界中极具辨识度
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鬣狗粪便富含磷酸钙和碳酸钙的无机盐残渣,这些矿物质可占粪便干重的 30%至 50%以上,使其呈现典型粉白色外观。
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第三,种间竞争格局将发生剧变。鬣狗的消失意味着狮子、豹等其他大型食肉动物失去了重要的竞争对手,可能导致这些物种的过度扩张,打破原有的生态平衡。同时,野狗、豺等中型食肉动物将被迫承担更多的食腐任务,但它们的处理能力远不及鬣狗,且与人类接触更频繁,增加了疾病传播的风险。

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从经济角度看,鬣狗消失将给人类社会带来巨大负担。仅以尸体处理成本计算,每吨动物尸体的人工处理费用在 300-2200 美元之间,全球范围内鬣狗每年处理的尸体总量保守估计超过 10 万吨,相当于为人类社会节省了 3000 万至 2.2 亿美元的处理费用。此外,疾病防控、生态修复、补充人工清理等间接成本更是难以估量。

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下面我们来详细看看鬣狗在生态系统中的具体作用。

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左上为斑鬣狗(群居捕猎,咬合力极强),右上为棕鬣狗(毛长杂乱,专食腐肉),左下为条纹鬣狗(体型中等,具明显黑白条纹),右下为土狼鬣狗(最小型,仅食白蚁,耳大尾蓬松)
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鬣狗(Hyaenidae)是非洲与亚洲多个生态系统中极具适应性的大型食肉动物,其在生态系统中扮演着清道夫、养分回收者与种群调节者的多重角色。现存鬣狗包括斑鬣狗(Crocuta crocuta)、条纹鬣狗(Hyaena hyaena)、棕鬣狗(Parahyaena brunnea)以及体型较小的土狼(Proteles cristata)。

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其中斑点鬣狗分布最广,数量最多,估计全球总量约为 2.7 万至 4.7 万只,IUCN 评为\"无危\"(Least Concern),而条纹鬣狗全球成熟个体数量估计不足 1 万只,被列为\"近危\"(Near Threatened),面临栖息地破碎化、人类冲突和交通致死等多重威胁。

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尽管整体数量尚未大规模崩溃,但其在多用途景观中生存的能力以及与人类的相互作用,已经成为衡量大型食肉动物能否适应人类扩张的重要案例。

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条纹鬣狗是鬣狗科中分布范围最广的物种,主要分布于非洲北部、阿拉伯半岛、中东和印度次大陆,是唯一在印度仍有稳定种群的鬣狗。
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根据 Panda 等人(2022)对印度拉贾斯坦邦 Sawai Mansingh 野生动物保护区的研究,条纹鬣狗在该农业景观中维持了异常高的密度,平均为每 100 平方公里 12 只,远高于亚洲其他地区的平均值(通常为每 100 平方公里 2-5 只)。

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条纹鬣狗很少主动攻击人类或牲畜,但在一些农村地区仍被视为“不祥”或“盗墓者”。实际上,它们偶尔掘墓的行为是出于对尸体的觅食,并非蓄意破坏。
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研究指出,这种高密度与当地村庄的空间分布密切相关,鬣狗活动的概率随着距人类定居点距离的减少而显著上升。这种分布模式背后的机制是鬣狗依赖人类生产系统衍生的食物资源,主要是死去的家畜尸体。由于鬣狗极少主动攻击家畜,且具夜行性,昼夜节律上避开了人类活动高峰,因此当地居民通常不将其视为威胁。这种生态与行为适应机制促成了一种被称为功能性共存的状态,在这种状态下,人类受益于鬣狗处理动物尸体所提供的生态服务,而鬣狗则获得了稳定的食物来源。

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嗅觉极为发达,可以在数公里外就嗅出腐肉的气味。
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该研究通过现场相机监测、遥感图像分析和家庭问卷调查等方法,估算当地鬣狗每年处理的动物尸体总量达 22.98 吨,占该区域总死亡牲畜质量的 4.4%。基于地方政府的尸体处理成本(约每吨 308 至 2156 美元),鬣狗每年可为社区节省 7,095 至 49,665 美元的潜在支出。此外,由于牲畜尸体在开放环境中腐败可能引发细菌滋生与传染病爆发,如炭疽、口蹄疫等,鬣狗的清道夫角色在降低人畜共患病风险方面也具有重要意义。

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条纹鬣狗是典型的食腐性动物(scavenger),尽管在特殊情况下也会主动捕食体型较小的猎物,但 95%以上的食物来源于其他动物死亡后的残骸。
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除了清除尸体,鬣狗还通过骨骼消化行为对生态系统养分循环产生深远影响。鬣狗具备极强的咬合力(可达 1,100 磅 / 平方英寸)和强酸性胃液(pH 值接近 1),可以完全消化动物骨骼,将其中的钙、磷等矿物质重新释放回环境中。尤其是在干旱、营养贫乏的半干旱生态区,这种作用被认为对维持土壤微生物群落结构、促进植物生长具有间接但关键性的影响。鬣狗在栖息地边缘通过集聚处理尸体和骨骼,构建了\"养分热点\",对野生动物迁徙路径选择和土地生产力布局具有导向意义。

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印度部分地区(如拉贾斯坦)的传统坟墓或古庙遗址,反而因安静与石砌结构而成为其天然育幼场所。
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Wilkinson 等人(2023)在肯尼亚纳库鲁湖国家公园及 Soysambu 保护区开展的研究,通过高精度 GPS 项圈追踪与障碍行为分析(Barrier Behavior Analysis),进一步揭示斑鬣狗如何在\"人类恐惧景观\"中进行动态导航。

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斑鬣狗(又称笑鬣狗)是鬣狗科中体型最大者,肩高约 80 厘米,体重可达 55–90 公斤。
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研究发现,鬣狗的空间使用不仅受到植被、季节等生态因子影响,还对线性基础设施(如道路与电围栏)、冲突热点(如牲畜死亡地)、以及人类容忍度做出显著行为调整。

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虽然常被视为食腐者,斑鬣狗实际上是非洲成功率最高的捕猎者之一,靠团队协作主动猎杀角马、斑马等中大型猎物,成功率超过 67%。
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在野外拍摄中记录到共有 234 只个体接近国家公园边界,其中约 30%频繁穿越围栏,表明鬣狗将电围栏视为高风险但必要时会冒险通过以获取食物的障碍。这些结果反映了鬣狗对障碍物具有高度的感知与行为灵活性。

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研究指出,鬣狗在雨季活动范围扩大至旱季的 1.5 倍,且更倾向于接近有冲突历史的地点,如曾有牲畜被袭的区域,表明其行为受历史事件与资源密度共同调控。此外,来自完全保护区(如国家公园)与多用途保护区(如牧场保护结合体)的鬣狗个体在风险规避和活动半径上有显著差异,前者的平均活动范围为 65 平方公里,更回避人工结构,后者的活动范围可达 120 平方公里,展现出更强的冒险性与适应性。

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另一项由 Watts 与 Holekamp 于 2009 年发表的长期研究基于肯尼亚马赛马拉保护区 15.5 年的连续数据,系统分析了斑鬣狗的种群动态与生态驱动因子。研究显示,繁殖成功率与单位个体可获取猎物密度呈正相关(r=0.73, p<0.001),而种间竞争(主要与狮子)则对幼体存活率构成显著负面影响,狮子密度每增加 10%,鬣狗幼体存活率下降约 8%。

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在雨量偏高年份,鬣狗幼体死亡率上升 15-20%,研究认为这是因为雨季引发人类家畜损失增加,从而引发人类对鬣狗的报复性猎杀。

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拥有哺乳动物中最强的咬合力之一(约 1100 PSI),能粉碎大型骨骼。
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此外,研究期间未发现重大疾病流行对该种群造成严重冲击,说明鬣狗种群对常见病原体具有较强的免疫力。该研究强调,鬣狗的种群生存与繁殖同时受\"上行\"驱动(猎物资源密度)与\"下行\"干扰(狮子竞争、人类活动)影响,是理解大型掠食者动态调节机制的重要模型。

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斑鬣狗由高等级雌性主导育幼,幼崽出生于专门的巢穴中,哺乳期可达 12–18 个月,育幼过程中存在激烈的兄弟姊妹间竞争,且母亲地位决定幼崽社会起点,是哺乳动物中社会性最强、育幼最复杂的非灵长类之一。
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棕鬣狗 (Hyaena brunnea) 体长约 110-140 厘米,肩高约 70-80 厘米,体重在 34-55 公斤之间,寿命通常为 12-15 年,圈养条件下可达 20 年左右。
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棕鬣狗是鬣狗科中最为罕见和神秘的物种,其学名为 Parahyaena brunnea,在非洲南部的干旱和半干旱地区维持着极其脆弱的生存状态。

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作为鬣狗科四个现存物种中数量最少的一种,棕鬣狗的全球总数量估计仅在 5000 到 8000 只之间,这一数字使其被国际自然保护联盟列为近危物种。

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全身覆盖着棕色或深褐色的长毛,尤其是背部和颈部的鬣毛特别明显,因而得名“棕鬣狗”
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棕鬣狗的分布范围主要集中在南非的北开普省、西北省和自由邦省的部分地区,以及博茨瓦纳的卡拉哈里沙漠地区,纳米比亚的部分干旱区域也有少量分布。在南非,研究人员通过 GPS 项圈追踪和相机陷阱调查发现,棕鬣狗的密度极低,平均每 100 平方公里仅有 0.5 到 2 只个体。博茨瓦纳中央卡拉哈里禁猎区的长期研究显示,该地区的棕鬣狗密度稍高,约为每 100 平方公里 3 到 5 只,但这已经是其分布范围内密度最高的区域之一。

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地广狗稀
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在食性方面,棕鬣狗展现出了高度的机会主义特征和卓越的食腐能力。南非开普敦大学的研究团队在 2019 年至 2023 年期间对卡拉哈里地区的棕鬣狗进行了详细的食性分析,通过粪便样本检测和胃内容物分析发现,腐肉在其食谱中占据绝对主导地位,比例高达 78%。这一比例远超过其他鬣狗物种,斑鬣狗的腐肉摄取比例约为 35%,条纹鬣狗约为 55%。棕鬣狗的颚部肌肉发达程度和咬合力测试结果显示,其咬合力略低于斑鬣狗,足以咬碎大型哺乳动物的骨骼。

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棕鬣狗独特的消化系统使其能够消化其他动物无法处理的腐败肉类。德国马克斯普朗克进化人类学研究所在 2022 年发表的研究表明,棕鬣狗的胃酸 pH 值可低至 1.5,接近秃鹫的胃酸酸度,这种强酸性环境能够有效杀死腐肉中的细菌和病原体。更为重要的是,研究人员发现棕鬣狗具有特殊的肠道微生物群落,其中包含多种能够分解腐败蛋白质的细菌,这些微生物在斑鬣狗和条纹鬣狗中的含量明显较低。

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在与其他鬣狗物种的比较中,棕鬣狗表现出明显的适应性差异。斑鬣狗作为鬣狗科中最成功的物种,在非洲广泛分布,总数量估计在 27000 到 47000 只之间,其社会结构复杂,以母系氏族为基础,群体规模可达 80 只个体。斑鬣狗的食性更加多样化,主动狩猎占其食物来源的 60%,腐食仅占 35%,其余为植物性食物。条纹鬣狗的分布范围从北非延伸至印度,数量估计在 5000 到 14000 只之间,其社会结构相对简单,通常以小家庭群体形式生活,腐食比例约占 55%,但仍保持相当的狩猎能力。

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相比之下,棕鬣狗的社会结构最为简单,通常以配对或小家庭群体形式生活,群体规模很少超过 6 只个体。这种简化的社会结构可能与其极端的食腐特化有关,因为腐肉资源的不可预测性和稀缺性使得维持大型群体变得困难。南非威特沃特斯兰德大学的长期野外研究显示,棕鬣狗的觅食半径可达 40 公里,远超过斑鬣狗的 20 公里和条纹鬣狗的 15 公里,这反映了其在干旱环境中寻找稀缺食物资源的巨大挑战。

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近年来的最新研究揭示了棕鬣狗在生态系统中的重要作用。2023 年发表在《非洲生态学杂志》上的一项研究通过稳定同位素分析发现,棕鬣狗在干旱生态系统的营养循环中发挥着关键作用。研究人员追踪了碳和氮同位素在食物链中的流动,发现棕鬣狗通过消费腐肉并将营养物质通过粪便重新分配到环境中,有效促进了干旱地区植被的生长。这种生态功能在其他鬣狗物种中不如棕鬣狗显著。

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基因研究方面的突破也为理解棕鬣狗的进化历史提供了新的视角。2022 年完成的全基因组测序项目显示,棕鬣狗与其他鬣狗物种的分离时间约为 300 万年前,其基因组中包含多个与消化腐肉相关的特殊基因变异。研究人员发现,棕鬣狗的免疫系统基因表现出独特的进化模式,特别是与抗菌肽产生相关的基因表达水平显著高于其他鬣狗物种,这可能是其适应腐食生活方式的重要机制。

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气候变化对棕鬣狗的影响也成为近期研究的焦点。南非科学与工业研究委员会的气候模型预测显示,到 2050 年,卡拉哈里地区的降水量可能减少 15%到 25%,这将进一步压缩棕鬣狗的栖息地。研究人员通过分析过去 20 年的种群监测数据发现,在干旱年份,棕鬣狗的幼崽存活率下降了约 30%,这主要归因于食物资源的进一步稀缺。

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保护生物学研究表明,棕鬣狗面临的主要威胁包括栖息地丧失、人类活动干扰和种群遗传多样性降低。博茨瓦纳大学的遗传学研究显示,现存棕鬣狗种群的遗传多样性相对较低,有效种群大小估计仅为 1500 到 2000 只,这表明该物种面临着潜在的遗传瓶颈风险。

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最新的行为生态学研究还揭示了棕鬣狗独特的适应策略。红外相机监测显示,棕鬣狗主要在夜间活动,其活动模式与气温和月相密切相关。在月圆之夜,棕鬣狗的活动时间延长,可能是为了利用更好的视觉条件进行远距离觅食。此外,研究人员发现棕鬣狗具有惊人的记忆能力,能够记住腐肉资源的位置长达数周时间,这种认知能力对其在资源稀缺环境中的生存至关重要。

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棕鬣狗并不是完全不捕食,比如遇到南非海滩上的幼海狮,毫不手软
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综合来看,棕鬣狗作为高度特化的食腐动物,在非洲南部干旱生态系统中占据着独特的生态位,其卓越的食腐能力和适应干旱环境的生理特征使其成为研究极端环境适应的理想模型,但同时也使其成为最脆弱的大型肉食动物之一。

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棕鬣狗的繁殖以单配偶制为主,雌性每隔 12-18 个月繁殖一次,妊娠期约 90 天,每胎通常产 2-4 只幼崽,由母亲独自抚育。
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赌你看不见我。

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综合这些研究成果,我们可以看到鬣狗作为生态系统工程师的重要性远超过人们的传统认知。它们不仅是高效的清道夫和养分循环者,更是维持生态平衡的关键物种。

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在面临栖息地丧失、人类冲突加剧的当下,理解并保护鬣狗,不仅是出于生物多样性保护的需要,更是为了维护人类自身的长远利益。

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引用文献:

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Panda, D., Mohanty, S., Suryan, T., Pandey, P., Lee, H., & Singh, R. (2022). High striped hyena density suggests coexistence with humans in an agricultural landscape, Rajasthan. PLOS ONE, 17(5), e0266832. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266832

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Wilkinson, C. E., Xu, W., Solli, A. L., Brashares, J. S., Chepkisich, C., Osuka, G., & Kelly, M. (2024). Social–ecological predictors of spotted hyena navigation through a shared landscape. Ecology and Evolution, 14, e11293. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.11293

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Watts, H. E., & Holekamp, K. E. (2009). Ecological determinants of survival and reproduction in the spotted hyena. Journal of Mammalogy, 90(2), 461–471.https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/bio_fac/92

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查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n\n\n\n", - "category": "", - "link": "https://daily.zhihu.com/story/9782895", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Tue, 29 Jul 2025 00:27:03 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "资讯", - "feed": "知乎", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "7d1d656f818d819a0470235bbe6e2842", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "孩子问「为什么下雨的时候会打雷,而下雪的时候就不打雷呢?」,如何解释?", "description": "
\"头图\"/
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看了一下还没有人正面回答,我就来写一下吧。

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小学自然老师教过我们,打雷是因为有的云带正电,有的云带负电,这些带正电和负电的云碰到一起,就打雷了。

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可是冬天也有厚厚的云啊,为什么冬雷震震这么不常见呢?

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冬雷震震 夏雨雪 天地合 乃敢与君绝!
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冬天空气更干燥

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坦白地说,打雷的机制很复杂,人类并没有完全理解它。但我们已经知道,有没有打雷和空气中的水分多不多有直接的关系:

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  1. 当大气中的水蒸气凝结成小水滴时会释放热量,(粗暴地说)这种热量会为打雷提供能量;
  2. \n
  3. 暖气流会把这些小水滴举升到约五到七千米高,过冷[1]的小水滴与冰晶不断碰撞形成较重的“软雹”并掉落至云的中下层,地球的自然电场令其积累负电,而较轻的冰晶积累正电继续抬升至云的上层,当积累到一定程度时,电位差增加到足够大,打雷就发生了。
  4. \n
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冬天的空气通常比较干燥,不像夏天含有那么多水分,因此不利于雷暴。(这与我们对干燥天气里毛衣易起静电的常识相反)

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冬天空气更稳定

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从上面的描述也能看出,空气的对流对打雷的形成也很重要。

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夏天阳光更强[2],地面更热,地表附近的空气就不断地被地面更快加热而变轻并迅速上升,较冷的空气就会不断去填补,从而有更多的机会形成更强烈的上升气流,将温暖潮湿的地表空气更迅速地抬升到对流层的较高处,其中的水蒸气遇冷凝结成更多的小水滴(如果足够冷的话就是冰)并与冰晶产生更多地相互摩擦,从而导致更多的闪电。温带地区的冬天地表温度较低,意味着受地表加热而产生的热空间少得可怜[3],对流的减少导致打雷机会的减少。

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简单地说,就是快速的垂直对流产生了更多的静电荷,从而产生了更多的闪电。而冬天缺少有这样的大气条件。

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综上,下雨时打雷之所以比下雪时更常见,是因为冬天的空气更干燥,更稳定,所以下雪时缺少打雷的必要大气条件:更多的水分 + 更强的对流。

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孩子的每一个问题,都值得认真去回答。

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查看知乎讨论
\n\n
\n\n\n\n", @@ -3955,28 +3933,6 @@ "hash": "1189f681b3a409d6c3f0d7e40085e750", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "002CHINA - Working rights of people past retirement age boosted", - "description": "

China will further tighten the working rights protection of people past retirement age who have returned or want to return to the job market, according to a draft regulation.

\n

Five central departments including the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, the National Health Commission and the Ministry of Emergency Management jointly released the draft regulation on Thursday.

\n

It is the nation's first document focusing on people past retirement age and their working benefits, as reported by the Xinhua News Agency, and is currently soliciting public opinion till Aug 31.

\n

Under the proposed regulation, employers are encouraged to offer appropriate positions to individuals beyond retirement age, considering their expertise, skills and background. They should establish written agreements outlining job responsibilities, work location, hours, breaks, holidays, compensation, social insurance and workplace protections.

\n

The draft stipulates that older workers in regular jobs need to be paid at least the local minimum wage, while prohibiting employers from assigning these workers roles that harm their physical or mental well-being.

\n

Also, it requires employers to give the workers training and education in occupational safety to reduce or avoid accidents and harm during work, adding that the workers will enjoy job-related injury insurance that will also cover occupational diseases.

\n

Yao Junchang, cofounder of W&H Law Firm in Beijing, praised the draft regulation, saying, "It shows China's stronger intensity in protecting people's working rights."

\n

In his view, the written agreement between employers and post-retirement age workers has nearly the same legal validity as standard labor contracts, meaning these older workers enjoy roughly the same working rights and benefits as regular workers.

\n

In recent years, the population of workers beyond retirement age has been increasing due to the shrinking working-age labor force, enhanced education and health conditions among the elderly, and their eagerness to re-enter the job market, according to Li Chang'an, a professor at the University of International Business and Economics.

\n

He said that as the current labor law is not suitable for workers past retirement age, they may face many challenges in gaining working rights or benefits after rejoining the job market. He added that the draft regulation will fill the gap in the law.

\n

Fan Wei, a professor from the School of Labor Economics at the Capital University of Economics and Business, told Xinhua News Agency that the proposed regulation is a necessary step to positively cope with the nation's aging problem, which will support the elderly willing to work by giving them a chance to fulfill their potential without worries.

\n

From Jan 1, China has started to progressively raise the statutory retirement age of male workers from 60 to 63 and for female workers from 50 or 55 to 55 or 58, depending on their jobs or occupations in the last 15 years. The move aims to better use human resources based on scientific analysis of the aging problem.

\n

chengsi@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", - "content": "

China will further tighten the working rights protection of people past retirement age who have returned or want to return to the job market, according to a draft regulation.

\n

Five central departments including the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, the National Health Commission and the Ministry of Emergency Management jointly released the draft regulation on Thursday.

\n

It is the nation's first document focusing on people past retirement age and their working benefits, as reported by the Xinhua News Agency, and is currently soliciting public opinion till Aug 31.

\n

Under the proposed regulation, employers are encouraged to offer appropriate positions to individuals beyond retirement age, considering their expertise, skills and background. They should establish written agreements outlining job responsibilities, work location, hours, breaks, holidays, compensation, social insurance and workplace protections.

\n

The draft stipulates that older workers in regular jobs need to be paid at least the local minimum wage, while prohibiting employers from assigning these workers roles that harm their physical or mental well-being.

\n

Also, it requires employers to give the workers training and education in occupational safety to reduce or avoid accidents and harm during work, adding that the workers will enjoy job-related injury insurance that will also cover occupational diseases.

\n

Yao Junchang, cofounder of W&H Law Firm in Beijing, praised the draft regulation, saying, "It shows China's stronger intensity in protecting people's working rights."

\n

In his view, the written agreement between employers and post-retirement age workers has nearly the same legal validity as standard labor contracts, meaning these older workers enjoy roughly the same working rights and benefits as regular workers.

\n

In recent years, the population of workers beyond retirement age has been increasing due to the shrinking working-age labor force, enhanced education and health conditions among the elderly, and their eagerness to re-enter the job market, according to Li Chang'an, a professor at the University of International Business and Economics.

\n

He said that as the current labor law is not suitable for workers past retirement age, they may face many challenges in gaining working rights or benefits after rejoining the job market. He added that the draft regulation will fill the gap in the law.

\n

Fan Wei, a professor from the School of Labor Economics at the Capital University of Economics and Business, told Xinhua News Agency that the proposed regulation is a necessary step to positively cope with the nation's aging problem, which will support the elderly willing to work by giving them a chance to fulfill their potential without worries.

\n

From Jan 1, China has started to progressively raise the statutory retirement age of male workers from 60 to 63 and for female workers from 50 or 55 to 55 or 58, depending on their jobs or occupations in the last 15 years. The move aims to better use human resources based on scientific analysis of the aging problem.

\n

chengsi@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-08/02/content_002_688d3589ed50ccabe1516d09.htm#002CHINA", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Sat, 02 Aug 2025 00:21:04 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "bb7bb5dc5130d8559058ba12fd641a5c", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "005BUSINESS - Platforms to rein in aggressive discounting", "description": "

China's leading e-commerce and food delivery platforms including Meituan, Taobao, Ele.me and JD have pledged to rein in aggressive discounting practices, in a coordinated response to foster fairer competition and a more sustainable digital economy.

\n

The four firms released statements on Friday outlining a range of commitments, including better planning of subsidies, refraining from irrational promotional campaigns, and avoiding selling goods and services significantly below cost.

\n

The moves come just weeks after China's top market regulator summoned major platforms over concerns about cutthroat competition in the sector.

\n

Meituan published an open letter titled Prospering the Industry Ecosystem, Resisting Disorderly Competition via its official WeChat account, saying it would "firmly regulate promotional activities and eliminate unfair competition."

\n

The company emphasized that all subsidies must comply with antitrust laws and must not involve pricing far below cost. It also committed to transparent disclosure of subsidy amounts, avoiding exaggerated marketing, and ensuring that merchants retain the right to set prices independently.

\n

Meituan said it would protect the interests of small and medium-sized businesses, apply subsidies without discrimination, and aim to build a multi-stakeholder ecosystem that benefits consumers, vendors, delivery workers and the platform alike.

\n

JD made similar pledges via its internal bulletin, stating that it would "resist vicious competition" and focus instead on differentiated offerings and quality service. The company said it would rely on technological innovation and supply chain upgrades to build long-term competitiveness and consumer trust.

\n

"Subsidies should not be a race to the bottom. We believe in winning users through quality, price and service — not by burning cash," the company said.

\n

Taobao's flash sales subsidiary and Ele.me issued a joint statement, pledging to "resolutely oppose malicious competition and jointly foster a win-win ecosystem."

\n

The two Alibaba-owned platforms said they would better tailor subsidies to the needs of both consumers and merchants, avoid irrational large-scale giveaways such as "0-yuan purchases", and uphold merchants' rights to be informed, to choose and to set prices.

\n

The flurry of statements followed a July 18 announcement from the State Administration for Market Regulation, which said it had summoned several platforms and ordered them to curb improper promotional conduct and to participate in competition rationally.

\n

The regulator urged platforms to take primary responsibility for industry standards and "correct irregular promotional activities" to support the healthy development of the catering and delivery sectors.

\n

The move also aligns with broader policy goals set during the Central Economic Work Conference in December, which called for greater oversight of monopolistic behavior and disorderly competition in the digital economy.

\n

Those priorities were further reinforced in the 2025 Government Work Report, which advocated eliminating market entry and exit barriers and creating a unified national market.

\n

Li Mingtao, chief e-commerce analyst at the China International Electronic Commerce Center, said the coordinated pledges marked a "proactive" shift by platforms to address early signs of violations and unfair competition in the food delivery sector.

\n

"All these efforts sent a clear signal on regulating market behavior and set an example for fostering a healthier, more orderly platform economy," Li said.

\n

chengyu@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", @@ -3999,28 +3955,6 @@ "hash": "10700f529f50f621e1b6c948ed3b2954", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "006WORLD - Briefly", - "description": "

UNITED STATES

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NASA, Roscosmos chiefs hold rare talks

\n

NASA's new temporary administrator on Thursday held a rare face-to-face meeting in Florida with Russia's space agency chief, where they discussed cooperation on the moon and maintaining the space powers' long-standing relationship on the International Space Station, Roscosmos said. The talks between Sean Duffy and Dmitry Bakanov at the US space agency's Kennedy Space Center represented the first in-person meeting between the heads of NASA and Russia's space agency, Roscosmos, since 2018.

\n

SOUTH KOREA

\n

Jailed ex-leader Yoon resists questioning

\n

South Korea's impeached former president Yoon Suk-yeol lay on his prison cell floor in his underwear to resist attempts to interrogate him, prosecutors said on Friday. Prosecutors obtained a fresh arrest warrant on Thursday to forcibly bring the former leader in for questioning over allegations of election tampering. However, they were "unable to do so due to his strong refusal", prosecutor Oh Jeong-hee told reporters. Yoon was wearing "a sleeveless top and prison-issued briefs," prosecutors said.

\n

", - "content": "

UNITED STATES

\n

NASA, Roscosmos chiefs hold rare talks

\n

NASA's new temporary administrator on Thursday held a rare face-to-face meeting in Florida with Russia's space agency chief, where they discussed cooperation on the moon and maintaining the space powers' long-standing relationship on the International Space Station, Roscosmos said. The talks between Sean Duffy and Dmitry Bakanov at the US space agency's Kennedy Space Center represented the first in-person meeting between the heads of NASA and Russia's space agency, Roscosmos, since 2018.

\n

SOUTH KOREA

\n

Jailed ex-leader Yoon resists questioning

\n

South Korea's impeached former president Yoon Suk-yeol lay on his prison cell floor in his underwear to resist attempts to interrogate him, prosecutors said on Friday. Prosecutors obtained a fresh arrest warrant on Thursday to forcibly bring the former leader in for questioning over allegations of election tampering. However, they were "unable to do so due to his strong refusal", prosecutor Oh Jeong-hee told reporters. Yoon was wearing "a sleeveless top and prison-issued briefs," prosecutors said.

\n

", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-08/02/content_006_688d35e6ed50ccabe1516d20.htm#006WORLD", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Sat, 02 Aug 2025 00:21:04 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "afc9cb66b19cacaeb246ea531cae149e", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "009LIFE - A mission to save rhyme", "description": "

Xiao He (left) talks with residents in his quest for nursery rhymes.

\n

His band and residents perform nursery rhymes at a show in Chengdu, Sichuan province.

\n

He (right) sets up a roadside booth at a local market to collect nursery rhymes with the offer of two eggs for each piece.

\n

A group photo of the Nursery Rhyme Program Band.

\n

Xiao He performs with other musicians and a children's choir at a show presented on Children's Day in Shanghai.

\n

The new album of Xiao He and the Nursery Rhyme Program Band, Rowing on the Wind: Two Eggs for a Nursery Rhyme, was released in May.

\n

Joshua Dunlop, a 35-year-old oral English teacher from the United States currently working at the Foreign Languages College of Shanghai Normal University, is a loyal fan of Chinese musician Xiao He, who, together with the Nursery Rhyme Program Band, connected him to lullabies, nursery rhymes and folk songs born decades and even centuries ago in China.

\n

Always standing front and center at the show, Dunlop and his wife have been showing their support to He, the band and their project, the Nursery Rhyme Program, which helps preserve and share the valuable bits and pieces in local folk cultures that most people probably never heard of or knew about.

\n

Xiao He, a 50-year-old singer-songwriter whose real name is He Guofeng, has been working on this project since 2018. With the aim of saving old nursery rhymes and folk songs from extinction, He and the band members have been searching for elders across China, listening to their life stories, and discovering faded, old melodies.

\n

By 2024, they had visited 24 cities nationwide, meeting more than 750 elders and recording nearly 1,200 pieces of original soundtracks. More than 90 songs have been revitalized at these musicians' hands, among which 15 pieces are recorded in their new album Rowing on the Wind: Two Eggs for a Nursery Rhyme, released in May.

\n

"The project was initiated as a 'public art' in Beijing in 2018", but it was broader than just saving nursery rhymes, recalls He.

\n

"We were invited by a gallery to present a show. We noticed many elders were leaving the city center that used to be their home and then becoming less seen, along with their lives and voices. We hope to bring those people and things back into public view with music."

\n

This led to the unexpected unearthing of nursery rhymes. Motivated by the experience, the team embarked on a nationwide journey of discovery in 2018 to find more rhymes in different cities and villages, presenting around 30 music shows along the way.

\n

"This project was never about profit or basking in the attention. One big motivation that keeps our members going is the 'childlike innocence' rooted in our hearts," says He.

\n

He indicated that the name of the album, Rowing on the Wind, was inspired by Yang Wanli, a poet during the Song Dynasty (960-1279). Yang's poem depicts a vivid scene where two children enjoy trying to capture the wind with umbrellas and using it to propel their boat, which He felt was similar to what they were doing with the project.

\n

Two Eggs for a Nursery Rhyme refers to the team's true story during the journey. They had an unusual but highly effective idea. He would go to the local markets, buy eggs and set up a roadside stall with a sign that said, "Two eggs for a nursery rhyme".

\n

"There are countless stories behind the 15 tracks on the album. We hope the songs, along with the pure innocence they represent, can breathe fresh air into the world we are living in," He says.

\n

Nursery rhymes have diverse categories, He adds, such as games, educational messages and lullabies. The album includes four lullabies: Changsha Lullaby from Hunan province, Pudong Lullaby from Shanghai, the Cantonese Child, Sleep Well from Guangdong province, and Walk Softly from Fujian province.

\n

He notes that they do not care too much about the "function" or "sense of purpose" of these nursery rhymes.

\n

Instead, they treat the songs more as good "natural" music, which they hope better connects them with audiences.

\n

"Although some of the tracks were born more than 100 years ago, such as Autumn Willows and Row Your Boat, the lyrics and melodies are still beautiful with high standards. Many nursery rhymes were born naturally in local cultures and in the interactions between the parent and child, with distinct features but no commercial intention at all. It is especially precious in the current context," He says.

\n

Following the album release, He and the band presented two shows on Children's Day in Shanghai — one in the afternoon for the children and the other in the evening for adults and kids.

\n

Unlike the stereotype that nursery rhymes are designed for children, hundreds of adults in the audience also enjoyed the performances — including Dunlop.

\n

Dunlop shared with China Daily that he liked the final song Row Your Boat and enjoyed hearing all the different children's choirs singing with He and the band onstage.

\n

"It is a wonderful experience for the children and a great way to share this culture with the younger generations. Hopefully they'll remember this moment forever. And it's a downright entertaining show for the children and the adults alike," says Dunlop.

\n

In particular, he points out that the album includes an English version of the story behind the songs, which helps foreign audiences understand the project and the team's efforts.

\n

"Music is something beyond materialism, and it can connect people to all kinds of information. When you immerse yourself in a new place and culture, you will be naturally infected by their emotions and fit into their world without the need to understand their languages. That is the most important and beautiful part of music," says He.

\n

"This is also a critical motivation that drives us consistently on the project. We believe music has the power to positively expand our limited reality and thinking, making us go farther and easier," he adds.

\n

Contact the writer at wangxin2@chinadaily.com.cn

\n

", @@ -4043,28 +3977,6 @@ "hash": "edc6c18dfe4c05033b55a281b28af580", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "001FRONT - Resilient growth", - "description": "

A worker uses equipment at the workshop of Anhui Shengfang Machinery Manufacturing Co in Huaibei, Anhui province, on Monday. China's manufacturing sector softened slightly in July due to seasonal factors, but underlying growth momentum remained resilient, with emerging industries gaining traction and business confidence continuing to improve. See story, page 3

\n

", - "content": "

A worker uses equipment at the workshop of Anhui Shengfang Machinery Manufacturing Co in Huaibei, Anhui province, on Monday. China's manufacturing sector softened slightly in July due to seasonal factors, but underlying growth momentum remained resilient, with emerging industries gaining traction and business confidence continuing to improve. See story, page 3

\n

", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-08/01/content_001_688bd201ed50ccabe1516b8b.htm#001FRONT", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Fri, 01 Aug 2025 00:21:04 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "2c6e392b72cd00aa2ce839721d16ff64", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "004CHINA - Spectacular sunrise", "description": "

Tourists crowd the peak of Taishan Mountain to enjoy the spectacular view of the sunrise in Tai'an, Shandong province, on Thursday. During the summer, the scenic area experiences a surge of tourists.

\n

", @@ -4087,28 +3999,6 @@ "hash": "778b4dacee3af07fd628e665b1ad00b4", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "006CHINA - Placing trust in children to forge their own path", - "description": "

\n

Zhang Rong, 48, government worker in Beijing

\n

My son has just finished the college entrance exam and is researching which university and what major he wants to study, all by himself.

\n

At the age of 18, he is able to choose his own path and take responsibility for his life. We respect his opinions and only provide him with some guidance. We tell him about which majors would be good for his future career. He wants to work in research and technology, and prefers college majors related to science and engineering.

\n

His father wanted him to study medicine, which he was not interested in. I discussed with him about the possibility of doctors being replaced by artificial intelligence and he shared his views. He said that doctors need to build trust with patients through face-to-face interactions, which is something AI may not be able to achieve. Without trust, one may not endorse the treatment plan. I think my son is insightful.

\n

His father tends to be stricter with him. Sometimes, when it comes to studying, his dad feels he isn't putting in enough effort. But I think that our son has his own pace. His father simply aims to toughen him up, believing it will lead to certain outcomes. From what I've observed, that is partly because my son's grandfather is strict with his father. I believe my son is a relaxed child. I emphasize the importance of respecting his individuality and what he values.

\n

I would like to seek my son's advice and opinions, as he is good at independent thinking. We don't have strict rules in our interactions. I'm amazed by his unique insights that are often beyond my expectations. I find myself often praising him, acknowledging his brilliance.

\n

He is indeed an easygoing boy. For example, when he played the board game Go, he would calmly explain his moves to his opponents. He has a gentle personality and we have never pressured him to achieve specific goals. We don't force him, but we encourage him to strive for excellence.

\n

He has many friends, some of whom are outstanding students. He may learn from some of his classmates' strengths but still maintains his own unique qualities. He may have classmates who don't perform as well academically, but he believes in their capabilities and thinks they will excel in the future. He is a child with great potential and sincerely appreciates the strengths of others. He acknowledges his own limitations, such as not delving as deeply into subjects as some of his peers. He has a good understanding of himself and his abilities.

\n

Although we didn't push him excessively, the pressure from the surrounding parents and institutions was significant. While many families enrolled their children in extra classes, we did too, but not to the extreme levels of intensity. Not every child is suited for tutorial classes like Olympiad math. But if my child wasn't part of it, I felt like he would fall behind, leading to a culture of intense competition. However, we don't specifically push him to excel academically. Some parents went all out, enrolling their child in multiple classes across different levels, like advanced math classes.

\n

In primary school, we focused on cultivating his interests and hobbies. He enjoyed playing Go, rugby, learning the piano and playing the trombone. These activities have helped him cope with stress and improve his mood.

\n

During kindergarten and primary school, I would often take him on trips to explore and play with friends. When we went out, we visited various places, including remote and challenging locations. For example, we once traveled to Guizhou province, where we experienced activities like harvesting corn to understand different aspects of life. I also took him to rural areas to observe the countryside lifestyle. When we went abroad, I made sure to expose him to different cultures and experiences. That helped him relax and get his own insights and reflections.

\n

Zhang Rong spoke with Li Hongyang.

\n

", - "content": "

\n

Zhang Rong, 48, government worker in Beijing

\n

My son has just finished the college entrance exam and is researching which university and what major he wants to study, all by himself.

\n

At the age of 18, he is able to choose his own path and take responsibility for his life. We respect his opinions and only provide him with some guidance. We tell him about which majors would be good for his future career. He wants to work in research and technology, and prefers college majors related to science and engineering.

\n

His father wanted him to study medicine, which he was not interested in. I discussed with him about the possibility of doctors being replaced by artificial intelligence and he shared his views. He said that doctors need to build trust with patients through face-to-face interactions, which is something AI may not be able to achieve. Without trust, one may not endorse the treatment plan. I think my son is insightful.

\n

His father tends to be stricter with him. Sometimes, when it comes to studying, his dad feels he isn't putting in enough effort. But I think that our son has his own pace. His father simply aims to toughen him up, believing it will lead to certain outcomes. From what I've observed, that is partly because my son's grandfather is strict with his father. I believe my son is a relaxed child. I emphasize the importance of respecting his individuality and what he values.

\n

I would like to seek my son's advice and opinions, as he is good at independent thinking. We don't have strict rules in our interactions. I'm amazed by his unique insights that are often beyond my expectations. I find myself often praising him, acknowledging his brilliance.

\n

He is indeed an easygoing boy. For example, when he played the board game Go, he would calmly explain his moves to his opponents. He has a gentle personality and we have never pressured him to achieve specific goals. We don't force him, but we encourage him to strive for excellence.

\n

He has many friends, some of whom are outstanding students. He may learn from some of his classmates' strengths but still maintains his own unique qualities. He may have classmates who don't perform as well academically, but he believes in their capabilities and thinks they will excel in the future. He is a child with great potential and sincerely appreciates the strengths of others. He acknowledges his own limitations, such as not delving as deeply into subjects as some of his peers. He has a good understanding of himself and his abilities.

\n

Although we didn't push him excessively, the pressure from the surrounding parents and institutions was significant. While many families enrolled their children in extra classes, we did too, but not to the extreme levels of intensity. Not every child is suited for tutorial classes like Olympiad math. But if my child wasn't part of it, I felt like he would fall behind, leading to a culture of intense competition. However, we don't specifically push him to excel academically. Some parents went all out, enrolling their child in multiple classes across different levels, like advanced math classes.

\n

In primary school, we focused on cultivating his interests and hobbies. He enjoyed playing Go, rugby, learning the piano and playing the trombone. These activities have helped him cope with stress and improve his mood.

\n

During kindergarten and primary school, I would often take him on trips to explore and play with friends. When we went out, we visited various places, including remote and challenging locations. For example, we once traveled to Guizhou province, where we experienced activities like harvesting corn to understand different aspects of life. I also took him to rural areas to observe the countryside lifestyle. When we went abroad, I made sure to expose him to different cultures and experiences. That helped him relax and get his own insights and reflections.

\n

Zhang Rong spoke with Li Hongyang.

\n

", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-08/01/content_006_688bd259ed50ccabe1516ba2.htm#006CHINA", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Fri, 01 Aug 2025 00:21:04 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "dc1a6951a3c1717bfd0c2fb78e04338a", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "008COMMENT - 'Two-state solution' still viable solution for Palestine question", "description": "

Israel has rejected Hamas' proposed changes to the Gaza ceasefire deal, Egyptian sources said on Wednesday.

\n

Tel Aviv refused to release Palestinian prisoners in exchange for the remains of Israeli captives held by Hamas, rejected a Hamas-proposed map for the redeployment of Israeli forces in Gaza, and declined to withdraw from the Philadelphi Corridor, a key border strip between Gaza and Egypt. Besides, Israel's continued military offensive in Gaza and its closure of border crossings have led to an unprecedented humanitarian crisis in the Palestinian enclave, with the United Nations saying that a widespread famine was unfolding in Gaza.

\n

Israel's offensive in the Gaza Strip since Hamas' attacks on Oct 7, 2023, has killed more than 60,000 Palestinians, injured over 146,000 others, and caused massive destruction, according to an update by Gaza's health authorities on Wednesday.

\n

With no sign of an end to the conflict, the immediate priority is to achieve a full ceasefire in Gaza and alleviate the humanitarian crisis, creating the necessary conditions for realizing a "two-state solution".

\n

That's also the central message that Chinese envoy Zhai Jun delivered at the High-level International Conference for the Peaceful Settlement of the Question of Palestine and the Implementation of the Two-State Solution held at the UN Headquarters in New York from Monday to Wednesday.

\n

It is clear for a long time now that Tel Aviv's objective is neither a ceasefire nor the release of hostages — it is the annexation of the Gaza Strip.

\n

"We warn of the dangers of the occupation's plans for the gradual annexation of the Gaza Strip," the Palestinian Ministry of Foreign Affairs said in a statement on Tuesday. The ministry considers Israel's move "a conspiracy to forcibly displace the population of the Strip and undermine the opportunity to establish a Palestinian state on the ground".

\n

Israel, as well as its major backer the United States, should realize that any attempt to forcibly alter Gaza's status or encroach upon West Bank territory will not bring peace. Such actions will only ignite further instability and undermine the prospects for the "two-state solution", which remains the only viable path for resolving the Palestinian question.

\n

China strongly supports the establishment of an independent Palestinian state based on the 1967 borders, with East Jerusalem as its capital, enjoying full sovereignty, Zhai said at the UN conference.

\n

All countries that strive for a comprehensive, just and lasting settlement of the Palestine question oppose any actions that violate international law and seek to undermine the "two-state solution". The UN should play a leading role in prompting relevant stakeholders to come up with a clear timeline and a roadmap for its implementation. China calls for a ceasefire with maximum urgency and for de-escalation of the humanitarian crisis; upholding the principle of "Palestinians governing Palestine" to advance governance in both the Gaza Strip and the West Bank; supporting Palestinian internal unity and assisting Palestine with its capacity-building in governance and improvement of economic resilience.

\n

The security of Israel can only be based on the security of its neighbors and regional reconciliation. If it continues to use force to annex its neighboring regions to build a so-called buffer zone for its own security, the "security" it is fighting for will only be a castle built on sand.

\n

The security of all countries in the region is interconnected, and a unilateral approach to security will not work; only collective security can pave the way for lasting peace.

\n

Tel Aviv needs to demonstrate the flexibility, political wisdom and strategic foresight to replace its unilateral approach with a comprehensive, cooperative and sustainable security approach for long-term peace in the Middle East. Also, it shouldn't take more lives and another humanitarian crisis for the Israeli people to realize that they have only become more insecure compared with the situation before Oct 7, 2023. Israel's military operations have far exceeded retaliation, instead becoming maneuvers of some politicians for their own narrow ends.

\n

The question is for how long Israelis will continue to allow themselves to be hoodwinked for a "security" based on fighting, hatred and manipulation.

\n



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", @@ -4131,28 +4021,6 @@ "hash": "af9a959ccf616f9ff52e1c0ab4ec843a", "highlights": [] }, - { - "title": "010WORLD - Briefly", - "description": "

LITHUANIA

\n

PM resigns amid graft charges investigation

\n

Lithuanian Prime Minister Gintautas Paluckas on Thursday announced his resignation as the country's head of government and chairman of the Lithuanian Social Democratic Party. Paluckas' departure from office comes amid investigations into his financial dealings and allegedly inappropriate involvement in business, ties to certain businesspeople and failure to pay damages owed to the Vilnius municipality. Under the Constitution of Lithuania, the entire cabinet will resign along with the prime minister.

\n

SOUTH KOREA

\n

Warrant issued again for ex-president Yoon

\n

A South Korean court on Thursday issued a fresh arrest warrant for former president Yoon Suk-yeol, enabling prosecutors to forcibly bring him in for questioning after he refused to appear for questioning multiple times. The warrant, which was issued by the Seoul Central District Court, had been requested by a team leading an investigation into corruption allegations that involve Yoon's wife, Kim Keon-hee. Yoon defied the special counsel's summons to appear for questioning twice.

\n

", - "content": "

LITHUANIA

\n

PM resigns amid graft charges investigation

\n

Lithuanian Prime Minister Gintautas Paluckas on Thursday announced his resignation as the country's head of government and chairman of the Lithuanian Social Democratic Party. Paluckas' departure from office comes amid investigations into his financial dealings and allegedly inappropriate involvement in business, ties to certain businesspeople and failure to pay damages owed to the Vilnius municipality. Under the Constitution of Lithuania, the entire cabinet will resign along with the prime minister.

\n

SOUTH KOREA

\n

Warrant issued again for ex-president Yoon

\n

A South Korean court on Thursday issued a fresh arrest warrant for former president Yoon Suk-yeol, enabling prosecutors to forcibly bring him in for questioning after he refused to appear for questioning multiple times. The warrant, which was issued by the Seoul Central District Court, had been requested by a team leading an investigation into corruption allegations that involve Yoon's wife, Kim Keon-hee. Yoon defied the special counsel's summons to appear for questioning twice.

\n

", - "category": "", - "link": "https://mobile.chinadaily.com.cn/cn/html5/2025-08/01/content_010_688bd29ced50ccabe1516bb2.htm#010WORLD", - "creator": "", - "pubDate": "Fri, 01 Aug 2025 00:21:04 +0000", - "enclosure": "", - "enclosureType": "", - "image": "", - "id": "", - "language": "", - "folder": "双语", - "feed": "ChinaDaily", - "read": false, - "favorite": false, - "created": false, - "tags": [], - "hash": "c0809fdf798fe48af48435330bfac04e", - "highlights": [] - }, { "title": "012WORLD - Trump sets 15% tariff for South Korea goods", "description": "

Vehicles for export are parked at a port in Pyeongtaek, South Korea, on Thursday. Shares of South Korean automakers Hyundai Motor and Kia fell on Thursday after US President Donald Trump said the US will charge a 15 percent tariff on imports from South Korea, including cars.

\n

The United States has agreed to impose 15 percent tariffs on imports from South Korea under a trade deal announced on Wednesday, easing earlier concerns over a potential 25 percent rate.

\n

Analysts have noted that while the outcome is not a worst-case scenario, it is still economically damaging for both South Korea and the US, and the impact on specific industries will depend on the detailed provisions of the agreement.

\n

US President Donald Trump said in a post on his social media platform Truth Social that South Korea "will give to the United States 350 billion dollars for investments owned and controlled by the US, and selected by myself, as president". He also said South Korea has agreed to purchase $100 billion worth of liquefied natural gas and other energy products.

\n

South Korea's President Lee Jaemyung said the $350 billion investment pledged by South Korea will solidify the foundation for bilateral cooperation in strategic industries, such as shipbuilding, semiconductors, secondary batteries, biotechnology and energy.

\n

In particular, $150 billion will be committed exclusively for supporting the entry of South Korean shipbuilders into the US shipbuilding industry, Lee said.

\n

Yang Jun-sok, an economics professor at the Catholic University of Korea, told China Daily that the new deal was probably "the best" for South Korea from a diplomatic or negotiating perspective, but still "a bad agreement for both the US and South Korea "when considered from an economic perspective.

\n

"Since it will raise general tariffs from the current 10 percent to 15 percent, and from 0 percent to 15 percent if we consider the US-(South) Korea Free Trade Agreement," Yang said.

\n

He also cited a February study by the Industrial Bank of Korea, which estimated that for each one percentage point increase in tariffs imposed by the US, South Korea's exports to the US would fall by 0.45 percent, and exports to other countries would fall by 0.15 percent.

\n

Based on that projection, a 15 percent tariff could reduce exports to the US by 6.8 percent and to other markets by 2.25 percent — translating into a potential 0.7-0.8 percent decline in South Korea's GDP, he said.

\n

Lee Dong-won, an official at the bank, told Yonhap News Agency that "starting from the third quarter, the impact of US tariffs is likely to become more pronounced. Economic growth may slow further under the 15 percent tariff scheme".

\n

Uncertain prospects

\n

Yang noted that in the longer term, the direction of the US tariff policy remains uncertain and will depend on the trajectory of the US economy over the next two to three years. He suggested that South Korea needs to strengthen its domestic demand rather than rely on exports as the main engine of growth.

\n

South Korea's new tariff deal with the US, considered favorable as those achieved by other major trading partners, is likely to offer short-term relief for its export-dependent economy.

\n

The South Korean industrial community on Thursday welcomed the new trade agreement, which lowered Washington's "reciprocal" tariff on South Korean goods to 15 percent, though businesses remained wary about the deal's details and its potential impact on specific sectors.

\n

"I consider the 15 percent automobile tariff rate to be a considerable success in the negotiations. However, on steel-related goods, it is not yet clear whether they will be covered by 50 percent steel tariffs or 15 percent general tariffs, since home appliances are one of (South) Korea's major export items," Yang said.

\n

Yang also said that despite Seoul's pledge of a $350 billion investment package in the US, key details remain unclear — and interpretations appear to diverge between the two countries.

\n

Most of the money is expected to come from private firms, with the South Korean government providing guarantees and incentives. However, it's difficult to see how such a large sum can be achieved without affecting domestic investment, even if the government insists it will be done by readjusting overseas plans, Yang said.

\n

Yang noted that domestic labor unions could push back against large-scale overseas investments.

\n

"In the past, major (South) Korean unions have opposed foreign investment, fearing long-term job losses. And with the Yellow Envelope Act under review, it may become easier for them to protest," he added.

\n

Contact the writers at houjunjie@chinadaily.com.cn.

\n

",